ALBERT

Notes: A panel of speakers, knowledgeable in the problems of photogrammetry in the Third World, led a discussion which considered the place of sophisticated photogrammetric equipment in the Third World, problems of technician and management training, the desire for self reliance, and the needs of map revision.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUne confrontation entre photogrammètres sur le sujet photogrammétrie et tiers-monde; équipement, instruction des techniciens, problèmes d'organisation, désir d'autonomie, révision des cartes.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Forum von Kennern der Probleme der Dritten Welt führte eine Diskussion über den Platz moderner Geräteausrüstungen in diesen Ländern, über Probleme der Ausbildung von Technikern und Führungskadern und erörterte den Wunsch nach Selbstbestätigung und die Notwendigkeit zur Laufendhaltung von Karten.

Notes: The problems associated with the depiction of a particular irrigation area by both line map and orthophotomap are described and the results compared.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméDes problèmes soulevés par la description d'une aire d'irrigation à l'aide d'une carte ou d'une ortho-photocarte: comparaison des résultats.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung der Probleme, die bei Auswahl sines Bewässerungsgebietes an Hand von Strich- und Orthophotokarten auftraten und Vergleich der Ergebnisse.

Notes: In 1981, a metric camera will be launched into space on a European Space Agency Spacelab mission. This paper examines the specification for this mission and the expected results. Other developments are also considered. These include the American large format camera and long focal length imaging systems.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméEn 1981, une chambre métrique sera lancée dans l'espace (mission Spacelab de l'organisation européenne spatiale). On examine ici les buts et les résultats attendus, ainsi que de futurs développements; chambre américaine à grand format, systèmes à longues focales.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Jahre 1981 soll sich an Bord des Europäischen Spacelab-Satelliten eine Messkammer befinden. Im Artikel werden die Anforderungen an dieses Projekt und die zu erwartenden Ergebnisse diskutiert. Desgleichen werden auch andere Entwicklungen, worunter sich die amerikanische Grossformat-Kammer und langbrennweitige Systeme befinden, erörtert.

Notes: Many attempts have been made to use various types of photography for traffic studies. The problems most frequently encountered are the expense involved in obtaining the photography and the time consuming and, hence, expensive operation of collecting the required data from the photography. This paper discusses the problems associated with various types of photography and describes a study which has been carried out to evaluate the potential of 16 mm and 35 mm time lapse photography taken from a helicopter. The accuracy of two dimensional co-ordinate transformation systems for collecting the required data from the photography is also described. Finally, recommendations are made regarding the most suitable type of photography and the most convenient and accurate transformation system to use when it is required to analyse the traffic flow data at complex urban and suburban intersections.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméBeaucoup de tentatives ont déjàété faites pour étudier les problèmes de circulation par photographie: les difficultés sont le coût de la photographie, les délais d'obtention et le coût du dépouillement. On examine ici les possibilités offertes par divers types de photographies et on donne les résultats d'une étude entreprise pour évaluer l'intérêt de la solution; camera 16 mm ou 35 mm plus hélicoptère. On précise ici l'exactitude requise pour les transformations de coordonnées. On conclut par toute une série de recommandations.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs gibt sehr viele Versuche zur Verwendung verschiedener Arten der Photographie für Verkehrsstudien. Die am häufigsten auftretenden Probleme sind die Kosten und der Zeitaufwand der Photographie, wodurch die Datenerfassung aus Photos teuer wird. Im Artikel werden die Probleme beschrieben, die bei Anwendung verschiedener photographischer Aufnahmen auftraten. Ferner wird ein Versuch mit 16 mm und 35 mm Zeitrafferaufnahmen aus dem Hubschrauber erörtert. Beschreibung der Genauigkeit zweidimensionaler Koordinatentransformationen zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Daten aus Photos. Abschliessend werden Empfehlungen bezüglich der am besten geeigneten photographischen Methode und zur Transformation der Daten gegeben, wenn Verkehrsströme an komplexen Kreuzungen in Städten und Vororten analysiert werden sollen.

Notes: On 17th January, 1978, the Secretary of State for the Environment announced the establishment of a Committee, chaired by Sir David Serpell, with the following terms of reference: “Taking account of the views of users and other interested parties, in the context of national surveying and mapping needs, to consider and make recommendations about the longer term policies and activities of the Ordnance Survey and ways of financing them.” Interested organisations, among them The Photogrammetric Society, were invited to submit evidence to the Committee. The Society's submission is reproduced in full. The Secretary of State has asked the Committee to report, if possible, early in 1979.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉SummaryAs has been stated the national survey, comprising as it does the horizontal and vertical control frameworks and the basic scales mapping based upon it, represents (assuming completion of the last named) a priceless national asset, but it is not “money in the bank”. It is an ephemeral and fragile asset which will have been frittered away unless it is constantly maintained, repaired and refurbished; even so it will not last forever. At one time or another the various components will all require replacement eventually. What must be avoided at all costs is a repetition of such culpable neglect that it all needs replacement at the same time. This summarises what is now, and must remain, the prime objective of the Ordnance Survey. Superimposed upon this are the needs to make the survey available, in various forms, to users; to produce small scale mapping; and to collect and disseminate various other forms of topographic data.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le 17 Janvier 1978, le secrétaire d'Etat à l'environnement anonçait la création d'une commission, présidée par Sir David Serpell: les objectifs étant précisés de la manière suivante; “Tenant compte des besoins des utilisateurs et des autres parties intéressées aux activités cartographiques, proposer une orientation à long terme de la politique de l'établissement et revoir les modes de financement de l'Ordnance Survey.”Les organisations concernées, et parmi elles la Photogrammetric Society, étaient invitées à entrer en relation avec la commission: on reproduit ici in extenso la déposition de la Photogrammetric Society. Le secrétaire d'Etat a demandéà la commission de remettre son rapport début 1979 si possible.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Am 17.1.1978 kündigte der Staatssekretär für Umweltfragen die Gründung eines Komitees unter Vorsitz von Sir David Serpell an, dasfolgende Aufgabe erfüllen soll: “Analyse der Ansichten von Nutzern und anderen interessierten Gruppen bezüglich der nationalen Anforderungen an Vermessungswesen und Kartographie, um daraus Empfehlungen für die längerfristigen Aktivitäten des Ordnance Survey und die Möglichkeiten zur Finanzitrung abzuleiten.” Interessierte Organisationen, darunter die Photogrammetric Society, wurden eingeladen, die Tätigkeit des Komitees zu unterstützen. Für Anfang 1979 soll ein Bericht vorgelegt werden.

