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  • Chemistry  (5,931)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (2,653)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (765)
  • Physics  (504)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (6,619)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1978  (6,619)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (6,619)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    Picosecond chemical and biological events (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-10-13
    Description: Picosecond spectroscopy is a relatively new field of science that utilizes ultrashort laser pulses to monitor events taking place in the 10(-12) second regime. The continuing development of picosecond spectroscopy has made possible the detection and measurement of the primary events in many physical and tiological processes. This article describes a currently used picosecond spectroscopy system that is capable of reliably recording picosecond events. Two areas of picosecond research are discussed; one concerns the interaction of electrons in fluids, and the second the primary events in vision.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rentzepis, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Oct 13;202(4364):174-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/694523" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Electrons ; *Kinetics ; Lasers ; Protons ; *Retinal Pigments ; *Rhodopsin ; Spectrum Analysis/*methods ; Temperature ; *Vision, Ocular
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Foreign aid support of science and economic growth (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-03-17
    Description: The history of U.S. foreign aid support of science and technology in Latin America is examined and an attempt is made to evaluate the scientific and economic growth of that area in relation to the total foreign aid effort.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Szmant, H H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Mar 17;199(4334):1173-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/415363" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Education ; History, 20th Century ; International Educational Exchange ; Latin America ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Science/history ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    The glycosylation of hemoglobin: relevance to diabetes mellitus (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-04-07
    Description: Glucose reacts nonenzymatically with the NH2-terminal amino acid of the beta chain of human hemoglobin by way of a ketoamine linkage, resulting in the formation of hemoglobin AIc. Other minor components appear to be adducts of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate. These hemoglobins are formed slowly and continuously throughout the 120-day life-span of the red cell. There is a two- to threefold increase in hemoglobin AIc in the red cells of patients with diabetes mellitus. By providing an integrated measurement of blood glucose, hemoglobin AIc is useful in assessing the degree of diabetic control. Furthermore, this hemoglobin is a useful model of nonenzymatic glycosylation of other proteins that may be involved in the long-term complications of the disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bunn, H F -- Gabbay, K H -- Gallop, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Apr 7;200(4337):21-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/635569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus/*blood/diagnosis ; Diphosphoglyceric Acids/blood ; Glycosides/blood ; Glycosuria/etiology ; Hemoglobin A/*metabolism ; Hemoglobins/*analysis/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Oxygen/blood ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Summary report of the Weather Services Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Weather services to severe storms, turbulence, icing, visibility, and lightning are discussed. Each weather phenomenon area was explored in terms of needs, problems related to providing services, and availability of timely and appropriate information.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 234-236
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  • 5
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    Summary report of the Aircraft Design Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Aircraft models were designed to solve aircraft lightning, severe storms, turbulence, icing, and visibility problems. Analytical modeling, wind tunnel simulation tests, ground tests, and in-flight tests were conducted.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 229-238
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  • 6
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    Summary report of the Human Factors Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Reduced visibility as a human factors problem was studied in terms of the number of lives lost and cost of aircraft accidents and incidents. Human factors in flight through turbulence in detection and avoidance techniques, pilot and crew procedures for handling workloads and distractions caused by turbulence, and aircraft handling techniques for safe flights through turbulence are investigated. Education and training were reviewed in icing problems on aircraft. Pilots failure to recognize and detect wind shear in severe storms is examined. The pilots avoidance of lightning is discussed from the human factors point of view.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 219-228
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  • 7
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    Summary of the Aircraft Operations Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Severe storms and turbulence, icing, visibility, and lightning are discussed in new programs on aircraft operations. The education of pilots and ground service personnel are reviewed. More available information of weather programs and services are examined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 215-218
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  • 8
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    Summary Report of the Icing Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Icing parameters have created problems and the problem areas that still exist today are presented. The problem areas include; (1) instrumentation; (2) test facilities; (3) weather forecasting of icing conditions; (4) meteorological design criteria; and (5) meteorological data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 193-199
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  • 9
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    Summary report of the Turbulence Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The effects of atmospheric turbulence are discussed. Aircraft design and aircraft operations are reviewed. Turbulence in terms of intensity and scale in design considerations was examined. Turbulence models were used in the form of discrete gusts, spectral distributions, and probability distributions. Various aspects of the design and operations problems, simulation and training factors of pilots, and weather services and forecasts are reported.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 185-191
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  • 10
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    Summary report of the Visibility Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Problems related to visibility and some possible solutions are expressed. Automatic weather stations, aircrew education and training, slant range visibility, twelve airports planning, and designs for new runway guidance are discussed in improving visibility.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 200-202
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  • 11
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    Summary Report of the Severe Storms Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Smaller scale severe storms with the expectation that the larger storms associated weather-hazard-to-aircraft problems are discussed. Improvements in the detection capability for hail, turbulence, wind shear, and lightning are reported. Improvements in communications with limited surveillance capabilities are summarized. Education and training of pilots in severe storms are examined. Weather forecasts improvements by increasing accuracy in the short term are described. Aircraft operations, aircraft design, weather services, data acquisition and utilization are reviewed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 179-184
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  • 12
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    Helicopter icing research (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A representative of the U.S. Army Research and Technology Laboratories was called upon to brief the workshop on results of flight test experiments with ice-phobic coatings applied to helicopter rotor blades. An overview of the Applied Technology Laboratory helicopter icing R and D program is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 139-152
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  • 13
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    The prediction of lightning-induced voltages on metallic and composite aircraft (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Various government agencies have put forth effort to enable the prediction of what lightning current will do to aircraft avionic systems. Ongoing and future efforts of predicting avionic voltages and currents caused by electromagnetic fields external to the aircraft are illustrated. The Intrasystem Analysis Program (IAP) was put to use to predict lightning-induced voltages on avionic systems. Presently funded programs are investigating the modification nonmetallic composite materials will cause to the metallic IAP program predictions. The various factors involved in designing prediction techniques are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 153-177
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  • 14
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    Lightning hazards to aircraft (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Lightning hazards and, more generally, aircraft static electricity are discussed by a representative for the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory. An overview of these atmospheric electricity hazards to aircraft and their systems is presented with emphasis on electrical and electronic subsystems. The discussion includes reviewing some of the characteristics of lightning and static electrification, trends in weather and lightning-related mishaps, some specific threat mechanisms and susceptible aircraft subsystems and some of the present technology gaps. A roadmap (flow chart) is presented to show the direction needed to address these problems.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 127-137
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  • 15
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    Visibility in aviation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An overview of the development of instrumental methods of making cloud height and visibility measurements is presented. The limitations of these measurements are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 100-126
