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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (765)
  • SOLAR PHYSICS  (256)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994
  • 1975-1979  (1,245)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1978  (1,245)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994
  • 1975-1979  (1,245)
  • 1965-1969
Year
  • 1
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    Application of fluidics to new control components (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-02
    Description: The inherent tolerance for nuclear radiation makes fluidic devices candidates for nuclear rocket control systems. Also, they are being considered for supersonic jet engine inlet control because of their high temperature and vibration tolerance. Three new control components being considered for these applications are described. A fluidic circuit to control a pneumatic stepping motor for nuclear rocket control drum actuation is discussed. An all-fluidic sensor being developed for determining the position of the normal shock in the inlet of a supersonic jet engine is outlined. A new vortex valve configuration is developed to prevent supersonic jet engine inlet unstarts by regulating bypass flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA, Washington Fourth Inter-Center Control Systems Conf.; p 365-386
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  • 2
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    European Space Agency studies of the solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The feasibility and scientific objectives of a solar probe were studied by a Mission Definition Group in 1975 and 1976. The orbit analysis program was developed and an extended study of the orbit analysis was done in 1977. The results of these studies are in the Report of the Mission Definition Study (1976) and an E.S.O.C. report (1978), and the reader is referred to these sources for greater details. In this report, only brief discussion on mission concept and objectives, satellite design, orbit, orbit analysis, are presented.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 556-564
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  • 3
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    Solar probe study (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Realistic options for a Solar Probe Mission consistent with known technical, fiscal, and programmatic constraints are identified. A program plan for NASA which includes identification of necessary research and development activities is developed. A baseline mission and a strawman spacecraft design were selected and used to determine the feasibility of meeting the mission requirements and the sensitivity to variations in those requirements.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 521-534
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  • 4
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    Detection of gravitational radiation and oscillations of the sun via Doppler tracking of spacecraft (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The magnitude of Doppler signals produced by gravitational wave burst, continuous gravitational waves, and oscillations of the sun interacting with a spacecraft are considered. Expressions are worked out for the appropriate noise entering each measurement. The noise sources considered are the Doppler extractor, fluctuations in the solar wind and the troposphere, and fluctuations in the reference oscillator.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 498-517
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  • 5
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    Gravitational wave detection with the solar probe. II. The Doppler tracking method (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: How gravitational radiation affects Doppler tracking is briefly described. The status of the analyses of the sensitivities achievable with the NASA-JPL Deep Space Network(DSN) is given.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 441-449
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  • 6
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    What is the fate of interplanetary dust (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The following general picture of the interplanetary dust is presented: (1) size distribution; (2) spatial distribution; (3) composition; (4) dynamics; and (5) origin. The solar probe mission provides a unique opportunity to study the evolution of the interplanetary dust and its eventual destruction near the sun. Two destructive processes (fragmentation and vaporization) of interplanetary dust are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 411-419
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  • 7
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    The solar probe and coronal dynamics (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The discovery of coronal holes led to basic changes in ideas about the structure of the low corona and its expansion into the solar wind. The nature of the energy flux is not understood. Current ideas include enhanced thermal conductivities, extended MHD wave heating, and wave momentum transfer, all in rapidly diverging geometries. There is little feel for the relative importance of these processes. The Solar Probe, with its penetration deep into the solar corona, could lead to observational constraints on their relative importance, and thus to an understanding of the origin of the solar wind. Observations from the Solar Probe will also bear on such questions as to whether small scale "intrastream" structure is common close to the Sun in open field-line regions, whether the properties of the wind are pronouncedly different over closed and open field-line regions at five solar radii, and many others. The resolution of these questions requires measurements of the magnetic field and of the proton and electron distribution functions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 318-333
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  • 8
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    Plasma waves near the sun: Advances possible with a solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A review is presented of current experimental and theoretical knowledge of plasma waves in the solar wind, with comments on the scientific importance of obtaining plasma wave measurements in the region near the sun with the solar probe. The waves discussed include the acoustic waves and shocks which are thought to be the primary source for heating the solar corona, Alfven waves, ion-cyclotron waves, whistler-mode turbulence, ion-acoustic waves, and electron plasma oscillations associated with solar radio emissions. A discussion is presented of the types of measurements which would be needed to study these waves on the solar probe, the constraints imposed on the spacecraft and the research and development which would be needed to provide the necessary instrumentation.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 281-317
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  • 9
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    Probing the solar corona with energetic particles (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Representative sets of recent experimental results and theoretical studies are summarized to show the current knowledge of energetic particle phenomena based mainly on observations near 1 AU. Measurements close to the sun of quantities such as particle spectra, charge and isotopic composition, and the flow of particles as a function of time, together with measurements of the plasma, magnetic field, X-rays, and gamma rays will not only reveal the properties of the source region and acceleration mechanisms but will also provide a better knowledge of the physics of the corona. These measurements may also reveal the existence of large scale inhomogeneities in the solar corona. The general requirements for making these measurements on the solar probe are listed. An energetic particle detector system which has the capability of resolving the charge and isotopic composition up to 50 MeV/nucleon may successfully measure the above quantities provided that it can perform under both very low and average intensity levels.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 205-218
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  • 10
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    Multicolor imaging and photopolarimetry: Disk features, K and F coronas, zodiacal light (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The unique vantage points and viewing geometries afforded by a close-in solar probe are briefly examined with regard to line and continuum measurements of features on the solar disk, the K and F coronas, and the zodiacal light. Common instrument and observing requirements are identified, suggesting that a single instrument could provide much of the necessary observational data on these phenomena.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Closeup of the Sun; p 143-154
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  • 11
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    Ion drive performance and trajectories (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The use of Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) for the Solar Probe Mission is addressed. The dependence of the payload mass on the site of the SEP and the flight time are described on the basis of preliminary data. The range of hardware expected to be available in the 1980's is summarized. There are several classes of optimal low-thrust trajectories for the Solar Probe Mission. These are trajectory types A, B, C corresponding to one, two, or three orbital revolutions, respectively. Plots of transfer trajectories corresponding to type-A, type-A with a Venus Swingby, type-B, and type-C with ab Icarus Rendezvous are shown. A summary of the SEP performance is given.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 544-555
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  • 12
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    Zodiacal light dynamics experiment: A wideband imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Solar Probe will provide an ideal platform from which to study dynamics of dust particles near the sun by measuring the detailed character of the Fraunhofer structure of the zodiacal light. The suggested instrument is a wideband imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer with state of the art technology in both the optics and the detector. The instrument would function as a high-resolution imaging device providing wavelength resolution of 0.03 A over about a 20 A range. The wideband imaging capability would provide sky maps of the zodiacal light on a despun spacecraft without mechanical scanning. The Solar Probe mission would allow the velocity distribution of the dust to be mapped along most of the trajectory of the spacecraft.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 420-429
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  • 13
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    A solar wind experiment for the solar probe mission (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Electron and ion plasma measurements on Solar Probe are important, especially to elucidate the role of coronal holes as sources of the solar wind and to resolve the long debated question of the importance of wave heating within 20 solar radii to the acceleration of the solar wind. Adaptable instruments are required to cover the large dynamic range of parameters between 1 AU and 4 solar radii. The baseline mission would be improved, in some respects, by the addition of a second spacecraft, following the first by a distance of several solar radii. A spinning spacecraft would be satisfactory, but not essential, for the present objectives. Attention should be paid to having the heat shield electrically conducting. An instrument for ion and electron (but no composition) measurements would have a mass of approximately 10 kg, require 8 w of power, and generate data at a maximum rate of approximately 2 kbits/sec.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 345-353
