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  • Articles  (53,637)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009  (22,882)
  • 1985-1989  (15,504)
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  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decentralized variable structure control of interconnected multi-input/ multi-output nonlinear systems (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 363-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract For a broad class of interconnected nonlinear systems, this paper develops a complete design methodology for decentralized variable structure control. Specifically, the paper sets forth design schemes for local switching surfaces and the related local switched feedback gains which together force the original nonlinear interconnected system to behave as a reduced order interconnected equivalent system having a desired response such as stability, tracking, or prespecified eigenvalues. Also developed is a numerical algorithm for constructing the switched local feedback gains. A simple nonlinear example illustrates the control strategy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600000
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On decentralized hierarchic stabilization of a large-scale system with constraints (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 391-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new stabilization method of a large-scale dynamic system, consisting of a set of interconnected subsystems, is presented in this paper. The topology of the interconnected subsystems is given as a network containing nodes with only one ingoing link, and none, one, or more outgoing links. Here, when the notion “node” is used a subsystem is assumed, and the links stand for the subsystem interconnections. The stabilization method is made only by the use of local linear state feedback around each subsystem, in order to satisfy constraints given in the problem. The interconnections among the subsystems are assumed to be nonlinear, time-varying. According to the topology of the large-scale system, the method of stabilization is hierarchic, one proceeds from node to node, and is applicable from a computer standpoint. A design algorithm follows directly, and can be made using the Generate and Test method for each subsystem independently, thus enabling designers to use a computer which has a video terminal as a peripheral unit and providing a possibility for interactive applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600232
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of structured covariances with application to array beamforming (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 421-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The estimation of covariance matrices which are structured, for example, of Toeplitz type, from measurement data is considered. The problem is considered in the context of array beamforming, and various methods of estimation are derived and compared, such comparison including consideration of the behavior of the estimate in beamforming applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600233
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of the block toeplitz matrix for two-dimensional PLSI Polynomials (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 449-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The planar least-squares inverse (PLSI) polynomials are used for stabilization of two-dimensional unstable recursive filters. In order to obtain the PLSI polynomials, the main work involved consists in forming a set of linear equations and then solving them. In this paper we present an efficient and simple method to form the necessary set of linear equations (i.e., the required coefficient matrix) for a chosen pattern and order of the desired PLSI polynomial, starting from the denominator polynomial of a two-dimensional unstable recursive filter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600234
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    System inversion using orthogonal functions (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 347-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows how to use orthogonal functions to invert singular (i.e., generalized state-space) systems. The approach is to express the inverse system itself as a singular system, and then to apply the theory of orthogonal functions to convert that differential-algebraic system to a purely algebraicgeneralized Lyapunov equation whose solution yields the input of the original system given its output. Both left and right inversion are treated. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the generalized Lyapunov equation are derived, and a generalizedQZ algorithm is given for its efficient solution. It is also shown that the coefficients in the Walsh function expansion may be approximately found using an FFT-type butterfly network. These results provide both an extension in theory, by investigating the properties of a new Lyapunov equation, and an extension in the implementation of system inversion, by providing a scheme which applies to generalized state-space systems and uses an unconventional approach which may prove to be a useful contribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599999
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Call for papers (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. I 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600237
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decoupling of the overflow and quantization phenomena in orthogonal biquad recursive digital filters (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 457-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In digital communication networks, a special class of complex biquad recursive digital filters called orthogonal filters is increasingly being used. The separate effects of the overflow and quantization nonlinearities on these orthogonal filters' responses have been investigated [5], [6]. In this paper we examine the zero-input stability properties of the actual orthogonal filter having both overflow and quantization nonlinearities. The overflow nonlinearities considered include saturation, bit-by-bit inversion, zeroing, and modulo 2 arithmetic. The quantization techniques used may be roundoff, magnitude, or value truncation. An example demonstrates the adverse coupling effect between the overflow and quantization nonlinearities. Two criteria are therefore derived to ensure asymptotic overflowstability of the filter in the presence of quantization. These criteria have been translated to the coefficient plane; various regions corresponding to different minimum wordlengths required to ensure decoupling of the overflow and quantization phenomena have been derived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600235
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An output error model and algorithm for electromagnetic system identification (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 471-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The identification problem for electromagnetic objects excited by transients is discussed. Several classes of models are reviewed, and an output error model is selected. An algorithm for solving the transient identification problem using this model is presented, and some of the issues connected with its use are considered. Examples of the application of this algorithm to electromagnetic data are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600236
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some properties of the multidimensional complex cepstrum and their relationship to the stability of multidimensional systems (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 3-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Conditions are obtained for the cepstrum of anl 1 sequence having arbitrary support on theM-dimensional lattice to exist also as anl 1 sequence with arbitrary support. These conditions are used to show that the cepstrum of a sequence with support on a half-space will, when it exists, also have support on the same half-space. This result is used, in turn, to describe the support of the cepstrum of a sequence with bounded support on a half-space. The relationship between the existence of the cepstrum and bounded-input, bounded-output (BIBO) stability for all three of these cases is considered. Finally, the derivatives of the inversion operator, the homomorphic transform operator, and its inverse are calculated. These results are also useful in the one-dimensional case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599003
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A software environment for digital signal-processing simulations (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 31-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A signal-processing software system is described which allows the simulation of systems described by block diagrams or signal-flow graphs. A high-level data-flow language describes the interconnection of the components. All configurations of interconnections are allowed, including those containing feedback. Component systems (blocks) are allowed to be multi-input, multi-output, and to be programmed in any language. Blocks are implemented as separate processes running under a UNIX2 operating system. Input and output signals are transferred between blocks via the UNIXpipe facility. Thedata type of a signal is arbitrary in the context of the compiler; within a component or system, signals and internal variables can be either floating point or fixed point. The compiler enforces strong or weak type checking of signals according to the characteristics of the blocks generating and receiving the signals. The invariance of the program to implementation data type is accomplished by the use of abstract data types. Fixed-point simulations having differing number of bits per signal and per internal variable in a block are supported. Special display software is used to allow any signal in the system to be displayed on any graphics device.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599004
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The numerical solution of some higher-index time-varying semistate systems by difference methods (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 61-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the solvability of fully implicit index-one and semiexplicit index-two linear time-varying semistate systems of the formA(t)x′+B(t)x=f(t). Using these solvability criteria, we establish the convergence and stability of backward difference formulas (BDF) for solvable semiexplicit index-two systems. In the algebraic variables, these methods exhibit a boundary layer of instability of length 2k, wherek is the order of the method. Finally, we show that the systems considered in this paper belong to a class of problems, solvable by BDF, which strictly contains the systems safely transformable to standard canonical form.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599006
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the approximation of the magnitude response of two-dimensional IIR digital filters using linear programming (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 45-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The design of two-dimensional IIR digital filters is approached using linear-programming techniques. The problem is formulated as an approximation problem and filter frequency response characteristics are represented via the square of the magnitude of the filter transfer function. An appropriate approximation error is minimized leading to a linear problem formulation. The latter problem does not require differential correction methods for its solution, thus resulting in a computationally efficient algorithm. Stability conditions and symmetry considerations are easily accounted for. The linear programming approach assures convergence of the solution to a global minimum, among other advantages over nonlinear methods. Several examples illustrate the strength and effectiveness of the methodology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599005
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization theory for single-input/single-output two-dimensional systems (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 77-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions for output and state feedback stabilization are given for single-input/single-output systems. Extensions are also provided for single-input/multi-output and multi-input/single-output systems. A technique for constructing explicitly a stabilizing controller is presented, and the main differences with respect to the one-dimensional case are clarified. Finally, the existence of “intrinsically unstable” transfer functions, i.e., not allowing stabilizable realizations, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599007
