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  • Articles  (105,133)
  • Springer  (54,101)
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  • Articles  (105,133)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009  (65,936)
  • 1985-1989  (22,317)
  • 1975-1979  (16,880)
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Another new journal (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543905
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the annual maximum distribution in dependent partial duration series (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 3-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Annual maximum ; partial duration series ; T-year estimate ; marshall-Olkin bivariate distribution ; Morgenstern bivariate distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract As a basis for development of the annual maximum distribution the so-called partial duration series with Poissonian occurrence times and exponentially distributed peak exceedance values has been selected. The model is generalized by allowing for a Markov dependence between succeeding peak values. Correlation values from p=0 to p=1 can be accounted for by introducing the Marshall-Olkin bivariate exponential distribution, which is presented in detail. The developed distribution function for the annual maximum is throughly analysed and a variety of distribution forms depending on the value of the correlation coefficient and the intensity in the Poisson process is hereby recognized. To a certain extent this might be considered as parallel to the scattering of hydrological regions with different generating mechanisms for the annual maxima.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543906
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On a stochastic description of the time-space behaviour of extratropical cyclonic precipitation fields (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 37-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Cyclonic precipitation ; mathematical modeling ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A stochastic description is developed for extratropical cyclonic precipitation fields at synoptic and meso scales as they are typically observed by radars over the Earth. This description attempts to account I) for the synoptic scale behavior of a cyclonic storm (its birth, its synoptic scale motion trajectory, and its dissipation) II) for the synoptic-scale organizational structure of subsynoptic precipitation areas (rainbands, precipitation cores and raincells) within a cyclonic storm; and III) for the behavior of subsynoptic precipitation areas, in terms of their births, their spatial configuration evolutions, their motions, and their deaths (dissipation). The precipitation cores and the raincells are taken as the building blocks of the subsynoptic precipitation, areas within a cyclonic rainfield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543908
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A review on stochastic differential equations for applications in hydrology (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 81-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic differential equations ; Itô calculus ; Stratovovich integrals ; Jump integrals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Fundamentals of the theory of stochastic calculus and stochastic differential equations (SDE's) which are finding increasing application in water resources engineering are reviewed. The basics of probability theory, mean square calculus and the Wiener, white Gaussian and compound Poisson processes are given in preparation for a discussion of the general Itô SDE with drift, diffusion and jump discontinuity terms driven by Gaussian white noise and compound Poissionian impulses. Also discussed are stochastic integration and the derivation of moment equations via the Itô differential rule. The lierature of SDE's is reviewed with an emphasis on the more accessible sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543805
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The discrete Hurst range for skew independent two-valued inflows (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 53-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hurst range ; conditioned exchangeable, variables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new theoretical interpretation is proposed for Hurst's empirical law which is applicable to discrete-valued inflows and is consistent with the existing interpretation for continuous-valued inflows. This is applied to independent net inflows {X r} having values +1 and −1 with unequal probabilities. With the aid of a new result on the exchangeability of symmetrically conditioned exchangeable variables, values of the resulting range are obtained and tabulated. It is found that the effect of skewness is very slight for skewness values between (about) 3 and −3, and that Hurst's own approximation, the “conditioned range”, is remarkably accurate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543909
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pattern analysis on mixed-mode hydrometric data (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 67-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: pattern analysis ; mixed-mode data ; event-covering ; discretization ; hydrometric data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a pattern analysis technique that has been successfully applied to a set of hydrometric network data collected in British Columbia, Canada. This technique can extract information from a set of observed heterogeneous multivariate data. The data are represented as n-tuples of mixed discrete and continuous values. The technique is capable of screening out statistically irrelevant information. It is also able to detect inherent subgroups in the data through adopting an event-covering approach. The subgroup characteristics represent important empirical understanding even though there may be considerable probabilistic variation within each individual subgroup.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543910
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stochastic models in hydrology (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 17-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic hydrology ; multivariate analysis ; information extraction ; information transfer ; structure of time series ; time series analysis ; spatial characteristics ; simulation of processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A stochastic approach to the analysis of hydrologic processes is defined along with a discussion of causes of tendency, periodicity and stochasticity in hydrologic series. Sources of temporal non-stationarity are described along with objectives and methods of analysis of processes and, in general, of information extraction from data. Transferred information as measured by correlation coefficients is compared with the transferable information as measured by entropy coefficients. Various multivariate approaches to hydrologic stochastic modeling are classified in light of complexities of spatial/temporal hydrologic processes. Alternatives of time series structural decomposition and modeling are compared. A special approach to modeling of space properties further contributes to approximate simulations of spatial/temporal processes over large areas. Several aspects of stochastic models in hydrology are concisely reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543907
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A stochastic differential equation approach to soil moisture (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 101-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Soil moisture ; stochastic processes ; stochastic differential equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of water within the unsaturated root zone of the soil are represented by a pair of stochastic differential equations (SDE's), one representing the so-called “surplus” state of the moisture and the other the “deficit” condition. The inputs to the model are the climatically controlled random infiltration events and evapotranspiration which are modeled as a compound Poisson process and a Wiener (Brownian motion) process, respectively. The solutions to these SDE's are not in “close-form” but sample functions are obtained by numerical integration. The moment properties of the soil moisture evolution process have also been derived analytically including the mean, variance, covariance and autocorrelation functions. To illustrate the model, climatic parameters representing the “surplus” and “deficit” cases and properties of clay loam soil have been used to numerically derived the corresponding sample functions. With proper selection of all the parameters, physically realistic sample trajectories can be obtained for the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543806