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  • 14
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    Acceleration and heating of the solar wind (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Some of the competing theories of solar wind acceleration and heating are reviewed, and the observations that are required to distinguish among them are discussed. In most cases what is required is measurement of plasma velocity and temperature and magnetic field, as near the sun as possible and certainly inside 20 solar radii; another critical aspect of this question is determining whether a turbulent envelope exists in this inner region, and if so, defining its properties. Plasma and magnetic observations from the proposed Solar Probe mission would thus yield a quantum jump in our understanding of the dynamics of the solar wind.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 334-344
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  • 15
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    On neutrons from the sun (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A survey of all the experiments carried out over the past decade to verify theoretical predictions for the observation of solar neutrons is presented and discussed. The conclusions drawn from this discussion are: (1) the Solar Probe Mission is important in order to discover the low energy neutrons of solar origin; (2) this discovery is likely to carry very useful information about the nature, the locale, the lifetime and the mode of operation of the acceleration processes in the solar atmosphere; and (3) this information will lead to a rapid development of the science of solar meteorology and the more rapid forecasting of solar activity, on a long-term basis.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 262-270
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  • 16
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    Hard X-ray imaging from the solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The solar probe offers a platform with particular advantages for studying solar nonthermal plasma processes via the observations of hard X-radiation from energetic electrons in the chromosphere and corona, these include (1) high sensitivity, (2) a second line of sign (in addition to the earth's) that can aid in three dimensional reconstruction of the source distribution, and, (3) the possibility of correlation with direct measurements of the nonthermal particles from the probe itself.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 132-142
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  • 17
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    High resolution stereoscopic X-ray imaging of coronal features during a solar probe flyby (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The possible role of solar probe mission in answering fundamental questions about the structure and heating of coronal loops is examined. The experimental technique consists of imaging 1-10 keV X-rays to give accurate temperature profiles of hot active regions and post-flare loops. A limitation on the interpretation of such pictures is that steroscopic reconstruction of the three dimensional arches requires many lines of sight. This kind of information can be provided only by a rapid solar flyby. In addition, the proximity to the sun will provide useful spatial resolution with compact instrumentation. The pictures thus obtained will provide crucial tests of theoretical models of coronal arches.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 111-117
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  • 18
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    Optical observations of the sun from a solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The spatial resolution of solar surface structure to ultimate limits with simple instrumentation. The logic is simple: a 10 cm aperture telescope at 4 solar radii resolves the equivalent of a five meter telescope in earth orbit. Given the ease of producing a diffraction limited 10 cm telescope and the difficulty of fabricating a diffraction limited 5 meter telescope, the performance of the small telescope could well be better. The telescope described complements planned solar orbiting telescopes in earth orbit and would need only a few arcs seconds of pointing.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 89-91
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  • 19
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    Possible measurements of J sub 2 and the sun's angular momentum with the solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The metric tensor is given for describing the dynamical effects of the sun on a solar probe and the gravitational redshift of a probe-based clock in a covariance analysis for the detectability of the solar quadrupole moment and the solar angular momentum. Unknown parameters were determined by least squares fit to the probe tracking data. A polar orbit was assumed with perihelion at 5 solar radii and with an earth-sun-probe angle of 135 deg at perihelion. Tracking was assumed to be Doppler only, with a basic uncertainity of .1 mm/sec in the radial velocity. A drag-free system which could reduce nongravitational forces below the level of 2 times 10 to the minus 12th power was found necessary to preserve this same level of accuracy. Both one way and two way Doppler were supposed in order to determine the gravitational redshift as well as the pure spacecraft dynamics.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 58-59
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  • 20
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    The analysis of high spatial resolution UV and X-ray images by computational modeling (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Very high resolution stereoscopic images of high temperature loop structures observed at UV and X-ray wavelengths in the solar corona can be used to understand physical processes in the corona. An existing computational model is described and sample results are given to demonstrate that computational modeling of coronal structures can indeed take advantage of very high resolution images. The sample results include the run of temperature and number density along a typical loop and the variation of the differential emission measure with temperature. The integration of the differential emission measure with temperature along a column commensurate with an instrument's spatial resolution is the relevant parameter obtained from UV and X-ray observations. The effects of loop geometry and energy input are examined.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 118-131
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  • 21
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    Determination of the structure and heating mechanisms of coronal loops from soft X-ray observations with the solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: High resolution soft X-ray imaging from the solar probe is justified in terms of the expected scientific returns which include the determination of the temperature and density structure of a coronal loop. The advantages of the grazing incidence telescope over the multiple pinhole camera are discussed. An instrument package is described which includes a grazing incidence mirror, a thermal prefilter, a three position filter wheel and a focal plane detector baselined as an 800 by 800 back-illuminated charge coupled device. The structural assembly together with the data processing equipment would draw heavily on the designs being developed for the Solar Polar Mission.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 94-110
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  • 22
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    Measurement of solar gravitational oblateness with gravity gradiometers (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A very high sensitivity rotating gravity gradiometer onboard the spacecraft is described for measuring the gravitational oblateness of the Sun during a solar probe mission. The proposed instrument would be a self-contained structure in a thermal-vacuum-magnetic shield in the shape of a cross, with a mass of 20 kg and arm length of 1.0 m and thickness of 0.1 m. The sensor inside would have a resonant frequency of 1/30 Hz, a mechanical Q of one million and would use gravitational radiation antenna technology to achieve a sensitivity of 6 x 10 to the minus 8th power Eotvos, which would provide a measurement of the solar oblateness to an accuracy of 1.5 to 6 x 10 to the minus 8th power. The gravity gradiometer will require a spinning spacecraft, so that it will not sense the spacecraft gravity fields, but the gradiometer does not need to be at the spacecraft center of mass, or even on the spacecraft spin axis. Major problem areas to be addressed are demonstration of the instrument sensitivity prior to flight and the measurement and compensation for any residual spacecraft angular rates.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 69-78
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  • 23
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    Comments on the drag-free control of a solar probe relativity mission (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A spacecraft going within 4 solar radii of the Sun experiences an acceleration up to .00005 g from solar radiation pressure, and significant (though smaller) accelerations from the solar wind. To obtain satisfactory information about relativistic effects and the Sun's quadrupole mass coefficient, these non-gravitational accelerations are either measured or compensated out by making the spacecraft drag free. A proof mass inside the spacecraft structure is shielded from the external forces, so that it follows a nearly ideal gravitational orbit, and a control system activates gas jets (or other translational forcers) to make the vehicle follow the mass. The problems are mechanizing the control laws and minimizing extraneous effects such as the self gravitational pull of the spacecraft. The extraneous forces can be averaged in one plane by having a spinning vehicle.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 60-68
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  • 24
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    Possible measurement of the coefficient of the second zonal harmonic of the sun's gravitational field with a solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The use of radio tracking of a solar probe to estimate accurately the coefficient of the second zonal harmonic of the sun's gravitational field was examined. Preliminary results indicate that the coefficient can be estimated with a standard error of 10 to the minus 8th power or less, provided that the probe is equipped with a suitable drag-free system to compensate for the effects of non-gravitational accelerations. For signal paths that pass near the sun, dual-band ranging to the probe can provide the tracking accuracy needed to insure that the standard of error is equal to or less than 10 to minus 8th power. The possibility of achieving such accuracy with a single-band radio uplink and a dual-band downlink is discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 19-41
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  • 25
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    The importance of determining the solar quadrupole moment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Current theoretical modelling of the sun is in difficulty. Additional observations must be made to place constraints on the plethora of conjectures that have been advanced to explain the low neutrino flux and to guide solar model builders in their search to understand the deep interior of the sun. A determination of the magnitude of the solar quadrupole moment, is one such constraint; it places limits on the density, angular velocity and magnetic field distributions inside the sun.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 11-18
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  • 26