Notes: Book review in this ArticleTHE UNITED KINGDOM FROM SPACE (2). By D. J. Carter and H. J. P. Arnold. Space Frontiers Ltd. Havant, Hampshire, 1977.SURVEYS FOR DEVELOPMENT. Edited by J. J. Nossin. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 1977.REMOTE SENSING OF THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT. Edited by R. F. Peel, L. F. Curtis and E. C. Barrett. Butterworths, London, 1977.MAPPING FOR FIELD SCIENTISTS. By W. Ritchie, D. A. Tait, M. Wood and R. Wright. David and Charles, Newton Abbot, Devon, 1977.SURVEYING AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY. COMPUTATION FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS. By D. E. Murchison. Newnes–Butterworths, London, 1977.RESOURCE SENSING FROM SPACE: PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Remote Sensing for Development. US National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1977.MISSION TO EARTH: LANDSAT VIEWS THE WORLD. By N. M. Short, P. D. Lowman, S. C. Freden and W. A. Finch. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., 1976.REMOTE SENSING IN GEOMORPHOLOGY. By H. Th. Verstappen. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 1977.

Notes: Stimulated by promising overseas results with colour aerial photography and encouraged by its potential for solving local problems, the Forests Commission, Victoria, embarked on a series of trials with colour photography in 1965. Early results showed great promise and resulted in further work. This paper describes the methods and results of 70 mm and 35 mm trials concerned with the evaluation of various photographic films. An important aim of the study was to build up a working knowledge of the techniques of using aerial films other than conventional panchromatic black and white and to assess their value under Australian conditions.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Stimulés par les résultats obtenus outre-mer en matière de photo aérienne en couleur, et disposant d'un potentiel adéquat, le Forests Commission, Victoria a entrepris en 1965 une série d'essais, dès le départ très encourageants. On décrit ici les essais d'évaluation de différents types de film (70 mm et 35 mm); le but était de se familiariser avec la couleur et d'en étudier les conditions d'emploi sous les latitudes australiennes.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungAngeregt durch erfolgversprechende Ergebnisse mit Farbluftbildern in Übersee und ermutigt durch die Möglichkeiten zur Lösung lokaler Probleme unternahm die Forstkommission in Viktoria (Australien) eine Reihe von Versuchen mit Farbaufnahmen im Jahre 1965. Diese Versuche erwiesen sich vielversprechend und wurden fortgesetzt. Im Artikel werden die Verfahren und Ergebnisse von Versuchen mit 70 mm und 35 mm Aufnahmen zur Bewertung verschiedener photographischer Materialien beschrieben. Ein wichtiges Ziel der Untersuchung war das Erlangen von Kenntnissen über die Verfahren zur Verwendung nichtkonventioneller panchromatischer Schwarz-Weiss-Filme und deren Bewertung unter australischen Bedingungen.

Notes: A short review is given of photogrammetric methods in use for the test recording of petroglyphs and archaeological sites. Two simple field methods employed by archaeologists to record petroglyphs are also described in order to highlight the complexity of photogrammetric techniques and to query their validity.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméBrève revue de méthodes photogrammétriques en usage pour enregistrer pétroglyphes et sites archéologiques. On décrit en sus deux méthodes employees par les archéologues dont la simplicité contraste avec la complexité des méthodes photogrammétriques.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungKurzer Bericht über die photogrammetrischen Verfahren zur versuchs-weisen Aufzeichnung von Petroglyphen und archäologischen Fundstätten. Zwei von Archäologen zur Aufzeichnung von Petroglyphen verwendete einfache Feldverfahren werden ebenfalls beschrieben, um die Komplexität der photogrammetrischen Methoden zu beleuchten und ihre Richtigkeit zu überprüfen.