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On predicting upland erosion losses from rainfall depth (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Upland erosion ; annual erosion losses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Point rainfall triggers the complex processes of overland flow and surface erosion. The probability density functions of rainfall duration and intensity are coupled with a physically based dynamic formulation of rainfall-runoff-sediment transport relationships for upland areas. When considering a single storm, rainfall depth alone is a poor predictor of sediment transport because of the dispersion introduced by the effect of rainfall intensity. On a long terms basis, however, the total amount of rainfall can be used to predict total erosion losses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543808
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An extended theory of equi-risk line for a general release rule (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: equi-risk line ; detention pond ; urban runoff ; frequency analysis ; flood risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The expression of equi-risk line derived by the authors represents the relationship between discharge capacityy 0 u and storage capacityz 0 u to keep flood frequency under a certain risk level represented by the return periodT, i.e.,z 0/z 0 u ={(y 0 u −y 0 u )/y 0 u } S , wherey 0 u andz 0 u areT-year probability peak discharge and total volume of a hydrograph. The shape parametersS is evaluated in this paper for various release rules of the storage facilities and correlations of durations and peaks of hydrographs. The expression forS is: $$S = S_\infty + (S_0 - S_\infty )\exp ( - \sqrt p )$$ , whereS 0 andS ∞ are the values ofS forp=0 and ∞, andp is the exponent of a general storage-release relation,q=az' p, wherea is the storage constant, andz' andq are the volume of stored water and the corresponding release. The values ofS 0 andS ∞ are expressed in terms of the correlation coefficient ρ of durations and peaks of inflow hydrographs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543807
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On predicting upland erosion losses from rainfall depth (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 135-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Upland erosion ; annual soil losses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Annual erosion losses from 135 experimental plots under a variety of soil types, vegetation cover densities and conservation practices in Iraq have been measured over a period of four years. The first three years of this data set demonstrate that annual erosion losses can be predicted from annual rainfall depths. The results obtained from regression analysis were then validated with the fourth year of soil erosion data. These results corroborate the theoretical findings of the companion paper in that long term erosion losses can be predicted from the total amount of rainfall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543809
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multivariate contemporaneous ARMA model with hydrological applications (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 141-154 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Contemporaneous ARMA models ; maximum likelihood estimation ; multivariate modelling ; stochastic hydrology ; time series analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In order to allow contemporaneous autoregressive moving average (CARMA) models to be properly applied to hydrological time series, important statistical properties of the CARMA family of models are developed. For calibrating the model parameters, efficient joint estimation procedures are investigated and compared to a set of uivariate estimation procedures. It is shown that joint estimation procedures improve the efficiency of the autoregressive and moving average parameter estimates, but no improvements are expected on the estimation of the mean vector and the variance covariance matrix of the model. The effects of the different estimation procedures on the asymptotic prediction error are also considered. Finally, hydrological applications demonstrate the usefulness of the CARMA models in the field of water resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543810
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A linearly regressive Gamma Markov process (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 155-160 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Gamma Markov ; estimation ; maximum likelihood estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The linearly regressive Gamma Markov sequence is being increasingly used as a model for geophysical phenomena, one of the reasons being that it is possible to determine the distribution of (weighted or otherwise) cumulative sums of such a sequence. In this paper we show briefly how to simulate such a sequence and its seasonal extension; we also show how to estimate its parameters. It is shown that the estimates obtained by the method of moments do not have a high efficiency, whereas those obtained by a modified maximum likelihood method have an efficiency close to unity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543811
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    The inverse problem and ground water management (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 161-168 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Inverse problem ; groundwater management ; groundwater response function ; stochastic control ; consistent parameter estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The response of groundwater basins to natural and anthropogenic inputs depends on many interrelated factors such as the values of groundwater flow and mass transport parameters. This work presents a theoretical analysis of the impact of parameter uncertainty on groundwater management decisions. It is shown that under classical, Bayesian, and deterministic assumptions about the parameter structure, the resulting management decisions could be very different. This underscores the importance of adopting the proper parameter structure and the need for using consistent methods to solve the inverse problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543888
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    A feature based method for tracking mesoscale rainfall areas in radar images (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 185-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Pattern matching ; tracking ; rainfall ; mesoscale ; radar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new feature-based matching algorithm for tracking mesoscale precipitation phenomena in radar image sequences. Distinct rainfall areas are identified in each image and characterized by a feature vector of shape descriptors, which provide a mathematical representation of the spatial characteristics of each identified area. Rainfall areas observed in consecutive images are matched by comparing the relative values of the features. Two match scoring algorithms are developed to generate the initial estimates of correct matches, which are then updated by likelihood measures based on relative location. The method is applied to mesoscale rainfall areas observed in sequences of radar-derived images of rainfall activity over Southwestern Ontario during the summers of 1980 and 1981.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543890
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  • 16