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single-parameter controlled-variable amplitude change function for digital filtering (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 95-106 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A single-parameter controlled-variable amplitude change function has been constructed for digital filtering using multiple units of a prototype filter. The limits of variation are discussed. The technique is shown to be useful not only for the reduction of errors in either the pass band or the stop band of the overall filter, but also for varying the cutoff frequency of the overall filter over a wide range. Hardware implementation problems resulting from a wide variation are shown to be overcome by a modular approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599008
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction to the special issue (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 125-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598954
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 123-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598953
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parameter estimation of continuous-time stationary Gaussian processes with rational spectra (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 107-119 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the problem of estimating the parameters of continuous-time stationary Gaussian processes with rational spectra, from uniformly sampled measurements. The sampled process is shown to be an autoregressive moving-average process, and explicit relationships between the parameters of the continuous-time and the sampled processes are derived. These relationships are then used to derive a lower bound on the variances of biased estimates of the continuous-time parameters, and on the generalized variance of such estimates. It is shown by some examples that the bound on the generalized variance depends on the sampling interval in a nonmonotonic manner. In particular, for each specific set of parameters there exists a sampling interval for which the lower bound is minimized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599009
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Array resolutions of linear maps (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 127-137 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The identification of concurrency is a critical factor in the high-speed calculation of algorithms. This study considers maps onX, a discrete resolution space. We establish a resolution on the space of linear maps onX which exhibit compatibility with array processing. Our results are extended to the partially ordered resolution space setting. While on-line array processing motivates our study, the results also suggest efficient processing procedures for off-line applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598955
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A technique for the design of systolic arrays with bit-level pipelining (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 139-151 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a method for designing systolic structures with bit-level pipelining. The proposed technique starts with the signal flow graph representation of a given algorithm. A new signal flow graph rule, called the gain transfer rule is introduced to achieve bit-level pipelining. Using this approach, systolic arrays with bit-level pipelining are derived for a general recursive digital filter and a convolver. The proposed technique is quite general and has also been applied to obtain systolic structures for other problems such as vector transformation. In comparison with some previously reported designs, the new architectures are characterized by simpler basic processing cells and faster data throughput rate or smaller chip area requirements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598956
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Applications of VLSI technology in a massively parallel machine (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 191-215 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract NON-VON is a highly parallel non-von Neumann supercomputer presently under construction at Columbia University. The basis for NON-VON's significant cost/performance advantage lies in a highly unusual application of VLSI technology to the realization of massive computational parallelism. This paper outlines the manner in which the emerging technology of VLSI circuits is employed in NON-VON to achieve this advantage. Particular emphasis is given to novel aspects of the design, layout, and operation of the NON-VON processing element, eight of which are to be embedded within each integrated circuit chip.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598959
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fault-tolerant VLSI sorters (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 153-174 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Parallel sorting algorithms have been proposed for VLSI implementation. Random defects in the silicon wafer and fabrication errors render processors in the wafer faulty, and may cause these algorithms to fail despite a significant number of nonfaulty processors. This paper presents twofault-tolerant pipelined sorting algorithms that would work on a wafer comprised of faulty and nonfaulty processors. Both the algorithms useO(n) processors and requireO(n) time to sortn elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598957
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Construction of a fault-tolerant grid of processors for wafer-scale integration (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 175-189 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract With the advent of wafer-scale integration (WSI), the placement of several “processors” on a single VLSI wafer is becoming a realistic possibility. To avoid the problems of a very low yield inherent in any silicon component of (very) large area, redundant components will be used. In this article we examine three different solutions for reconnecting the nonfaulty processors so that the resulting network is a square grid. We then present results of simulations for various percentages of faulty processors, which show that a small amount of redundancy is the interprocessors paths and a simple back-track based algorithm can produce a resulting grid that, while not necessarily optimal, includes most of the nonfaulty processors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598958
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  • 23
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    Active memory chips: A brief survey and case study (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 239-259 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Conventional random access memories are capable only of writing data into and reading data from the storage location corresponding to a given address. The availability of VLSI circuits containing hundreds of thousands of switching devices, however, has recently made practical the implementation of “active” memory chips capable of performing a range of complex operations on their stored data. Such designs are characterized by the extensive intermingling of processing and memory resources within a single chip to achieve the rapid and cost-effective parallel execution of operations relevant to such tasks as image processing, computer graphics, artificial intelligence, and database management. This paper presents a brief survey of a number of active memory chips that have been implemented or proposed, along with a more detailed examination of a particular active memory circuit, the NON-VON 3 primary processing subsystem chip.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598961
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  • 24
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    Designing VLSI network nodes to reduce memory traffic in a shared memory parallel computer (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 217-238 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Serialization of memory access can be a critical bottleneck in shared memory parallel computers. The NYU Ultracomputer, a large-scale MIMD (multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream) shared memory architecture, may be viewed as a column of processors and a column of memory modules connected by a rectangular network of enhanced 2×2 buffered crossbars. These VLSI nodes enable the network to combine multiple requests directed at the same memory location. Such requests include a new coordination primitive, fetch- and-add, which permits task coordination to be achieved in a highly parallel manner. Processing within the network is used to reduce serialization at the memory modules. To avoid large network latency, the VLSI network nodes must be high-performance components. Design tradeoffs between architectural features, asymptotic performance requirements, cycle time, and packaging limitations are complex. This report sketches the Ultracomputer architecture and discusses the issues involved in the design of the VLSI enhanced buffered crossbars which are the key element in reducing serialization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598960
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    Time-frequency window leakage in the short-time Fourier transform (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 263-286 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Conventional frequency-domain window-leakage analysis accurately describes the leakage in the short-time Fourier transform only for stationary signals. Leakage in the time-frequency plane from concentrated transient or nonstationary signals can be effectively analyzed by use of a time-frequency window-leakage envelope with rectangular contours. This envelope is obtained from the Wigner distribution of the analysis window, with appropriate corrections for the sidelobe leakage. The time-frequency window-leakage envelope gives insight into the tradeoffs in time-frequency leakage between various windows and allows quick and accurate estimates of the leakage in the short-time Fourier transform. A simple technique for constructing signals with Wigner distributions that are linear transformations of the Wigner distribution of a known signal is developed. With this technique, windows with a variety of time-frequency orientations and leakage behavior can be developed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599994
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Asymptotic bias of the high-order autoregressive estimates of sinusoidal frequencies (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 287-298 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Fitting a high-order autoregressive model to data is often used to estimate the frequencies of sinusoids from their noisy measurements. This paper analyzes the asymptotic bias of the frequency estimates obtained by this method. It is shown that the bias decreases significantly with increasing model order.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599995
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  • 27
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    General linear nonstationary passive systems: Derivation of the explicit state model (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 299-314 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We consider the general nonstationary passive systems modeled by linearRCG (G = gyrator) networks. Such networks in general contain conventional topological degeneracies (i.e., capacitor-only loops and/or inductor-only cutsets) as well as the topological degeneracies due to gyrator positioning in the network. Our central result is the explict demonstration that the existence of topological degeneracies does not impose any obstruction to the existence of the explicit state model, which we derive under no restriction on the topology of the network. We also discuss the conditions for the existence of the state model, its unique solutions, and the continuity of the state vector. The nature of the degeneracies inherent in the formulation is highlighted and it is shown that a gyrator-only subnetwork is accountable for algebraic degeneracies. Since the nature and the existence of topological degeneracies does not have anything to do with whether the element characteristics are linear or nonlinear, passive or active, our results are easy to extend to a large class of nonlinear and/or activeRCG networks.