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    The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The SBUV/TOMS is designed to measure the extraterrestrial ultraviolet solar irradiation and the solar ultraviolet radiation from the earth and its atmosphere. Methods to recover the ozone information from backscattered ultraviolet measurements are described. Mapping of the total ozone and 200 mb height fields is obtained.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 175-212
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  • 27
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    Radial and solar cycle variations in the solar wind phase fluctuation spectral index as determined from Voyager 1978 solar conjunction data (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Columnar spectral index information that has been extracted from a sizable volume of Voyager 1978 solar conjunction Doppler phase fluctuation data is presented. The Voyager 1978 results, when compared to similar information derived from the 1976 Helios and Viking Solar Conjunctions, lead to the following inferences: (1) there has been a significant change in the spectral index from 1976 to 1978; (2) there is continuing evidence that favors a slight (positive) correlation between the spectral index and the solar cycle; and (3) there is little or no evidence in support of a radial variation of the spectral index.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 59-65
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  • 28
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    Ballistic trajectories (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The only ballistic trajectory mode feasible for a close solar probe or for an orbit inclined approximately 90 degrees to the ecliptic is the Jupiter gravity assisted mode. A comparison of the trajectories of the Solar Polar and the Solar Probe Mission for 1983 launches is shown. The geometry of the solar encounter phase is practically the same for the 4.3 year orbit achieved by a Jupiter gravity assist and for a one year orbit. Data describing the geometry of an orbit with perihelion at 4 solar radii and aphelion at Jupiter are listed. The range of apparent directions of the solar wind if it is flowing radially outward from the Sun with a speed of either 150 or 300 km/sec is shown. The minimum sun-earth-probe angle during the solar encounter as a function of the earth-node angle and the orbital inclination is also shown. If the inclination is 60 degrees or more, the minimum SEP angle is not greatly different from the 90 degree value.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 521-534
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  • 29
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    Transmission media effects on precise Doppler tracking (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The effects of the transmission media - the earth's troposphere and ionosphere, and the solar wind - on precise Doppler tracking are discussed. The charged particle effects can be largely removed by dual frequency observations; however there are limitations to these corrections (besides system noise and/or finite integration times) including the effects of magnetic fields, diffraction, and differential refraction, all of which must be carefully evaluated. The earth's troposphere can contribute an error of delta f/f approximately 10 to the minus 14th power.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 450-456
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  • 30
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    Scintillation observations near the sun (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Results on the electron density spectrum, the random velocity and the mean velocity of the solar wind in the region from 5 to 100 solar radii are presented. Results are based on intensity scintillations of incoherent radio sources at different locations and different radio frequencies. The shape of the electron density irregularity spectrum is shown to be well modeled by a power law in wavenumber with a slope that abruptly steepens at higher wavenumbers. This two slope power law model is shown to have a break (defined as the wavenumber of the change of slope) that increases with decreasing distance from the Sun. The fractional random velocity is shown to be insignificant at distances of greater than 40 solar radii, but shows a steady increase with decreasing solar distance inside of 40 solar radii.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 388-396
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  • 31
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    Plasma density mapping in the solar wind through use of VHF radio to measure electron content (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: How the electron content between the Solar probe and the earth can be observed with a minimum of equipment and give a quantitative rationale for the use of a signal near 400 MHz to supplement the telecommunications signal is described. The emphasis is on the method of making content observations and on their value. While far from the Sun, the electron content is so low that the S-X dual-frequency system is insufficiently sensitive and a UHF system is optimum. As the probe approaches the Sun, the UHF may be disrupted by scintillation and the variations of the telecommunications signal must be used for the content measurement. By operating the suggested system in different modes as the solar distance changes, operation during the entire mission is possible.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 397-407
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    A timed-correlated four-link Doppler Tracking system (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Phase perturbations that occur in the following components of the one and two-way systems are considered: (1) one-way system (signal from A to B): station a oscillator - transmitter A antenna A - signal path - antenna B - receiver B station B oscillator - recording system B; (2) two-way system (signal from A to B back to A): station A oscillator - transmitter A - antenna A - signal path up - antenna B - transponder B - antenna B - signal path down - receiver A - station A oscillator - recording system A. A symmetrical one- and two-way system which can identify the place of origin of the fluctuation and quantify it so as to recover the unperturbed phase at a given moment of time by time-correlating the phase fluctuations obtained in the one- and two-way data taken at both stations is described
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 457-497
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    Gravitational wave detection with the solar probe: I. Motivation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Questions are posed and answered through discussion of gravitational wave detection with the Solar Probe. Discussed are: (1) what a gravitational wave is; (2) why wave detection is important; (3) what astrophysical information might be learned from these waves; (4) status of attempts to detect these waves; (5) why the Solar Probe is a special mission for detecting these waves; (6) how the Solar Probe's expected sensitivity compares with the strength of predicted gravitational waves; and (7) what gravity wave searchers will do after the Solar Probe.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 433-440
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    Magnetohydrodynamic simulation of coronal mass ejections into the solar wind (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A state of the art fluid continuum technique to describe the MHD transient respose of the corona below 10 solar radii during two well observed events (flares on 21 August 1973 and 5 September 1973) is reviewed. It is concluded that the computer simulation should be subjected to in situ verification of as many of its initial assumptions as possible. Its ability to provide a rational basis for physical understanding of mass ejections suggests its use as one of the tools used in the planning and analysis of such encounter missions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 367-387
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  • 35
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    Spectroscopic mapping of solar wind velocities (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: During the total solar eclipse of 1970, measurements of resonantly scattered Lyman-alpha radiation from the solar corona revealed a means to determine temperatures and densities in the solar corona beyond 1.5 R solar radii. A natural extension of this work is to use the Solar Probe to measure the spectral line profile of Lyman-alpha radiation backscattered toward the Sun from coronal regions between 4 R solar radii and 10 R solar radii. The backscattered profile would provide unique and quantitative determinations of the outlaw velocities of coronal material into the solar wind. Such information is of critical importance for understanding solar-wind formation and solar-terrestrial effects on the earth's climate. There is no known way to obtain this information without a Solar Probe-type mission.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 354-365
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  • 36
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    Solar wind science for a solar probe mission (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Scientific objectives for solar-wind investigations relevant to a Solar Probe mission are outlined and put in perspective. Information gained from the various possible measurements are also listed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 273-280
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  • 37
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    Solar neutron spectroscopy near the sun (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A brief note is summarized to show the importance of solar neutron observations for the advancement of phenomena crucial for solar physics, and to suggest the constraints which must be placed on the Solar Probe Mission for carrying out studies of this kind.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 243-261
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  • 38
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    Low-energy protons: Gradients in interplanetary space and distribution in the solar corona (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: First and second order anisotropy measurements are proposed as a tool for studying the coronal source function and interplanetary propagation of low energy protons. Optimum orbit and attitude requirements are suggested for a three telescope system. Some limitations with regard to the lower energy limit for a feasible set-up are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 234-239
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  • 39
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    Magnetic field measurements from the solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: An optical system for the solar probe is described as well as its capability for improvements in spatial resolution. A magnetograph for measuring the elementary flux tube and obtaining vector geometry field geometry offers the possibility of looking for low contrast weak structure. With the probe's orbit passing over the pole, the structure of the polar field can be directly measured. The detector plane of the system receives a telecentric image of the objective. Because there is an aperture in this focal plane that can both move and change size, polarized line profiles can be obtained at arbitrary points with variable spatial resolution. The telescope microprocessor searches for the magnetic elements and then constructs the vector field.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 155-158
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  • 40