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    The two-component extreme value distribution for flood frequency analysis: Derivation of a new estimation method (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 199-208 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Extreme value distribution ; two-component distribution ; maximum entropy principle ; parameter estimation ; regional estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The two component extreme value (TCEV) distribution has recently been shown to account for most of the characteristics of the real flood experience. A new method of parameter estimation for this distribution is derived using the principle of maximum entropy (POME). This method of parameter estimation is suitable for application in both the site-specific and regional cases and appears simpler than the maximum likelihood estimation method. Statistical properties of the regionalized estimation were evaluated using a Monte Carlo approach and compared with those of the maximum likelihood regional estimators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543891
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    A first-order approximation to stochastic optimal control of reservoirs (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 169-184 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic control and programming ; real-time hydrologic forecasting ; reservoir theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new approximate method of solution for stochastic optimal control problems with many state and control variables is introduced. The method is based on the expansion of the optimal control into the deterministic feedback control plus a caution term. The analytic, small-perturbation calculation of the caution term is at the heart of the new method. The developed approximation depends only on the first two statistical moments of the random inputs and up to the third derivatives of the cost functions. Its computational requirements do not exhibit the exponential growth exhibited by discrete stochastic DP and can be used as a suboptimal solution to problems for which application of stochastic DP is not feasible. The method is accurate when the cost-to-go functions are approximately cubic in a neighbourhood around the deterministic trajectory whose size depends on forecasting uncertainty. Furthermore, the method elucidates the stochastic optimization problem yielding insights which cannot be easily obtained from the numerical application of discrete DP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543889
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  • 18
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    Transport and sedimentation of particles in a fluid flow (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 209-216 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Transport ; sedimentation ; random walk ; Markov chain in continuous time ; distribution of maximum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A simple two-dimensional random walk model is developed for the motion of a particle in a fluid flow. Some earlier results for the persistent injection of particles into the flow are extended, and the distribution of the maximum number of particles in suspension over the period (0,t) is derived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543892
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  • 19
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    Statistical aspects of flow in a random network of channels (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 217-240 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Transport of fluid ; random network ; macro-permeability ; micro-geometry ; statistical mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a detailed statistical analysis of Hagen-Poiseuille flow in plane random isotropic networks of interconnected channels. The emphasis is on statistico-geometrical features of networks that affect macroscopic permeability. It is shown that permeability of a network depends on its average co-ordination number, the first two moments of the channel length distribution and other explicitly identifiable geometrical features. Distributions of flow rates in channels and average flow rates are established by minimization of the rate of energy dissipation. Theoretical developments are interpreted in the context of classical statistical mechanics. Analytical results are illustrated and verified using numerical analysis of flow in a simulated random network.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543893
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  • 20
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    Announcements (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 280-280 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543099
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  • 21
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    Development of stochastic partial differential equations for subsurface hydrology (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 241-262 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Martingale ; stochastic-convective ; stochastic-relativist ; spectral-integral ; perturbative ; statistical-mechanical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The use of stochastic models in subsurface hydrology is growing at a logistic pace. To tie together a number of different stochastic methodologies for deriving subsurface transport equations, we have put together a brief review of some of the more common techniques. Our attention is confined to a few select methodologies so that we might delve in detail into assumptions required by the various approaches and their strengths and weaknesses. The methods reviewed include: Martingale, stochastic-convective, stochastic-relativist, spectral-integral, perturbative, statistical-mechanical, and generalized hydrodynamics. Within this list, we also have included a few stochastic methodologies which have been used solely to develop expressions for the dispersion tensor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543097
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  • 22
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    On a general class of stochastic partial differential equations (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 297-302 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic PDE ; Zakai equation ; nonlinear filtering ; distributed systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We shall consider in this article a general class of stochastic PDE which in particular covers the Zakai equation of nonlinear filtering and natural formulations of distributed systems involving control variables. We use only fixed point arguments, hence we get uniqueness results. In the case of the Zakai equation, Galerkin approximations have been considered by Pardoux (1979) to derive the existence of the solution
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543101
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  • 23
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    Semigroup solutions to stochastic unsteady groundwater flow subject to random parameters (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 281-296 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic groundwater flow ; semigroups ; random in time Gaussian process ; random physical parameters ; stochastic partial differential equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Two methods for the solution of partial differential equations (PDE) for the general case of random in time physical parameters are presented and their application to the solution of unsteady regional groundwater flow equations are illustrated. The first method is the semigroup approach which directly offers a solution without resorting to “closure approximations” (hierarchy techniques), perturbation techniques, or Montecarlo simulation techniques. The semigroup approach can also handle the general stochastic problem when randomness also appears as initial conditions, boundary conditions or forcing terms. The second method is an approximation scheme to obtain the semigroup solution in complex cases and permits the solution of equations with more than one random coefficient.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543100