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    Qualitative analysis of motion properties of semistate models of large-scale systems (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 315-334 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper studies the behavior of motions of large-scale (LS) semistate systems (SSS) governed byP i (t)x i =M i (t,x i )x i +f i (t)+h i (t, x), i=1,2,...,s, =(x 1 T x 2 T ⋯x s T )T, where matricesP i (t) are singular. Using Lyapunov's approach and the tools for LS system analysis, a variant of attractivity and ultimate boundedness of appropriate time-variable sets are investigated. The results are based on a specific choice of the aggregate functions. It is assumed that the reduction of equations to a normal form of lower order is inconvenient. The aggregation-decomposition approach used in this paper reduces the dimensionality of an aggregate matrix of the system to the number of its systems. Motion properties of LS systems are deduced from the properties of its isolated subsystems, the character of interconnections, and the conditions imposed on the system aggregate matrix. Sufficient algebraic conditions for the above-mentioned motion properties are developed.
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    Some practical stability criteria for semistate equations (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 335-345 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper various conditions guaranteeing the ordinary, uniform, and asymptoticA-stability of semistate equations are given. These results are based on and given in terms of the semi-explicit form of a semistate equation.
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    Lifetime of the propagating species in the cationic polymerization of p-methoxystyrene (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 11-15 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Lifetime of the propagating species and initiation rate constants (ki) were evaluated for the cationic polymerization of p-methoxystyrene initiated by I2, CH3SO3H, BF3O(C2H5)2, and SnCl4. The lifetime was found to be fairly long, ranging from 0.2 to several seconds in 1,2-dichloroethane at 30°C; that for the intermediate generated by iodine (2–6 s) much exceeded the others. The ki value increased in the order: I2 〈 CH3SO3H ≪ BF3O(C2H5)2 ∼ SnCl4.
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    The volume of activation of the spontaneous aquation of Co(NH3)5Br2+ catalysed by anionic polyelectrolytes (1978)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 17-22 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The spontaneous aquation reaction of Co(NH3)5Br2+ was enhanced by addition of sodium polyethylenesulfonate, an anionic polyelectrolyte. The volume of activation was negative in the absence of the macroions and positive in their presence. This suggests that the macroions dehydrate the activated complex more strongly than the reactants, if it may be attributed solely to the solute-solvent interaction term.
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    Complexation of synthetic bilayers with water-soluble polymers (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 35-39 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The morphological influence of water-soluble polymers on the aqueous bilayer aggregate (vesicle and/or lamella) of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide was investigated by electron microscopy. Positively charged polymers and uncharged polymers either destroyed the aggregate or was ineffective. On the other hand, the negatively-charged copolymer of acrylamide and acrylate separated the bilayer and produced smaller vesicles.
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    The “template-effect” of water in acrylonitrile polymerization (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 47-53 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Alternating copolymerizations of dioxaphospholanes with acrylic acid derivatives and with α-keto acids. New synthesis of polyphosphonates (1978)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 55-59 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Cationic oligomerization of isobutylene oxide (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 73-77 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    The aqueous thermal polycondensation of asparagine and isoasparagine and the structure of polyaspartic acid (1978)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 177-180 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Both asparagine and isoasparagine were converted into polyaspartic acids by refluxing the corresponding aqueous solutions at neutral pH in the presence of a salt. The properties of the resulting polyaspartic acids were studied. The dissociation behavior of the carboxyl groups in the polypeptides were studied by the potentiometric titration. The analysis of the titrational data was performed by a modified Speakman's method. The analysis show that both polyaspartic acids prepared from asparagine and isoasparagine have α- and β-aspartyl residues and the ratio of α- and β-aspartyl residues is 75 ∶ 25∼85 ∶ 15. A possible mechanism for the formation of α- and β-aspartyl residues in the polymer was discussed.
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    Head-to-head polymers X: high resolution NMR spectroscopy of polystyrene and poly(vinyl cyclohexane) (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 181-189 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Conclusions The 13C NMR spectra of H-H PS and H-H PVCH show the influence of the long range order on the chemical shift of several carbons. There is some hope to improve the resolution by the choice of appropriate solvents. The attribution of the lines to specific stereosequences would require the preparation and separation of optically pure dimers and trimers. It is, however, already possible to compare the microstructure of H-H polymers prepared by different chemical ways.
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    Synthesis and polymerization of nucleic acid base substituted L-lysine (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 215-220 
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    Notes: Summary Poly-l-lysines containing nucleic acid bases, that is, adenine, thymine, uracil and theophylline were synthesized. The nucleic acid base substituted l-lysine derivatives were prepared from α,N-Cbz-l-lysine and the p-nitrophenyl esters of the carboxyethyl derivatives of the nucleic acid bases. The polymers were obtained from these l-lysine derivatives by the NCA method.
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    Carbohydrate stabilization with anthraquinone during alkaline pulping (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 205-210 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Treatment of wood meal with aqueous alkali in the presence of anthraquinone at 80°C leads to a conversion of reducing hexose end groups in the polysaccharides to mannonic and gluconic acid end groups. Xylose end groups are oxidized to xylonic and lyxonic acid groups. This leads to a stabilization of the polysaccharides against endwise alkaline degradation.
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    Polarized Raman spectra of doubly oriented poly(vinyl alcohol) (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 61-66 
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    Notes: Abstract Polarized Raman spectra of doubly oriented samples of atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) have been measured. The great usefulness of such polarized spectra has been clarified for the vibrational analysis. The normal coordinate treatments of syndiotactic and isotactic poly(vinyl alcohol) chain models gave good agreement between the observed and calculated frequencies.
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    Light scattering studies of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) solutions and films (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 67-72 
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    Notes: Summary Concentrated solutions (〉20 wt%) of poly (γ -benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG) were investigated using small angle light scattering (SALS). The gels and cholesteric liquid crystals formed in PBLG concentrated solutions, were analyzed in terms of theories previously developed for SALS from crystalline polymers. It was found that there are two types of the fibrillar aggregation of α-helices in gels and furthermore, two types of the orientation correlation of α-helices in cholesteric liquid crystals.
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    Polymerization via zwitterion. 20. Alternating copolymerizations of 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane with p-and o-formylbenzoic acids (1978)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 91-95 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Spontaneous alternating copolymerizations of 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (MN) with p- and with o-formylbenzoic acids (ME) were examined. The copolymerizations took place without catalysts affording the copolymer 3 via zwitterion 6. The copolymerizations involve the oxidation of the phosphorus monomer and the reduction of formylbenzoic acid. The scheme of the copolymerizations was presented. The yields of copolymers were quite different between these two copolymerizations. With ortho acid, the copolymer yield was low due to producing phthalide 4.