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    New perspectives for solar observations (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The merits and demerits of an approach to the Sun (more closely than about one AU) are examined. High resolution imaging (approximately 0.1 arc sec) to be obtained with the shuttle-borne solar optical telescope, will permit conclusive observations relating to the structure of the quiet solar atmosphere, sunspots, spicules, oscillations, and many other problems of solar astrophysics. Beyond this limit important unresolved structure will exist, especially in optically thin regions or in regions with strong magnetic fields. Ambiguity will remain in solar imagery because a single line of sight cannot suffice completely to untangle the vertical dimension from the two horizontal dimensions. A solar probe with a complement of solar telescopes would provide two lines of sight for solar viewing and increase knowledge of the three dimensional structure of the solar atmosphere.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 81-88
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  • 41
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    Gravitational experiments on solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A covariance analysis was performed for a solar probe trajectory which encounters the sun at four solar radii. The unknown parameters in the analysis are the six initial cartesian coordinates for the probe, six initial cartesian coordinates for the earth, the astronomical unit, the solar gravitational quadrupole coefficient and two post Newtonian meters (beta, gamma). Errors in the unknown parameters were computed as a function of standard errors on the radio tracking data and on the nongravitational forces which act on the probe. Results were obtained for several tracking geometries and for several orbital inclinations to the ecliptic. The analysis shows that the principal scientific result from the radio tracking of a solar probe would be the determination of the quadrupole moment, which would place a constraint on models of the solar interior.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 42-57
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  • 42
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    Ground tracking system phase fluctuation spectra (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Spectral analysis of solar wind plasma fluctuation requires knowledge of the average ground tracking system phase fluctuation spectrum. Typical ground tracking system phase fluctuation spectra are presented as deduced from two-way S-band Doppler noise measured at large Sun-Earth-Probe angles.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 125-128
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  • 43
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    A solar wind turbulence event during the Voyager 1978 solar conjunction profiled via new DSN radio science (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A radio science data capability within the DSN Tracking System is described. This capability consists of routine provision of phase fluctuation data concurrently computed over several different time scales. This capability was used to observe phase fluctuation spectral characteristics during a rapid increase in solar wind turbulence that occurred during a July 23, 1978 track of the Voyager 1 spacecraft by Deep Space Station 11. It is suggested that the capability will prove useful in studies of variations of solar wind phase fluctuation spectral characteristics with, for instance, parameters such as the solar cycle and radial distance.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 55-58
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  • 44
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    Characteristics of the unsteady motion on transversely sheared mean flows (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An explicit representation for the unsteady motion on a transversely sheared mean flow is obtained which corresponds to the gustline motion on a uniform mean flow. The important features of this motion are discussed. It is shown that its velocity, pressure and vorticity are all induced by a certain disturbance field that is a linear combination of the vorticity and particle-displacement fields and is everywhere frozen in the mean flow. The general ideas are illustrated by considering the scattering of a gust by a half-plane embedded in a shear flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 84; Jan. 30
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  • 45
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    A hard X-ray and gamma ray observation of the 22 November 1977 solar flare (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Franco-Soviet experiment package Signe 2 MP for solar and cosmic X and gamma ray observations, launched aboard a Soviet Prognoz satellite into a highly eccentric earth orbit is described. An uncollimated NaI detector 37 mm thick by 90 mm diameter, placed on the upper surface of the satellite faced the sun. A collimated lateral NaI detector 14 mm thick by 38 mm diameter also faced the sun, and a similar lateral detector faced the anti-solar direction. Data tapes reveal an intense solar flare up to energies of up to 5 MeV, with evidence for line emission at 2.23 MeV and possibly 4.4 MeV. The event observed was associated with the Mc Math Plage Region 15031, and an H-alpha flare of importance 2B. It is not yet clear what radio emission is associated with the X-ray observation.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 70-75
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  • 46
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    Critical issues in viscous flow computations (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In developing computer programs to numerically solve the Navier-Stokes equations, the purpose of the computation must be clearly kept in mind. In the Air Force, the purpose is to provide design information on non-linear aerodynamic phenomenon for aircraft that perform throughout the flight corridor. This translates into the requirement for a computer program which can solve the time averaged compressible Navier-Stokes equations (with a turbulence model) in three dimensions for generalized geometries. The intended application of the results then controls the priorities in addressing critical issues. Recurrent problem areas encountered in the study of viscous flow include: (1) grid generation for arbitrary geometry; (2) numerical difficulties; (3) turbulence models; (4) accuracy and efficiency; and (5) smearing of discontinuities.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Future Computer Requirements for Computational Aerodynamics; p 168-175
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  • 47
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    Computational requirements for three-dimensional flows (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The computational requirements needed for predicting steady viscous flow over complex configurations are considered. The desired predictions must be made at reasonable expense, require a reasonable amount of storage space, and result in solutions that are sufficiently accurate. The data needed to estimate the cost of Navier-Stokes solutions is not available; therefore, experience with the solution of the three-dimensional boundary layers equations are used to illustrate the needed information and what can be expected for the Navier-Stokes solutions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Future Computer Requirements for Computational Aerodynamics; p 145-153
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  • 48
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    A dual assault upon turbulence (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: All known calculation methods incorporate some sort of turbulence model to reduce the infinite hierarchy of equations, under Reynolds' averaging, to a finite set. All such models suffer from a certain ad hoc nature. A dual structure model was developed wherein the turbulence field is, somewhat arbitrarily, decomposed into large eddies which presumably are dominant contributors to the Reynolds' stress and small eddies which feed on the large eddies as these, in turn feed upon the average flow to gain their energy. These concepts have been developed into a dual approach, one extractive and the other predictive as outlined below.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Future Computer Requirements for Computational Aerodynamics; p 260-266
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  • 49
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    Computing viscous flows (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Although the goals and techniques of computational aerodynamics and computational fluid dynamics differ, advancement in the physical and mathematical aspects of the latter are required for progress in aerodynamic computation. The most attractive approach is the use of hybrid methods where both the equations treated and the solution algorithms reflect the local character of the flow. A working general turbulence model that is only peripherally related to the availability of large fast computers would provide a significant breakthrough in computational aerodynamics. There is no unanimity of opinion as to what may be the optimum algorithm or family of algorithms in the next decade. While it is premature to develop an optimum processor, such a machine dedicated to study the structure of solutions to the three-dimensional time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations and to the computability of turbulence would be very valuable.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Future Computer Requirements for Computational Aerodynamics; p 209-220
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  • 50
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    Viscous flow simulation requirements (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Although significant advances have been made in the simulation of two-dimensional compressible laminar viscous flows by numerically solving the compressible Navier-Stokes (N.S.) equations, problem areas still remain to be solved before viscous flows requiring solution of the compressible N.S. equations can be efficiently and accurately simulated for flows of aerodynamic interest. These problem areas include turbulence (three-dimensional character), complex geometry, flow unsteadiness, placement of artificial boundaries relative to solid boundaries, specification of boundary conditions, and large flow gradients near surfaces and in the vicinity of shock waves for supersonic flows.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Future Computer Requirements for Computational Aerodynamics; p 176-208
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    Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD): Future role and requirements as viewed by an applied aerodynamicist (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The problem of designing the wing-fuselage configuration of an advanced transonic commercial airliner and the optimization of a supercruiser fighter are sketched, pointing out the essential fluid mechanical phenomena that play an important role. Such problems suggest that for a numerical method to be useful, it must be able to treat highly three dimensional turbulent separations, flows with jet engine exhausts, and complex vehicle configurations. Weaknesses of the two principal tools of the aerodynamicist, the wind tunnel and the computer, suggest a complementing combined use of these tools, which is illustrated by the case of the transonic wing-fuselage design. The anticipated difficulties in developing an adequate turbulent transport model suggest that such an approach may have to suffice for an extended period. On a longer term, experimentation of turbulent transport in meaningful cases must be intensified to provide a data base for both modeling and theory validation purposes.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Future Computer Requirements for Computational Aerodynamics; p 132-142
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  • 52