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  • 24
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    Rainfall-runoff forecasting methods, old and new (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 303-318 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Rainfall-runoff models ; forecasting ; unit hydrograph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Here we review the main thrusts of rainfall-runoff modelling with an eye toward the advantageous use of the massive date sets being accumulated and the modern computers capable of dealing effectively with such sets. More than a tutorial, this study is aimed at providing a unifying structure for analyzing available techniques. The closing section draws attention to the existence of an alternative methodology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543102
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  • 25
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    Micro-scale modelling in the study of plume evolution in heterogeneous media (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 263-279 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Porous media ; heterogeneity ; groundwater ; dispersion ; stochastic theory ; plume evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The migration of contaminants in heterogeneous aquifers involves dispersive processes that act at different scales. The interaction of these processes as a plume evolves can be studied by micro-scale modelling whereby two scales, a local- or micro-scale and an aquifer- or macro-scale, are covered simultaneously. Local-scale dispersive processes are represented through the local dispersion coefficient in the transport equation, while large-scale dispersion due to heterogeneities is represented through the resolution of the flow field and the diffusive exchange between streamtubes. The micro-scale model provides both the high degree of resolution compatible with local-scale processes, and the extent required for the approach to asymptotic conditions, using grids of up to a million nodal points. The model is based on the dual potential-streamfunction formulation for flow, and the transport problem is formulated in a natural coordinate system provided by the flownet. Simulations can be used to verify stochastic theories of dispersion, without the restrictive assumptions inherent in the theory. For the two-dimensional case, results indicate convergence of the effective dispersivity to the theoretical macrodispersivity value. Convergence takes place within a travel distance of about 50 correlation lengths of the hydraulic conductivity field. However, the approach taken to asymptotic conditions, as well as the macrodispersivity value, may differ for different realizations of the same medium. The influence of early-time events such as plume splitting on the asymptotic convergence remains to be investigated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543098
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    Lifetime of the propagating species in the cationic polymerization of p-methoxystyrene (1978)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 11-15 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Lifetime of the propagating species and initiation rate constants (ki) were evaluated for the cationic polymerization of p-methoxystyrene initiated by I2, CH3SO3H, BF3O(C2H5)2, and SnCl4. The lifetime was found to be fairly long, ranging from 0.2 to several seconds in 1,2-dichloroethane at 30°C; that for the intermediate generated by iodine (2–6 s) much exceeded the others. The ki value increased in the order: I2 〈 CH3SO3H ≪ BF3O(C2H5)2 ∼ SnCl4.
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    The volume of activation of the spontaneous aquation of Co(NH3)5Br2+ catalysed by anionic polyelectrolytes (1978)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 17-22 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The spontaneous aquation reaction of Co(NH3)5Br2+ was enhanced by addition of sodium polyethylenesulfonate, an anionic polyelectrolyte. The volume of activation was negative in the absence of the macroions and positive in their presence. This suggests that the macroions dehydrate the activated complex more strongly than the reactants, if it may be attributed solely to the solute-solvent interaction term.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280960
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    Complexation of synthetic bilayers with water-soluble polymers (1978)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 35-39 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The morphological influence of water-soluble polymers on the aqueous bilayer aggregate (vesicle and/or lamella) of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide was investigated by electron microscopy. Positively charged polymers and uncharged polymers either destroyed the aggregate or was ineffective. On the other hand, the negatively-charged copolymer of acrylamide and acrylate separated the bilayer and produced smaller vesicles.
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    The “template-effect” of water in acrylonitrile polymerization (1978)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 47-53 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280965
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    Alternating copolymerizations of dioxaphospholanes with acrylic acid derivatives and with α-keto acids. New synthesis of polyphosphonates (1978)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 55-59 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280966
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    Cationic oligomerization of isobutylene oxide (1978)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 73-77 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280969
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    The aqueous thermal polycondensation of asparagine and isoasparagine and the structure of polyaspartic acid (1978)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 177-180 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Both asparagine and isoasparagine were converted into polyaspartic acids by refluxing the corresponding aqueous solutions at neutral pH in the presence of a salt. The properties of the resulting polyaspartic acids were studied. The dissociation behavior of the carboxyl groups in the polypeptides were studied by the potentiometric titration. The analysis of the titrational data was performed by a modified Speakman's method. The analysis show that both polyaspartic acids prepared from asparagine and isoasparagine have α- and β-aspartyl residues and the ratio of α- and β-aspartyl residues is 75 ∶ 25∼85 ∶ 15. A possible mechanism for the formation of α- and β-aspartyl residues in the polymer was discussed.
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    Head-to-head polymers X: high resolution NMR spectroscopy of polystyrene and poly(vinyl cyclohexane) (1978)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 181-189 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Conclusions The 13C NMR spectra of H-H PS and H-H PVCH show the influence of the long range order on the chemical shift of several carbons. There is some hope to improve the resolution by the choice of appropriate solvents. The attribution of the lines to specific stereosequences would require the preparation and separation of optically pure dimers and trimers. It is, however, already possible to compare the microstructure of H-H polymers prepared by different chemical ways.
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    Synthesis and polymerization of nucleic acid base substituted L-lysine (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 215-220 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly-l-lysines containing nucleic acid bases, that is, adenine, thymine, uracil and theophylline were synthesized. The nucleic acid base substituted l-lysine derivatives were prepared from α,N-Cbz-l-lysine and the p-nitrophenyl esters of the carboxyethyl derivatives of the nucleic acid bases. The polymers were obtained from these l-lysine derivatives by the NCA method.