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    A photosensitive polymer as recording material in holography (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 167-170 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new reversible photochromic copolymer of maleic anhydride with styrene containing azo side groups was prepared. The system reacts to irradiation by a reversible trans-cis photoisomerization of light-sensitive azo groups. Irradiation also causes a change in the refractive index, so that the polymer may be employed in recording optical information in the form of phase hologram. The resolution of the material is higher than 2000 lines/mm. In spite of the large variability of organic compounds, according to available information only two groups of compounds have been utilized in the reversible recording of volume phase holograms. These are dimers of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (Tomlinson et al. 1972) and stilbene derivatives (Anonym 1974). In this paper we describe a new reversible material for recording volume phase holograms (Matějka et al. 1978).
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    Polymerization via zwitterions. 22. Alternating copolymerization of 2-acryloxypropionic acid with cyclic phosphorus compounds (1978)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 171-176 
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    Notes: Summary Alternating copolymerization of 2-acryloxypropionic acid (APA) as a new MN with two MN monomers of phosphorus containing ethylene phenyl phosphonite (EPO) and ethylene phenyl phosphite (EPI) have been disclosed. Copolymerizations took place without added catalyst to produce 1∶1 alternating copolymers of APA-EPO and of APA-EPI. The structures of the copolymers were determined by IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, as well as the identification of the alkaline hydrolysis products. The copolymerizations were explained in terms of a mechanism of zwitterion intermediates involving a hydrogen transfer process.
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    H-H polymers XI: high resolution nmr spectroscopy of poly(methyl acrylates) (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 191-198 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Degradation of poly(ester) s by carbenium ions (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 199-204 
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    Notes: Synopsis Poly (ester)s are degraded by the attack of classical carbenium ions. In a representative study it is demonstrated that the carbenium ions are by far more reactive to cleave ester linkages than are protons. The change of molecular weight distribution of the poly-(ester) during reaction with carbenium ions is reported In an example on low molecular weight compounds the reaction path has been clarified.
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    On the polymerisability of 2-alkenylfurans with anionic initiators (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 221-225 
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    Notes: Summary Various attempts to induce the anionic polymerisation of 2-vinylfuran and some of its homologues were carried out. Negative results were obtained, except with sodium biphenyl in hexamethylphosphotriamide, a system which gave limited yields and not a living polymerisation. The results are interptreted on the basis of side reactions of the furan ring marring the normal vinyl propagation, A critical discussion of previous conflicting reports is also given.
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    Photochemistry of benzoin derivatives in an oxygenated polymeric medium (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 233-237 
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    Notes: Summary Investigation of the photochemistry of benzoin derivatives in a polymer medium leads to the suggestion that oxygen play an important part in the first processes which occur under U.V. irradiation. This is of interest for the understanding of the photocrosslinking process.
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    Ethylene polymerisation with new catalysts: Et2AICI-organotitanium compounds (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 227-232 
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    Notes: Summary A brief kinetic study is reported of the polymerisation of ethylene catalysed by four aluminium-titanium chloro-organic complexes, three of which are new. These systems proved efficient both in terms of polymerisation rate and of the linearity of the high polymers obtained. A comparison is made with previous work in this field.
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    Oligomerization of phenyl glycidyl ether in the presence of ZnCl2 (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 31-36 
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    Notes: Summary In the presence of ZnCl2 phenyl glycidyl ether reacts to different products owing to the ring-opening reaction of the oxirane and the cleavage of the ether bond. Using HPLC and offline mass spectrometry most of the reaction products could be identified. A reaction scheme and the supposed reaction mechanism were described involving the formation of chlorine — containing oligomers and low molecular weight by — products resulting from the cleavage of the ether bond of the monomer. Conclusions were drawn for original polyfunctional epoxy resin systems.
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    Study on the relationships between the structure of networks and mechanical properties of rubber vulcanizates (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 55-62 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Basing on that the fluctuations of chains and junctions in real vulcanizates with carbon black fillers are suppressed by the presence of three kinds of forces which are network, entanglement and carbon black-polymer interaction forces. A new molecular theory of rubber elasticity for vulcanizates with carbon blacks at large deformation was presented. It succeeds in relating the elastic state to molecular constitution by three important quantities (C100, C020 and C200). In which the severity of constraints by entanglements, crosslink and junctions of carbon blacks are characterized with four molecular parameters. , , and . The relationships of stress to strain for four types of deformation were derived from this theory.
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    Study on the relationships between the structure of networks and mechanical properties of rubber vulcanizates (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 63-70 
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    Notes: Summary A satisfactory account of reinforcement has been secured through the application of the theory of elasticity to rubber vulcanizates with carbon black fillers. A statistical theory of reinforcement by carbon blacks and it's characteristics were developed. Three methods for characterizating the reinforcement of carbon blacks by the difference of elastic free energy, retractive forces and modulus were derived from this theory. The influences of carbon blacks on mechanical properties of SBR and NR vulcanizates were studied by uniaxial equi-biaxial and unequi-biaxial extensions. These results show that an excellent agreement between the theory and experiments. A correlation between the structure parameters of cijk and the tensile strength for SBR vulcanizates filled by different grade of carbon blacks exists.
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    Existence of an introduced elastomer interphase in a glass beads-filled epoxy thermoset (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 97-102 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A rubbery (CTBN based) thin layer is added onto the surface of glass beads embeded in a DGEBA — DDA matrix. The chemical and the coating processes are described. The existence of a specific relaxation of the interphase is evidenced using viscoelastic measurements. The presence of an other α1 relaxation is discussed.
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    Living carbocationic polymerization (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 7-13 
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    Notes: Summary The efficient synthesis of symmetrical telechelic polyisobutylenes carrying ∼ CH2C(CH3)2Cl groups at either end of the molecule, $$\mathop - \limits^t Cl - PIB - Cl\mathop - \limits^t$$ , has been accomplished by rapid living polymerization using aromatic di-tert.-ether/BCl3 initiator system in CH3Cl at −70°. The living nature of the polymerization was demonstrated by linear Mn versus amount of PIB formed (WPIB) plots starting at the origin. The effect of temperature and solvent composition (polar/nonpolar) on the polymer structure has been investigated. Undesirable indanyl end groups which form during polymerizations carried out at −30° and −50°C can be eliminated by decreasing the temperature to −70°C. The apparent activation energy differences have been determined in the −30 to −70°C range at different polar/nonpolar solvent compositions: ΔEa of $$\mathop - \limits^t Cl - PIB - Cl\mathop - \limits^t$$ decreases from 2.6 to 1.0 kcal/mole by decreasing the polarity of the medium from 100% CH3Cl to a 60/40 v/v CH3Cl/hexanes mixture.
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    Piezoelectric activity in films of poly(1-bicyclobutanecarbonitrile) (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 135-136 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We observed significant piezoelectric activity in cast films of poly(1-bicyclobutanecarbonitrile).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256878
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    Crystallinity of POM films cast from solution (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 137-140 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The process of crystallization and the structure of poly/ oxymethylene/ (POM) films cast from hexafluoroacetone sesquihydrate solutions were studied. The supermolecular structure of thin POM films was studied by the use of polarization microscope. It has been found to consist mainly of spherulites, the size of which are essentially independent of the initial concentration of the solution. Similarly to the findings reported for thin films made of melts, ovoids and spiral ovodis were also found in minor amounts. Two additional formations indicating more complex structure were also detected. Further details of the structures formed could be recognized applying scanning electron microscopy.
