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  • Physics  (504)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (178)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (682)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (682)
  • 1978  (682)
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (682)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (682)
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200701
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  • 102
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    Continuous fermentation to produce fungal protein. Effect of growth rate on the biomass yield and chemical composition of Fusarium moniliforme (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1027-1035 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fusarium moniliforme was grown on a carob aqueous extract in a chemostat for fungal protein production. The substrate was adjusted to provide 0.5% carob sugars supplemented with inorganic salts. The dilution rate varied from 0.086 to 0.227 hr-1 under constant conditions of temperature (30°C), pH (4.5), and oxygen saturation (60-80%). A yield of 0.709 g dry mycelium/g consumed carob sugar and a productivity value of 0.687 g dry mycelium/liter hr-1 were obtained at μ = 0.205 hr-1. The maintenance coefficient was 0.077 g carob sugar/g dry mycelium hr-1. While the carbohydrate and purine content of dry mycelium increased at μ values from 0.114 to 0.205 hr-1 both true (Lowry) and crude (N × 6.25) protein contents decreased at the same μ range. Maximum values of 36.3% true and 47.9% crude protein of dry mycelium were obtained at μ = 0.114 hr-1, whereas a minimum purine content of 99.8 μmol/g corresponding to 6.42% nucleic acids was recorded at μ = 0.086 hr-1. It was concluded that a continuous fermentation of carob aqueous extract using F. moniliforme should be operated at growth rates of approximately 0.205 hr-1 in order to maximize protein production.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200705
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  • 103
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    Application of the statistical theory of reliability to yeast cell disintegration in ultrasonic cavitation (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1287-1289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200813
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  • 104
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    Radiation-induced decomposition and enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1309-1315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200817
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  • 105
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    Preparation of succinylated yeast protein: Composition and solubility (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1329-1344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for the succinylation of yeast Proteins during their isolation is described. Some factor affecting the extent of succinylation are described, e.g., heating of protein (80°C for 5 min) prior to dervatization reduced maximum succinylation of available ε-amino groups from 88 to 54%. Succinylation of amino groups progressively increased as the concentration of succinic anhydride was increased and there was a concomitant decrease in nucleic acid content of the precipitated protein concentrate from 12.5 to 5.3 for 0 and 88% succinylation, respectively, succinylation enhanced the solubility of the protein concentrates particularly below pH 7 and it decreased the isoelectric point pH. 4.5 to 4.0.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200903
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  • 106
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    Process design and economic studies of alternative fermentation methods for the production of ethanol (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1421-1444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cell recycle and vacuum fermentation processes are described for the continuous production of ethanol. Preliminary process design studies are employed to make an economic comparison of these alternative fermentation schemes with continuous and batch fermentation technologies. Designs are based on a production capacity of 78,000 gal 95% ethanol (EtOH)/day employing molasses as the fermentation substrate. The studies indicate that a 57% reduction in fixed capital investment is realized by continuous rather than batch operation. Further decreases in required capital investment of 68 and 71% over batch fermentation were obtained for cell recycle and vacuum operation, respectively. However, ethanol production costs were dominated by the cost of molasses, representing over 75% of the total manufacturing cost. But, when a reasonable yeast by-product credit was assumed, the net production cost for 95% ethanol was estimated at 82.3 and 80.6 cent/gal, for the cell recycle and vacuum processes, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200908
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  • 107
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    Hydrophilic urethane prepolymers: Convenient materials for enzyme entrapment (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1465-1469 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200912
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  • 108
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    Efficiency of microbial growth in biomass production (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1691-1694 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260201017
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  • 109
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    Solid-state cultivation of Chaetomium cellulolyticum on alkali-pretreated sawdust (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1735-1744 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solid-state fermentations (78% initial moisture content) of alkali-pretreated Eastern Hard Maple sawdust were conducted in tray and tumble fermentors using chaetomium cellulolyticum. Crude protein content of the solids rose from 0.9 to 11% in the tray fermentor and 8% in the tumble fermentor in 20 days. These levels were almost equal to those achieved in corresponding slurry-state fermentations (1-5% (w/v)) of the same substrate. Specific growth rates were two to four times lower in the solid-state fermentors but this was offset by their greater solids-handling capacity: the rate of protein production per unit volume of fermentation mixture was comparable to that of the 5% (w/v) slurry and two to three times higher than that of the 1% (w/v) slurry.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260201105
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  • 110
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    Continuous culture of Candida lipolytica on n-hexadecane (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1833-1848 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida lipolytica was grown continuously on n-hexadecane as the main source of carbon. A transient continuous-culture experiment was also conducted to investigate hydrocarbon-limited growth; the hydrocarbon feed flow rate was stopped for several hours and then resumed at a reduced steady-state flow rate. Interfacial tension, Sauter mean diameter, pseudosolubility, fraction of cells in the aqueous phase, oil-phase volume fraction, and cell concentration were measured to characterize the system. The microorganisms appear to utilize both the submicron drops and the microscopic drops. The effects of interfacial tension, pseudosolubility, and unoccupied interfacial area on the kinetics of hydrocarbon fermentation are discussed here. A conceptual model for hydrocarbon uptake is presented and discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260201111
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  • 111
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260201201
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  • 112
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    Parameter evaluation and performance studies in a fluidized-bed immobilized enzyme reactor (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1903-1929 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dispersion and mass-transfer characteristics and fluidization parameters influencing the performance of a small pilot-plant immobilized enzyme reactor are evaluated. The suitability of a dispersed plug-flow model to predict the conversions obtained in the enzymatic reaction (starch → glucose) catalyzed by amyloglucosidase immobilized to solid and porous carriers is assessed. The performance of a fluidized-bed reactor is compared on the basis of a normalized residence time with that of a fixed bed and found to be superior.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260201207
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  • 113
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    Continuous dehydrogenation of a steroid with immobilized microbial cells: Effect of an exogenous electron acceptor (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 17-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Whole cells of Pseudomonas testosteroni, induced to synthesize steroid-transforming enzymes beforehand, have been immobilized by entrapment in polyacrylamide gel. The immobilized cells have then been used to catalyze the continuous Δ1-dehydrogenation of Reichstein's substance S under various conditions in the presence of phenazine methosulfate (PMS), an electron acceptor for the cell-free Δ1-dehydrogenase. The presence of PMS substantially increases the rate of reaction when fed with the steroid substrate to a continuous stirred tank reactor containing the immobilized cells. The operational half-life of the Δ1-dehydrogenase activity of the cells, about 103 hr under the best operating conditions, is essentially unaffected by the presence of PMS. Though the acceleration of the reaction may be due to PMS-mediated passage of electrons from some component in the electron transport chain to molecular oxygen, the lack of a similar effect with methylene blue is consistent with the conclusion that PMS functions directly as the electron acceptor for the Δ1-dehydrogenase.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200103
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  • 114
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    Kinetics of nitrification and denitrification reactions (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 43-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nitrification and denitrification are important microbiological reactions of nitrogen. In this work, the kinetics of these reactions have been investigated based on a Monod-type expression involving two growth limiting substrates: ammonium nitrogen and dissolved oxygen for nitrification and nitrate nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon for denitrification. The kinetic constants and yield coefficients were evaluated for both these reactions. Past experimental work was used to determine the constants for the nitrification reaction. For the denitrification reaction, experiments were performed in a stirred tank reactor under conditions such that only one substrate was growth limiting. Steady-state values of the substrate concentrations in the reactor were determined at various dilution rates. These data were analyzed to obtain the kinetic and stoichiometric constants. From these constants it was concluded that in the range of nitrate nitrogen concentrations encountered in waste water, the denitrification reaction can be considered a first-order reaction. It was also found that three times as much organic carbon is required as nitrate nitrogen for complete nitrogen removal.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200105