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    A numerical study of capillary stability in a circular cylindrical container with a concave spheroidal bottom (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes a theoretical investigation of the stability under gravitational and surface forces of a liquid in a circular cylindrical container with a concave spheroidal bottom for the case in which the volume of the liquid is sufficiently small so that the bottom is not covered completely. The gravitational field is assumed to be directed along the symmetry axis of the container, and for a specific container shape the critical Bond number is calculated as a function of liquid volume for contact angles of gamma = 0, 1, 2, and 4 deg. For gamma = 0 deg, some critical equilibrium configurations and corresponding perturbation modes are presented.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering; 16; Dec. 197
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  • 53
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    Measurements of extreme-ultraviolet emission-line profiles near the solar limb (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Line profiles of optically thin extreme-ultraviolet emission lines observed in a quiet sun region at positions within and above the white-light limb with the NRL slit spectrograph (S082-B) on Skylab are discussed. Absolute line intensities and full widths at half-maximum are presented for lines formed over the temperature range from about 10,000 to 22,000 K. The line intensities are compared with the predictions of simple atmospheric models consisting of a spicule component and a thin spherically symmetric or network models, but can be explained by assuming that the emission arises from spicule-like inhomogeneities. Random mass-motion velocities are calculated. The velocity increases with increasing temperature of line formation. Near the limb and above about 4000 K the calculated velocity is consistent with the predictions of a constant acoustic flux passing through the transition zone. For the ions formed at temperatures not less than about 63,000 K, the velocity is found to increase with increasing height above the white-light limb.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 54
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    Resonant absorption of Alfvenic surface waves and the heating of solar coronal loops (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A first-order mass- and energy-balance model is developed for steady-state EUV 'coronal rain' loops that are not associated with postflare events and are often seen over sunspot umbrae. The model disregards variations in a loop's thermodynamic and magnetic properties along magnetic-field lines and yields average properties of the resonant absorption sheath, the boundary layer, and the loop's interior. Both irreversible heating by Alfvenic surface waves and energy transport via induced boundary-layer convection are taken into account in the analysis. Results that include predictions of the temperatures of the sheath and the boundary-layer plasma, the temperature of the interior plasma, the radiative output of the loop, and the filling factor associated with this radiation are given in terms of the period and velocity amplitude of the relevant surface wave as well as various parameters that characterize a typical 'coronal rain' loop. These results are shown to be consistent with the observed minimum and maximum temperatures as well as the radiative output of typical 'coronal rain' loops.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 55
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    EUV spectra from Skylab /1175-1940 A/ - Mass motions in the transition zone in regions of solar activity (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The profiles of spectral lines in the 1100-2000-A range emitted by transition-zone ions in regions of solar activity are discussed. The data were recorded by the NRL spectrograph on Skylab. At the spatial resolution of the Skylab spectrograph (2 x 60 arcsec), it is shown that the line profiles result from the superposed emission of a number of physically distinct regions at different electron densities and with different mass motions. Although high densities are found for some surgelike phenomena at transition-zone temperatures, the densities can also be comparable to normal active-region densities. Line profiles, as well as spectral line intensities, must be considered if meaningful theoretical models of dynamic activity in the transition zone are to be constructed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 69; 1, Se; Sept
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  • 56
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    A comparison of the Method of Lines to finite difference techniques in solving time-dependent partial differential equations (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Steady state solutions to two time dependent partial differential systems have been obtained by the Method of Lines (MOL) and compared to those obtained by efficient standard finite difference methods: (1) Burger's equation over a finite space domain by a forward time central space explicit method, and (2) the stream function - vorticity form of viscous incompressible fluid flow in a square cavity by an alternating direction implicit (ADI) method. The standard techniques were far more computationally efficient when applicable. In the second example, converged solutions at very high Reynolds numbers were obtained by MOL, whereas solution by ADI was either unattainable or impractical. With regard to 'set up' time, solution by MOL is an attractive alternative to techniques with complicated algorithms, as much of the programming difficulty is eliminated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Computers and Fluids; 6; June 197
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  • 57
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    The composition of corotating energetic particle streams (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The relative abundances of 1.5-23 MeV per nucleon ions in corotating nucleon streams are compared with ion abundances in particle events associated with solar flares and with solar and solar wind abundances. He/O and C/O ratios are found to be a factor of the order 2-3 greater in corotating streams than in flare-associated events. The distribution of H/He ratios in corotating streams is found to be much narrower and of lower average value than in flare-associated events. H/He in corotating energetic particle streams compares favorably in both lack of variability and numerical value with H/He in high-speed solar wind plasma streams. The lack of variability suggests that the source population for the corotating energetic particles is the solar wind, a suggestion consistent with acceleration of the corotating particles in interplanetary space.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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  • 58
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    Experimental temperature distribution and heat load characteristics of rotating heat pipes (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experimental results show conclusively that the presence of a small quantity of a noncondensable gas (NCG) mixed with the working fluid has a considerable effect on the condensation process in a rotating heat pipe. The temperature distribution in the condenser shows the blanketing effect of the NCG and the ratio of the molecular weight of the working fluid to that of the NCG has a very definite effect on the shape of this distribution. Some of the effects are quite similar to the well-established data on stationary heat pipes.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer; 21; Feb. 197
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  • 59
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    Impulsive solar X-ray bursts (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A set of 22 simple impulsive solar flares, identified in the OSO 5 hard X-ray data, has been analyzed together with coincident microwave and meter-wave radio observations. The rise times and fall times of the X-ray bursts are found to be highly correlated and effectively equal, strongly suggesting a flare-energizing mechanism that is reversible. The good time resolution available for these observations reveals that the microwave emission is influenced by an additional process, evident in the tendency of the microwave emission to peak later and decay more slowly than the symmetric X-ray bursts. Meter-wave emission is observed in coincidence with five events which also show strong time correlation between the X-ray and microwave burst structure. This meter-wave emission is characterized by U-burst radiation, indicating confinement of the flare source. The relationship found between the X-ray burst duration and the calculated flare diameter, together with the thermal character of the X-ray spectra, gives additional support to the hypothesis that the impulsive component is driven by adiabatic compression and expansion of a magnetically confined plasma which is the common primary source of both X-ray and microwave emission.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
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  • 60
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    Surface waves generated by shallow underwater explosions (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Surface water waves generated by surface and near surface point explosions are calculated. Taking the impulse distribution imparted at the water surface by the explosion as the overriding mechanism for transferring energy of the explosive to surface wave motion, the linearized theory of Kranzer and Keller is used to obtain the wave displacement in the far field. The impulse distribution is obtained by integrating the pressure wave over an appropriate time interval on a horizontal surface just beneath the undisturbed water surface. For surface explosions, a modified form of the similarity method first used by Collins and Holt is used to obtain the flow field. In the case of submerged explosions, the flow field is estimated by making necessary modifications to Sedov's similarity solution to account for the venting that accompanies the interaction of the leading (blast) wave with the ocean surface. Surface waves generated by a charge at six depths of placement (0.15 m, 0.30 m, 0.61 m, 0.91 m, 1.37 m, 3.05 m) are considered in addition to surface explosions. The results seem to support the existence of an upper critical depth phenomenon (of the type already established for chemical explosions) for point (nuclear) explosions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 21; Oct. 197
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  • 61
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    Densities in the quiet sun and polar coronal holes from EUV line ratios involving O III /1666.15 A/ (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 62
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    Sources of magnetic fields in recurrent interplanetary streams (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper examines sources of magnetic fields in recurrent streams observed by the Imp 8 and Heos spacecraft at 1 AU and by Mariner 10 en route to Mercury between October 31, 1973 and February 9, 1974, during Carrington rotations 1607-1610. Although most fields and plasmas at 1 AU were related to coronal holes and the magnetic field lines were open in those holes, some of the magnetic fields and plasmas at 1 AU were related to open field line regions on the sun which were not associated with known coronal holes, indicating that open field lines may be more basic than coronal holes as sources of the solar wind. Magnetic field intensities in five equatorial coronal holes, certain photospheric magnetic fields, and the coronal footprints of the sector boundaries on the source surface are characterized.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Sept. 1
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  • 63