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    Grafting of acrylamide to Nylon-6 by the electron beam preirradiation technique (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 149-156 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In water swollen nylon grafted acrylamide (NYgAM) membranes, prepared by the electron beam preirradiation technique, water was classified into three categories: bound, free and intermediate states. The partition of water into these states was evaluated by utilising the data of water sorption capacity and permeability coefficients of water and ionic solutes through the membranes. Reevaluation of the partition was done utilizing the data of water proton relaxation times Ti, measured by pulsed NMR technique. The partition was evaluated as follows: the first 2 moles of water per mole of grafted polyacrylamide (PAM) are bound, the next 4/3 moles are intermediate and the rest of the water is free. It was further found that in highly water swollen membranes, the water beyond 2 moles per mole of PAM can be classified as free water.
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    Grafting onto carbon black by the reaction of reactive carbon black having acyl chloride group with several polymers (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 87-93 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Acyl chloride group introduced onto carbon black rapidly lost its activity by the moisture in air. However, the decrease of acyl chloride group content in vacuum was negligibly small. By the reaction of the acyl chloride group with several polymers having hydroxyl or amino group, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA), and polyethyleneimine (PEI), these polymers were found to be effectively grafted onto carbon black; for instance, the grafting ratio of PEG (Mn=8.2×103), PVA (Mn=2.2×104), and PEI (Mn=2.0×104) was 18.5%, 32.9%, and 45.8%, respectively. The number of polymer grafted onto carbon black decreased with an increase of its molecular weight.
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    Erratum (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 94-94 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00955889
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    Photopolymerization of 2-(dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate induced by diacetoxyiodobenzene and bis(trifluoroacetoxy) iodobenzene (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 169-174 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The title hypervalent iodine compounds are efficient photoinitiators for the polymerization of 2-(dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate. The polymer is formed in daylight but faster under UV irradiation, with high conversion; its molecular weight 〈Mn〉 is 9×104 daltons. Copolymerization of this monomer with styrene occurs also under similar conditions at a high rate. A free radical mechanism is suggested for these polymerizations.
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    The morphology and deformation behavior of poly(butylene terephthalate)/BPA polycarbonate blends (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 341-345 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this communication the results of a series of recent studies of the morphology and deformation behavior of toughened poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/BPA polycarbonate (PC) blends are briefly summarized. Several papers containing a more detailed account are currently in press (1–3). Among the unique morphological features of these blends are the consistent isolation of the core/shell impact modifier (IM) in the PC phase and the crystallization and phase separation of the PBT from the partially miscible PBT/PC melt on slow cooling. DSC studies provide corroborating evidence for melt miscibility of the two resins. The blends deform through a combination of cavitation and shear processes. In all cases cavitation occurs exclusively within the IM particles and is suppressed at higher PC concentrations and elevated temperatures.
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    Magnetic field effect on the photocrosslinking of a butadiene-styrene copolymer modified by benzoyl or phenylacetyl groups (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 369-373 
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    Notes: Summary A butadiene-styrene copolymer was partially modified by Friedel-Crafts reaction of phenyl groups with benzoyl chloride or phenylacetyl chloride. The resulting benzoylphenyl and phenylacetylphenyl groups served as photosensitizers for a subsequent crosslinking by u.v. irradiation. The extent of crosslinking was measured by sol/gel analysis. Crosslinking was carried out without magnetic field and with magnetic field of flux density 1.0 Tesla. The experiments with magnetic field yielded about 5% less soluble polymer, corresponding to a higher crosslink degree. The data were evaluated by statistical methods.
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    Transport of alkali metal ions by comb-like poly(vinyl ethers) with pendant poly(oxyethylene) chains (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 389-395 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Comb-like poly(oxyethylenes) ( $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} $$ ), prepared by the HI/I2-initiated living cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers carrying a poly(oxyethylene) pendant, were found to transport alkali metal ions (Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+) through a dichloromethane liquid membrane at 25°C. Polymer $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} $$ with four oxyethylene units per pendant (n = 4) transported all the four cations (best for K+), and more effective as an ion carrier than its non-polymeric counterpart (tetraglyme), whereas $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} $$ with n = 0 [poly(ethyl vinyl ether)] was virtually ineffective. The observed polymeric effect indicates an enhancement of ion transport via a cooperative action of the neighboring poly(oxyethylene) pendants. Related vinyl ether copolymers consisting of poly(oxyethylene) (n = 4) and hydrophobic phenoxyl pendants were inferior to $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} $$ as ion-transport carriers, but introduction of hydrophilic alcoholic pendants into $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} $$ (n = 4) facilitated the transport of the smaller cations (Li+ and Na+).
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    Synthesis and properties of some EPDM graft terpolymers (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 299-306 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two EPDM graft terpolymers, one with polystyrene branches and one with poly-α-methylstyrene, were prepared from a commercial EPDM polymer using “grafting from” techniques. The new materials were characterized by GPC, osmometry and nmr spectrometry; tensile strength properties were also determined.
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    The polymerization of acetylene on catalysts having the composition titanium tetrabutoxide/organomagnesium or organolithium compounds (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 331-334 
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    Notes: Summary The polymerization of acetylene was investigated using catalysts in which the titanium component, Ti(OBu)4, was reduced with organomagnesium and organolithium compounds. In some cases, mainly with RMgBr, homogeneous films possessing good mechanical properties were obtained. The content of the transform of polyacetylene (40–80%) depended only vaguely both on the type of the reducing agent and on the reaction conditions. In all cases the film density was higher than that of films prepared according to Shirakawa.
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    Theory of network formation by additional crosslinking of polyurethanes due to biuret and allophanate formation (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 481-488 
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    Notes: Summary Using the theory of branching processes, conditions for gelation and relations for the sol fraction and concentration of elastically active network chains have been derived for polyurethane systems where also urea, biuret and allophanate units are formed. The application of the theory is illustrated by gelation in diol-diisocyanate-water systems in which urea and biuret units are formed.
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    Synthesis and NMR study of some aliphatic block and branched α,ω-dihydroxy polyesterethers (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 499-506 
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    Notes: Summary The following dihydroxy linear, branched and block polyesterethers: αω,-dihydroxy-poly (di (oxyethylene) oxysuccinyl) (1), -poly(tri(oxy-ethylene)oxysuccinyl) (2), -poly(oxyethylene-oxysuccinyl)-block-poly(oxyethylene) (3), and -poly(oxy-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyleneoxysuccinyl) (4) have been synthetized using polytransesterification reactions. Their NMR spectra have been assigned and compared.
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    An analytical correction for peak broadening in gel permeation chromatography with a molecular weight detector (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 531-538 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary In this paper we present a general expression describing the peak broadening effect on molecular weight averages measured during the elution of a polymer in GPC. This expression is valid for nonlinear column calibration and nonuniform Gaussian spreading across the chromatogram. Comparison is made with analytical relationships derived by Yau, Marais, Hamielec and Netopilik. The methodology developed as an extension of the Pierce and Armonas method is applied to a model system and to elution data of dextrans.