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    Carbohydrate stabilization with anthraquinone during alkaline pulping (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 205-210 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Treatment of wood meal with aqueous alkali in the presence of anthraquinone at 80°C leads to a conversion of reducing hexose end groups in the polysaccharides to mannonic and gluconic acid end groups. Xylose end groups are oxidized to xylonic and lyxonic acid groups. This leads to a stabilization of the polysaccharides against endwise alkaline degradation.
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    Polarized Raman spectra of doubly oriented poly(vinyl alcohol) (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 61-66 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Polarized Raman spectra of doubly oriented samples of atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) have been measured. The great usefulness of such polarized spectra has been clarified for the vibrational analysis. The normal coordinate treatments of syndiotactic and isotactic poly(vinyl alcohol) chain models gave good agreement between the observed and calculated frequencies.
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    Light scattering studies of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) solutions and films (1978)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 67-72 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Concentrated solutions (〉20 wt%) of poly (γ -benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG) were investigated using small angle light scattering (SALS). The gels and cholesteric liquid crystals formed in PBLG concentrated solutions, were analyzed in terms of theories previously developed for SALS from crystalline polymers. It was found that there are two types of the fibrillar aggregation of α-helices in gels and furthermore, two types of the orientation correlation of α-helices in cholesteric liquid crystals.
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    Polymerization via zwitterion. 20. Alternating copolymerizations of 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane with p-and o-formylbenzoic acids (1978)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 91-95 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Spontaneous alternating copolymerizations of 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (MN) with p- and with o-formylbenzoic acids (ME) were examined. The copolymerizations took place without catalysts affording the copolymer 3 via zwitterion 6. The copolymerizations involve the oxidation of the phosphorus monomer and the reduction of formylbenzoic acid. The scheme of the copolymerizations was presented. The yields of copolymers were quite different between these two copolymerizations. With ortho acid, the copolymer yield was low due to producing phthalide 4.
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    A photosensitive polymer as recording material in holography (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 167-170 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new reversible photochromic copolymer of maleic anhydride with styrene containing azo side groups was prepared. The system reacts to irradiation by a reversible trans-cis photoisomerization of light-sensitive azo groups. Irradiation also causes a change in the refractive index, so that the polymer may be employed in recording optical information in the form of phase hologram. The resolution of the material is higher than 2000 lines/mm. In spite of the large variability of organic compounds, according to available information only two groups of compounds have been utilized in the reversible recording of volume phase holograms. These are dimers of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (Tomlinson et al. 1972) and stilbene derivatives (Anonym 1974). In this paper we describe a new reversible material for recording volume phase holograms (Matějka et al. 1978).
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    Polymerization via zwitterions. 22. Alternating copolymerization of 2-acryloxypropionic acid with cyclic phosphorus compounds (1978)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 171-176 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Alternating copolymerization of 2-acryloxypropionic acid (APA) as a new MN with two MN monomers of phosphorus containing ethylene phenyl phosphonite (EPO) and ethylene phenyl phosphite (EPI) have been disclosed. Copolymerizations took place without added catalyst to produce 1∶1 alternating copolymers of APA-EPO and of APA-EPI. The structures of the copolymers were determined by IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, as well as the identification of the alkaline hydrolysis products. The copolymerizations were explained in terms of a mechanism of zwitterion intermediates involving a hydrogen transfer process.
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    H-H polymers XI: high resolution nmr spectroscopy of poly(methyl acrylates) (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 191-198 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Degradation of poly(ester) s by carbenium ions (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 199-204 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Synopsis Poly (ester)s are degraded by the attack of classical carbenium ions. In a representative study it is demonstrated that the carbenium ions are by far more reactive to cleave ester linkages than are protons. The change of molecular weight distribution of the poly-(ester) during reaction with carbenium ions is reported In an example on low molecular weight compounds the reaction path has been clarified.
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    On the polymerisability of 2-alkenylfurans with anionic initiators (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Various attempts to induce the anionic polymerisation of 2-vinylfuran and some of its homologues were carried out. Negative results were obtained, except with sodium biphenyl in hexamethylphosphotriamide, a system which gave limited yields and not a living polymerisation. The results are interptreted on the basis of side reactions of the furan ring marring the normal vinyl propagation, A critical discussion of previous conflicting reports is also given.
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    Photochemistry of benzoin derivatives in an oxygenated polymeric medium (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 233-237 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Investigation of the photochemistry of benzoin derivatives in a polymer medium leads to the suggestion that oxygen play an important part in the first processes which occur under U.V. irradiation. This is of interest for the understanding of the photocrosslinking process.
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    Ethylene polymerisation with new catalysts: Et2AICI-organotitanium compounds (1978)
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 227-232 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A brief kinetic study is reported of the polymerisation of ethylene catalysed by four aluminium-titanium chloro-organic complexes, three of which are new. These systems proved efficient both in terms of polymerisation rate and of the linearity of the high polymers obtained. A comparison is made with previous work in this field.
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    Oligomerization of phenyl glycidyl ether in the presence of ZnCl2 (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 31-36 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In the presence of ZnCl2 phenyl glycidyl ether reacts to different products owing to the ring-opening reaction of the oxirane and the cleavage of the ether bond. Using HPLC and offline mass spectrometry most of the reaction products could be identified. A reaction scheme and the supposed reaction mechanism were described involving the formation of chlorine — containing oligomers and low molecular weight by — products resulting from the cleavage of the ether bond of the monomer. Conclusions were drawn for original polyfunctional epoxy resin systems.