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  • 115
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    Single cell protein from various chemically pretreated wood substrates using Chaetomium cellulolyticum (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 107-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth behavior of Chaetomium cellulolyticum, a new cellulolytic fungus, has been examined in slurry fermentation systems using various chemically pretreated sawdusts from hardwoods as substrates. Both acid- and alkali-pretreatment methods were used and the fermentation media included the spent pretreatment liquor in an attempt to concurrently maximize substrate utilization and minimize the biological oxygen demand (BOD) level in the process effluent. Diauxic growth patterns were found in the three cases studied, suggesting an initial utilization of soluble hemicellulose sugars followed by utilization of the insoluble cellulose. This behavior patterns was supported by separate growth experiments using the major sugars of hemicellulose as carbon sources. The organism was found to be a good convertor of both cellulose and hemicelluloses into single cell protein (SCP). In terms of rate and extent of protein production in the insoluble biomass product, acid pretreatment appears to be better than alkali pretreatment if the product is intended as ruminant feed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200109
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  • 116
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    A further discussion on interfacial oxygen transfer in fermentation (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 157-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200116
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  • 117
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    Urocanic acid production using whole cells immobilized in a hollow fiber reactor (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 217-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The feasibility of using hollow fiber membrane dialyzers (C-DAK) for immobilization of microbial whole cells was investigated. The cells are located on the shell side of the dialyzer, while substrates and products are free to diffuse across the hollow fiber membranes. The biochemical reaction studied was the conversion of L-histidine to urocanic acid and catalyzed by L-histidine ammonia-lyase. C-DAK dialyzers containing a heat-treated suspension of Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 11299b (with L-histidine ammonia-lyase activity) were incorporated into constant volume recycle reactor systems for continuous product formation. A simple model successfully correlated the data and predicted performance. It was found that the reaction was not likely to be diffusion limited, and such a cell immobilization scheme is convenient and workable for continuous production of biochemicals.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200205
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  • 118
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    Continuous production of NADP by immobilized Achromobacter aceris cellsPresented at the Annual Meeting of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan, Kyoto, Japan, April 1, 1976. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 255-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several microorganisms having higher nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase (NAD kinase, EC 2.7.1.23) activity were immobilized into polyacrylamide gel lattices. The enzyme activity yield by immobilization was highest in Achromobacter aceris AKU 0120. By the incubation of the immobilized A. aceris cells at pH 4.0, the NAD kinase activity increased and the adenosine triphosphate(ATP)-degradation activity disappeared completely. Enzymic properties of the immobilized A. aceris cells were investigated and compared with those of intact cells. The optimal pH and the optimal temperature of immobilized cells were the same as those of intact cells. Immobilized cell NAD kinase was more stable than that of intact cells. The operational half-life of immobilized cells was 20 days when the substrate solution was passed through a column packed with immobilized cells at a flow rate which gives a space velocity (SV) of 0.1 hr-1 at 37°C. On the other hand, the half-life of the intact cells was only 6 hr.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200208
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  • 119
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    Solubility of oxygen in electrolyte solutions (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200114
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  • 120
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    Immobilization of Streptomyces flavochromogenes pullulanase on tannic acid and TEAE-cellulose (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 665-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pullulanase was immobilized successfully by simple, inexpensive methods that may be useful for industrial application of this enzyme. A tannin-pullulanase(TP) complex was obtained by addition of tannic acid to the culture filtrate of thermophilic Streptomyces flavochromogenes. TP could be bound to TEAE-cellulose (TTCP). Immobilization in this manner took place with quantitative retention of activity. The immobilized enzymes were stable for more than six months. The optimum temperatures of the native enzyme and TP were both 50°C; that of TTCP was 45°C. In the presence of 5mM Ca2+, the activity of TTCP was increased approximately twofold and the optimum temperature was raised to 50-60°C. Pullulanase was not significantly eluted from TP or TTCP by NaCl Solution (0.1-0.5M).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200504
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  • 121
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    Effect of thiol reagents on extractability of protein from yeast (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 755-766 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of soluble thiol reagents on the extractability of protein from yeast cells was studied. The incubation of yeast cells with dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol, or monothioglycerol markedly stimulated the release of soluble carbohydrates into the medium. There was a concomitant improvement (over twofold) in the extractability of protein from the yeast cells. The thiol reagents activated the proteolytic enzymes of the yeast cells. Unless inactivated, these enzymes hydrolyze the extracted protein.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200509
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  • 122
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    A new type of enzyme immobilization support derived from styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer and the α-chymotrypsin with which it immobilizes (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 773-779 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200512
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  • 123
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    Automatic assay of cellulase activity during fermentation (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 837-846 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An automatic method using dyed cellulose as a substrate was developed to determine the solubilizing activity of a cellulase complex. The automatic analyzer was connected to a fermentor and enzyme activity was successfully assayed during fermentation. A useful sampling arrangement was developed and the analysis was sensitive enough to make a short reaction time possible. Cellulase production with Trichoderma viride was used as a model process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200606
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  • 124
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    An induction-repression model for growth of yeasts on glucose-cellobiose mixtures (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 927-935 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200614
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  • 125
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200601
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  • 126
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    Error in oxygen measurements in open systems owing to oxygen consumption in unstirred layer (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 809-819 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When a steady-state oxygen concentration is measured with a membrane-covered probe in an open system, the oxygen consumption in the unstirred layer gives rise to an error of measurement whose seriousness depends on the kinetics of the oxygen-consuming process. First-order oxygen consumption in the sample causes a proportional reduction in the signal so that the calibration in curve remains linear. A zeroth-order process causes the calibration curve to be offset from the origin, but it remains linear. Oxygen consumption according to the Michaelis-Menten equation causes the calibration curve to become nonlinear with the maximum deviation at the lower end of the scale. The error determines a lower limit for usefulness of membrane-covered probes. Steady-state kinetics at oxygen concentrations in the order of KM cannot be determined with a membrane-covered probe for enzyes with KM for oxygen lower than 0.01μM. In a dense culture of respiring microorganisms, no oxygen will reach the probe when the bulk concentration of oxygen is in the order of KM.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200604
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    Effects of silicone on oxygen-limited continuous culture of yeast (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 899-901 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Comparison of regression and methods of evaluation of oxygen probe responses (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 903-912 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Mutation to increased resistance to phenol in Pseudomonas putida (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 917-920 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Modification of the pH-auxostat culture method for the mass cultivation of bacteria (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 921-925 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Mixing, mass transfer, and scale-up of polysaccharide fermentations (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 939-1001 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microbial polysaccharides are rapidly emerging as a new and important source of polymeric materials. These biopolymers have novel and unique properties and already have found a wide range of applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and other industries. In view of the impending importance of polysaccharides as an industrial commodity, there is renewed interest in the area of product and process development. This paper summarizes the state-of-the art in polysaccharide fermentations. An attempt is being made to review the following areas: rheological characteristics of polysaccharide solutions, mixing and power requirements of polysaccharides and other highly viscous non-Newtonian systems, oxygen mass transfer, and scale-up problems encountered in polysaccharide fermentations.