Notes: The CP1 plotter has been employed to produce, from low altitude aerial photography, a detailed map at a scale of 1: 1000 of a major landslide which occurred in an urban area of Hong Kong with extreme relief differences. Geomorphological features of the landslide could be interpreted easily from the aerial photographs and shown on the map which provided an accurate record of the disaster. Experiments with computer mapping of the landslide using a limited number of height points obtained by the CP1 plotter have also been carried out and the results indicated that useful data could be obtained rapidly to meet urgent needs for the preliminary stage of investigation and the planning of reconstruction works after the disaster.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméA partir d'une couverture aérienne à faible altitude, on a restitué au CP1 et à l'échelle du 1: 1000 une carte détaillée d'un important glissement de terrain survenu à Hong Kong et présentant d'extrêmes variations de relief. Les caractéristiques géomorphologiques du glissement aisément perçues sur les photos aériennes ont été reportées sur la carte. On a mené d'autre part des essais de cartographie numérique à partir de semis produits par le CP1, qui prouvent qu'on peut ainsi obtenir rapidement des données utiles aux enquêtes et mise sur pied des travaux de reconstruction.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer CP1 Plotter wurde zur Herstellung einer detaillierten Karte im Massstab 1: 1000 nach Luftbildern aus geringer Flughöhe verwendet, um einen grösseren Erdrutsch mit extremen Höhenunterschieden im Stadtgebiet von Honkong zu kartieren. Die geomorphologischen Erscheinungen des Erdrutsches konnten leicht an Hand der Luftbilder interpretiert und auf der Karte dargestellt werden, die eine genaue Aufzeichnung der Katastrophe vermittelte. Es wurden auch Versuche mit einer rechnergesteuerten Kartierung des Erdrutsches mit Hilfe einer begrenzten Menge von Höhenpunkten, die mit dem CP1 Plotter gemessen wurden, durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse besagten, dass dadurch wichtige Daten schnell ermittelt werden können, um dringende Anforderungen für eine vorläufige Einschätzung sowie die Planung des Wiederauf baus nach dem Unglück zu befriedigen.

Notes: A close range photogrammetric system, developed around a 35 mm Pentax camera fitted with a wide angle lens (f = 21 mm) and an early Zeiss wide angle multiplex, has proved useful for both instruction and research. Student exercises involve all phases of photogrammetry, from establishing ground control to plotting, and permit the integration of useful statistical routines for data analysis. Research applications have centred on the topographic mapping of microscale landforms at scales of 1: 1 to 1: 10 with accuracies of ± 1 mm to ± 5 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUn système mis au point pour la photogrammétrie à courte distance, et dont les éléments essentiels sont une chambre Pentax (f = 21 mm) et un Zeiss grand angle multiplex, a fait la preuve de son utilité tant pour l'instruction que pour la recherche. Les exercices proposés aux étudiants comportent toutes les phases réelles, depuis l'établissement d'un canevas d'appui jusqu'à la restitution. Les applications à la recherche sont centrées sur la cartographie des microreliefs à des échelles variant de 1: 1 à 1: 10 avec des exactitudes variant de ± 1 mm à± 5 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Aufnahme- und Auswertesystem zur Nahphotogrammetrie, bestehend aus einer 35 mm Pentax Kamera, die mit einem Weitwinkelobjektiv (f= 21 mm) ausgerüstet war, und ein alter Weitwinkel-Multiplex von Zeiss haben sich bei der Ausbildung und Forschung als nützlich erwiesen. Bei den studentischen Übungen werden alle Phasen der Auswertung von der Passpunktbestimmung im Gelände bis zur Stereokartierung erfasst, wobei es auch möglich ist, statistische Tests zur Datenanalyse einzubeziehen. Die Forschungsarbeiten konzentrierten sich auf die Herstellung topographischer Karten von kleinmassstäbigen Geländeformen in den Massstäben 1: 1 bis 1: 10 mit Genauigkeiten von ± 1 mm bis ± 5 mm.

Notes: A model of a multiple box girder bridge, constructed at a scale of 1: 12, was subjected to an ultimate load test. Deformations were measured photogrammetrically using the method of false parallax. Modifications to the method are described which were necessary to accommodate the three dimensional object and to allow for the fact that the camera stations were not constant from one load stage photograph to the next. An accuracy of ± 0·2 mm in the measured deformations was achieved.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUn modèle de boîte de vitesse à l'échelle 1: 12 est soumis à des essais de rupture; on mesure les déformations par photogrammétrie, en utilisant la méthode de la “pseudo-parallaxe”; des modifications ont dûêtre apportées à la méthode pour tenir compte du volume de l'objet et de la variation des points de vue entre les différents états de charge. On a obtenu une exactitude de ± 0·2 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Modell einer Hohlkasten-Balkenbrücke im Masstab 1: 12 wurde einem maximalen Belastungstest unterworfen. Die Deformationen wurden dabei photogrammetrisch mit Hilfe von Pseudoparallaxen gemessen. Beschreibung der Veränderungen der Methode, die wagen der Anpassung an das dreidimensionale Objekt notwendig waren und der Tatsache Rechnung trugen, dass die Kammerstandpunkte bei den Belastungen nicht konstant blieben. Die Deformationen konnten mit einer Genauigkeit von ± 0·2 mm bestimmt werden.

Notes: This paper describes the modification, calibration and testing of a non-metric Linhof Technika View camera for use in the stereophotogrammetric mapping and analysis of dental features. The importance of correcting for errors of convergence in very short range stereophotogrammetry is stressed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit les modification, étalonnage et test d'une chambre non métrique Linhof-Technika en vue de photogrammétrie dentaire; on insiste sur la nécessité qu'il y a de corriger l'erreur de convergence pour de telles études.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung des Umbaus, der Kalibrierung und der Testung einer nichtmetrischen Linhof-Technika-Kamera für die stereophotogrammetrische Kartierung und Analyse von Zahnstrukturen. Betonung der Bedeutung der Korrektur von Konvergenzfehlern bei der Nahphotogrammetrie mit sehr geringen Aufnahmeentfernungen.