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    Study on the relationships between the structure of networks and mechanical properties of rubber vulcanizates (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 55-62 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Basing on that the fluctuations of chains and junctions in real vulcanizates with carbon black fillers are suppressed by the presence of three kinds of forces which are network, entanglement and carbon black-polymer interaction forces. A new molecular theory of rubber elasticity for vulcanizates with carbon blacks at large deformation was presented. It succeeds in relating the elastic state to molecular constitution by three important quantities (C100, C020 and C200). In which the severity of constraints by entanglements, crosslink and junctions of carbon blacks are characterized with four molecular parameters. , , and . The relationships of stress to strain for four types of deformation were derived from this theory.
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    Study on the relationships between the structure of networks and mechanical properties of rubber vulcanizates (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 63-70 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A satisfactory account of reinforcement has been secured through the application of the theory of elasticity to rubber vulcanizates with carbon black fillers. A statistical theory of reinforcement by carbon blacks and it's characteristics were developed. Three methods for characterizating the reinforcement of carbon blacks by the difference of elastic free energy, retractive forces and modulus were derived from this theory. The influences of carbon blacks on mechanical properties of SBR and NR vulcanizates were studied by uniaxial equi-biaxial and unequi-biaxial extensions. These results show that an excellent agreement between the theory and experiments. A correlation between the structure parameters of cijk and the tensile strength for SBR vulcanizates filled by different grade of carbon blacks exists.
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    Existence of an introduced elastomer interphase in a glass beads-filled epoxy thermoset (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 97-102 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A rubbery (CTBN based) thin layer is added onto the surface of glass beads embeded in a DGEBA — DDA matrix. The chemical and the coating processes are described. The existence of a specific relaxation of the interphase is evidenced using viscoelastic measurements. The presence of an other α1 relaxation is discussed.
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    Living carbocationic polymerization (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 7-13 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The efficient synthesis of symmetrical telechelic polyisobutylenes carrying ∼ CH2C(CH3)2Cl groups at either end of the molecule, $$\mathop - \limits^t Cl - PIB - Cl\mathop - \limits^t$$ , has been accomplished by rapid living polymerization using aromatic di-tert.-ether/BCl3 initiator system in CH3Cl at −70°. The living nature of the polymerization was demonstrated by linear Mn versus amount of PIB formed (WPIB) plots starting at the origin. The effect of temperature and solvent composition (polar/nonpolar) on the polymer structure has been investigated. Undesirable indanyl end groups which form during polymerizations carried out at −30° and −50°C can be eliminated by decreasing the temperature to −70°C. The apparent activation energy differences have been determined in the −30 to −70°C range at different polar/nonpolar solvent compositions: ΔEa of $$\mathop - \limits^t Cl - PIB - Cl\mathop - \limits^t$$ decreases from 2.6 to 1.0 kcal/mole by decreasing the polarity of the medium from 100% CH3Cl to a 60/40 v/v CH3Cl/hexanes mixture.
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    Piezoelectric activity in films of poly(1-bicyclobutanecarbonitrile) (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 135-136 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We observed significant piezoelectric activity in cast films of poly(1-bicyclobutanecarbonitrile).
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    Crystallinity of POM films cast from solution (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 137-140 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The process of crystallization and the structure of poly/ oxymethylene/ (POM) films cast from hexafluoroacetone sesquihydrate solutions were studied. The supermolecular structure of thin POM films was studied by the use of polarization microscope. It has been found to consist mainly of spherulites, the size of which are essentially independent of the initial concentration of the solution. Similarly to the findings reported for thin films made of melts, ovoids and spiral ovodis were also found in minor amounts. Two additional formations indicating more complex structure were also detected. Further details of the structures formed could be recognized applying scanning electron microscopy.
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    Grafting of acrylamide to Nylon-6 by the electron beam preirradiation technique (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 149-156 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In water swollen nylon grafted acrylamide (NYgAM) membranes, prepared by the electron beam preirradiation technique, water was classified into three categories: bound, free and intermediate states. The partition of water into these states was evaluated by utilising the data of water sorption capacity and permeability coefficients of water and ionic solutes through the membranes. Reevaluation of the partition was done utilizing the data of water proton relaxation times Ti, measured by pulsed NMR technique. The partition was evaluated as follows: the first 2 moles of water per mole of grafted polyacrylamide (PAM) are bound, the next 4/3 moles are intermediate and the rest of the water is free. It was further found that in highly water swollen membranes, the water beyond 2 moles per mole of PAM can be classified as free water.
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    Grafting onto carbon black by the reaction of reactive carbon black having acyl chloride group with several polymers (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 87-93 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Acyl chloride group introduced onto carbon black rapidly lost its activity by the moisture in air. However, the decrease of acyl chloride group content in vacuum was negligibly small. By the reaction of the acyl chloride group with several polymers having hydroxyl or amino group, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA), and polyethyleneimine (PEI), these polymers were found to be effectively grafted onto carbon black; for instance, the grafting ratio of PEG (Mn=8.2×103), PVA (Mn=2.2×104), and PEI (Mn=2.0×104) was 18.5%, 32.9%, and 45.8%, respectively. The number of polymer grafted onto carbon black decreased with an increase of its molecular weight.