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  • 16
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    Aircraft Icing (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A representative of the NASA Lewis Research Center presented a discussion which concentrated on the meteorology of icing and its measurements. Other areas addressed were: test facilities, ice protection systems, and the effects of ice on performance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 85-99
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  • 17
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    Severe storms (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An overview of severe storms given by a representative of the U.S. Department of Commerce/NOAA and how they affect aviation is presented. What is being done and the organizations responsible for the work in this area are briefly discussed. A partial list of the things that the representative feels need to be done is also presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 37-54
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  • 18
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    Atmospheric disturbance modelling requirements for flying qualities applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Flying qualities are defined as those airplane characteristics which govern the ease or precision with which the pilot can accomplish the mission. Some atmospheric disturbance modelling requirements for aircraft flying qualities applications are reviewed. It is concluded that some simplifications are justified in identifying the primary influence on aircraft response and pilot control. It is recommended that a universal environmental model be developed, which could form the reference for different applications. This model should include the latest information on winds, turbulence, gusts, visibility, icing and precipitation. A chosen model would be kept by a national agency and updated regularly by feedback from users. A user manual is believed to be an essential part of such a model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 55-84
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  • 19
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    Aviation meteorology: Today and the future (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A representative of the Air Weather Service, USAF addressed the workshop and gave an assessment of the present state of aviation meteorology and a prognosis of the future. Three categories of meteorological support to aviation systems are considered and discussed; (1) terminal weather; (2) the winds for flight planning; and (3) en route flight hazards.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 29-35
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  • 20
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    Summary report of the Data Acquisition and Utilization (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Data acquisition and utilization in terms of turbulence, icing visibility, lightning, and severe storms are discussed. The capability to generate the data, data collection and reduction, and data dissemination and distribution are studied.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 238-243
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  • 21
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    Continuous wave lidar measurement of atmospheric visibility (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The technique of measurement of phase shift with a modulated CW lidar system for the purpose of atmospheric visibility assessment was evaluated both theoretically and experimentally. A closed form solution for prediction of phase shift as a function of visibility and modulation frequency was developed. Data obtained with a bistatic CW lidar configuration were compared with predictions. Results indicate the expected trends with equipment parameters and call for more extensive experiments.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Jan. 15
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  • 22
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    Atmospheric electrification (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Research areas of atmospheric electricity that could be explored from the shuttle or the tethered satellite are discussed. Emphasis is placed on atmospheric current flow and telluric currents. A model depicting the atmospheric electric global circuit is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 130-133
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  • 23
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    The response of the zonally averaged circulation to stratospheric ozone reductions (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of various ozone density reductions of the zonally averaged circulation are evaluated with a numerical quasi-geostrophic model. If the ozone perturbations are confined to the polar regions and are minuscule on a global basis as was characteristic of the August 1972 solar proton event, then the calculations indicate a negligible effect on the mean circulation. For global ozone perturbations by predicted halocarbon pollution, about 10% reduction in the zonal jet strength and less than a 5% change in global mean stratospheric temperature are calculated. Large, uniform ozone reductions (above 50%) produce significant effects on the mean circulation: a substantial collapse of the stratosphere due to cooler temperatures, and a weak polar night jet. The reflection and transmission of quasi-stationary planetary waves in the middle atmosphere are computed to be insensitive to solar activity as extreme as the August 1972 solar proton event. It thus seems improbable that planetary waves are a viable mechanism for solar-weather interactions that involve perturbations of the zonally averaged circulation by ozone density reductions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 35; Sept
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  • 24
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    Simulation of radiation from lightning return strokes - The effects of tortuosity (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A Monte Carlo simulation has been developed for the electromagnetic fields radiated from a tortuous lightning channel. This was done using a piecewise linear model for the channel and employing for each element the field radiated by a traveling wave on an arbitrarily oriented filament over a conducting plane. The simulation reproduces experimental data reasonably well and has been used to study the effects of tortuosity on the fields radiated by return strokes. Tortuosity can significantly modify the radiated waveform, tending to render it less representative of the current pulse and more nearly unipolar than one would expect based on the theory for a long straight channel. In the frequency domain the effect of tortuosity is an increase in high frequency energy as compared with an equivalent straight channel. The extent of this increase depends on the mean length of the elements comprising the channel and can be significant.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radio Science; 13; Sept
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  • 25
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    Information content of sky intensity and polarization measurements at right angles to the solar direction (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents the results of a Monte Carlo simulation study of the brightness and polarization at right angles to the solar direction both for ground-based observations (looking up) and for satellite-based systems (looking down). Calculations have been made for a solar zenith angle whose cosine was 0.6 and wavelengths ranging from 3500 A to 9500 A. A sensitivity of signatures to total aerosol loading, aerosol particle size distribution and refractive index, and the surface reflectance albedo has been demonstrated. For Lambertian-type surface reflection the albedo effects enter solely through the intensity sensitivity, and very high correlations have been found between the polarization term signatures for the ground-based and satellite-based systems. Potential applications of these results for local albedo predictions and satellite imaging systems recalibrations are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; July 15
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  • 26
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    The rain parameter diagram - Methods and applications (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A rain parameter diagram is presented which displays the relationships between all rainfall parameters defined in terms of an exponential drop size distribution. Special emphasis is given to remotely measurable quantities such as radar reflectivity, microwave attenuation, and optical extinction. Although an exponential distribution is used to construct the diagram, it is shown to have general application for arbitrary size distributions and for a wide variety of rainfall-related problems. Some of the problems are: analysis of the sources of error which result from the use of empirical rainfall relations; depiction of the physical differences between different types of rainfall and of the similarity between all empirical relations which apply to the same type of rainfall; and determination of the accuracy with which remote measurements must be made to obtain accurate rain parameters. A set of overlays is shown for four common radar wavelengths and four temperatures which display the relationships between microwave attenuation and the other rainfall parameters. These diagrams can be used to determine rainfall parameters remotely in dual-measurement techniques.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Mar. 20
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  • 27
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    A study of the atmospheric energetics of a six-layer operational forecast model (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Verification data for twice-daily analyses of horizontal wind and temperature are compared with 00, 12, 24, 36, 60, and 84 hour forecasts prepared for winter 1975-76 from a six-layer operational forecast model; the comparison focuses on certain energy components in the forecast fields. Significant losses (15 to 20%) of zonal available potential energy and zonal kinetic energy appear beyond the 36-hour forecasts; the zonal kinetic energy loss is associated with a large increase in this parameter during the first 12-hour forecast period, due to a downward and northward movement of the mean jet-stream core. In addition, energy losses in the eddy potential and kinetic energy components are noted in the initialization procedure.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 106; May 1978
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  • 28
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    Analysis of a possible sun-weather correlation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In an attempt to verify the relationship between solar activity and precipitation posited by Xanthakis (1973), annual precipitation records from 2,548 stations in both hemispheres from the period 1850 to 1973 were examined. The strong negative correlation between solar activity and rainfall in the 60 to 70 deg N latitude belt found by Xanthakis appeared much less distinct in the present study. In addition, a spectral analysis indicated no significant spectral peaks having periods between 6 and 20 years, a finding which cast further doubt on the solar cycle-precipitation correlation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Nature; 272; Mar. 16