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    Combined enzyme hydrolysis of cellulose and yeast fermentation (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1291-1293 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Continuous dialysis for the on-line analysis of diffusible components in fermentation broth (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1295-1301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Immobilization of amyloglucosidase on poly [(glycidyl methacrylate) Co(ethylene dimethacrylate)] carrier and its derivatives (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1319-1328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilization of amyloglucosidase (EC 3.2.1.3) from Endomycopsis bispora and Aspergillus niger was followed with carriers containing epoxide, aldehyde, and primary amino groups. Determinations of stability of bound enzyme showed that the most active and stable preparations were obtained by application of the carrier with amino groups activated with glutaraldehyde (activity half-life 96.6 days). Optimum pH and and temperature were found for cleavage of starch solution and KM(app) and Vmax(app) values were determined for all prepared samples.
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  • 135
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    Design and oxygen-transfer potential of a pulsed continuous tubular fermentor (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1393-1406 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new type of continuous fermentor has been developed which features an agitation-aeration system based on pulsed flow across perforated plates the use of plug flow to achieve a concentration gradient. The influence of the agitation-aeration parameters (in this case the pulsed speed) has been measured, and mathematical models have been produced for the gas hold-up, the power dissipated in agitation and aeration, the oxygen-transfer rate, and efficiency. The oxygen transfer is high, up to 600 mmol/liter hr with a transfer efficiency much higher than that published for any other technique.
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  • 136
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    Some factors affecting the stability of glucoamylase immobilized on hornblende and on other inorganic supports (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1445-1454 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucoamylase from four different companies was studied: three had similar stability (half-life at 50°C about 140 hr); the fourth was less stable (half-life at 50°C about 20 hr). The immobilized enzymes were all less stable than their soluble counterparts: immobilized enzyme stability depended on the soluble enzyme used, the support, and method of immobilization. Thus enzyme bound to Enzacryl-TIO was less stable than enzyme bound to hornblende (metal-link method); this, in turn, was less stable than enzyme bound to hornblende by a silane-glutaraldehyde process. Bound enzyme stability was also improved by the presence of substrate or product (starch maltose or glucose). After 110 hr at 50°C in the presence of maltose (10% (w/v)) one preparation (a more stable soluble enzyme boul1d to hornblende by a silane-glutaraldehyde process) retained over 95% of its activity: activity loss was too low to permit the estimation of a half-life.
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    Two (carbon)-substrate continuous cultures: Multiple steady states and their stability (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1479-1485 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260201001
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    Role of platinum black in a bio-fuel cell using glucose or hydrogen as fuel source (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1687-1689 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260201016
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  • 140
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    Photocontrol of affinity chromatography: Purification of asparaginase by photosensitive AHA-gel (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1775-1783 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An agarose gel modified with N-(ω-aminohexytl)-L-aspartic acid (AHA) and spiropyran compound (AHA-spiropyran gel) was prepared and the photocontrolled binding and releasing of asparaginase were investigated with the AHA-spiropyran gel. Asparaginase was bound on the AHA-spiropyran gel under visible light and was released in the dark. The optimum conditions for photocontrolled binding and releasing of asparaginase were a 0.05M phosphate buffer concentration and pH 7.0. Seventy-five percent of the bound asparaginase was released from the AHA-spiropyran gel column in the dark. Ninetyfold purification of asparaginase was performed with the AHA-spiropyran gel Column.
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    Effect of hydraulic regime on organic polymer uptake in the activated sludge process (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1745-1774 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models presented in a previous paper (Biotechnol. Bioeng., 20, 865 (1978)) describing unsteady-state bacterial growth on organic polymers are modified to predict the holding time necessary to attain a given treatment level in a steady-state activated sludge process. Various hydraulic regimes for the activated sludge aeration basin are assumed, and it shown that the hydraulic regime strongly influences the total holding time necessary to attain a given treatment objective. Maintaining the highest possible concentrations of bacteria, extracelluar enzyme, cleavable polymer bond, and utilizable oligomer in the aeration basin during the course of treatment yields the highest possible organic nutrient uptake. However, it is shown that aeration-basin hydraulic regimes that maintain relatively high levels of bacteria and extracellular enzyme also maintain relatively low levels of polymer bond and utilizable oligomer and vice versa. Thus the efficacy of a particular aeration-basin hydraulic regime depends on its ability to maintain at high levels those concentrations that most strongly influence the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis or utilizable oligomer uptake.
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    Immobilized α-chymotrypsin: Pore diffusion control owing to pH gradients in the catalyst particles (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 541-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The fast enzymatic hydrolysis of D,L-phenylalanine methylester (DLE) to L-phenylalanine (LA) and D-phenylalanine methylester (DE) with immobilized α-chymotrypsin was chosen as a model reaction. Under the experimental conditions applied in the present investigations the pore diffusion is the rate-limiting step of this reaction owing to the pH gradient in the particles. The effectiveness of the catalyst is experimentally determined as a function of the substrate concentration based on measurements of the enzyme protein content of native and immobilized enzyme. The proteolytic reaction is theoretically treated by also using a pore diffusion model which takes into account the concentration gradients of substrate and product, pH- and enzyme activity profiles, as well as the change of buffer capacity of the solute in the catalyst particles. The model parameters were experimentally determined for the investigated system. It can be shown that conditions are possible for which the effectiveness of the catalyst exceeds unity.
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    Coprecipitation of acid cheese whey and tannery waste and recovery of protein (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 589-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Combining acid cottage cheese whey and the lime-sulfide effluent from tannery unhairing processes spontaneously coprecipitates the whey proteins with the large peptides and proteins of the tannery waste. The floculation of the denatured protein material also carries down the hide pigments, excess lime, and the casein fines from the whey. The clear supernatant contains lactose, sulfur in various states of oxidation, free amino acids, peptides, and ammonium salts, but no detectable macromolecular proteins. The recovered solid products, which contain more than 20% of the original nitrogen, appear to have a good balance of essential amino acids although actual composition varies with the composition of the raw wastes. Feed supplements may possibly by obtained by this method from two presently wasted industrial effluents.
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    Immobilization of glucose oxidase on macroreticular ion exchange resins (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 611-617 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: Analytical description of a mechanistic model (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 637-663 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A generalized mechanistic model for the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is developed and expressed mathematically. The model is based on Michaelis-Menten-type kinetics for concurrent random and endwise attack of the substrate involving end-product inhibitions and three types of enzymes: an endo-β;-1,4-glucanase, an exo-β-1,4-glucanase, and β-glucosidase. Basic parameters of the model which can explain synergistic and other effects observed experimentally are quantified and discussed. It is shown that cellulose degradation kinetics are expected to be strongly affected by the ratio of endo- to exocellulases in the reaction mixture as indicated by previous experimental data, and the substrate degree of polymerization, a factor not fully appreciated in previous studies, which appear to be overridingly important in many practical cases.
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    Effect of the glyoxylic acid cycle on the respiratory quotient of Saccharomyces sp. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1111-1115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Technical aspects of separation using aqueous two-phase systems in enzyme isolation processes (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1967-1988 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Technical aspects of the separation of aqueous two-phase systems in a commercial separator were studied in detail. For the Gyrotester B, the smallest available separator, a flow rate of 200 ml/min and a length of the regulating screw in the outlet port of 13.5 mm were found as optimal operation parameters for the separation of a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/dextran two-phase system. In the presence of cells and cell debris the characteristics of the carrier two-phase systems are changed, most notably the phase ratio. Nevertheless good separation and high throughput can be maintained up to 30% wet cell material in the complete system. Using this method the enzyme pullulanase was extracted from 6.65 kg Klebsiella pneumoniae in 88% yield in a single step in less than 2 hr. A yield of 90% was predicted for this step based upon laboratory data, indicating that the performance of the extraction and separation can be calculated with the necessary accuracy and the further scale-up of the process should be accomplished quite easily. The hydrophilic polymers Constituting the phase system will often stabilize the enzymes, So that the separation can be carried out at room temperature without extensive cooling. The method of enzyme solubilization or cell disruption is not decisive for the successful extraction of the enzymes, the only limitation being the necessity to find a suitable two-phase system where the desired product and the cells or cell debris will partition in opposite phases. This is shown for α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and three aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases from Escherichia coli. The results obtained demonstrate that aqueous two-phase systems can be separated in commercially available separators with high capacity and efficiency. It can be expected that the advanced separation technology available from chemical engineering studies can also be used for the development of large-scale isolation processes for enzymes involving liquid-liquid partitions.