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    Navier-Stokes solutions using Stetter's method (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Compressible Navier-Stokes equations for quasi-one-dimensional flow in a converging-diverging nozzle have been solved using Stetter's three-step predictor-corrector technique. Particular emphasis is given to the minimum iterative step feature for steady-state solutions. It is found that for the nonviscous-dominated case, Stetter's method attains the steady-state solution in the fewest steps when compared to four other currently used techniques.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal; 16; Sept
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  • 64
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    Limb-brightening observations from the OSO-7 satellite. III - Comparison of EUV line intensities of Fe XII, Fe XI, Fe XV, Si X and S XII, Si IX and S XI with predictions (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Continuing a study of heliocentric dependence of EUV emission line intensities observed by the Goddard OSO-7 spectroheliograph in 1972, the variation of lines of the ions Fe XII, Fe XI, Fe XV, Si X and S XII, Si IX and S XI is compared with the results of individual calculations for these ions, including theoretical intensities presented for Fe XII and Fe XI. Agreement is found to be good for Fe XII and reasonable for some of the lines of the other ions which in general are weaker in intensity. Several apparent anomalies are found however which may be due to unknown line components near the wavelengths observed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 67; 1, Ju; June 197
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  • 65
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    An instability of finite amplitude circularly polarized Alfven waves (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A demonstration is presented that a finite-amplitude circularly-polarized Alfven wave is generally unstable in a MHD fluid. The wave decays by a four-wave coupling process in which the daughter waves are forward propagating random density and magnetic fluctuations and a backward-propagating magnetic wave. For parameters typical of the solar corona and the solar wind (thermal to magnetic energy density ratios between 0.1 and 1, and values between 0.1 and 0.9 for the ratio of magnetic energy density of the initial Alfven wave to that of the background magnetic field), large decay rates are found.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 219
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  • 66
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    Electron densities in solar flare and active region plasmas from a density-sensitive line ratio of Fe IX (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 219
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  • 67
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    Predictive capabilities of series solutions for laminar free convection boundary layer heat transfer (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Various types of series solutions for predicting laminar, free-convection boundary-layer heat transfer over both isothermal and nonisothermal boundaries are reviewed. The methods include finite difference, Merk series, Blasius series, and Goertler series. Comparative results are presented for heat transfer over an isothermal, horizontal, elliptical cylinder in both slender and blunt configurations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 68
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    Coefficient matrices for implicit finite difference solution of the inviscid fluid conservation law equations (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Although the Navier-Stokes equations describe most flows of interest in aerodynamics, the inviscid conservation law equations may be used for small regions with viscous forces. Thus, Euler equations and several time-accurate finite difference procedures, explicit and implicit, are discussed. Although implicit techniques require more computational work, they permit larger time steps to be taken without instability. It is noted that the Jacobian matrices for Euler equations in conservation-law form have certain eigenvalue-eigenvector properties which may be used to construct conservative-form coefficient matrices. This reduces the computation time of several implicit and semiimplicit schemes. Extensions of the basic approach to other areas are suggested.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering; 13; Feb. 197
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  • 69
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    Direct observation of the latitudinal extent of a high-speed stream in the solar wind (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The latitudinal boundaries of stationary fast solar wind streams emerging from equatorward extensions of the sun's polar coronal holes are studied. Simultaneous data from the Helios 1 and Imp spacecraft at different heliographic latitudes are compared. The measured latitudinal speed gradient of 30 km/s/deg shows that large angular speed gradients occur at the leading edges of fast streams and also with respect to latitude. The data indicate that longitudinal speed gradients are steeper near 0.3 AU than at 1.0 AU. Generally, regions with large angular speed gradients are observed to separate fast streams from the surrounding slower plasma. This suggests the existence of mechanisms which diminish longitudinal speed gradients as the plasma travels toward 1.0 AU. It also seems that the distribution of solar wind speeds on a near-sun spherical surface has large mesalike high-speed regions. Comparisons of Helios 1 and Imp data with corona observations supports the hypothesis that high-speed solar wind streams emerge from coronal holes.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Mar. 1
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  • 70
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    The Wiener-Hermite expansion applied to decaying isotropic turbulence using a renormalized time-dependent base (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The problem of decaying isotropic turbulence has been studied using a Wiener-Hermite expansion with a renormalized time-dependent base. The theory is largely deductive and uses no modeling approximations. It has been found that many properties of large-Reynolds-number turbulence can be calculated (at least for moderate time) using the moving-base expansion alone. Such properties found are the spectrum shape in the dissipation range, the Kolmogorov constant, and the energy cascade in the inertial subrange. Furthermore, by using a renormalization scheme, it is possible to extend the calculation to larger times and to initial conditions significantly different from the equilibrium form. If the initial spectrum is the Kolmogorov spectrum perturbed with a spike or dip in the inertial subrange, the process proceeds to eliminate the perturbation and relax to the preferred spectrum shape. The turbulence decays with the proper dissipation rate, and several other properties are found to agree with measured data. The theory is also used to calculate the energy transfer and the flatness factor of turbulence.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 85; Mar. 21
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  • 71
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    Solar wind stream interfaces (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented for a superposed epoch analysis of discontinuous solar wind interfaces. The average time-space profiles of stream interfaces are discussed with reference to fluid properties (flow speed, pressure ridge, density, electron and proton temperatures) and kinetic properties (electron core and halo, flow speed fluctuations, electron heat flux, alpha particles). Other aspects of stream interfaces are described, such as the persistence of individual interfaces, shock associations, the sector boundaries of the interplanetary magnetic field, and sudden impulses in the geomagnetic field. Interface position is considered in terms of the observed temperature jump. A conceptual model of high-speed stream evolution is proposed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Apr. 1
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  • 72
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    Steady flow of a non-Newtonian fluid through a contraction (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A steady-state analysis is conducted to examine the basic flow structure of a non-Newtonian fluid in a domain including an inflow region, a contraction region, and an outflow region. A Cartesian grid system is used throughout the entire flow domain, including the contraction region, thus creating an irregular grid cell structure adjacent to the curved boundary. At node points adjacent to the curved boundary symmetry conditions are derived for the different flow variables in order to solve the governing difference equations. Attention is given to the motion and non-Newtonian constitutive equations, the boundary conditions, the numerical modeling of the non-Newtonian equations, the stream function contour lines for the non-Newtonian fluid, the vorticity contour lines for the non-Newtonian fluid, the velocity profile across the contraction, and the shear stress contour lines for the non-Newtonian fluid.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics; 27; Apr. 197
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  • 73
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    The electron density at 10 to the 5th K in different regions of the solar atmosphere derived from an intersystem line of O IV (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 65; 2, Ap; Apr. 197
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  • 74
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    A phenomenological model of solar flares (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The energy of solar flares is derived from the magnetic energy of fields convected to the sun's surface and subsequently converted to heat and energetic particles within the chromosphere. The circumstances of this conversion in most current models is magnetic flux annihilation at a neutral sheet. An analysis is conducted of the constraints of flux annihilation. It is shown that the present evidence of solar cosmic rays, X-rays, gamma-rays, and total energy suggests a choice of annihilation not at a neutral point, but by an enhanced dissipation of a field-aligned current. The field configuration is related both to its origin and to the extensive theory and laboratory experiments concerned with this configuration in magnetic fusion. The magnetic field model is applied to the August 4 flare. It is shown how the plasma heating in the annihilation region balanced by thermal conduction leads to a plasma temperature of about 20 million deg K.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 221
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  • 75
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    Wall region of a relaxing three-dimensional incompressible turbulent boundary layer (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer relaxing behind a transverse hump (shaped as a 30-deg swept 5-ft chord wing-type model) was studied in a low-speed wind tunnel. Data obtained with hot-wire probes showed that the apparent dimensionless velocity profiles in the viscous sublayer prevail universally; evidence for wall similarity in the relaxing flow field was confirmed in the form of a log law. An unusual region of slightly decreasing cross-flow angle was found in collateral regions, and a near-wall noncollateral flow was posited. Streamwise relaxation of the mean flow field was also investigated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 85; Mar. 7
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  • 76
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    Spectrum of mean free paths near earth in the solar cosmic ray event of April 29, 1973 (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; June 1
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  • 77