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  • 29
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    Mount Agung eruption provides test of global climatic perturbation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Mount Agung volcanic eruption in 1963 provides the best-documented global radiative perturbation to the earth's atmosphere currently available. Data on stratospheric aerosols produced by this eruption have been used as input to a model for the atmospheric thermal structure. The computed magnitude, sign, and phase lag of the temperature changes in both the stratosphere and the troposphere are in good agreement with observations, providing evidence that the climatic response to a global radiative perturbation is significant as well as support for the use of theoretical models to predict climatic effects.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Science; 199; Mar. 10
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  • 30
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    Stereographic cloud heights from imagery of SMS/GOES satellites (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Stereographic pairs of SMS/GOES images, generated simultaneously by the spin-scan cameras of each of two geostationary satellites (SMS 1 and SMS 2, separated by 32 degrees of longitude on February 17, 1975), have been analyzed photogrammetrically to yield cloud heights with a two-sigma uncertainty of 500 meters. The 32-degree angle between the image plane of the two satellites, plus the distortions involved in transferring the image of a nearly full hemisphere of the earth onto a plane, required the development of a special instrument to permit stereographic compilation. Cloud heights measured stereographically compared favorably with heights of the same clouds measured by radar and IR methods. The same SMS image pairs were used to measure mountain-top heights with a mean deviation of 0.24 km from cartographic values.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Jan. 197
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  • 31
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    Nimbus 3/ATS 3 observations of the evolution of Hurricane Camille (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 17; Apr. 197
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    A numerical simulation of seasonal stratospheric climate. I - Zonal temperatures and winds (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two numerical experiments were designed to isolate the effects of seasonal and latitudinal variations in longwave radiative transfer processes. The first experiment aimed at computing the rate of temperature change in the stratosphere due to longwave radiative transfer by CO2, H2O and O3 from Ramanathan's (1976) radiative-convective model applied to the troposphere-stratosphere circulation. The second experiment employs the Newtonian cooling approximation in which the rate of temperature change in the stratosphere by longwave radiative transfer is set equal to the product of the Newtonian cooling coefficient 'h' and the departure of the local temperature from a reference temperature. It is shown that the latitudinal temperature distribution of the lower stratosphere is maintained by the combined effects of dynamics, O3 solar heating and the longwave radiative coupling between troposphere and stratosphere. The latitudinal gradient in the troposphere-stratosphere longwave radiative coupling is maximum during winter and spring. The radiative response time (1/h) of the middle and upper stratosphere undergoes significant latitudinal and seasonal variations, largely due to the temperature dependence of h.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 35; Apr. 197
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    The zonally averaged circulation of the middle atmosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The steady-state, zonally averaged circulation of the middle atmosphere (15-125 km) is studied with a quasigeostrophic, numerical model that explicitly includes a self-consistent calculation of solar radiative heating due to O2 and O3 absorption, Newtonian cooling, Rayleigh friction, tropopause boundary conditions based on climatological averages, and the effects of vertically propagating planetary waves. It is found that the direct, radiatively driven pole-to-pole circulation at solstice is sufficient to account for the cold summer mesopause and warm isothermal winter mesosphere with associated zonal jets of realistic magnitude. The climatological heat and momentum fluxes associated with planetary wavenumber 2 have a negligible effect on the mean circulation. With planetary wavenumber 1, no steady-state solution could be obtained due to the formation of easterlies and hence critical layers in the winter mesosphere. The radiative heating associated with secondary peaks in the O3 density at the mesopause could render the polar mesopause region convectively unstable.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 35; Apr. 197
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    Wind field measurement in the nonprecipitous regions surrounding severe storms by an airborne pulsed Doppler lidar system (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 59
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  • 35
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    Rocket effluent - Its ice nucleation activity and related properties (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: To investigate the possibility of inadvertent weather modification from rocket effluent, aerosol samples were collected from an instrumented aircraft subsequent to the Voyager I and II launches. The aerosol's morphology, concentration and size distribution were examined with an electron microscope. The elemental compositions of individual particles were analyzed with an X-ray energy spectrometer. Ice nucleus concentration was measured with a subfreezing thermal diffusion chamber. The particles' physical and chemical properties were related to their ice nucleation activity. A laboratory experiment on rocket propellant exhaust was conducted under controlled conditions. Both laboratory and field experimental results indicated that rocket propellant exhaust can produce active ice nuclei. Their consequences for potential inadvertant weather modification demand additional study.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 17; Dec. 197
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  • 36
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    Observations of the convective plume of a lake under cold-air advective conditions (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Moderating effects of Lake Apopka, Florida, on downwind surface temperatures were evaluated under cold-air advective conditions. Point temperature measurements north and south of the lake and data obtained from a thermal scanner flown at 1.6 km indicate that surface temperatures directly downwind may be higher than surrounding surface temperatures by as much as 5 C under conditions of moderate winds (about 4 m/s). No substantial temperature effects were observed with surface wind speed less than 1 m/s. Fluxes of sensible and latent heat from Lake Apopka were calculated from measurements of lake temperature, net radiation, relative humidity, and air temperature above the lake. Bulk transfer coefficients and the Bowen ratio were calculated and found to be in agreement with reported data for nonadvective conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; 14; June 197
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  • 37
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    Soviet meteor satellite imagery (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Through the cooperative efforts of several agencies, Soviet Meteor satellite visual and infrared (IR) imagery is now being received and processed outside the U.S.S.R. borders. Observations have been made on the data receipt, processing, and subsequent picture quality of the Meteor/APT (Automatic Picture Transmission) system as received by the Cape Canaveral Forecast Facility.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 59
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  • 38
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    Acoustic scattering from locally homogeneous turbulence (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An equation is derived for acoustic scattering from the velocity and temperature fields of a drifting blob of air turbulence. The equation is solved for scattering from the mean and turbulent portions of both fields, and the time autocorrelation and power spectral density of the received signal are calculated. The mean velocity and temperature fields, as well as the corresponding turbulence intensity distributions, are allowed to be spatially nonuniform. The turbulent fields are required to be only locally homogeneous and locally stationary. It is shown that the common practice of representing antenna patterns by either truncating the flow or tapering the strength of the flow is, at least in the case of the transmitting pattern, not a bad approximation. Spectral broadening of the receiver signal due to convection of the small scattering eddies by macroeddies and by the mean flow in modeled, and the broadening by macroeddy convection is seen to render negligible the broadening which arises from the drift of the target flow through the antenna beam. The analysis reveals that only for target flows having a high degree of spatial uniformity and/or symmetry does the received positive-frequency power spectral density turn out to be symmetrical about a center frequency.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Acoustical Society of America; vol. 64
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  • 39
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    Post-volcanic stratospheric aerosol decay as measured by lidar (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper summarizes and discusses results of lidar observations, at Hampton (Virginia), of the stratospheric aerosol vertical distribution for a period of 22 months (October 1974 to July 1976) after the volcanic eruption of the Volcan de Fuego in Guatemala. Data are presented in terms of lidar scattering ratio, vertically integrated aerosol backscattering, layer structure and location, and rawinsonde temperature profiles as a function of time. The results reveal a sudden increase in the stratospheric aerosol content after the volcanic eruption as well as its subsequent decline. There exists a high degree of correlation between the integrated aerosol backscattering and the tropopause height such that as one decreases the other increases and vice versa. Rapid decay of the stratospheric aerosol is found to occur over the late winter to early spring period.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 35; July 197
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  • 40