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200201
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    Kinetics for activated sludge process design: Experiment application to straw paper wastewater treatment (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 203-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Degradation kinetics for the treatment of straw paper wastewater in an activated sludge process have been studied and a kinetic model has been derived for both batch and continuous experiments. These two methods are reasonably equivalent only when rather low concentrations of substrate are involved. In other cases batch and continuous results are quite different. Both models, however, show a dependence upon concentration corresponding to that which is typical of multicomponent substrate degradation. The kinetic model derived from continuous tests appears to be more suitable for designing industrial processes in that it avoids oversizing of the aeration unit.
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    Experimental operation of immobilized multienzyme systems in optimal and suboptimal configurations (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 243-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two mixed immobilized enzyme systems, glucoamylase-glucose isomerase and glucose isomerase-glucose oxidase-catalase, were operated to verify theoretical predictions that optimal bifunctional catalyst configutations could exist superior to those where the catalysts were mixed uniformly or arranged sequentially in a tubular reactor. The experimental results for all three configurations conformed to the theoretical values sufficiently closely to support of optimal catalyst profiles.
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    KM and Vmax from only one experiment (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 281-285 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Analysis of double-substrate limited growth (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 183-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models which relate the growth rate of a microorganism to a single limiting substrate concentration have long been established. In recent years, it has become apparent that, under certain conditions, the growth rate of an organism may be simultaneously limited by two or more substrates. Mathematical models of double-substrate limitation fall into two categories: interactive and no interactive models. A discussion of both types of models is presented in both conceptual and mathematical terms. An analogous case of an enzyme which requires two different substrates to produce a single product is presented. This enzyme analog indicates that both types of double-substrate limitation models appear to be feasible under certain conditions. Based upon stoichiometry and specific growth rate-substrate concentration contour plots, a method for determining the operational conditions which will lead to double-substrate limitation is presented.
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    Antibiotic disks - an improvement in the filter paper assay for cellulaseJournal paper of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, N.J. 08903 (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 297-300 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Enhancement of oxygen absorption into sodium sulfite solutions (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 697-707 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen absorption enhancement in a sodium sulfite solution was studied in the absence and presence of copper catalyst both for absorption across the liquid surface in a stirred cell and for absorption from individual bubbles rising through a turbulent liquid. The enhancement factor was determined from the ratio of oxygen and argon mass transfer coefficients, measured under identical experimental conditions in the same batch of liquid. It has been found that the oxygen absorption is not chemically enhanced, as long as the mass transfer coefficient, kL0, is high enough, i.e., higher than the value 1.4 × 10-4 m sec-1 for the sulfite solution we used. An analysis of our data as well as literature data indicates that the sulfite system is poorly suited for studies of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of physical absorption (kL0a) in fermentors, inasmuch as oxygen absorption can be chemically enhanced while the degree of enhancement depends on the operating conditions of batch aeration, as well as on the concentration of trace impurities with catalytic effects upon the sulfite solution used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200506
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    Preparation of high-molecular-weight NAD derivatives using cyanuric chloride (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 769-772 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Isolation and characterization of an exocellular polymer from candida ingens (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 619-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Synthetic media for production of quality xanthan gum in 20 liter fermentorsPresented at the American Chemical Society-Chemical Institute of Canada Joint Conference, Montreal, Canada, May 29-June 2, 1977 (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1003-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Xanthan gum is a heteropolysaccharide synthesized by Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 and is composed of D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-glucuronic acid, in addition to acetic and pyruvic acids. Different amounts of pyruvic acid ketal are found in various preparations which can influence the viscosities of dilute xanthan solutions. Polysaccharide production on synthetic media was studied in small-scale fermentors. Fermentation conditions were established for production of both high and low pyruvic acid gums (about 4 and 2% pyruvic acid, respectively). Low nitrogen [0.1% (NH4)2HPO4] and air (0.25 vol/liter/min) levels favor production of low pyruvate gum; increasing (NH4)2HPO4 to 0.15%, adding K2HPO4, and increasing the air flow to 1.5 vol/liter/min favored production of normal gum. Both processes gave xanthan yields of 50 to 60%, based on 2.5% initial D-glucose substrate, in two to three days. Differences in pyruvic acid content and in the quantity of gum produced under a given set of conditions were attributed to strain variability. Substrains were isolated that have desirable characteristics for production of xanthan gum; i.e., the ability to give good yields of high-pyruvate gum when grown on both complex and synthetic media.
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    Mycelial paper: A potential resource recovery process? (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1063-1084 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Eleven species of fungi representative of a broad range of cell-wall compositions were evaluated with respect to their papermaking potential as additives to woodpulp furnishes. Some of these species were also examined for their ability to grow on a spent liquor from the pulp-and-paper industry. Handsheets with various levels of incorporated mycelia exhibited a wide range of species-dependent properties. Behavior of the mycelia in the sheets can be modified to a degree by physical and chemical treatments. The overall results suggest that small amounts (5-10% of the sheet constituents) of mycelia, grown inexpensively on waste effluents, might be incorporated into wood fiber paper without serious deleterious effects on paper strength properties. In some cases improved paper is obtained, and larger quantities of mycelia might be used to impart specific properties to the product.
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    Effects of glucose on the activity and synthesis of fermentative and respiratory pathways of Saccharomyces sp. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1105-1110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 160
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    Immobilization of immunoglobulins on polystyrene latex beads: Characterization by density gradient centrifugation (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1129-1141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Isopycnic banding by density gradient centrifugation was used to measure density changes in complexes formed by the immobilization of each of four different immunoglobulins (IgG) (bovine, dog, rabbit, and sheep) on polystyrene latex beads (0.109 ± 0.0025 μm diam). Subtractive measurements of density changes allowed calculation of the mass of immobilized lgG under varying experimental conditions. The immobilization data were correlated with adsorption isotherms which incorporated charge repulsion forces. The effects of pH and NaCl concentration on the immobilization were studied for the latex-bovine lgG system. It was found that the mass of immobilized immunoglobulins was increased from 10 to 20% by removing the lgG from its isoelectric range.
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  • 161
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    Adsorption of cellulose by Trichoderma viride (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1187-1199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Adsorption of cellulase by Trichoderma viride QM 9414 has been studied with resting and growing cells and equations have been derived to describe the process quantitatively. It has been observed that the adsorption is a purely physical process being dependent only on cell and cellulose concentrations. It has also been demonstrated that adsorption isrequired for the induction of cellulases; some discussions are devoted to this point.
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    Influence of the growth phase on the spectrophotometric determination of the yeast concentration in liquid hydrocarbon fermentations (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1285-1286 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 163
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    Continuous fractionation of human plasma (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1037-1044 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous processing has been applied to human plasma fractionation by the cold ethanol process. On-line pH control of ±0.05 pH units, flow control of ±1%, and temperature control of ±0.5°C have been achieved. Optimization of precipitation pHs has been carried out for purifying plasma protein fractions and albumin. During precipitation, the irreversible nature of the pH overshoots has been demonstrated. Compared to the batch processing mode, the continuous scheme produces an increased yield between 6 to 11%.