Notes: An unexpected MLR reaction has been observed between three HLA-identical sibs; it consists of a bidirectional positive MLR between identical female twins and a sister. No argument for a lymphoid mosaic could be found, although twins were frequent in the family; similary no HLA-A/B or HLA-B/D recombinant could be demonstrated.The MLR, although weak, was highly reproducible. PLTs could be raised between the sibs, without an apparent segregation in this family nor in five other families, but such PLTs discriminated well between the positive and negative controls. In the absence of any proof that such a weak MLR locus could be on another chromosome than chromosome 6, two lines of argument are indirect evidences that such a locus could be indeed on chromosome 6: one of the sibs differs from the two others for two markers outside HLA-D-DR-Bf: glyoxalate (GLO) and red blood group P.

Notes: : The density and distribution of land uses has important consequences for the planning of sewerage systems and for the costs of these systems. This paper examines these consequences using a simplified service area model. The model determines the area to be served by a central waste treatment plant, where alternative on-lot disposal systems are also available. The model is applied to various urban area configurations, which are summarized by their total populations and by their population density distributions. Both minimum regional cost and minimum local cost service area configurations are determined. In addition, the sensitivity of the model to the parameters of the cost and population density functions is assessed. It is found that the model is most sensitive to the parameters of the collection cost function.

Notes: : An input-output method, using a network of ideal continuous stirred-tank and plug-flow tublar reactors, is adopted to analyze residence time distribution data for a separated mechanical aeration system. The usefulness of this modeling concept is enhanced by its simplicity, especially in the presence of a first-order reaction. This facilitates use of the model format for wastewater quality prediction. Moreover, first-order rate constants can also be estimated from the model, if conversions due to the reaction rate are available.

Notes: Books reviewed in this article:Water and Waste-Water Technology, SI Version, Mark J. Hammer.Ground Water in the Western Hemisphere, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Natural Resource/Water Series No. 4River Pollution Studies, G. A. Best and S. L. Ross.Viruses and Trace Contaminants in Water and Wastewater, Edited by Jack A. Borchardt, James K. Cleland, William J. Redman, and Gordon OlivierEnvironmental Impact Analysis: A New Dimension in Decision Making, R. K. Jain, L. V. Urban, and G. S. Stacey.

Notes: : This paper describes a mathematical model, an algorithm and a computer program that were specially developed to study the problem of a water quality management system undergoing a rapidly increasing environmental stress. The model output will determine the locations, sizes and the timing of construction of new treatment plants plus an overall treatment plant operating policy so that environmental standards are maintained at a minimum cost. The model, as formulated, is a 0-1 mixed integer programming problem which is solved by decomposing it into a capital budgeting problem (solved by Little's branch and bound algorithm) and an operational policy problem (solved by linear programming). The coded algorithm (in FORTRAN 10) has been tested with a semi-realistic example.

Notes: : An improved computational procedure for solving water quality management models containing interacting pollutants and control policies is presented. The method is developed with respect to the specific problem of minimizing the costs of basin-wide thermal and organic pollution control to meet water quality standards. It views the problem in partitioned form where a master problem is used to find cooling levels for thermal polluters while subproblems determine optimal organic pollutant reductions for fixed cooling levels. A gradient based search procedure is used to solve the master problem. Computational results for several river systems are presented. Application of the method to other water quality management models is suggested.

Notes: : Existing ambient water quality monitoring programs have resulted in data which are often unsuitable for assessment of water quality trends. A primary concern in designing a stream quality monitoring network is the selection of a temporal sampling strategy. It is extremely important that data for trend assessment be collected uniformly in time. Greatly superior trend detection power results for such a strategy as compared to stratified sampling strategies. In general, it is desirable that sampling frequencies be at least monthly but not greater than biweekly; higher sampling frequencies usually result in little additional information. An upper limit on trend detectability exists such that for both five and ten year base periods it is often impossible to detect trends in time series where the ratio of the trend magnitude to time series standard deviation is less than about 0.5. For the same record lengths trends in records with trend to standard deviation ratios greater than about one can usually be detected with very high power when a uniform sampling strategy is followed.

Notes: : Buried glacial stream channels contain large and easily accessible groundwater resources. Gravity surveys have been frequently applied for their location. A gravity survey in the geohydrologically explored Wood River Valley Area of southern Rhode Island shows extreme lows of -2 mgals over channel depths of maximal 300 feet. Three gravity profiles were observed in east-west direction across a north-south striking stream channel. The bedrock depth increases rapidly towards the south from 130 to 300 feet. The gravity lows observed across each profile are not related to the bedrock depth but rather to the saturated thickness of the main quifer and its hydraulic transmissivity. Well logs indicate that the large change of bedrock depth is solely due to an increase of till of low permeability. The volume of the glacial outwash, which is the major groundwater resource, changes little underneath the three profiles. The gravity lows apear to be directly related to the density contrast between glacial outwash and till. The response to the hydraulically more pertinent units renews the interest in the gravity method as it may have a potential to estimate yields of hydrologically complex aquifers

Notes: : This paper presents a methodology for the estimation of response functions of crops to irrigation and soil moisture. A system analysis framework is applied to describe the relationships involved. Two subsystems are distinguished, with the first one involving the relationship between irrigation decision variables and soil state variables, and the second involving the relationship between soil state variables and crop yield.A method for tracing and predicting soil moisture profile variations over time and depth is presented, and empirical estimates of the response function of grain sorghum to soil moisture are derived. In the specification of the response function the concept of “critical days” is applied with a “critical day” being defined as one where the soil moisture is depleted below a certain critical level. The paper provides empirical evidence for the usefulness of the approach

Notes: : Four ways of dealing with uncertainty in the resource planning process have been prescribed: to reduce it, to ignore it, to avoid it, and to convert it to risk as chance of occurrence for calculation in planning. This paper analyzes examples of water resource planning in the Connecticut River Basin to confirm, reject, or modify these prescriptions. The examples of planning chosen for analysis are navigation, flood control, and interbasin diversion for water supply. These confirm the desirability of reducing uncertainty, offer some support for strategies to avoid it and to convert it to risk, but do not support the desirability of ignoring it.