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    Long-term variations of selected solar wind properties - IMP 6, 7, and 8 results (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Studies of the variability of the solar wind are extended to include the minimum of solar cycle 20; attention is given to the He abundance, the relative He-H velocity difference, the He-H temperature ratio, the solar coronal proton density, speed, rms velocity variation, temperature and number flux, and the kinetic and total energy fluxes. The solar wind data are from observations conducted by the IMP-6, -7 and -8 satellites. A well-developed corotating stream structure appearing in January 1973 and disappearing in mid-1976 receives particular consideration. An increase in proton number and total energy fluxes after September 1972 may be due to areal expansion of both polar coronal holes, and may be associated with compression of the low-speed equatorial disk-shaped region postulated to surround the sun in interplanetary space.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; May 1
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  • 78
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    An efficient explicit-implicit-characteristic method for solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equations (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Explicit, implicit, and characteristic finite-difference methods are applied to solve model equations representative of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. An approach is then formulated for solving the Navier-Stokes equation at high Reynolds numbers. The approach has drastically reduced the computation time required to obtain viscous flow solutions. Computational results for shock wave separated flows are presented.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 79
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    The importance of spectroscopy in the 80-800 A region for plasma diagnostics in the solar atmosphere (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The importance of the spectral range from about 80 to 800 A for determining physical conditions in different regions of the solar atmosphere is discussed. Examples are given of line ratios that may be used to determine electron densities in quiet-sun regions, active regions, and flares. The possibility of determining electron temperatures from line ratios in the EUV is considered. It is shown that profiles, as well as intensities, of spectral lines must be obtained for a proper interpretation of the spectra. Approximate parameters are provided for a solar grazing-incidence spectrograph suitable for the study of the 80-800-A wavelength region.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
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  • 80
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    Low frequency spectra of type III solar radio bursts (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Flux density spectra have been determined for 91 simple type III solar bursts observed by the Goddard Space Flight Center radio astronomy experiment on the IMP-6 spacecraft during 1971 and 1972. Spectral peaks were found to occur at frequencies ranging from 44 kHz up to 2500 kHz. Half of the bursts peaked between 250 kHz and 900 kHz, corresponding to emission at solar distances of about 0.3 to 0.1 AU. Maximum burst flux density sometimes exceeds 10 to the -14th W/sq m/Hz. The primary factor controlling the spectral peak frequency of these bursts appears to be a variation in intrinsic power radiated by the source as the exciter moves outward from the sun, rather than radio propagation effects between the source and IMP-6. Thus, a burst spectrum strongly reflects the evolution of the properties of the exciting electron beam, and according to current theory, beam deceleration could help account for the observations.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 59; Oct. 197
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  • 81
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    The computation of incompressible, three-dimensional flows in containers with extensible walls (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The theoretical study of flow in biological vascular systems is made very difficult in connection with local and temporal changes of the cross section. Experimental investigations with the aid of model tests are, however, not enough for a solution of the problems, and numerical solutions are more and more employed for a description of such flows. A description is presented of a difference procedure for the solution of the complete Navier-Stokes equations with curvilinear coordinates for three-dimensional flows in containers. The integration of the Navier-Stokes equations for flows in containers with rigid and moving walls is considered.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 82
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    Measurement of the profile and intensity of the solar He I lambda 584-A resonance line (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The intensity and profile of the helium resonance line at 584 A from the entire disk of the sun was investigated by using a rocket-borne helium-filled spectrometer and a curve-of-growth technique. The line profile was found to be accurately represented by a Gaussian profile with full width at half maximum of 122 + or - 10 mA, while the integrated intensity was measured to be 2.6 + or - 1.3 billion photons/s per sq cm at solar activity levels of F(10.7) = 90.8 x 10 to the -22nd per sq m/Hz and Rz = 27. The measured line width is in good agreement with previous spectrographic measurements, but the integrated intensity is larger than most previous photoelectric measurements. However, the derived line center flux of 20 + or - 10 billion photons/s per sq cm/A is in good agreement with values inferred from airglow measurements.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Dec. 1
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  • 83
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    A three-dimensional model of corotating streams in the solar wind. I - Theoretical foundations (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper is concerned with the development of the theoretical and mathematical background pertinent to the study of steady, corotating solar wind structure in all three spatial dimensions. The dynamical evolution of the plasma in interplanetary space (defined as the region beyond roughly 35 Rs where the flow is supersonic) is approximately described by the nonlinear, single-fluid, polytropic magnetohydrodynamic or hydrodynamic equations. Efficient numerical techniques are outlined for solving this complex system of coupled, hyperbolic partial differential equations. The present formulation is inviscid and nonmagnetic, but the methods used allow for the potential inclusion of both features with only modest modifications. A simple, highly idealized hydrodynamic model stream is examined to illustrate the fundamental processes involved in the three-dimensional dynamics of stream evolution. It is found that spatial variations in the rotational stream interaction mechanism produce small nonradial flows on a global scale that lead to the transport of mass, energy, and momentum away from regions of relative compression and into regions of relative rarefaction. Comparison with simpler models demonstrates the essential nonlinear, multidimensional nature of the interplanetary dynamics.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Dec. 1
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  • 84
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    The radial variation of corotating energetic particle streams in the inner and outer solar system (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Spacecraft observations of 0.9 to 2.2 MeV protons are used to evaluate the radial gradient of long-lived corotating energetic particle streams for several time periods from mid-1973 to mid-1976. New evidence is presented for a positive gradient between 0.3 and some 3-4 AU and a negative one beyond some 3-5 AU. The relation between the corotating events in the inner solar system and the accompanying interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind is examined. It is shown, independently of possible secondary latitudinal effects, that between 0.3 and 1 AU, in a region where gradients up to 300%/AU exist, the particle stream is propagating inside a fast solar wind stream in a region adjacent to low- and high-speed stream interactions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Oct. 1
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  • 85
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    Thermal response behavior of boundary-layer flows (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper presents an approximate, but general, analysis for the thermal response behavior of incompressible, constant property, laminar boundary layer flow over a smooth object of arbitrary shape. It encompasses the classic time-dependent Leveque problem as its special case. Comparisons with available data show that, for fluids with Prandtl number of the order of unity or larger, this analytical solution is able to provide reasonably accurate results for most engineering applications. Under certain restrictive conditions, it can also be used to predict the thermal response of a compressible boundary layer flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer; 21; June 197
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  • 86
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    A finite element thermal analysis procedure for several temperature-dependent parameters (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A finite-element thermal analysis procedure for elements with several temperature-dependent thermal parameters is presented. The procedure, based on an application of the Newton-Raphson iteration technique, is formulated by resolving element matrices into component matrices, one component for each thermal parameter. Component conductance matrices are evaluated by assuming constant thermal parameters within an element and are computed once per unit thermal parameter. Significant savings in computer time result from the unit thermal parameter concept. The solution procedure applied to a convectively cooled structure with significantly varying thermal parameters converged in four iterations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 87
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    The radial gradients and collisional properties of solar wind electrons (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The plasma electron detector on Mariner 10 is used to obtain measurements of electron density and temperature in the interplanetary medium between heliocentric distances of 0.85 and 0.45 AU. The observations show quantitatively that the core of the electron distribution function can be described as collisional at least for radial distances within 1 AU, since with a very few well-marked exceptions associated with high-speed streams, the Coulomb collisional momentum relaxation length is less than the density scale height at all times and all radial distances at which data were obtained. It is found that the Coulomb energy exchange collisions between the core and the (test) halo population are negligible. The power law exponent of the core temperature is about -0.3, whereas the halo temperature is almost independent of heliocentric distance.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Aug. 1
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  • 88
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    The spiral field inhibition of thermal conduction in two-fluid solar wind models (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports on two-field models which include the inhibition of thermal conduction by the spiraling interplanetary field to determine whether any of the major conclusions obtained by Nerney and Barnes (1977) needs to be modified. Comparisons with straight field line models reveal that for most base conditions, the primary effect of the inhibition of thermal conduction is the bottling-up of heat in the electrons as well as the quite different temperature profiles at a large heliocentric radius. The spiral field solutions show that coronal hole boundary conditions do not correspond to states of high-speed streams as observed at 1 AU. The two-fluid models suggest that the spiral field inhibition of thermal conduction in the equatorial plane will generate higher gas pressures in comparison with flows along the solar rotation axis (between 1 and 10 AU). In particular, massive outflows of stellar winds, such as outflow from T Tauri stars, cannot be driven by thermal conduction. The conclusions of Nerney and Barnes remain essentially unchanged.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Aug. 1