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    Studies on the stability of immobilized xanthine oxidase and urate oxidase (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1085-1095 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The stability of immobilized preparations of xanthine oxidase and urate oxidase was studied, and optimized, because of the potential joint use of both enzymes in clinical analysis. Xanthine oxidase was immobilized on cellulose, Sepharose, hornblende, Enzacryl-TIO, and Porous glass. The half-lives of these preparations at 30°C ranged from 40 min to 5.0 hr. In this respect immobilized enzyme resembled soluble enzyme in dilute solution (0.11 mg/ml), when the half-live was about 3.5 hr. More concentrated enzyme solution (1 mg/ml), had a half-life of 64 hr, and was, therefore, considerably more stable than the untreated immobilized xanthine oxidase preparations. Inclusion of albumen in storage and assay buffer increased the half-life of bound xanthine oxidase. So also did treatment with glutaraldehyde: in the case of xanthine oxidase bound to Enzacryl-TIO such treatment increased the half-life at 30°C from 3 hr to about 100 hr. Immobilized xanthine dehydrogenase was more stable than immobilized xanthine oxidase: the dehydrogenase lost no activity during continuous assay for 5 hr at 30°C. The stability of immobilized urate oxidase depended on the quantity of enzyme used and on the time of stirring during immobilization: thus a preparation was made (by stirring urate oxidase (48 mg/g support) with Enzacryl-TIO for 24 hr) which lost no activity during 350 hr at 30°C.
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    Influence of a nonaerated initial phase on the growth of Candida guilliermondii in liquid hydrocarbons (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1455-1458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Enzymatic properties and application of L-asparaginase-collagen membrane (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1143-1152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The activity of the L-asparaginase-collagen membrane was 3.4 U/mg membrane (5.8 U/cm2 membrane) and the activity yield was 29%. The apparent Michaelis constant of the asparaginase-collagen membrane was 5.9 × 10-3M. The operational half-life of the immobilized asparaginase column was 35-40 days. The L-asparaginase-collagen membrane retained 90% of its original activity after ethylene oxide gas sterilization. The dried membrane stored at room temperature retained its original activity for five months, and the membrane stored in 0.05M phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) retained its original activity for one week at 37°C. The L-asparaginase-collagen membrane tanned with 1% glutaraldehyde was stable against proteolytic enzymes. Complete degradation of L-asparagine by the L-asparaginase-collagen membrane occurred at a low concentration. The L-asparagine in dog blood plasma was completely degraded within 20 min by the extracorporal shunt using the L-asparaginase-collagen membrane.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Treatment of primary sewage sludge with enzymes (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1221-1234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of cellulase treatment on the physical dewatering of primary sewage sludge has been investigated. Although cellulase treatment rapidly increases the sedimentation rate of diluted sludge, no significant advantage has been found in the settling of undiluted sludge. An extract produced from cellulase-treated sewage sludge has been used as a medium for the growth of yeast with a view to single-cell protein production.
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    Macrokinetics and operational stability of immobilized glucose oxidase and catalase (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1201-1220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucose oxidation by immobilized glucose oxidase (GlO) and catalase (Cat) has been investigated in batch and continuous reactions for operational studies. The macrokinetics of the process depend on coupled reaction steps and diffusion rates. The problem may be approximated by a simple pseudohomogeneous model taking into account both substrates of glucose oxidase and the intermediate reaction product H2O2. The effectiveness of both enzymes is enhanced in the coupled reaction path, the overall effectiveness nevertheless is very low. H2O2 causes the inactivation of both GlO and Cat. The rates of deactivation depend on the oxidation rates of glucose that give different quasistationary levels of H2O2 concentration. As a first approximation, the deactivation rates may be described by first-order reactions with respect to H2O2.
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    Steroid transformation by activated living immobilized Arthrobacter simplex cells (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1267-1284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A preparation of living Arthrobacter simplex cells immobilized in polyacrylamide gel, which showed steroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase activity, was studied. The entrapped microorganisms catalyzed the transformation of cortisol to prednisolone and this reaction was followed spectrophotometrically or with the aid of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). About 40% of the original activity found with free bacteria was retained after immobilization. The steroid dehydrogenase activity of polyacrylamide-entrapped A. simplex could be raised to a minor extent in alcoholic solvents or by addition of a cofactor such as menadione. On incubation in various nutrient media, on the other hand, the activity could be increased considerablyl, usually 7-10 times. Possible causes for the observed increase in activity have been investigated, and microbial growth of the original entrapped microorganisms appears to be the major reason. Frozen activated preparations of immobilized A. simplex showed only a small loss of activity on storage for at least four months. A semicontinuous batch wise operation with immobilized A. simplex in different nutrient media was carried out. At the end of the experiment the steroid transformation capacity was 0.5 g steroid per day per g gel (wet weight).
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    Immobilization of enzymes on activated carbon: Properties of immobilized glucoamylase, glucose oxidase, and gluconolactonase (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1651-1665 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Apparent kinetics and pH-activity relationships have been determined for glucoamylase and glucose oxidase immobilized on activated carbon using a diimide method. Reaction rate expressions of Michaelis-Menten form adequately approximate the observed kinetics for both enzyme preparations over the ranges of substrate concentrations considered. Influences of external mass transfer as well as substrate and product adsorption on interpretation of the experimental data have been examined. Immobilization of a glucose oxidase-gluconolactonase enzyme mixture has been found to increase substantially the ratio of gluconolactonase to glucose oxidase activities compared to the corresponding activity ratio for these enzymes in solution.
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    Modeling the role of cyclic AMP in catabolite repression of inducible enzyme biosynthesis in mircobial cells (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1797-1815 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Modeling the role of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in catabolite repression of inducible enzyme production in microbial cells was studied. A catabolite repression index, F, was defined based on the postulation that complex formation occurs between RNA polymerase (RNAP) and DNA, and shifting from the inert form to the open form of this complex (the latter form is required for transcription) is accelerated by the cAMP·CRP complex. The catabolite repression index, F, was incorporated into model equations of mRNA production. Empirical relationship between intracellular cAMP level and medium glucose concentration were established based on experimental data and introduced into the model. Computer simulation results were obtained for a number of interesting cases. The practical utility of the proposed model was demonstrated by comparing it with the experimental results on glucose isomerase biosynthesis.
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    Stabilization of proteolytic enzymes in solution (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1865-1872 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The stability of the neutral and alkaline proteases in a Bacillus subtilis enzyme mixture was studied in aqueous solutions at room temperature. Stabilization of the proteases in solution for periods up to 25 days was achieved by the addition of various protein preparations including casein and soya protein. The degree of stabilization by casein was concentration dependent to about 2% protein. The instability of the neutral protease in solutions of the B. subtilis enzyme mixture was shown to be due primarily to proteolysis by the alkaline protease since the diisopropylfluorophosphate-treated enzyme was quite stable. Formulation of such enzyme solutions at low pH gave greater stability as did solutions containing an alkaline protease inhibitor from potatoes. A Conceptual approach to the formulation of enzyme solutions containing proteolytic enzyme to ensure maximum stability is proposed.