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    Stratospheric warmings - Observations and theory (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Winter stratospheric-warming observations and associated theories are reviewed. Major warmings occur on the average every other year and may be considered an important climatological component of the winter stratosphere. The warming results from eddy heat transport from equatorial latitudes into the polar regions. The eddies chiefly responsible for the transport are the planetary-scale waves which may attain amplitudes twice their monthly average values in the lower stratosphere prior to the warming. In the troposphere this amplitude increase is associated with the development of blocking patterns. The warming is shown to have a strong nonzonal component in the upper stratosphere, a feature not fully recognized by modelers. The critical-level theory of the sudden stratospheric warming provides a simple dynamic explanation of the event. The close connection between blocking in the troposphere and the development of the sudden warming is likely to be a result of resonance of free planetary waves in a stratospheric wind cavity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 16; Nov. 197
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  • 41
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    Anemometers STRATCOM 8-A (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The wind anemometer is based on the use of bead thermistors exposed to the air flow and operated in a constant temperature mode. Matched thermistor pairs operating at different temperatures are used to eliminate the dependence on ambient temperature and pressure. Air density dependence is accounted for by the use of an enclosed reference pair of thermistors. At pressures lower than 10 mm Hz, the reference pair may serve as densitometer. Calibration is based on the measurement of the difference in thermistor power as a function of Reynolds number by varying wind speed and density.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center STRATCOM 8 Data Workshop and Suppl.; p 86-89
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  • 42
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    Radiation modeling (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Modelling of atmospheric effects in solar and terrestrial radiation regimes is discussed. Radiative effects of surfaces and the problem of data validation are also considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Earth Radiation Budget Sci., 1978; p 15-22
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  • 43
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    Earth Radiation Budget Science, 1978. 1: Introduction (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An earth radiation budget satellite system (ERBSS) is planned in order to understand climate on various temporal and spatial scales. The system consists of three satellites and is designed to obtain radiation budget data from the earth's surface. Among the topics discussed are the climate modeling and climate diagnostics, the applications of radiation modeling to ERBSS, and the influence of albedo clouds on radiation budget and atmospheric circulation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Earth Radiation Budget Sci., 1978; p 1-3
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  • 44
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    Radiation variability and correlation studies (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The determination of variability of the emitted and reflected components of outgoing radiation from the earth-atmosphere system is discussed. The effects of variability on climate and weather are considered, and meteorological and climate variables to be correlated with radiation budget measurements are determined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Earth Radiation Budget Sci., 1978; p 23-28
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  • 45
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    Cloudiness and the radiation budget (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The problem of obtaining data for quantification of the effects of clouds on radiation budget measurements is discussed. Areas considered include the relationship between observed cloud characteristics and model predicted characteristics and selection of an angular distribution function for conversion of scanning radiometer radiance to irradiance. Storage of meteorological satellite data related to cloud-radiation interactions is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Earth Radiation Budget Sci., 1978; p 29-33
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  • 46
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    Radiation budget and related measurements in 1985 and beyond (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Development of systems for obtaining radiation budget and cloud data is discussed. Instruments for measuring total solar irradiance, total infrared flux, reflected solar flux, and cloud heights and properties are considered. Other topics discussed include sampling by multiple satellites, user identification, and determination of the parameters that need to be measured.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Earth Radiation Budget Sci., 1978; p 34-46
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  • 47
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    Climate diagnostics (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Diagnoses of climate fluctuations is examined emphasizing the assemblage of a host of observations, to develop a clearer physical picture of the nature and causal interrelationships of the climate events. Development of better statistical methods for making predictions of climate fluctuations and improving numerical climate prediction models is considered along with obtaining data for areas for which meager records exist such as the tropics and the southern hemisphere. The major circulation systems in the tropics, energy transports by the oceans and atmosphere, and the reflected or absorbed solar radiation values from the earth's surface are among the phenomena to be studied.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Earth Radiation Budget Sci., 1978; p 7-14
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  • 48
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    Climate modeling (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The requirements for radiation measurements suitable for the understanding, improvement, and verification of models used in performing climate research are considered. Both zonal energy balance models and three dimensional general circulation models are considered, and certain problems are identified as common to all models. Areas of emphasis include regional energy balance observations, spectral band observations, cloud-radiation interaction, and the radiative properties of the earth's surface.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Earth Radiation Budget Sci., 1978; p 4-6
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  • 49
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    An assessment of potential weather effects due to operation of the Space Orbiting Light Augmentation Reflector Energy System (SOLARES) (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Implementation of SOLARES will input large quantities of heat continuously into a stationary location on the Earth's surface. The quantity of heat released by each of the SOlARES ground receivers, having a reflector orbit height of 6378 km, exceeds by 30 times that released by large power parks which were studied in detail. Using atmospheric models, estimates are presented for the local weather effects, the synoptic scale effects, and the global scale effects from such intense thermal radiation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-160752 , JSC-13919 , LEC-12027
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  • 50
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    Airborne measurements of cloud-forming nuclei and aerosol particles in stabilized ground clouds produced by solid rocket booster firings (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Airborne measurements of cloud volumes, ice nuclei and cloud condensation nuclei, liquid particles, and aerosol particles were obtained from stabilized ground clouds (SGCs) produced by Titan 3 launches at Kennedy Space Center, 20 August and 5 September 1977. The SGCs were bright, white, cumulus clouds early in their life and contained up to 3.5 g/m3 of liquid in micron to millimeter size droplets. The measured cloud volumes were 40 to 60 cu km five hours after launch. The SGCs contained high concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei active at 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1.0% supersaturation for periods of three to five hours. The SGCs also contained high concentrations of submicron particles. Three modes existed in the particle population: a 0.05 to 0.1 micron mode composed of aluminum-containing particles, a 0.2 to 0.8 micron mode, and a 2.0 to 10 micron mode composed of particles that contained primarily aluminum.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-160357 , NWC-TM-3589
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    The GISS sounding temperature impact test (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The impact of DST 5 and DST 6 satellite sounding data on mid-range forecasting was studied. The GISS temperature sounding technique, the GISS time-continuous four-dimensional assimilation procedure based on optimal statistical analysis, the GISS forecast model, and the verification techniques developed, including impact on local precipitation forecasts are described. It is found that the impact of sounding data was substantial and beneficial for the winter test period, Jan. 29 - Feb. 21. 1976. Forecasts started from initial state obtained with the aid of satellite data showed a mean improvement of about 4 points in the 48 and 772 hours Sub 1 scores as verified over North America and Europe. This corresponds to an 8 to 12 hour forecast improvement in the forecast range at 48 hours. An automated local precipitation forecast model applied to 128 cities in the United States showed on an average 15% improvement when satellite data was used for numerical forecasts. The improvement was 75% in the midwest.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-78063
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    Analysis of wind bias change with respect to time at Cape Kennedy, Florida, and Vandenberg AFB, California (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A statistical analysis is presented of the temporal variability of wind vectors at 1 km altitude intervals from 0 to 27 km altitude after applying a digital filter to the original wind profile data sample.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-150777