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    Erratum (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 94-94 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00955889
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    Photopolymerization of 2-(dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate induced by diacetoxyiodobenzene and bis(trifluoroacetoxy) iodobenzene (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 169-174 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The title hypervalent iodine compounds are efficient photoinitiators for the polymerization of 2-(dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate. The polymer is formed in daylight but faster under UV irradiation, with high conversion; its molecular weight 〈Mn〉 is 9×104 daltons. Copolymerization of this monomer with styrene occurs also under similar conditions at a high rate. A free radical mechanism is suggested for these polymerizations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256884
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    The morphology and deformation behavior of poly(butylene terephthalate)/BPA polycarbonate blends (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 341-345 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this communication the results of a series of recent studies of the morphology and deformation behavior of toughened poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/BPA polycarbonate (PC) blends are briefly summarized. Several papers containing a more detailed account are currently in press (1–3). Among the unique morphological features of these blends are the consistent isolation of the core/shell impact modifier (IM) in the PC phase and the crystallization and phase separation of the PBT from the partially miscible PBT/PC melt on slow cooling. DSC studies provide corroborating evidence for melt miscibility of the two resins. The blends deform through a combination of cavitation and shear processes. In all cases cavitation occurs exclusively within the IM particles and is suppressed at higher PC concentrations and elevated temperatures.
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    Magnetic field effect on the photocrosslinking of a butadiene-styrene copolymer modified by benzoyl or phenylacetyl groups (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 369-373 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A butadiene-styrene copolymer was partially modified by Friedel-Crafts reaction of phenyl groups with benzoyl chloride or phenylacetyl chloride. The resulting benzoylphenyl and phenylacetylphenyl groups served as photosensitizers for a subsequent crosslinking by u.v. irradiation. The extent of crosslinking was measured by sol/gel analysis. Crosslinking was carried out without magnetic field and with magnetic field of flux density 1.0 Tesla. The experiments with magnetic field yielded about 5% less soluble polymer, corresponding to a higher crosslink degree. The data were evaluated by statistical methods.
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  • 59
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    Transport of alkali metal ions by comb-like poly(vinyl ethers) with pendant poly(oxyethylene) chains (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 389-395 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Comb-like poly(oxyethylenes) ( $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} $$ ), prepared by the HI/I2-initiated living cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers carrying a poly(oxyethylene) pendant, were found to transport alkali metal ions (Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+) through a dichloromethane liquid membrane at 25°C. Polymer $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} $$ with four oxyethylene units per pendant (n = 4) transported all the four cations (best for K+), and more effective as an ion carrier than its non-polymeric counterpart (tetraglyme), whereas $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} $$ with n = 0 [poly(ethyl vinyl ether)] was virtually ineffective. The observed polymeric effect indicates an enhancement of ion transport via a cooperative action of the neighboring poly(oxyethylene) pendants. Related vinyl ether copolymers consisting of poly(oxyethylene) (n = 4) and hydrophobic phenoxyl pendants were inferior to $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} $$ as ion-transport carriers, but introduction of hydrophilic alcoholic pendants into $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} $$ (n = 4) facilitated the transport of the smaller cations (Li+ and Na+).
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    Synthesis and properties of some EPDM graft terpolymers (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 299-306 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two EPDM graft terpolymers, one with polystyrene branches and one with poly-α-methylstyrene, were prepared from a commercial EPDM polymer using “grafting from” techniques. The new materials were characterized by GPC, osmometry and nmr spectrometry; tensile strength properties were also determined.
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    The polymerization of acetylene on catalysts having the composition titanium tetrabutoxide/organomagnesium or organolithium compounds (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 331-334 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polymerization of acetylene was investigated using catalysts in which the titanium component, Ti(OBu)4, was reduced with organomagnesium and organolithium compounds. In some cases, mainly with RMgBr, homogeneous films possessing good mechanical properties were obtained. The content of the transform of polyacetylene (40–80%) depended only vaguely both on the type of the reducing agent and on the reaction conditions. In all cases the film density was higher than that of films prepared according to Shirakawa.
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    Theory of network formation by additional crosslinking of polyurethanes due to biuret and allophanate formation (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 481-488 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using the theory of branching processes, conditions for gelation and relations for the sol fraction and concentration of elastically active network chains have been derived for polyurethane systems where also urea, biuret and allophanate units are formed. The application of the theory is illustrated by gelation in diol-diisocyanate-water systems in which urea and biuret units are formed.
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    Synthesis and NMR study of some aliphatic block and branched α,ω-dihydroxy polyesterethers (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 499-506 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The following dihydroxy linear, branched and block polyesterethers: αω,-dihydroxy-poly (di (oxyethylene) oxysuccinyl) (1), -poly(tri(oxy-ethylene)oxysuccinyl) (2), -poly(oxyethylene-oxysuccinyl)-block-poly(oxyethylene) (3), and -poly(oxy-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyleneoxysuccinyl) (4) have been synthetized using polytransesterification reactions. Their NMR spectra have been assigned and compared.