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    Influence of manufacturing variables on the characteristics and effectiveness of chitosan products. I. Chemical composition, viscosity, and molecular-weight distribution of chitosan products (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1931-1943 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ten chitosan products were manufactured from dry shrimp hulls under differing process conditions and compared to a commercially available product. Manufacturing variables tested were: alkali versus enzymatic deproteination; acid demineralization versus no treatment; air versus nitrogen atmosphere; 5 min vs. 15 min deacetylation period: and varying the particle size of the dry starting material. Deproteination by alkali of enzymatic extraction did not substantially affect the nitrogen and ash compositions of dry chitosan samples. However, the viscosity was reduced in samples deproteinated by enzymatic hydrolysis. Elimination of the demineralization step resulted in products having 31-36% ash, as expected. Some differences in viscosity were observed between deminiralized and undemineralized samples, but on important differences in the molecular-weight distribution of these samples were evident. Purging the reaction vessel with nitrogen resulted in chitosan preparations having higher viscosities and molecular-weight distributions than those prepared in an air atmosphere. The degradative effect of air became more proshrimp hulls to 1 mm prior to any treatment resulted in a chitosan product of both higher viscosity and molecular weight than when ground to either 2 or 6.4 mm. Viscosity was not always a direct indicator of molecular weight, for although the presence of colloidal particles increased the viscosity of some samples, the molecular-weight distribution after filtration was essentially the same as in other less viscous samples.
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    Procedure for the simultaneous large-scale isolation of pullulanase and 1,4-α-glucan phosphorylase from Klebsiella pneumoniae involving liquid-liquid separations (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1989-2005 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for the simultaneous large-scale isolation of pullulanase and 1,4-alpha;-glucan phosphorylase from Klebsiella pneumoniae is described. The pullulanase is solubilized from the cell wall by cholate treatment; cells and cell debris are removed by partition in a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-dextran two-phase system and from the upper (PEG) phase of this system the pullulanase is isolated by ultrafiltration and precipitation with N-cetyl,N-,N-,N-trimethyl ammonium bromide to a purity of about 80% with a yield of 70%. The preparations are free of α-amylase activity. The cell containing dextran-rich phase is passed through a Manton-Gaulin homogenizer. Then the phosphorylase is separated from the cell debris by partition in a second PEG-dextran system. From the top phase of this system the phosphorylase is isolated by distribution in a PEG-salt two-phase system followed by batch adsorption on carboxymethyl-Sephadex in a yield of 55%, a purity of around 90%, and nearly free of glycosyltransferase activity. All steps in the isolation of the two enzymes can be performed easily in a large scale.
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    Influence of manufacturing variables on the characteristics and effectiveness of chitosan products. III. Coagulation of cheese whey solids (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1957-1966 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ten chitosan products, prepared as described in part I of this study, were evaluated in jar tests that measured their effectiveness for coagulation of suspended solids and removing turbidity from cheese whey. A polynominal regression analysis was found to be useful for determining the optimal effectiveness of each chistosan preparation, and was expressed as the percent reduction on turbidity per unit concentration of chitosan added. The effectiveness of the chitosan products was found to be inversely related to their molecular-weight values. This situation was different from the findings described in part II of this study, in which the filterability of activated sludge was tested. Enzymatic deproteination yielded chitosan products that performed better than those produced by alkali deproteination. Demineralized products were also more effective than those that had not been demineralized. The preparations deacetylated under a nitrogen atmosphere were more effective than those deacetylated in air, but this was shown to be true only for the first 5 min of deacetylation. When deacetylated for 15 min, no differences were noted. In this study, differences in performance between the various products were largely due to the differing dosages required to achieve the maximum reduction in turbidity of cheese whey, while the maximum responses achieved by the various products tested were about the same. A commercial product, which was less effective as a sludge coagulating agent in part II of this study, was more effective for cheese whey coagulation and turbidity removal than the majority of the experimental chitosan preparations tested.
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    Solubilized collagen fibril as a supporting material for enzyme immobilization (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 2007-2010 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Deactivation studies of immobilized glucose oxidase (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 821-835 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies have been performed in a tubular flow reactor to characterize the deactivation of immobilized glucose oxidase. The effects of oxygen concentration in the range of 0.09 to 0.467mM and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the range of 0.1 to 10mM were studied. A simple mathematical model assuming first-order reaction and deactivation was found to describe the deactivation behavior adequately. The deactivation rate constant was found to increase with increasing levels of feed oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide was found to deactivate the enzyme severely and the deactivation rate constants were higher than those for oxygen deactivation. The influence of external and internal diffusion effects on the deactivation rate constant were examined. Although diffusional restrictions were negligible for oxygen transfer to the pellet, they were significant for transfer of hydrogen peroxide to the bulk stream. Increasing deactivation rates. Severe internal diffusion limitations were observed for the glucose oxidase system. However, for particle sizes in the range of 500 to 2000 μm, no effect on the rate of deactivation of the enzyme was observed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200605
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    Bacterial growth on organic polymers (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 865-898 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models are developed describing unsteady-state bacterial growth on organic polymers that are hydrolyzed by extracellular enzymes secreted by the bacteria to yield low-molecular-weight oligomers that may be directly transported across bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and hence metabolized. Two different modes of extracellular enzyme action on the organic polymer are considered. In one case, the enzyme is exoacting yielding a transportable oligomer with each polymer bond hydrolyzed. In the other case, the enzyme is endoacting yielding a series of oligomers upon random cleavage of the polymer bonds with oligomers up to a certain chain length assumed to be transportable. These models are exploited to show under what circumstances the rate of hydrolysis by the extracellular enzyme to yield transportable oligomers influences the bacterial growth rate. It is shown that an initial lag period, an accentuated declining growth phase, and a low overall rate of bacterial growth will be some of the manifestations when the rate of hydrolysis has a strong influence.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200608
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    Bending contribution to line-broadening in polymer diffraction (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 387-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is proposed that bending of solution-grown polymer crystals causes the observed diffraction line-broadening in many cases. Independent estimates and observations of the severity of bending which can be sustained are used to calculate corresponding apparent crystal sizes, where the apparent crystal size is that obtained when it is assumed that broadening is caused by the small crystal size effect only. Bending broadening is found to be of sufficient magnitude to produce the observed broadening reported in the literature. Some of the steps taken so far in the development of line-broadening analysis for polymer crystals show similarities with the evolution of line-broadening analysis for graphitic carbons and a brief review of the latter is included.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.180160302
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    Synthesis and properties of a new polydiacetylene: Poly[1,6-di(N-carbazolyl)-2,4-hexadiyne] (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 431-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The solid-state synthesis and properties are reported for a new polydiacetylene: poly[1,6-di(N-carbazolyl)-2,4-hexadiyne]. The monomer crystals polymerize quantitatively with γ irradiation or thermal annealing. An Autocatalytic effect is observed in both γ-ray polymerization and thermal polymerization and is attributed to an increase in chain propagation length at about 5% conversion. The activation energy for thermal polymerization is about 25 kcal/mole, independent of the degree of conversion to polymer. The exceptional thermal stability of the polymer crystals allowed a thermomechanical analysis over a large temperature range, -50 to 300°C. With increasing temperature, the polymer contracts in the chain direction linearly with temperature over the entire range, yielding a thermal expansion coefficient of (-2.32 ± 0.02) × 10-5°C-1. Photoconductivity action spectra are reported for the polymer crystals. The energies for the photoconductivity onset (ca. 2.3 eV) and for the lowest energy optical transition (1.89 eV) are the lowest reported for the polydiacetylenes. The photoconduction onset is blue-shifted with respect to optical absorption - a result which is consistent with the excitonic assignment for the lowest energy optical transition in the polydiacetylenes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Chain rupture and tensile deformation of polymers (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 485-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Macromolecular chain rupture occurring during tensile deformation of semicrystalline polymers has been investigated by measuring changes in the viscosity-average molecular weight. When interpreted in terms of a random-scission scheme, the observed changes in molecular weight correspond to chain rupture concentrations β ≈ 1018/cm3 for high strength nylon and poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers. Polypropylene fibers and isotropic samples of polyethylene, polypropylene, and nylon 6 had β ≈ 1016/cm3. The effects of stretching environment and thermal and mechanical history were noted. In all cases, the present study indicated bond rupture concentrations about 10 times larger than those obtained from electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments. The relation between viscometry, ESR, and infrared (IR) estimates of bond rupture and their relevance to mechanical properties are considered.