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    Monthly mean simulation experiments with a course-mesh global atmospheric model (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Substitution of observed monthly mean sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) as lower boundary conditions, in place of climatological SSTs, failed to improve the model simulations. While the impact of SST anomalies on the model output is greater at sea level than at upper levels the impact on the monthly mean simulations is not beneficial at any level. Shifts of one and two days in initialization time produced small, but non-trivial, changes in the model-generated monthly mean synoptic fields. No improvements in the mean simulations resulted from the use of either time-averaged initial data or re-initialization with time-averaged early model output. The noise level of the model, as determined from a multiple initial state perturbation experiment, was found to be generally low, but with a noisier response to initial state errors in high latitudes than the tropics.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-157574 , CONTRIB-107
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    Manual of downburst identification for Project NIMROD (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Aerial photography, Doppler radar, and satellite infrared imagery are used in the two year National Intensive Meteorological Research on Downburst (NIMROD) project to provide large area mapping of strong downdrafts that induce an outward burst of damaging winds over or near the earth. Topics discussed include scales of thunderstorm outflow; aerial photographs of downburst damage; microbursts and aviation hazards; radar echo characteristics; infrared imagery from GOES/SMS; and downburts-tornado relationships. Color maps of downbursts and tornadoes are included.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-156953 , SMRP-RP-156
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    Flight data of electric field thunderstorm research international project, trip 76, July 1976 (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Graphs of the gradient components (negative electric field components) recorded on three airplanes, at Kennedy Space Center, Florida are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-157790 , NOAA-78042703 , PB-282149/4 , NOAA-DR-ERL-APCL-1
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    Synoptic analyses, 5-, 2-, and 0.4-millibar surfaces for July 1974 through June 1976 (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Meteorological rocketsonde and satellite radiance data were employed for analyses of a continuing series of high altitude constant pressure charts. The methods of processing, the various types of data utilized and the analysis procedure are described. Broad-scale analyses of temperature and geopotential height for the Northern Hemisphere 5, 2, and 0.4 mb surfaces are presented for each week of the period July 1974 through June 1976. Brief discussions of the variations of the temperature and height fields throughout the two year period are also given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-RP-1023
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    Analysis of global oceanic rainfall from microwave data (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A Global Rainfall Atlas was prepared from Nimbus 5 ESMR data. The Atlas includes global oceanic rainfall maps based on weekly, monthly and seasonal averages, complete through the end of 1975. Similar maps for 1973 and 1974 were studied. They reveal several previously unknown areas of enhanced rainfall and preliminary data on interannual variability of oceanic rainfall.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-156737 , R-SAD-1/78-36
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    A study of forecast growth with a barotropic model of the atmosphere (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A barotropic model of the atmosphere was used to test various sources of forecast error. These errors are classified as truncation error, physical error, or initial error. It was shown that growth patterns due to each category differ significantly. Initial errors were shown not to grow in a barotropic model contrary to reports of other studies which indicate that they basically do grow. Also, random initial errors were shown to decrease due to the filtering effect of the model itself. Results seem to indicate that instabilities are required for error growth, be they barotropic or baroclinic, and that random errors are not representative of true initial conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-156138 , JPL-PUB-78-3
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    The modification and application of Kuo's parameterization of cumulus convection in middle latitudes (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An evaluation to reveal physical insight into the involved mechanisms through a combination of the large scale heat and moisture budgets and formulation of the latent heat released was performed. To improve upon the treatment of the interaction of deep convection with the environment, modifications consisting of considerations of the large scale moisture supply and of the vertical transport of moisture and of dry static energy inside the cloud are made. Also, a two layer cloud ensemble model is combined with the modified scheme. An examination of the modified scheme is performed by combining the large scale heat and moisture budgets and the modified formulation of the latent heat released. The modified parameterization procedures are compared with the original scheme, and the results of tests of both schemes are discussed. A variational optimization scheme is developed to analyze the wind field such that the integrated continuity equation and the global boundary condition are satisfied.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-2998 , M-249
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    WISP information display system user's manual (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The wind shears program (WISP) supports the collection of data on magnetic tape for permanent storage or analysis. The document structure provides: (1) the hardware and software configuration required to execute the WISP system and start up procedure from a power down condition; (2) data collection task, calculations performed on the incoming data, and a description of the magnetic tape format; (3) the data display task and examples of displays obtained from execution of the real time simulation program; and (4) the raw data dump task and examples of operator actions required to obtained the desired format. The procedures outlines herein will allow continuous data collection at the expense of real time visual displays.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-150541 , REPT-77-042
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    The effects of curvature and viscosity on baroclinic instability: A two-layer model (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A linear stability analysis of a baroclinic zonal current contained between two parallel rigid boundaries is presented. Curvature is included by performing the analysis on a beta b-plane and viscosity by allowing for the effects of Ekman layers on the rigid boundaries. A two-layer model is used. This calculation was carried out to assist in the design of a spherical model of the general circulation of the earth's atmosphere for Spacelab. In the low-gravity environment on an orbiting vehicle, a dominant radial dielectric body force, analogous to planetary gravity, can be achieved over a volume of liquid held between two concentric spheres. The results show the Eady short wavelength cutoff, and long wavelength cutoffs due to Ekman damping and curvature.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TP-1328 , M-264
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    Analysis of vector wind change with respect to time for Vandenberg Air Force Base, California (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A statistical analysis of the temporal variability of wind vectors at 1 km altitude intervals from 0 to 27 km altitude taken from a 10-year data sample of twice-daily rawinsode wind measurements over Vandenberg Air Force Base, California is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-150776
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    Ground winds for Kennedy Space Center, Florida (1978 version) (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Ground level runway wind statistics are presented for the Kennedy Space Center, Florida area. Crosswind, headwind, tailwind, and headwind reversal percentage frequencies are given with respect to month and hour for the Kennedy Space Center Space Shuttle runway. This document supersedes NASA CR-128995 and should be used in place of it.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-78181
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    An evaluation of in situ ozone sensor performance during a cold frontal passage (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The capabilities of the electrochemical concentration cell ozonesonde for measuring the vertical profile of atmospheric ozone were studied during a three day experiment at Wallops Island, Virginia, and Norfolk, Virginia. Using ancillary measurements at the surface and the spectrophotometer, it was concluded that the ozonesonde measures the total ozone overburden to within 10% of the real value. By releasing the balloon-borne instruments at a rate of four per day at each of the two sites, an indication was obtained of the temporal and spatial scales of atmospheric ozone variability. No significant effects of a weak cold front passage or of the loss of insolation at night were seen. An isolated incident of anomalously high ozone concentration at the peak of the profile was attributed to sporadic instrument performance effects. The data base currently available is not adequate for determining an exact cause of the anomaly.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TP-1239
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  • 65
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    An analysis of maximum horizontal wind speeds recorded since 1961 at Kennedy Space Center, Florida (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Tabulations of maximum horizontal wind speed values are reported that were recorded at the Kennedy Space Center. Maximum wind speeds were recorded during the eight hurricanes which have affected the area--Cleo in August 1964 through Agnes in June 1972. Detailed tabulations and frequency distributions of daily maximum horizontal wind speeds recorded at NASA's 150 m ground tower facility at nine levels from December 1965 through March 1970 are also included.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-78177
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  • 66
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    Horizontal eddy diffusivities in the northern hemispheric stratosphere and lower mesosphere (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Meteorological rocket soundings, representative of low, middle, and high altitudes, are employed with the use of the statistical theory of diffusion, to determine the zonal and meridional component of eddy diffusivity between 30 and 55 km as a function of season, latitude, and altitude. A comparison is also made between annualry-averaged eddy diffusivities above and below 30 km. It is shown that the zonal component of eddy diffusivity is approximately three to five times as large as the meridional component, in most cases. Both components of eddy diffusivity varied greatly with season, latitude, and altitude. Highest eddy diffusivities occurred in the vicinity of the winter westerly jet located near the tropopause and in the stratosphere at 35 km, 40 deg N. Annually, a minimum of eddy diffusivity occurred near 20 km. In most cases, the zonal component of the eddy diffusivity was approximately three to five times as large as the meridional component. The meridional cross-sections of the zonal and meridional components of the eddy diffusivity in the northern hemisphere are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3006