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    Apparent compatibility in n-alkane/poly(dimethyl phenylene oxide) blends (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 523-529 
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    Notes: Summary We report here on the apparent compatibility of a series of n-alkane/PDMPO blends. Three alkanes were examined [eicosane (C20), tetracosane (C24), and Polywax 2000 (nominally C142)] as blends of 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% alkane with PDMPO. Samples were judged to be compatible or incompatible according to three criteria: (a) visual appearance, i.e., transparent vs. opaque molded specimens, (b) the presence or absence of an alkane crystalline melting peak in a DSC thermogram, and (c) downward shifts in the PDMPO-rich phase glass transition temperatures from the T g range of 195–200°C for PDMPO homopolymer. The T u〉Tm alkane component transition has not been observed in any of the blends prepared to date.
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    Effect of temperature on the solution properties in 2-ethoxyethanol of statistical copolymers of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 551-556 
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    Notes: Summary The temperature dependence of the second virial coefficient and intrinsic viscosity of statistical copolymers of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid in 2-ethoxyethanol was investigated. It was found that the θ-temperatures of copolymers are outside the temperature range given by the θ-values for poly(methacrylic acid) and poly(methyl methacrylate). Their dependence on the copolymer composition has a discontinuity. Simple theoretical considerations have shown that this behaviour may be expected with copolymers composed of monomer units dissolving, respectively, with absorption and evolution of heat.
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    Effect of ZnCl2 on the copolymerization of acrylonitrile with N-2-chlorophenylmaleimide (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 9-12 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of ZnCl2 addition on the reactivity ratios of the system acrylonitirle (AN)-N-2-Chlorophenylmaleimide (2CMI) has been investigated. It has been found that the addition of small amount of ZnCl2 doubles the reactivity of AN while drastically decreasing that of the 2CMI. The viscosity of the copolymers has been measured and was found to decrease with increasing the maleimide and the ZnCl2 concentrations.
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    Polymerization of maleimides containing s-triazine rings in presence of aromatic di- or tri-amines (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 1-8 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary New thermosetting resins were prepared by crosslinking of 2,4,6-tris[4-(maleimido) phenoxy]-s-triazine (TM) or 2,4-bis[4-(maleimido) phenoxy]-6-diethoxyphosphinyl-s-triazine (BM) in presence of various aromatic di- or tri-amines. The maleimide-amine adducts initiated thermal polymerization at lower temperature than did the corresponding neat maleimides. The thermal stability of cured resins was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. The cured resins derived from the maleimide-amine adducts were less thermally stable than those of the corresponding neat maleimides. The initial decomposition temperature of the polymers obtained from the maleimide-amine adducts was not remarkably influenced by the chemical structure of the aromatic amine utilized.
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    Analysis of the 300 MHz PMR spectrum of poly(p-bromostyrene) (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 27-32 
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    Notes: Summary The 300 MHz pmr spectrum of poly(p-bromostyrene) is presented and analyzed. The aliphatic proton resonance of this polymer is very similar to that of polystyrene, but the aromatic proton resonance is somewhat more well defined. The resonance of the ring protons ortho to the polymer backbone occurs in a 5 peak pattern that, in view of the previous results obtained for poly 2- and 3-vinyl thiophenes (1,2) and poly(p-acetylstyrene) (3), was interpreted in terms of pentad stereosequences. Based on the assignments made in this paper, poly (p-bromostyrene) synthesized by free-radical initiated polymerization seems to be atactic.
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    Grafting onto TEDLAR films by the electron beam preirradiation technique (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 137-141 
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    Notes: Summary Polyvinylfluoride (tedlar) films, 12.5–25 μm thick, were grafted with acrylamide monomer (AM) in an aqueous solution, following preirradiation with a 550 kV electron beam accelerator. The graft yield rose with grafting period up to 285% and 475%, for the 25 μm and the 12.5 μm tedlar films, respectively, and then levelled off due to gelation of the solution. Water permeation rates through the tedlar films were increased, upon grafting with AM, by a factor of up to 3. Water permeation rates through the tedlar grafted with acrylamide (TEDgAM) films were relatively low, as compared with those of cellophane films or nylon grafted acrylamide films (NYgAM) of comparable thickness, implicating that only part of the tedlar film cross-section has been penetrated through by the grafted copolymer. The highest rates of water permeability were observed in 12.5 μm films grafted with 475% acrylamide.
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    Theoretical analysis of model compounds of substituted poly(acetylenes): conformation versus electronic properties (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 159-166 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the conformation of conjugated molecules on their electronic properties has been investigated using the extended Hückel theory. Dimers of acetylene and methylacetylene have been taken as model compounds of poly(acetylene) and poly(methylacetylene). Upon increasing the torsional angle between the two repeat units, both the band gap and the ionization potential increase, but the change is more pronounced with the former variable. This increase is not regular and becomes more important at angles larger than 30°. Non-planar conformations are then expected with poly(methylacetylene) and other n-alkyl monosubstituted poly(acetylenes) and explain their large band gap (i.e. blue shifting) in comparison with that of poly(acetylene). In addition, similar ionization potentials are expected for n-alkyl substituted poly(acetylenes) and, therefore, their different reactivity in presence of oxidizing agents has to be explained by the size of their substituents.
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    Photopolymerization and photocycloaddition reactions in the 2-vinylnaphthalene — Maleic anhydride system (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 99-104 
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    Notes: Summary Photochemical reaction of the 2-vinylnaphthalene (VN) (electron-donor monomer) — maleic anhydride (MAn) (electron-acceptor monomer) system has been studied in order to elucidate reaction pathways and the correlation between them and the multiplicity of an excited-state molecule. It was found that direct irradiation of the VN — MAn system both in benzene and acetonitrile produces predominantly copolymers probably via ion radicals generated by electron transfer in the electronically excited singlet state, whereas benzophenone-sensitized reaction yields a cycloadduct of VN with MAn as a main product via the electronically excited triplet state.
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    Living carbocationic polymerization (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 123-130 
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    Notes: Summary The synthesis of symmetrical linear telechelic polyisobutylenes (PIB) carrying -CH2C(CH3)2Cl end groups $$({}^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{t} }Cl - PIB - Cl{}^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{t} })$$ has been accomplished by living isobutylene (IB) polymerization using the CH 3O(CH3)2C-pC6H4-C(CH3)2OCH3 ·TiCl4 initiating system in CH3Cl/n-C6H14 (40/60 v/v) at −80°C. The living nature of the polymerization was demonstrated by linear Mn versus amount of PIB formed (Wp) plots smarting at the origin. Polymers with up to $$\bar M_n = 126.000$$ and $$\bar M_W /\bar M_n = 1.1$$ have been prepared. The effect of temperature on the polymer structure has been investigated. Undesirable indanyl end groups which form in polymerizations even at −80°C can be eliminated by preparing the initiating di-tert.-ether · TiCl4 complex in the presence of monomer.
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    The reactivities of polymer radicals towards stilbene; the cases of vinyl methyl ketone, isopropenyl methyl ketone, styrene and a-methylstyrene (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 265-269 
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    Notes: Summary 14C-stilbene has been used for measurement of the incorporation of stilbene in polymers of vinyl methyl ketone, isopropenyl methyl ketone and styrene, and in copolymers of the two ketonic monomers and of styrene with α-methylstyrene. It has been confirmed that the introduction of an α-methyl group into a monomer significantly reduces the reactivity of the derived polymer radical towards stilbene.
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    Preparation and oxidative polymerization of 2-methyl-6-geranylphenol (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 283-286 
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    Notes: Summary 2-Methyl-6-geranylphenol (MGP) was efficiently prepared by the reaction of o-cresol and 1-chloro-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene in the presence of alkali metal. MGP was oxidatively polymerized to poly(2-methyl-6-geranyl-1,4-phenyleneoxide).