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Importance of the metal-polymer interface for the piezoelectricity of polyvinylidene fluoride (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 529-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The piezoelectric effect in films of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF2) is investigated using optical and ultrasonic detection techniques. From the analysis of the vibrational resonance frequencies of a freely suspended film we conclude that the polarization induced in PVF2 is inhomogeneous across the volume of the sample. Poling the foils in a sandwich configuration or using blocking electrodes, we can clearly demonstrate that the piezoelectric effect in PVF2 originates from the positive metal electrode. Monitoring the time dependence of the piezoelectric effect during the poling process, a fast and slow component are observed. Using a blocking electrode, however, the same dynamical poling behavior is found only if the contacting metal electrode is positive. In view of these observations, which clearly demonstrate the importance of the metal-polymer interface for the strong piezoelectricity of PVF2, the existing theoretical models, based on the bulk properties of the polymer, are critically reviewed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.180160315
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    Properties of aqueous salt solutions of poly(ethylene oxide): Thermodynamic quantities based on viscosity and other measurements (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 501-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A previous study of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in aqueous salt solutions has been extended to incorporate cloud-point measurements in potassium thiocyanate solutions (salt concentration range 3.3-3.8M where salting out occurs) and, particularly, viscosity measurements. A few osmoticpressure measurements were made and molecular weights (∼2 × 104) from gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) compared. The theta temperature for PEO in water from cloud points was found to be 369 ± 3°K. An empirical linear relation has been found for sodium and potassium salts between the finite change of theta temperatures with change in ionic strength, δθ/δI, and (v3 - v̄3), the difference between the molar van der Waals volume and the partial molar volume of the salt. Values of the Huggins constant k′ are less than 0.5 for PEO in pure water at 303.2°K, indicating a good solvent, whereas in salt solutions they vary from 0.59 to 1.14 in nontheta solvents. They and other findings are attributed to binding of salt to the polymer and to water structure breaking. Kraemer's constants k″ were also determined: k′ - k″ = 0.5 for PEO in pure water, and for aqueous salt solutions of PEO, k′ - k″ = 0.666 at 298°K. Values of K0(= M-1/2[η]θ) with M = 2 × 104 were found to very with salt type (valence) - mean values of 103 K0/dlg-1 with number of observations in brackets are 1:1, 1.19 (2); 1:2, 1.45 (3); 2:2, 1.75 (3). Unperturbed dimensions 〈r2〉01/2 vary from 11.0 to 12.6 nm from 1:1 to 2:2 salts. Values of the characteristic ratio Cn, the steric parameter σ, and the enthalpy and entropy of dilution parameters χH and χS have also been calculated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    On the location of chain-ends in rapidly crystallized poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 159-169 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Phenylmercurated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) chain-ends are obtainable through the transesterification of PET by phenylmercury hydroxide or acetate in solution in nitrobenzene at 165 ± 10°C. The reaction results in an average of one mercury atom per chain. The phenylmercuration may be followed by infrared or x-ray fluorescence. Reaction with concentrated HCI Affords the elucidation of some structural parameters of the resultant partially crystalline tagged PET, through analyses of changes in viscosity and molecular weight, in percent crystallinity, and in the amount of mercury in the system. The chain-ends are almost completely excluded from the stem region of the PET crystal with no more than 2% remaining. The chain-ends are distributed unevenly throughout the amorphous phase. This is corroborated by sharp decreases in scattered intensity of small-angle x-ray measurements. Two models for the distribution of chain-ends in the amorphous phase are considered. The one in which the ends are pushed farthest from the crystal surface and concentrate halfway between crystallites is tentatively adopted. Analysis of the HCI hydrolysis kinetics and products leads to the following picture concerning the fold tightness and position. About one out of five folds extends significantly into the amorphous matter where it is mingled with cilia, tie molecules, and unattached molecules. Random scission throughout such an amorphous mass should lead to a preponderance of cleaved molecules whose length should be four to five times the lenght of the crystalline stem region, as is indeed observed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Thermodynamic properties of phenol-formaldehyde resin (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 759-766 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Characterization measurements of a commercial phenol-formaldehyde resin prepared from constituents including phenol and formaldehyde in the molar ratio 1:1.33 are reported. The measurements consist of (1) the linear thermal expansion coefficient between approximately 85 and 270°K; (2) the specific heat capacity between approximately 6 and 100°K; (3) the Young's modulus at room temperature. A critical examination of the data reveals that: (1) the vibrational behavior is predominantly that of a three-dimensional assembly; (2) as far as data available from other sources permit an assessment to be made, the principle of additivity appears to be applicable to the specific heat capacity between approximately 50 and 100°K; and (3) the data lie near the limit of an empirical relationship observed between the Young's modulus and linear thermal expansion coefficient of other polymers.
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    Study of latex film structure by radiothermoluminescence (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 427-430 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Radiothermoluminescence has been used to show that the surface of latex globules in nonvulcanized latex films contain segments which become mobile at a temperature 20°K below that observed in bulk polymer. Vulcanization in latex films takes place mainly on the surfaces of the latex globules; vulcanized latex films are microheterogeneous systems.
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    Dynamics of a polymer attached to a surface: Bead and spring model (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 457-466 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Smoluchowski formalism is used to solve the problem of a bead of frictional resistance β attached to a surface with a spring of force constant k over which a linear shear field of strenght α flows. The power dissipation is given by βα2kT/k. k and T have their usual meanings. The result is generalized to an n-bead polymer. It is found that the power dissipation of a Rouse model polymer attached to a surface at one end is twice that of an identical polymer flowing freely in solution. If the force constant k arises from an entropy force, then, because of the effect of the surface on the number of polymer configurations, there is an additional factor of two. The same relationship is expected to also hold for the frequency-dependent power dissipation. It is argued that a net circulation exists in the beads above the surface and that the magnitude of the circulation is roughly comparable to that which exists in a polymer freely rotating in solution under a shear field of the same magnitude.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.180160309
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    Association of stereoregular poly(methyl methacrylates) in dilute solution. Proton NMR study (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 523-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By measurement of integrated intensities of high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) bands, associated structures of isotactic (i) and syndiotactic (s) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in dilute toluene-d8 and dimethylformamide-d7 solutions were detected and characterized. In 1% (w/v) solutions of highly stereoregular s-PMMA in toluene-d8 at 27°C, 76% of the monomer units are present in the form of compact aggregates. Consequences of this finding for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate in toluene in the presence of s-PMMA are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.180160314
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    An endochronic prediction of the variability in fracture times of polymers (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 555-564 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A theory of variability in lifetimes of identical polymer specimens under identical test conditions is formulated, using the theory of fracture of amorphous crosslinked polymers developed previously by the authors. Variability in fracture times follows from the assumption that the critical number Ncr of bonds that must fail in order to cause fracture of a specimen varies from specimen to specimen. A plausible physical explanation for the variation in Ncr may well lie in the variability of the spatial distribution of weak local regions. The scale of locality may vary from molecular to grosser dimensions. The theory is applied to styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) under creep conditions and fares well in its prediction of observed results. Most notably, it predicts that the shape of the distribution curve of the observed lifetimes remains invariant with changes in the levels of stress and temperature and that the effects of these manifest themselves through shifts of the curve on the logarithmic time axis. The theory also predicts correctly that the fracture process is accelerated if the creep test is interrupted by unloading-reloading cycles at high strain rates. This last result is shown to be a direct consequence of the concept of “the endochronic time to fracture,” previously introduced by the first author.