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    A comparison of wake characteristics of model and prototype buildings in transverse winds (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Previously measured mean velocity and turbulence intensity profiles in the wake of a 26.8-m long building 3.2 m high and transverse to the wind direction in an atmospheric boundary layer several hundred meters thick were compared with profiles at corresponding stations downstream of a 1/50-scale model on the floor of a large meteorological wind tunnel in a boundary layer 0.61 m in thickness. The validity of using model wake data to predict full scale data was determined. Preliminary results are presented which indicate that disparities result from differences in relative depth of logarithmic layers, surface roughness, and the proximity of upstream obstacles.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3008 , ERC-R-78008
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  • 68
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    Turbulent transport model of wind shear in thunderstorm gust fronts and warm fronts (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model of turbulent flow in the atmospheric boundary layer was used to simulate the low-level wind and turbulence profiles associated with both local thunderstorm gust fronts and synoptic-scale warm fronts. Dimensional analyses of both type fronts provided the physical scaling necessary to permit normalized simulations to represent fronts for any temperature jump. The sensitivity of the thunderstorm gust front to five different dimensionless parameters as well as a change from axisymmetric to planar geometry was examined. The sensitivity of the warm front to variations in the Rossby number was examined. Results of the simulations are discussed in terms of the conditions which lead to wind shears which are likely to be most hazardous for aircraft operations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3002 , ARAP-327
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  • 69
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    CAT LIDAR wind shear studies (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The studies considered the major meteorological factors producing wind shear, methods to define and classify wind shear in terms significant from an aircraft perturbation standpoint, the significance of sensor location and scan geometry on the detection and measurement of wind shear, and the tradeoffs involved in sensor performance such as range/velocity resolution, update frequency and data averaging interval.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-150622 , ER78-4081
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  • 70
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    Simulations of the monthly mean atmosphere for February 1976 with the GISS model (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Monthly mean simulations of the global atmosphere were computed for February 1976 with the GISS model from observed initial conditions. In a replication experiment, two of these computations generated slightly different monthly mean states, apparently due to the schedule of interruptions on the computer. The root-mean-square errors of replication over the Northern Hemisphere were found to be about 2 mb, 20 m, and 1 K for sea-level pressure, 500 mb height, and 850 mb temperature, respectively. The monthly mean 500 mb forecast results for February 1976 over the Northern Hemisphere were consistent with those from earlier GISS model experiments.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-157158 , CONTRIB-105
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  • 71
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    Experiments in monthly mean simulation of the atmosphere with a coarse-mesh general circulation model (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Hansen atmospheric model was used to compute five monthly forecasts (October 1976 through February 1977). The comparison is based on an energetics analysis, meridional and vertical profiles, error statistics, and prognostic and observed mean maps. The monthly mean model simulations suffer from several defects. There is, in general, no skill in the simulation of the monthly mean sea-level pressure field, and only marginal skill is indicated for the 850 mb temperatures and 500 mb heights. The coarse-mesh model appears to generate a less satisfactory monthly mean simulation than the finer mesh GISS model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-157103
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  • 72
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    An analysis of maximum horizontal wind speeds and associated parameters recorded at NASA's 150-Meter Ground Winds Tower facility at Kennedy Space Center, Florida (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Continuous horizontal wind speed measurements were processed and classified as a function of tower level (10, 18, 60, and 150 meters) and period of reference day, month, season: winter (October through March) and summer (April through September), and annual. Tabulations were made of the daily maximum horizontal wind speed, time of ocurrence, and five associated parameters: mean horizontal wind speed, maximum vertical gusts (i.e., updraft and downdraft), and mean and instantaneous directions. Analyses using these data included means, extremes, standard deviations, and frequency distributions. Comparisons of intensity of maximum horizontal wind speeds determined in this year of data are made with maximum values recorded at Kennedy Space Center during another non-hurricane-occurrence year (1967) and with values during 1966 through 1972 when six hurricanes affected the area after the Ground Winds Tower facility became operational. Wind flow in the lowest 150 meters of the atmosphere was measured for the identification of hazards involved in wind shear encounter relative to ascent and descent of the space shuttle and conventional aircraft.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-78170
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  • 73
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    Simulation studies of wide and medium field of view earth radiation data analysis (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A parameter estimation technique is presented to estimate the radiative flux distribution over the earth from radiometer measurements at satellite altitude. The technique analyzes measurements from a wide field of view (WFOV), horizon to horizon, nadir pointing sensor with a mathematical technique to derive the radiative flux estimates at the top of the atmosphere for resolution elements smaller than the sensor field of view. A computer simulation of the data analysis technique is presented for both earth-emitted and reflected radiation. Zonal resolutions are considered as well as the global integration of plane flux. An estimate of the equator-to-pole gradient is obtained from the zonal estimates. Sensitivity studies of the derived flux distribution to directional model errors are also presented. In addition to the WFOV results, medium field of view results are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TP-1182 , L-12003
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  • 74
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    Stratospheric warmings: Synoptic, dynamic and general-circulation aspects (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Synoptic descriptions consist largely of case studies, which involve a distinction between major and minor warmings. Results of energetics studies show the importance of tropospheric-stratospheric interaction, and the significance of the pressure-work term near the tropopause. Theoretical studies have suggested the role of wave-zonal flow interaction as well as nonlinear interaction between eddies, chemical and photochemical reactions, boundary forcing, and other factors. Numerical models have been based on such considerations, and these are discussed under various categories. Some indication is given as to why some of the models have been more successful than others in simulating warnings. The question of ozone and its role in warmings is briefly discussed. Finally, a broad view is taken of stratospheric warmings in relation to man's activities.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-RP-1017
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  • 75
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    Progress and problems in regional numerical weather prediction (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The status of research and development on numerical weather prediction at a new scale, a horizontal mesh size of about 35 km over a horizontal domain of about 1700 sq km, is presented. The model forecasts weather, including clouds and stratiform and cumulus precipitation out to 24 h beyond the latest observation time. The primary problems in the development of techniques to incorporate the preceding forecast in more recent, detailed observations from surface-based and satellite observations are studied in detail.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 76
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    Engineering handbook on the atmospheric environmental guidelines for use in wind turbine generator development (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The guidelines are given in the form of design criteria relative to wind speed, wind shear, turbulence, wind direction, ice and snow loading, and other climatological parameters which include rain, hail, thermal effects, abrasive and corrosive effects, and humidity. This report is a presentation of design criteria in an engineering format which can be directly input to wind turbine generator design computations. Guidelines are also provided for developing specialized wind turbine generators or for designing wind turbine generators which are to be used in a special region of the United States.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TP-1359 , M-267
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  • 77
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    Sequential High-Resolution Wind Profile Measurements (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Tropospheric flow and lower stratospheric flow as measured by 94 sequences of high-resolution Jimsphere balloon data are presented and discussed. The 70 and 24 sequential series are presented for the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and Point Mugu, California, areas, respectively. Supplemental data, consisting of the associative temperature profiles and surface and 200 mb synoptic maps, are also presented. The measurements are discussed relative to both the engineering and disciplinary areas. An initial subjective analysis of mesoscale features observed on some sequences is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TP-1354
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  • 78