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  • 80
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    Network build-up by initiated polyreaction (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The theoretical treatment of network formation in diamine-diepoxide curing under participation of etherification of excess epoxide groups, which is based on the combination of kinetic and statistical methods, has been extended to cover postgel parameters. Within the ring-free approximation, this treatment is rigorous. Relations have been derived for the extinction probabilities, sol fractions and concentrations of elastically active network chains. In the system under consideration, various definitions of an elastically active network chain are possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255112
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  • 81
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    Liquid crystalline copoly(vinylether)s containing 4(4′)-methoxy-4′ (4)-hydroxy-α-methylstilbene constitutional isomers as side groups (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Ethoxy vinyl ethers containing 4-methoxy-4′-hydroxy-α-methylstilbene and 4-hydroxy-4′-methoxy-α-methylstilbene constitutional isomers as side groups were synthesized by phase transfer catalyzed etherification of a Mixture containing the above mentioned isomers with 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether. Cationic copolymerization of various ratios between the two constitutional isomeric monomers led to a mixture of two copolymers which were separated by fractional precipitation. One copolymer exhibits a nematic mesophase, the other exhibits two smectic mesophases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255116
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  • 82
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    An example of spontaneous symmetry breaking in polymer physics (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 343-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A polymer chain subject to certain constraints (slip-link plus fixed end points) is considered. It is shown that this system exhibits spontaneous symmetry breaking when the end-to-end distance of the chain is lowered below a certain critical value. Various implications of this effect are mentioned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256235
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  • 83
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    Deformation recovery behaviour of a solid polymer after tensile yielding (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 361-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this work the deformation recovery behavior of an amorphous polymer after large tensile deformation is studied at different temperatures. The effect of three parameters other than temperature has been pointed out in previous works (1–3). The data here presented indicate that the influence of all parameters, including temperature, on recovery behavior can be related to the residual stress, σ *, at the beginning of recovery test. This suggests to plot the recovery versus time curves, relative to different sets of parameters including temperature, by means of the same normalizing groups which were adopted in (2), thus shifting all curves towards a single master curve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256238
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  • 84
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of in situ anionically polymerized p-aminobenzoylcaprolactam using di-and tri-functional initiator systems (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 397-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary p-Aminobenzoylcaprolactam has been polymerized anionically in a two-step process to produce aramide-amide copolymers. Both drawn fibers and unoriented films may be produced using this method. The samples were characterized using FTIR, solution NMR, thermal analysis, viscosity, and mechanical testing. FTIR and NMR revealed the incorporation of both the aramid and amide linkages into the polymer backbone. TGA results gave a lower decomposition temperature than that of both aramide and nylon 6 materials. Intrinsic viscosities averaged 0.5 dL/g for the drawn copolymer samples polymerized by the di-functional initiator. Light microscopy displayed crystalline domains that did not appear to melt even up to 300°C. Mechanical testing showed that the initial moduli of drawn fiber samples to be in the range of 30–80 MPa, while homopolymers of nylon 6 and p-benzamide possessed values of 25 MPa and 2.70×103 MPa, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275594
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  • 85
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    Acetylene-cyclopentene copolymers (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 425-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cyclopentene (CP) and 7,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)tricyclo-[4,2,2,02,5]-deca-3,7,9-triene (p-A) were copolymerized. The copolymers were thermally converted to acetylene-cyclopentene copolymers ACP-13, ACP-11, and ACP-31 containing 60.3%, 48.3% and 39.4% of CP, respectively. Infrared spectroscopy showed the copolymers to have increasing sequence length of conjugated double bonds with increasing acetylene contents. The copolymers have only small amounts of unpaired spins which are only one-tenth to one-hundredth of that found in normal trans-poly(acetylene). The copolymers absorb large quantities of iodine, which on the basis of sp 2-carbon atoms are comparable to iodine doped poly(acetylene). Doped ACP-copolymers acquire some increase of conductivity up to 10−4 (Ω cm)−1 for ACP-31 copolymer and evacuation returned the materials to their insulating states even though the samples retained a few mole % of I3 −. The results are attributed to low carrier concentration and mobility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275598
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  • 86
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    Cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-substituted-2-oxazolines initiated by carbon black surface (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 377-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Carbon blacks were found capable of initiating the ringopening polymerization of 2-substituted-2-oxazolines at relativery high temperatures. The activation energy of the polymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline was estimated to be 13.4 kcal/mol. Carbon black lost the initiating activity of the polymerization upon the blocking of carboxyl groups on the surface by the treatment with potassium hydroxide or diazomethane. Therefore, it was concluded that carboxyl groups on carbon black play an important role in the initiation of the polymerization. Furthermore, it was found that during the polymerization, poly(N-acylethyleneimine) was grafted onto carbon black by the termination of growing polymer chain with the surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275591
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  • 87
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    Synthesis and characterization of phenylquinoxaline-arylene ester block copolymers (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 411-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Phenylquinoxaline-arylene ester block copolymers were prepared from phenolic hydroxyl terminated oligomers of defined molecular weight using an oligomer/monomer(s) approach, in which generation of the ester linkage coupling the blocks occurred concomitantly with the growth of the polyester block. The molecular weight of the phenylquinoxaline block was held constant at 12,900, while the stoichiometry of the arylene ester monomers were adjusted to afford copolymers containing 15, 30, and 50 wt% poly(arylene ester). These copolymers represent the first example of PPQ-based block copolymers derived from well defined phenylquinoxaline oligomers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275596
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  • 88
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    Oligomerization of alkynes by hafnocene dichloride/ethylaluminum dichloride (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 441-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The Cp2HfCl2/C2H5AlCl2 system (Cp = η5-cyclopentadienyl) was found to be an active homogeneous catalyst for the Oligomerization of both terminal and internal alkynes. Apparently, the mechanism of Oligomerization occurs by successive insertion of the alkyne into the hafnium-carbon bond of a cationic intermediate, as evidenced by the interception of the highly substituted, sterically bulky, 1-trimethylsily1-1-propyne.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275600
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  • 89
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    Structure-property behavior of new hybrid materials incorporating oligomeric poly(tetramethylene oxide) with inorganic silicates by a sol-gel process (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 455-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Novel transparent hybrid materials incorporating triethoxysilane endcapped poly(tetramethylene oxide) with tetramethoxysilane have been successfully prepared by a sol-gel process. The molecular weight of PTMO has been varied to study its effect on the structure-property behavior of these hybrid materials. Mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical behavior have been measured; small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) has been utilized to obtain structural information. Based on the experimental results, a simplified morphological model has been suggested to describe these new hybrid systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275602
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  • 90
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    Synthesis of well-defined graft copolymer with oligodimethylsiloxane and polyvinylalcohol branches (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 473-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polyvinylalcohol macromer of well controlled molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, whose hydroxyl groups being protected as silyl ethers, was synthesized by Lewis acid catalyzed sequential silyl aldol condensation. Copolymerization of p-oligodimethylsiloxanylstyrene with the macromer, followed by the removal of the hydroxyl protective groups, gave the well-defined title graft copolymer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255328
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  • 91