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  • 89
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    Theoretical intensity ratios for the UV lines of Mg VII, Si IX and S XI (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Energy levels, oscillator strengths, and electron collision strengths have been computed for the configurations 2s2 2p2, 2s 2p3, 2p4 of Mg VII, Si IX, and S XI. Level populations for the ground configuration and theoretical intensity ratios for the UV lines are tabulated for electron densities and temperatures appropriate to the solar atmosphere. The identification of the Mg VII, Si IX, and S XI UV lines is discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 184
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  • 90
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    XUV spectra of the 1973 June 15 solar flare observed from Skylab. III - A list of spectral lines from 1000 to 1940 A (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A wavelength list of spectral lines between 1000 and 1940 A is presented for the solar flare that occurred on June 15, 1973. The spectra were recorded by the NRL spectrograph on Skylab. The spectral resolution is 0.06 A. Intensities, identifications, and estimates of line widths are given. The intensity of the continuum is also given at 50-A intervals between 1400 and 1900 A. The wavelength list includes about 1400 lines; about 30% of these lines are not indentified. Because of the high wavelength resolution, this line list will be useful as a source of identification for some stellar as well as solar spectra. In particular, the list should be a useful aid in the identification of lines in the spectra of stars with classifications close to that of the sun. Spectra of such stars may be obtained from the recently launched IUE spacecraft. It is also interesting to compare the list with some of the spectra of early-type stars recorded by Copernicus.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 37; July 197
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  • 91
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    The free shear layer tone phenomenon and probe interference (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The reported investigation shows that the hot-wire probe induces stable upstream oscillations in a free shear layer, similar to the jet edge tone mechanism. This effect can be significant also in measurements involving large-scale organized structure, conditional sampling, space-time correlation, and convection velocity, when a reference or indicator probe may be used near the origin of the free shear layer. It appears that even in a free shear layer without any wedge, an object in the flow sufficiently downstream can also provide feedback to the flow upstream. A description is given of the edge-tone phenomenon which is observed when a thin slit jet impinges on a plane wedge. Attention is given to the free shear layer tone induced by a hot-wire probe, the free shear layer tone phenomenon, and shear layer tone eigenvalues and eigenfunctions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 87; July 26
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  • 92
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    Comparisons of measured and calculated potential magnetic fields (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photospheric line-of-sight and transverse-magnetic-field data obtained, with a vector magnetograph system for an isolated sunspot are described. A study of the linear polarization patterns and of the calculated transverse field lines indicates that the magnetic field of the region is very nearly potential. The H-alpha fibril structures of this region as seen in high-resolution photographs corroborate this conclusion. Consequently, a potential-field calculation is described using the measured line-of-sight fields together with assumed Neumann boundary conditions; both are necessary and sufficient for a unique solution. The computed transverse fields are then compared with the measured transverse fields to verify the potential-field model and assumed boundary values. The implications of these comparisons for the validity of magnetic-field extrapolations using potential theory are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 57; Apr. 197
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  • 93
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    A procedure for computation of fully stalled flows in two-dimensional passages (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A procedure is described for computation of incompressible, steady, two-dimensional flows in fully stalled diffusers with plenum exit. The procedure is successful in predicting pressure distributions and patterns to the accuracy of the data. The procedure employs a zonal model; this maintains close connections between the modeling and the physics thereby providing insight into critical aspects of modeling separated flows. The procedure presented is also convenient for computing unstalled flows in passages with turbulent boundary layers for either direct or indirect design problems. Computing times are well within engineering feasibility. The concepts developed can be extended to other classes of separated flows; some of these extensions have already been completed and are referenced.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 94
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    A stereoscopic visual study of coherent structures in turbulent shear flow (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Stereoscopic photography was used to record the three-dimensional motions of fluid elements along a flat-plate turbulent boundary layer flow. The outer region of the boundary layer was dominated by the formation and convection of transverse vortices, formed at the high-speed front between low- and high-speed fluid elements. Vortical motions observed in the wall region consisted of (1) motions of single particles around part of a circle, (2) streamwise vortices, and (3) transverse vortices.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 89; Nov. 28
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  • 95
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    Interaction of a strong blast wave with a free surface (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: When a point source explosion is initiated at the ocean surface, the shock propagated into the water is reflected at the surface as a centered expansion wave. The solution in the neighborhood of the interaction point is obtained by writing the equations of motion in the appropriate similarity variables and then changing the independent variables to polar coordinates based at the interaction point. From the zero-order solution of the resulting equations the slopes of boundaries at the interaction point are obtained. A first-order perturbation of this solution provides more accurate representation of the flow variables and the curvature of the shock surface near the interaction point.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 21; Oct. 197
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  • 96
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    Kinetic model of turbulence in an incompressible fluid (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A statistical description of turbulence in an incompressible fluid obeying the Navier-Stokes equations is proposed, where pressure is regarded as a potential for the interaction between fluid elements. A scaling procedure divides a fluctuation into three ranks representing the three transport processes of macroscopic evolution, transport property, and relaxation. Closure is obtained by relaxation, and a kinetic equation is obtained for the fluctuation of the macroscopic rank of the distribution function. The solution gives the transfer function and eddy viscosity. When applied to the inertia subrange of the energy spectrum the analysis recovers the Kolmogorov law and its numerical coefficient.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 97
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    Electron densities in the solar corona from density-sensitive line ratios in the N I isoelectronic sequence (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 98
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    Magnetic field in the primitive solar nebula (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Carbonaceous chondrites have apparently been magnetized in their early history in magnetic fields with intensities of 0.1 to 10 G, but the origin of the magnetizing field has remained obscured. It is suggested that the magnetic field recorded in the remanence of carbonaceous chondrites may have been produced by a self-excited hydromagnetic dynamo in the gaseous preplanetary nebula from which the solar system is thought to have formed. Recently computed models for the evolution of the preplanetary nebula, consisting of turbulent and differentially rotating gaseous disks with characteristic radial scales of several AU, are used to demonstrate the feasibility of this hypothesis. The maximum field intensity that might be realized by the dynamo production process is estimated to be as high as 1 to 10 G, taking into account two dynamical mechanisms that limit the strength of the field (the Coriolis force and ambipolar diffusion).
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 276; Nov. 30
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  • 99
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    Electron heating within interaction zones of simple high-speed solar wind streams (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In the present paper, electron heating within the high-speed portions of three simple stream-stream interaction zones is studied to further our understanding of the physics of heat flux regulation in interplanetary space. To this end, the thermal signals present in the compressions at the leading edges of the simple high-speed streams are analyzed, showing that the data are inconsistent with the Spitzer conductivity. Instead, a polynomial law is found to apply. Its implication concerning the mechanism of interplanetary heat conduction is discussed, and the results of applying this conductivity law to high-speed flows inside of 1 AU are studied. A self-consistent model of the radial evolution of electrons in the high-speed solar wind is proposed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Nov. 1
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  • 100
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    Characteristic electron variations across simple high-speed solar wind streams (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper deals with electron variations across simple high-speed streams. Comprehensive scans of the shapes of electron distributions measured at the highest bulk speeds confirm the results of Rosenbauer et al. (1976, 1977) and show that the electron velocity distributions can be broken down into a low-energy or core component and a high-energy strongly beamed component. The low-energy component displays many characteristics expected from a fluid: the internal particle coupling necessary to maintain this state must result from both binary Coulomb collisions and wave-particle interactions. The high-energy or halo component displays many characteristics expected to develop in the absence of collisions beyond a certain base radius. These electrons appear to evolve under the primary influence of static interplanetary magnetic and electric fields and, therefore, develop very anisotropic velocity distributions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Nov. 1
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