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    Hygroscopic chemicals and the formation of advection warm fog: A numerical simulation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The formation of advection fog is closely associated with the characteristics of the aerosol particles, including the chemical composition, mass of the nuclei, particle size, and concentration. Both macrophysical and microphysical processes are considered. In the macrophysical model, the evolution of wind components, water vapor content, liquid water content and potential temperature under the influences of vertical turbulent diffusion, turbulent momentum, and turbulent energy transfers are taken into account. In the microphysical model, the supersaturation effect is incorporated with the surface tension and hygroscopic material solution.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3085 , M-278
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  • 79
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    Studies of vorticity imbalance and stability, moisture budget, atmospheric energetics, and gradients of meteorological parameters during AVE 3 (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Four diagnostic studies of AVE 3. are presented. AVE 3 represents a high wind speed wintertime situation, while most AVE's analyzed previously represented springtime conditions with rather low wind speeds. The general areas of analysis include the examination of budgets of vorticity, moisture, kinetic energy, and potential energy and a synoptic and statistical study of the horizontal gradients of meteorological parameters. Conclusions are integrated with and compared to those obtained in previously analyzed experiments (mostly springtime weather situations) so as to establish a more definitive understanding of the structure and dynamics of the atmosphere under a wide range of synoptic conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3084 , M-277
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  • 80
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    Prediction and monitoring of clear air turbulence: An evaluation of the applicability of the rawinsonde system (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The applicability of rawinsonde data for either detection or prediction of clear air turbulence is discussed. The mechanism currently believed responsible for the development of CAT is reviewed. Since previous studies determined that the most significant factor for the existence of turbulent layers is the magnitude of the vertical shear, certain theoretically derived shear criteria was applied to statistical and diagnostic comparisons of rawinsonde and Jimsphere/Jimsonde conjunctive vertical profiles. It is determined that the Rawinsonde system cannot reliably be used as a CAT detector in a single-station sense.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3072 , M-270
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  • 81
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    Parameter estimation applied to Nimbus 6 wide-angle longwave radiation measurements (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A parameter estimation technique was used to analyze the August 1975 Nimbus 6 Earth radiation budget data to demonstrate the concept of deconvolution. The longwave radiation field at the top of the atmosphere is defined from satellite data by a fifth degree and fifth order spherical harmonic representation. The variations of the major features of the radiation field are defined by analyzing the data separately for each two-day duty cycle. A table of coefficient values for each spherical harmonic representation is given along with global mean, gradients, degree variances, and contour plots. In addition, the entire data set is analyzed to define the monthly average radiation field.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TP-1307 , L-12233
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  • 82
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    Investigation of aircraft landing in variable wind fields (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A digital simulation study is reported of the effects of gusts and wind shear on the approach and landing of aircraft. The gusts and wind shear are primarily those associated with wind fields created by surface wind passing around bluff geometries characteristic of buildings. Also, flight through a simple model of a thunderstorm is investigated. A two-dimensional model of aircraft motion was represented by a set of nonlinear equations which accounted for both spatial and temporal variations of winds. The landings of aircraft with the characteristics of a DC-8 and a DHC-6 were digitally simulated under different wind conditions with fixed and automatic controls. The resulting deviations in touchdown points and the controls that are required to maintain the desired flight path are presented. The presence of large bluff objects, such as buildings in the flight path is shown to have considerable effect on aircraft landings.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3073 , M-272
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  • 83
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    A study of key features of the RAE atmospheric turbulence model (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A complex atmospheric turbulence model for use in aircraft simulation is analyzed in terms of its temporal, spectral, and statistical characteristics. First, a direct comparison was made between cases of the RAE model and the more conventional Dryden turbulence model. Next the control parameters of the RAE model were systematically varied and the effects noted. The RAE model was found to possess a high degree of flexibility in its characteristics, but the individual control parameters are cross-coupled in terms of their effect on various measures of intensity, bandwidth, and probability distribution.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-152194 , STI-TR-1126-1
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  • 84
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    A preliminary test of the application of the Lightning Detection and Ranging System (LDAR) as a thunderstorm warning and location device for the FHA including a correlation with updrafts, turbulence, and radar precipitation echoes (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results of a test of the use of a Lightning Detection and Ranging (LDAR) remote display in the Patrick AFB RAPCON facility are presented. Agreement between LDAR and radar precipitation echoes of the RAPCON radar was observed, as well as agreement between LDAR and pilot's visual observations of lightning flashes. A more precise comparison between LDAR and KSC based radars is achieved by the superposition of LDAR precipitation echoes. Airborne measurements of updrafts and turbulence by an armored T-28 aircraft flying through the thunderclouds are correlated with LDAR along the flight path. Calibration and measurements of the accuracy of the LDAR System are discussed, and the extended range of the system is illustrated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-154629 , RCA-620-5003
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  • 85
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    Mesoscale wind and temperature fields related to an occurrence of moderate turbulence measured in the stratosphere above Death Valley (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 106; June 197
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  • 86
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    An initial state perturbation experiment with the GISS model (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Monthly mean global forecasts for January 1975 have been computed with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies model from four slightly different sets of initial conditions - a 'control' state and three random perturbations thereof - to simulate the effects of initial state uncertainty on forecast quality. Differences among the forecasts are examined in terms of energetics, synoptic patterns and forecast statistics. The 'noise level' of the model predictions is depicted on global maps of standard deviations of sea level pressures, 500 mb heights and 850 mb temperatures for the set of four forecasts. Initial small-scale random errors do not appear to result in any major degradation of the large-scale monthly mean forecast beyond that generated by the model itself, nor do they appear to represent the major source of large-scale forecast error.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 106; Jan. 197
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  • 87
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    Wind profiles for Space Shuttle loads analysis (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The small scale wind velocity perturbations in vertical wind profiles at Cape Kennedy, Florida were analyzed in order to derive information for simulations of space shuttle ascent through the perturbed atmosphere. The available statistical data does not permit specification of various aspects of idealized singularities and wavelike perturbations with a reasonable degree of confidence. The information developed as a result of the analysis described in Section 3 of this report is suitable for the further development of idealized models. The term perturbation is used instead of the more common term, gust. According to the conventional approach, a gust profile is calculated by applying a high pass digital filter to a Jimsphere profile; all the speeds in the filtered profile are defined as gusts. The high pass filtered profile is defined as a residual profile and the maximum residual in the vicinity of a specified reference height is defined as the gust. Gusts defined in this manner represent the perturbation peaks. A detailed discussion of the calculation of residual profiles and gusts is given. The meteorological coordinate system, the data sample, and Jimsphere profiles are also described. Recommendations and conclusions are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-161676 , SAI-79-819-HU
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  • 88
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    The sensitivity of the general circulation to Arctic Sea ice boundaries - A numerical experiment (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are presented for a set of numerical experiments conducted with the Goddard (formerly GISS) general circulation model. The experiments were designed to test the model atmospheric response to a single fixed and specified parameter, the total ice cover in the Davis Strait, Barents Sea, East Greenland Sea, Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Sea. Margin variations are considered that are substantially smaller than those involved in ice age or ice-free Arctic simulations. Anomaly is defined as the mean of two runs corresponding to climatological maximum sea ice conditions. Model results indicate that the ice margin anomalies are capable of altering local climates in certain regions of high and middle latitudes. Possible interactions between high latitudes and subtropical regions are suggested.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 106; Dec. 197
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  • 89