Notes: : Principal U.S. phosphate production is from central Florida where mining, processing, and waste disposal practices intimately associate the industry with water resouces. Available radium-226 data from 1966 and from 1973–1976 in mined and unmined mincralized areas and nonmineralized areas in the primary study area in Polk, Hardee, Hillsborough, Manatee, and De Soto counties were studied using log-normal probability plots and nonparametric statistical tests for significant difference as functions of time, depth, and location. Plots of radium in the water table and Floridan aquifers for mineralized and nonmineralized areas indicate that neither phosphate mineralization nor the industry is a probable factor. For the Lower Floridan aquifer, three separate radium populations are indicated with geometric means of 0.7, 3, and 10 pCi/1. Geometric mean radium-226 content of the water table aquifer is 0.17 pCi/1. Radium in the Floridan aquifer in Manatee and Sarasota Counties is elevated relative to that in the water table and in other areas of Florida. For Sarasota County, geometric mean radium content of the water table is 15 pCi/l versus 7.5 pCi/l in the Floridan. Potential sources include shallow phosphate sediments and monazite sands and possibly crystalline basement rocks or other strata unrelated to phosphatic zones of current economic interest.The existing radium-226 data base is rather marginal in terms of number and spatial distribution of analyses, particularly for the water table and Upper Floridan aquifer. Existing radium data do not substantiate widespread contamination of ground water as a result of the phosphate industry. However, local contamination associated with specific operations has occurred.

Notes: : Land, water, labor, and capital are optimally allocated to crops on a farm, using a procedure that also relates to irrigation frequency and level of improvement in the irrigation system. The procedure is based on formulating outputs and expenditures as well as the functions of irrigation frequency-water and yield. The Generalized Geometric Programming is used to solve the objective function as nonlinear equations are involved.

Notes: : There are many factors, other than economic efficiency, which must be considered in judging the merits of proposed investments in the inland navigation system. No satisfactory formula exists for deciding the net worth of public investments in water resources projects. Such a measure would not be accepted because these investments can serve conflicting goals. Political, rather than technical, judgments are required to resolve these goal conflicts.

Notes: : An important enforcement question is, “What should be the relationship between ‘Best Management Practices’ (BMP) and receiving-water standards?” Nonpoint pollution dischargers are concerned about implementing a BMP program, only to find themselves in violation because receiving-water standards still have not been met. They are also concerned about the procedures a regulatory agency will utilize to determine the relative success of a BMP program. Successful management of nonpoint pollution requires that these concerns be addressed. Three alternative relationships have been developed. The recommended alternative is to implement the BMP program and use standards as a measure of the effectiveness of the program. Failure to achieve the standards would lead to a reevaluation of the BMP program. Enforcement activities against nonpoint dischargers would be restricted to the failure on their part to implement the previously agreed upon BMP program. Recommendations are also made as to measures regulatory agencies should take if their procedures to judge the relative success of a BMP program are to be technically and politically effective.

Notes: : The geochemistry and nature of the flow of ground water not only control the supply potential but constitute clues to the whole geology of an area. A study has been made of the largest available assemblage of data from 161 wells for the Island of Montreal collected by the Geological Survey of Canada in 1951–53. Data indicated that the system is generally subartesian, flowing from the principal topographically high areas towards the shores of the Island. As the probable use is about 13% of the estimated recharge of 140 million liters per day, most wells could be supplied by local recharge. The study has confirmed the predominance of calcium bicarbonate ground water from the carbonate sequence. The waters appeared to be saturated with respect to CaCO3 in all but 10 wells. The presence of other types of waters suggests the effects of the igneous intrusions of the area, the post-glacial marine submergence and the upward movement of waters from deep sources through fault and other structural zones. Confirmation of the significant variations in chemical composition in some neighboring wells indicated the future need for repetitive sampling from specific horizons for chemical and isotopic analyses.

Notes: : An investigation of treated municipal wastewaters discharged into Texas streams was conducted to determine the probable effect of concentrations of ammonia in receiving waters, based on existing data on ammonia levels which are lethal to various species of fish. Recorded data for most Texas cities were analyzed. Based on existing toxicity criteria for ammonia of 1/10 TLm= 0.31 mg/1 NH3-N, employing known discharge flow rates, and 7-day, 5-year or 7-day, 10-year low flows in Texas streams, appreciable numbers of sites were found to pose a threat to various species of fish. Using the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) as a median tolerance limit species, data from 65 cities which met the aforecited requirements, were analyzed. Those included a total of 92 wastewater effluents. Sixty-nine percent of those cities and 70% of their effluents exceeded the 0.31 mg/1 NH3-N limit in the stream below the discharge point. Thirty-seven percent of the cities equaled or exceeded the 96-hour TLm concentration limit of 3.1 mg/1 ammonia. Based on the 10 mg/1 NO3-N standard for intake water for potable supplies, 32% of the effluents resulted in a stream concentration which exceeded 10 mg/1, assuming a straight conversion of NH3-N to NO3-N.