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    Some effects of melt-induced orientation on drawing of polypropylene monofilamentsIssued as NRCC #16467. (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 599-612 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Morphological changes accompanying the deformation of polypropylene filaments with varying degrees of melt-induced orientation are examined using wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS), small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), and electron microscopy, and their behavior is compared both to completely unoriented film samples and to very highly oriented, hard elastic filaments. Melt-oriented filaments are shown to deform predominantly by a voiding mechanism at low temperatures (〈100°C), and destruction of the lamellas to produce fibrils occurs only after extensive drawing. The bimodal crystal texture of the filaments does not appear to greatly affect the low temperature deformation mechanism. High temperature (〉100°C) drawing produces a fibrillar structure containing elongated voids.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.180160403
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    Temperature dependence of the poisson's ratios in low-density polyethylene with parallel lamellas morphology (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 667-678 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Three of the Poisson's ratios have been measured on a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) sheet with parallel lamellas morphology over the temperature range from +20 to -60°C. The measurements were carried out using a specially constructed lateral extensometer which utilized the Hall effect to detect the very small strains involved. The Poisson's ratios show considerable temperature dependence, and at high temperature the overall deformation approximates to pure shear as previously noted. It is suggested that this relates to the onset of the c-shear relaxation.
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    A theory for the drawing of oriented crystalline polymers (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 1297-1319 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The load-elongation behavior during the postneck drawing stage in the deformation of crystalline polymers is shown to be modeled quantitatively by an aligned short-fiber composite in which crystalline fibrils form the reinforcing phase in a matrix of less well-ordered material. Three modes of deformation are distinguished in the model and are shown to correspond to the observed loadelongation relations in polyethylene and polypropylene. The regions are (I) elastic-plastic crystals in an elastic matrix, (II) elastic-plastic crystals in an elastic-plastic matrix, (III) elastic crystals in an elastic-plastic matrix. A requirement of the theory is that the flow stress in the crystals is little affected by temperature whereas that in the matrix falls as the temperature rises. Expressions are given for stress in terms of the applied strain and the relevant parameters of the system: concentration of fibrils, length and diameter of fibrils, and elastic and yield properties of fibrils and matrix.
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    Four-center photopolymerization. A heterogeneous topochemical solid-state reaction (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 1365-1379 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The four-center solid-state photopolymerization of distyrylpyrazine (DSP) and of 2,6-naphthalene bis(acrylic acid-2,4-dichloro phenyl ester) (NBA-DCP) was investigated by x-ray and microscopic techniques. In both cases the polymer grows as a separate product phase topotactically well arranged with respect to the monomer matrix. In the case of polymerization of DSP the space group of the monomer (Pbca) is not maintained but the polymer phase has space group P21ca. Nucleation and growth of the polymer phase was observed by light and electron microscopy. Nucleation occurs at defect sites. The polymer grows at different rates in different crystallographic directions which were identified by electron diffraction in the case of DSP. Polymerization thus occurs in the transition region between monomer crystal and product phase and not in the bulk of the crystal so that the four-center-type photopolymerization is best described as a heterogeneous solid-state reaction.
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    Observation of preferred (epitaxial) orientation relationships between polyethylene crystals (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 171-177 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Preferred orientations have been observed for polyethylene single crystals deposited at room temperature on a clean polyethlene substrate crystal or a polyethylene substrate crystal coated with silicone oil (but not with a carbon layer). The observed angular relationships can be explained in terms of a network of interfacial dislocations, the cores of which lie in the fold regions between the crystals, and the long-range strain fields extend into the lattices of both crystals. The interfacial dislocations seem likely to result from the plugging of cilia from one crystal into another.
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    Selective degradation of nylon 6,6. II. Application of the degradation technique to commercially drawn fibers (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 215-222 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Treatement with hydrazine was used to investigate the crystalline morophology of commercially drawn nylon 6,6 fibers. Electron microscopic investigation revealed a stacked lamellar structure for the debris of a highly oriented, rapidly drawn fiber. However, the high molecular weight range of the gel permeation chromatogram of this same oriented fiber indicated the presence of high molecular weight material. This is thought to be due to the production of rod-like, partially extended regions during drawing.
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    Nonstationary diffusion of polystyrenes through a cellophane membrane (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 297-318 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Diffusion of five polystyrene fractions at various concentrations in toluene through cellophane membranes has been observed. The results have been used to calculate friction coefficients between solvent and solute, and between solute and membrane. The calculation requires measurement of the diffusion coefficient and the reflection coefficient of the solute, of the permeability for the solvent, of the pore volume of the membrane, and of the partition coefficient of the solute between membrane and solvent. By comparing the friction coefficient between solvent and solute in the membrane with this coefficient in free solution, the tortuosity factor and the pore diameter of the membrane can be estimated. The dependence of the friction coefficients on molecular weight M2 of the solute is determined. For large values of M2, the friction between solute and solvent is the determining factor. The friction coefficient between solute and solvent increases more strongly with M2 in the membrane than in free solution owing to an entrance effect for the permeating solute at the interface.
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    Chain folding and cross-sectional area per chain (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 371-374 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.180160216
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    Dielectric properties of aromatic polyesters: Relaxation behavior of poly(diethylene glycol terephthalate) (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric behavior of a low molecular weight fraction of poly(diethylene glycol terephthalate) has been studied over the frequency range 102 to 105 Hz for temperatures between -67 and +51°C. Two relaxations, α and β, which exhibit pseudoactivation energies of 52 and 8 kcal/mole, respectively, have been found. The α relaxation, associated with the glass transition of the polymer, is amenable to a Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) analysis. The dipole moment ration 〈μ2〉/Nm2 (where 〈μ2〉 is the mean square dipole moment of a chain consisting of N bonds and m2 is the average of the squares of the bond moments) has also been calculated using the dielectric data obtained for the polymer in the undiluted state. The calculations yield 〈μ2〉/Nm2 = 0.710, a value in very good agreement with that obtained from measurements in solution.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.180160101
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  • 199
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    Ion clustering in a butadiene, styrene, 4-vinylpyridine terpolymer crosslinked by coordination with iron(III) chloride (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 569-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A butadiene, styrene, 4-vinylpyridine terpolymer has been crosslinked by coordination of the pyridine groups with iron chloride. The distribution and structure of the iron complexes have been studied. Electron microscopy has given evidence of clustering of the iron complexes. The size distribution of these clusters has been evaluated by small-angle x-ray and neutron scattering. Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetization measurements have shown the presence of three different kinds of iron complexes: (a) complexes with a speromagnetic structure in the clusters previously found, (b) dimers with antiferromagnetic coupling, and (c) quasi-isolated complexes with weak ferromagnetic coupling. The percentages of these different iron complexes have been measured.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.180160401
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  • 200
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    Dielectric properties of maleic acid-ethylene copolymer in salt-free aqueous solutions (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 641-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric behavior of maleic acid-ethylene copolymer solutions has been investigated at different polymer concentrations and two degrees of neutralization α′. It is shown that this behavior is analogous to that of ordinary polyacids. Also the experimental data can be explained in terms of the van der Touw-Mandel theory, but at low α′ a possible contribution from motion of negative charges (in turn related to bound proton fluctuations) has to be taken into account. The dielectric results suggest that the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds has an influence on the change of the average dimensions of the chain with increasing α′. This seems to be confirmed by viscosity data.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.180160406
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