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    Vertical profiles of condensation nuclei (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Condensation nuclei measurements using a low supersaturation (about 10%) thermal gradient diffusion cloud chamber (TGDCC) and a high supersaturation (about 200%) expansion type instrument were compared on a series of three balloon flights over Laramie, Wyoming. In general, the two instruments produced similar vertical profiles but some discrepancies remain unexplained. Agreement between the two would indicate that the low supersaturations used in the TGDCC were still large enough to cause the instrument to count essentially all of the particles present. The TGDCC condensation nuclei (CN) counter was flown at several sites in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The results indicate the existence of a relative maximum in the CN mixing ratio associated with the upper equatorial troposphere and what appears to be a worldwide constant mixing ratio of CN above 20-25 km.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 17; Nov. 197
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  • 90
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    A comparison of cloud motion winds from ATS 6 images with coinciding SMS 1 winds (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A methodology is developed for accurate measurement of cloud motion winds from the geosynchronous ATS 6 image data. Attitude changes between consecutive images (as a function of scan-line number) are accounted for in wind computations through measurement of the earth-edge displacements between the successive infrared images. Also, an image matching procedure is used to remove obvious and distracting image distortions. The availability of SMS imagery coinciding with ATS 6 imagery makes SMS an excellent reference against which the quality of ATS 6 winds can be tested. The resulting winds inferred from cloud displacement measurements taken from a sequence of the corrected images are found to agree better than 2 m/sec rms with winds measured from coincident SMS 1 imagery.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 17; Nov. 197
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  • 91
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    On the mean meridional mass motions of the stratosphere and mesosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Using a simplified, approximate 'Lagrangian-mean' dynamical formulation, the mean meridional mass circulation of the stratosphere and mesosphere is discussed. Under solstice conditions, it is shown that this Lagrangian-mean circulation may be inferred, as a first approximation, from the Eulerian-mean diabatic heating. Diabatic heating rates for the solstices, originally derived by Murgatroyd and Goody (1958), result in Lagrangian-mean rising motion at the tropical tropopause, subsidence across the extra-tropical tropopause, and a very strong summer-to-winter pole flow in the mesosphere. This circulation is exactly that obtained by Murgatroyd and Singleton (1961) for the solstices. Those authors, however, attempted to identify this circulation as the Eulerian-mean motion, and were later criticized for their neglect of the meridional eddy heat flux in the calculation, which proved to be extremely important in the winter hemisphere. The present study, nevertheless, indicates that Murgatroyd and Singleton's circulation may in fact be representative of actual air parcel motions in the stratosphere and mesosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 35; Dec. 197
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  • 92
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    Criticism of 'Comment on 'Detection of lightning superbolts' by B. N. Turman' by R. D. Hill (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Nov. 20
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  • 93
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    Current research on aviation weather (bibliography) (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This bibliography of 326 readily usable references of basic and applied research programs related to the various areas of aviation meteorology was assembled. A literature search was conducted which surveyed the major abstract publications such as the International Aerospace Abstracts, the Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts, and the Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports. In addition, NASA and DOT computer literature searches were run; and NASA, NOAA, and FAA research project managers were requested to provide writeups on their ongoing research.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3076 , M-274
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 94
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    A statistical technique for determining rainfall over land employing Nimbus-6 ESMR measurements (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: At 37 GHz, the frequency at which the Nimbus 6 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR 6) measures upwelling radiance, it was shown theoretically that the atmospheric scattering and the relative independence on electromagnetic polarization of the radiances emerging from hydrometers make it possible to monitor remotely active rainfall over land. In order to verify experimentally these theoretical findings and to develop an algorithm to monitor rainfall over land, the digitized ESMR 6 measurements were examined statistically. Horizontally and vertically polarized brightness temperature pairs (TH, TV) from ESMR 6 were sampled for areas of rainfall over land as determined from the rain recording stations and the WSR 57 radar, and areas of wet and dry ground (whose thermodynamic temperatures were greater than 5 C) over the Southeastern United States. These three categories of brightness temperatures were found to be significantly different in the sense that the chances that the mean vectors of any two populations coincided were less than 1 in 100.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-79631
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  • 95
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    Direct evaluation of aerosol-mass loadings from multispectral extinction data (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A formula is derived for the evaluation of the total volume of aerosol in a column, and hence for the aerosol columnar mass loading, from multispectral extinction data. This formula is exact in the 'anomalous diffraction' approximation, and reasonably accurate for Mie scattering, over a fairly wide range of refractive indices typical of real aerosols.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society; vol. 104
    Format: text
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  • 96
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    A Fourier approach to cloud motion estimation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A Fourier phase-difference technique for cloud motion estimation from pairs of pictures is described, and results obtained using this technique are compared with the results of a Fourier-domain cross-correlation scheme. The phase-difference technique makes use of the phase of the cross-spectral density and allows motion estimates to be made for individual spatial frequencies, which are related to cloud pattern dimensions. When objects being tracked do not change their shape, size, and orientation to more than a limited degree, both techniques are effective. The phase difference technique is relatively sensitive to the presence of mixtures of motions, changes in cloud shape, and edge effects; in these circumstances, the cross-correlation scheme is preferable. It is suggested that the Fourier transform phase difference estimation methods can be applied in problems such as landmark matching.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 17; June 197
    Format: text
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  • 97
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    Statistical models of summer rainshowers derived from fine-scale radar observations (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A statistical modeling of rain cell characteristics is presented; the modeling is based on high-resolution radar measurements of the cell structure. The analysis of the fine-scale three-dimensional structure of summer rainshowers in the mid-Atlantic region leads to statistical descriptions of the rain cells in terms of a variety of physical cell parameters. Core reflectivity profiles, contour area, and altitude extent of the cells have been determined along with the frequency of occurrence for various storm classes and categories. The statistical descriptions of the rain cells for the mid-Atlantic region were compared to descriptions for other areas, and the similarities and differences are described. Simplified models of rain cells based on the statistical descriptions are developed for the different rain categories as a function of frequency of occurrence.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 17; Feb. 197
    Format: text
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  • 98
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    The temporal structure of HF and VHF radiation during intracloud lightning discharges (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Cloud Physics and Atmospheric Electricity; Jul 31, 1978 - Aug 04, 1978; Issaquah, WA
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  • 99
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    Treatment of cloudiness in regional scale - Numerical weather prediction models (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A numerical weather prediction model is considered in which cloud water and precipitation are explicitly predicted as functions of three space dimensions and time. Approximations in the thermodynamic and continuity equations are discussed in detail, as well as the cumulus parameterization and the cloud microphysics parameterization. An example of a real-data forecast indicates that very accurate quantitative precipitation and cloud cover forecasts are possible using initial observations from only the relatively sparse rawinsonde network in the U.S.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Cloud Physics and Atmospheric Electricity; Jul 31, 1978 - Aug 04, 1978; Issaquah, WA
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  • 100
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    Release of potential instability by mesoscale triggering - An objective model simulation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The effects of mesoscale triggering on organized nonsevere convective cloud systems in the High Plains are considered. Two experiments were conducted to determine if a one-dimensional quasi-time dependent model could (1) detect soundings which were sensitive to mesoscale triggering, and (2) discriminate between cases which had mesoscale organized convection and those with no organized convection. The MESOCU model was used to analyze the available potential instability and thermodynamic potential for cloud growth. It is noted that lifting is a key factor in the release of available potential instability on the High Plains.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Cloud Physics and Atmospheric Electricity; Jul 31, 1978 - Aug 04, 1978; Issaquah, WA
    Format: text
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