Notes: : This research examines what is hypothesized as a critical factor in reservoir sedimentation - precipitation variability. The coefficient of variation for annual precipitation, computed for the period relating to sedimentation, is regressed against sediment yields for several reservoirs over a wide range of environmental settings. A significant linear relationship results, and when precipitation variability is combined with several additional variables available from reservoir summary sheets, almost 83% of the total variation in sediment yield is accounted for. It is suggested that the coefficient of variation for annual precipitation fulfills a direct process role when modeling reservoir sedimentation much more effectively than annual precipitation or runoff.

Notes: : Flow-duration curves are concise pictures of flow variability at a point on a stream, and provide essential information for all water-resource planning. In New Hampshire, useful estimates of flow-duration curves for ungaged points on unregulated streams can be made using only information readily available from contour maps: 1) area of the basin above the point of interest; and 2) either the measured mean basin elevation or the elevations of the highest and lowest points in the basin. Measured or estimated mean basin elevation is then used in regression equations to estimate mean flow QC and the flow exceeded 95% of the time, Q95. QC is assumed to occur at the 27% exceedance frequency. Q02, Q05, and Q30 are estimated as multiples of QC. Equations are provided for calculating 95% confidence intervals for future estimates using the method. The dependence of mean flow on elevation is due to positive vertical precipitation gradients and negative vertical evapotranspiration gradients. The dependence of Q95 on elevation appears to be due largely to the fact that it rains more often, that snowmelt takes longer, and that evapotranspiration is reduced at higher elevations.

Notes: : Arizona's water pollution control program is based on authorties of Arizona Revised Statutes and Public Law 92–500, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. The primary areas of this program are monitoring, facility inspections, plan review, planning, discharge permits and grants for the construction of publicly-owned waste water treatment facilities. The discharge permit program deals with control of point-source discharges and is administered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The planning and construction grants programs are administered by the State Water Quality Control Council and are implemented by the Bureau of Water Quality Control, which serves as staff to the Council. There are several challenges that face the State in this program. First is the adaptation of the “eastern law” to deal with Arizona's water quality problems. Second is to address problems caused by a long history of “laissez-faire” environmental quality management. Third is a mutual cooperation and coordination among the many entities involved in water resources management. Areas of particular interest in the State's program is the process setting water quality standards and the involvement of people of diversified backgrounds in the field of areawide planning under Section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, which is primarily concerned with non-point sources of water pollution.

Notes: Books reviewed in this article:Mathematical Models for Surface Water Hydrology, Edited by T. A. Ciriani, U. Maione, and J. R. WallisEcosystem Modeling in Theory and Practice: An Introduction with Case Histories, Edited by Charles A. S. Hall and John W. Day, Jr.Legal and Scientific Uncertainties of Weather Modification, Edited by William A. Thomas.Water Production Functions for Irrigated Agriculture, Roger W. Hexem and Earl O. Heady.

Notes: : The optimization of real-time operations for a single reservoir system is studied. The objective is to maximize the sum of hourly power generation over a period of one day subject to constraints of hourly power schedules, daily flow requirement for water supply and other purposes, and the limitations of the facilities. The problem has a nonlinear concave objective function with nonlinear concave and linear constraints. Nonlinear Duality Theorems and Lagrangian Procedures are applied to solve the problem where the minimization of the Lagrangian is carried out by a modified gradient projection technique along with an optimal stepsize determination routine. The dimension of the problem in terms of the number of variables and constraints is reduced by eliminating the 24 continuity equations with a special implicit routine. A numerical example is presented using data provided by the Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento, California.

Notes: : Iron, added as (Fe-EDTA)-, was found stimulatory to V. spiralis at a concentration of 0.05 ppm. (Fe-EDTA)- had no effect upon growth of V. neotropicalis as measured by changes in dissolved oxygen and dry weight. Results are compared with those derived from similar studies with Hydrilla verticillata and Egeria densa. The implications of lake drawdown and aeration are discussed.

Notes: : As of 1976 over 225,000 acres were being irrigated by center pivot units in a five-county area of the Columbia Basin in Oregon and Washington. Most of the development took place since 1970. Dynamic application of center pivot technology altered the concept of irrigability in the study area, converting lands that were often rolling, sandy, and plagued by wind erosion from low grade grazing to productive irrigated units. This development was entirely by private enterprise, with large corporate farms accounting for much of the effort. Little prior comprehensive planning or coordination took place. When the circulation of water is altered on such a massive scale, however, unplanned impacts may be far reaching. In this case they include:1) acceleration of the shift to high cost thermoelectric generation, 2) alteration of state institutions designed to allocate water, and 3) possible significant alterations of the socioeconomic fabric of small rural service centers.

Notes: : Although estimation of hydraulic friction loss in pipelines is one of the most frequent routine computations made by water supply engineers, almost no post-construction analysis of the accuracy of these calculations exists in the literature. This paper reports the field measured friction losses in three one-mile sections of small diameter pvc pipe which had been in service for 10 years. Hazen-Williams and Darcy-Weisbach equations are examined to provide a framework for comparing Hazen-Williams coefficients recommended by pipe manufacturers to those obtained by the field measurements. The conclusion is that the CHW factor of 150 recommended by most pvc pipe manufacturers is too high for the diameter-velocity combinations encountered in rural dead-end small diameter lines. The measured coefficients averaged 133 which is close to that predicted by superimposing Hazen Williams coefficients on the Moody diagram from which the friction factor for the Darcy-Weisbach equation is obtained.