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    Chemical modification of macroreticular 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate — Ethylene dimethacrylate copolymers (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 495-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Several chemical modifications of commercial macroreticular 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-ethylene dimethacrylate copolymers are described. The derivatives containing pendant imidazole, primary amino groups and complexon (EDTA and DTPA) groupings as well as oligo(N-acetyliminoethylene) and oligo(iminoethylene) grafts were prepared.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255332
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  • 92
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    Small angle neutron scattering studies on micellar systems part 1. Ammonium octanoate, ammonium decanoate and ammonium perfluoroocatanoate (1987)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 619-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Micelles ; ammonium octanoate ; ammonium decanoate ; ammonium perfluoro-octanoate ; neutron scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Small angle neutron scattering has been used to examine the size and shape of micelles of ammonium octanoate, ammonium decanoate and ammonium perfluoro-octanoate. Ammonium octanoate was found to form micelles with a micellar weight of 1640 and ammonium decanoate with a micellar weight of 12,576; both materials appeared to form spherical micelles. Ammonium perfluoro-octanoate formed micelles with a micellar weight of 17,610. Evidence from the scattering experiments suggested that the micelles were cylindrical and a model for the micelle is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01412778
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  • 93
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    Announcements (1987)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 646-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01412781
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  • 94
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    Book reviews (1987)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 650-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01412782
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  • 95
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    Estimation of the critical micelle concentrations and the aggregation numbers of sodium alkyl sulfates by capillary-type isotachophoresis (1987)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 604-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Criticalmicelle concentration ; aggregation number ; sodium alkyl sulfates ; isotachophoresis ; PU value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The analytical procedure for the separation and quantification of bulk and micellar phases for sodium alkyl sulfates has been investigated by a capillary-type isotachophoresis using a potential gradient detector. Monomer solutions were distinguished from micellar solutions at pH 5.5–6.0; hydrochloric acid — L-Histidine mixture was used as the leading electrolyte and 2-(N-Morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid as the terminating electrolyte. The potential unit value (PU value) due to the monomer solutions was larger than that due to the micellar solutions. The zone length due to monomer solutions increased with increasing concentration of surfactant until a given concentration (CMC); beyond this point the values became constant. On the other hand, the zone length due to micellar solutions increased from this point. We report an applicability of capillary-type isotachophoresis to determination of the CMC's and aggregation number for various sodium alkyl sulfates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01412776
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  • 96
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    Pecularities of the thermomechanical behaviour of ultra-high molecular weight linear polyethylene and its blends with linear polyethylene of normal molecular weight (1987)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 681-685 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Ultra-high molecular weightpolyethylene ; blends ; thermomechanical analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene UHMWPE (M w=4 · 106,I s=O g/ 10 min), high density polyethylene of normal molecular weight NMWPE (I s= 4.8 g/10 min) and their blends have been investigated by means of thermomechanical loading in constant and impulse regime. It has been established that after melting, NMWPE passes to a viscous-liquid state. After melting at 138 °C UHMWPE passes to a high-elastic state. The transition of UHMWPE to a viscous-liquid state takes place at temperatures higher than 180 °C and is accompanied by a high-elastic reversible deformation. The blends of UHMWPE with 10 and 20 mass % of NMWPE show a plateau on the thermomechanical curves, corresponding to a high-elastic state, in a shorter temperature range where the deformation is greater. The blends containing the higher percent of NMWPE show thermomechanical curves lacking such a plateau. All blends are characterized by a singular thermomechanically defined temperature of melting, which increases with increase of UHMWPE content. The existence of the high-elastic state in the curves of UHMWPE and its blends containing NMWPE less than 30 mass % above their melting temperatures is explained by the high degree of physical crosslinking of UHMWPE.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01425029
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  • 97
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    Mass, size and shape of micelles formed in aqueous solutions of ethoxylated nonyl-phenols (1987)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 715-722 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Non-ionicsurfactants ; ethoxylatednonylsphenols ; micellar mass ; hydrodynamicradius ; conformation ofmicelles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The study was extended to analysis of mass, size and conformation of micelles formed in aqueous solutions of ethoxylated nonyl phenols. The results obtained by ultracentrifugal technique between 293 and 323 K have proved that the slightly ethoxylated nonyl phenols form micelles with high molecular mass and larger size at constant temperature, while the increasing length of the ethylene oxide chain favours formation of micelles of smaller molecular mass and size. The transformation of conformation from oblate to spherical shapes ensues with increasing temperature at constant ethoxy number or with ethoxylation at constant temperature. The second virial coefficient decreases with increasing temperature and decreasing ethoxy number. In accordance with the earlier conclucions, the change of the second virial coefficient relates to enhanced variation of monomer solubility, stabilization of micelle structure and increased deviation from ideal behaviour of a given micellar system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01425034
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  • 98
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    The effects of silica gel (carrier) on the activity (hydrogen yield) of photocatalytic decomposition of water over [pol-Ti(OBu)4 + CH3OH]-complex (1987)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 741-746 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Photocatalytic activity ; [pol-Ti(OBu)4 + CH3OH]-complex surface of silica gel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A significant effect of pore size has been found on the yield of photolysis of water to hydrogen, ozone (oxidising product) and methane (decomposing product of catalyst or solvent) using [pol-Ti(OBu)4 + CH3OH]-complex/SiO2. The pore structure of silica gel has been found to provide good conditions for forming this type of catalyst.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01425038
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  • 99
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    Multinuclear macromolecule metal complexes 2. Preparation and characterization of Prussian blue and its analogs bonded to pofy(vinylamine hydrochloride) (1987)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 786-790 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Mixed valence complex ; Prussian blue analog ; intervalence charge transfer ; polyion complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Prussian blue and its analogs bonded to poly(vinylamine hydrochloride) (PVAm · HCl) containing FeII or FeIII and M2+ (M=Fe, Co, Cu) in a 1∶1 molar ratio were obtained by the reaction of [Fe(CN)6] n− (n=3,4) with M2+ ion-PVAm · HCl mixture in aqueous solution. Under a limited polymer concentration (TVAm/TFe over 10), these polymer complexes thus obtained were stable and soluble in water. By casting these solutions, colored films can be produced. The formation of Prussian blue and its analogs bonded to PVAm · HCl was also investigated by the Benesi-Hildebrand method. The molar extinction coefficients of intervalence charge transfer (FeII→FeIII, CoII→FeIII, FeII→CuII) band for MFe(CN)6](n−2)− bound to PVAm · HCl (M=Fe, Co, Cu) were found to be 10,100−9601 · mol−1 · cm−1 at 25
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01418454
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  • 100
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    Crystal growth in syndiotactic poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels (1987)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 810-814 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Crystal growth ; syndiotactic poly(vinyl alcohol) ; hydrogels ; Liesegang rings ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Aqueous solutions of syndiotacticity-rich poly(vinyl alcohol) (s-PVA) form gels easily. The optimum condition of growth of the calcium tartrate crystal formed by diffusing calcium chloride into hydrogels containing tartaric acid was studied with use ofs- PVA of a syndiotacticity of 56 % and a degree of polymerization of 1460. The crystal grew in the gel of the concentrations of 2 % s-PVA and of 0.5 N tartaric acid at pH=4. The relation between the formation of Liesegang rings and shear modulus of a gel was studied by diffusing silver nitrate into gels containing potassium chromate. The distance between rings decreased with increasing shear modulus of a gel in the range from 670 to 7500 dyne/cm2. The Liesegang rings were not formed for the shear modulus gel for 280 and 16200 dyne/cm2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01418457
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