Notes: : This study emphasized a field investigation of salt release to overland flow from Mancos shale lands of the Price River Basin, Utah. Although a high degree of natural variation existed in the data, which precluded the separation of factors affecting diffuse salt loading that occurs during overland flow, a simplistic nonpoint source loading function developed on empirical concepts was fit to the data. This function was then used to calculate the average annual salt yield to the Price River by overland flow. It was found that even under severe conditions, the salt yields from Mancos shale lands due to overland flow is relatively minor, accounting for less than 1.5 percent of the average annual salt mass transported from the basin by the Price River.

Notes: : Comparisons were made between rates of movement of orthophosphate in a canal and a meandering stream. The meander system had greater algal and macrophyte phosphate uptake rates, and lower plankton and sediment release rates compared to the canal. Chemical precipitation and direct rainfall influences on orthophosphate movement were insignificant relative to other terms. The major source of phosphorus to both systems was from upland runoff. The impact of this source was greater on the meandering system due to the smaller channel volume. When secondary effects of meandering were considered such as marsh inundation, the net orthophosphate movement within the meandering channel was less than that for the canal; due to the lower concentrations of phosphorus in marsh effluent waters. Field experiments were conducted to compare the longitudinal dispersion coefficient between a canal and meandering river system; the meandering stream had a dispersion coefficient over 17 times that measured for the canal. Rates of orthophosphate movement were combined into a single mass transport equation, and a numerical solution was obtained. Internal river and canal channel processes were overshadowed by external point source loadings.

Notes: : Current policies for correcting the problem of irrigation return flow pollution tend to attack the symptoms of the problem, rather than its cause. The present institutional arrangement for allocating irrigation water is seen as the source of the problem. This paper examines the water quality benefits of altering the institutional arrangement to allow for irrigation water transfers through a rental market. It is conceptualized that by creating a water rental market an opportunity cost would be associated with the use of irrigation water such that profit maximizing farmers would be induced to use his water supply more efficiently and rent the surplus to other irrigators, thus reducing return flow pollution. It is shown that a water rental market could increase water quality in the Yakima River in southcentral Washington by 31 percent as well as increase farm incomes and crop production.

Notes: : Legislative constraints on the development of water resources policy fit into three broad categories-political, institutional, and informational. The political category encompasses constituency needs and preferences, satisfaction with existing water management practices and policies, and the necessity for legislators to blend political ambition with public problem solving. Constraints fitting into the institutional category include differences in legislative behavior and attitudes that stem from one's location in the legislature (e.g., senate-house, leader-follower, or committee activity), the dynamics of scheduling and organization, and the capability to manage complex issues. Informational constraints refer to the availability of information and the use to which it is put by lawmakers in formulating decisions on waterrelated issues. These constraints are approached from a behavioral perspective by examining several constituency, institutional, and information hypotheses that “explain” legislative involvement with water resources issues. The data are drawn from a recent study of water resources decision making in West Virginia. Eighty-three of the 134 members of the 1975–76 West Virginia Legislature participated in the study.

Notes: : Irrigated agriculture is a major nonpoint source of surface water quality degradation. Nonpoint source discharges can be controlled by either output taxes or restrictions, or input taxes or restrictions. The economic theory of externality control with taxes or restrictions on input use is developed. The effectiveness of alternative input control policies in improving surface water quality is demonstrated with a mathematical model of the agriculture and water quality in Washington State's Yakima River Basin. Water quality parameters considered were river nitrogen concentration, water temperature, and cropland soil losses. Producer and social abatement costs were the most important measures of policy effectiveness.

Notes: : The effect of ice cover on vertical transfer is examined based on the Reynolds' analogy and composite logarithmic velocity distributions. A finite difference scheme is used to predict concentration profiles in a two-dimensional channel. Comparisons made between the ice-covered condition and the ice-free condition show that considerable reduction in mixing capacity of the channel is caused by the ice cover.

Notes: : A few years ago, many water quality administrators were convinced that large regional sewerage systems, consisting of one large treatment plant and long trunk sewers extending out to various communities, represented the only efficient and economical means of assuring water quality control. In communities favoring rapid development, the provision of sewer service and encouragement of development of new centers along the trunk sewers offered an additional advantage. More recently quite different points of view are arising in certain areas. In parts of New Jersey strong environmental and community resistance has arisen to proposed central plant-trunk sewer systems. The facilitation of new development along the trunk sewers is viewed as a menace by townships not wanting intensive development of these areas. The diversion of effluent flows to trunk sewers rather than septic tanks would dry up the streams which water quality programs are supposed to protect. Both sides to the controversy have mobilized engineering, environmental, economic, and legal expertise and some critical policy issues have developed. Reconsideration of regional sewerage management and particularly trunk sewer policy is required. The decision as to extent of sewerage service areas involves complex and sensitive planning issues. Because of potential conflicts of interest, such decisions should not be left to staffs of sewerage authorities and their design engineers.

Notes: : A system in which taxonomic information is recorded in a form that can be directly utilized by computer is described. How such a system can greatly facilitate the acquisition and analysis of data is also discussed.

Notes: : A model was developed of the periodic-stochastic structure of daily precipitation over an area. The model is based ona multivariate normal distribution. The square roots of daily precipitation at a point were found to approximate a sample from a univariate normal distribution that had been truncated at zero. The zero daily precipitation amounts were considered negative amounts of unknown quantity. The multivariate normal distribution was used to describe the variation of daily precipitation over an area. The periodic fluctuations of the model parameters were described with Fourier series. The model was tested using data from two areas of different precipitation characteristics. Data generated with the model contained many of the statistical characteristics observed in the historical data.

Notes: : A monthly model and two daily models (I and II) are presented for the purpose of generating monthly and daily rainfall sequences in the Quae Yai river basin in Thailand. Performance of the models are evaluated by comparing the statistical parameters of the generated sequences with those from historical data. For monthly generation, Thomas-Fiering model worked satisfactorily in spite of the monthly correlations being weak, if any. Daily Model I, which assumes no persistence between daily rainfall amounts within the wet spells, could not preserve some important parameters regardless of the simplicity in model construction. Application of multi-state transition probability matrix model gave good results, although the user has to modify some parameters looking at the performance of the model for each historical record.

Notes: : The outflows of Lake Superior through the St. Marys River have been modified from natural conditions, initially by the construction of engineering works, such as bridges, and later by the construction of control works and the regulation of the lake. For all practical purposes, the period from 1860 to 1887 represents the natural river conditions. During the period 1888-1900 the regimen was modified by the construction of the International Railroad Bridge and the Chandler-Dunbar Power Canal. In 1901 construction began on the compensating works. Following the completion of the compensating works in August 1921, the Lake Superior outflows were regulated in accordance with the Orders of Approval, 26 and 27 May 1914. A hydrologic response model was developed to simulate the natural Lake Superior regime. The model was run for the 1860–1975 period to simulate natural Lake Superior levels and outflows. The simulated levels were compared with the recorded levels to determine the effect of regulation. It was found that regulation has resulted in a rise in Lake Superior water levels. The simulated natural outflows for the period from 1937 to 1975 were run through the Great Lakes hydrologic response model to analyze the regulation effects on Lakes Michigan-Huron, St. Clair, and Erie. The results show no long-term bias due to regulation.

Notes: : The 26-mile man-made beach bordering part of Mississippi's Gulf Coast and the contiguous Mississippi Sound waters provide an important recreational and tourist attraction for that area. Being the tourist nucleus for the State, announcements in September 1973 by the Mississippi Air and Water Pollution Control Commission and the State Board of Health that Sound waters had reached a level of pollution that made them potentially dangerous for body contact was met with a myriad of responses. The resulting multi-governmental, multi-agency interface that resulted in trying to deal with the situation highlighted the type of problems that can arise when social, economic, political, and legal forces come to bear on a sensitive area. Questions of jurisdictional and legal authority to act, tourist industry economic pressures, and water quality testing and monitoring procedures were representative of the type of problems that arose during this period. A retrospective analysis of this problem served to isolate the type of articulation that is essential between federal, state, and local agencies vested with responsibilities such as monitoring water quality, protecting public health, etc. This paper develops some of the interface complexities that emerged in dealing with this problem and makes selected recommendations for other areas that may potentially face similar situations.

Notes: : The frequent high water levels in Chisago Chain of Lakes, located in east-central Minnesota, have caused extensive flood damages. Recent floods raised the concern of the local property owners and they pressured the Chisago County Board of Managers to initiate a study of alternative lake control levels. A study was carried out to identify potential flood control alternatives, screen out the most promising feasible alternatives, and recommend the most cost-effective flood control measure. Several flood control alternatives were considered - eight of them were analyzed and evaluated in detail. A statistical method was used to estimate the expected annual flood damages under existing and future conditions. The effect of all proposed control measures on the annual flood damage reductions (benefits) were determined. Detailed benefit/cost analyses were carried out to evaluate the economic feasibility of alternatives. The effect of potential flood control measures on the environment was also studied. The economic analysis of the most cost-effective alternative did not strongly support artificial lake level control, therefore the decision-making authorities were even more firm in their position to maintain the present condition and chose the Null Alternative as the most suitable alternative.

Notes: : Nutrient fluxes in precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow were studied in an oak-hickory forest in southern Illinois for a three-year period beginning in 1973. Nutrient inputs in these water related pathways were approximately one-half those of litterfall; a major nutrient return mechanism. Considering these water carried nutrients (116 kg/ha/yr), 38% was contributed by precipitation, 35% by throughfall and approximately 27% by stemflow. Although the total nutrient input is only one-half that of litterfall, the net impact on short-term nutrient requirements is considerable because of their immediate availability. Nutrient inputs in litter represent a delayed return mechanism because of the relatively slow decomposition process.

Notes: : Micro-relief surface depression storage is one of the dynamic components of the rainfall-runoff process. The quantification of the effect of rainfall intensity and duration on the micro-relief was the subject of this study. Micro-relief measurements were made on 88 soil bin samples before and after the application of simulated rainfdl events. The surface depression changes are described with empirical equations, using basic rainfall, surface hydrology, and soil parameters and their cross products as independent variables. A rainfall-runoff model demonstrates the value of a dynamic description of the surface depression storage function.

Notes: : The streamflows of three tributaries, Siran, Haro, and Soan in the upper Indus River catchment in Pakistan were simulated using SSARR and Tank Models. Channel characteristics of the main Indus River were also determined using the two models. The basin characteristics were derived by trial and error method and were verified using the data for the period 1964–1970. Comparison of the two model performances showed that low flows were better reproduced by SSARR while the high flows were simulated with equal accuracy by both the models.