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    An analytical correction for peak broadening in gel permeation chromatography with a molecular weight detector (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 531-538 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper we present a general expression describing the peak broadening effect on molecular weight averages measured during the elution of a polymer in GPC. This expression is valid for nonlinear column calibration and nonuniform Gaussian spreading across the chromatogram. Comparison is made with analytical relationships derived by Yau, Marais, Hamielec and Netopilik. The methodology developed as an extension of the Pierce and Armonas method is applied to a model system and to elution data of dextrans.
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    Apparent compatibility in n-alkane/poly(dimethyl phenylene oxide) blends (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 523-529 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary We report here on the apparent compatibility of a series of n-alkane/PDMPO blends. Three alkanes were examined [eicosane (C20), tetracosane (C24), and Polywax 2000 (nominally C142)] as blends of 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% alkane with PDMPO. Samples were judged to be compatible or incompatible according to three criteria: (a) visual appearance, i.e., transparent vs. opaque molded specimens, (b) the presence or absence of an alkane crystalline melting peak in a DSC thermogram, and (c) downward shifts in the PDMPO-rich phase glass transition temperatures from the T g range of 195–200°C for PDMPO homopolymer. The T u〉Tm alkane component transition has not been observed in any of the blends prepared to date.
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    Effect of temperature on the solution properties in 2-ethoxyethanol of statistical copolymers of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 551-556 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The temperature dependence of the second virial coefficient and intrinsic viscosity of statistical copolymers of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid in 2-ethoxyethanol was investigated. It was found that the θ-temperatures of copolymers are outside the temperature range given by the θ-values for poly(methacrylic acid) and poly(methyl methacrylate). Their dependence on the copolymer composition has a discontinuity. Simple theoretical considerations have shown that this behaviour may be expected with copolymers composed of monomer units dissolving, respectively, with absorption and evolution of heat.
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    Effect of ZnCl2 on the copolymerization of acrylonitrile with N-2-chlorophenylmaleimide (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 9-12 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of ZnCl2 addition on the reactivity ratios of the system acrylonitirle (AN)-N-2-Chlorophenylmaleimide (2CMI) has been investigated. It has been found that the addition of small amount of ZnCl2 doubles the reactivity of AN while drastically decreasing that of the 2CMI. The viscosity of the copolymers has been measured and was found to decrease with increasing the maleimide and the ZnCl2 concentrations.
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    Polymerization of maleimides containing s-triazine rings in presence of aromatic di- or tri-amines (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary New thermosetting resins were prepared by crosslinking of 2,4,6-tris[4-(maleimido) phenoxy]-s-triazine (TM) or 2,4-bis[4-(maleimido) phenoxy]-6-diethoxyphosphinyl-s-triazine (BM) in presence of various aromatic di- or tri-amines. The maleimide-amine adducts initiated thermal polymerization at lower temperature than did the corresponding neat maleimides. The thermal stability of cured resins was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. The cured resins derived from the maleimide-amine adducts were less thermally stable than those of the corresponding neat maleimides. The initial decomposition temperature of the polymers obtained from the maleimide-amine adducts was not remarkably influenced by the chemical structure of the aromatic amine utilized.
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    Analysis of the 300 MHz PMR spectrum of poly(p-bromostyrene) (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 27-32 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The 300 MHz pmr spectrum of poly(p-bromostyrene) is presented and analyzed. The aliphatic proton resonance of this polymer is very similar to that of polystyrene, but the aromatic proton resonance is somewhat more well defined. The resonance of the ring protons ortho to the polymer backbone occurs in a 5 peak pattern that, in view of the previous results obtained for poly 2- and 3-vinyl thiophenes (1,2) and poly(p-acetylstyrene) (3), was interpreted in terms of pentad stereosequences. Based on the assignments made in this paper, poly (p-bromostyrene) synthesized by free-radical initiated polymerization seems to be atactic.
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    Grafting onto TEDLAR films by the electron beam preirradiation technique (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 137-141 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polyvinylfluoride (tedlar) films, 12.5–25 μm thick, were grafted with acrylamide monomer (AM) in an aqueous solution, following preirradiation with a 550 kV electron beam accelerator. The graft yield rose with grafting period up to 285% and 475%, for the 25 μm and the 12.5 μm tedlar films, respectively, and then levelled off due to gelation of the solution. Water permeation rates through the tedlar films were increased, upon grafting with AM, by a factor of up to 3. Water permeation rates through the tedlar grafted with acrylamide (TEDgAM) films were relatively low, as compared with those of cellophane films or nylon grafted acrylamide films (NYgAM) of comparable thickness, implicating that only part of the tedlar film cross-section has been penetrated through by the grafted copolymer. The highest rates of water permeability were observed in 12.5 μm films grafted with 475% acrylamide.
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    Theoretical analysis of model compounds of substituted poly(acetylenes): conformation versus electronic properties (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 159-166 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the conformation of conjugated molecules on their electronic properties has been investigated using the extended Hückel theory. Dimers of acetylene and methylacetylene have been taken as model compounds of poly(acetylene) and poly(methylacetylene). Upon increasing the torsional angle between the two repeat units, both the band gap and the ionization potential increase, but the change is more pronounced with the former variable. This increase is not regular and becomes more important at angles larger than 30°. Non-planar conformations are then expected with poly(methylacetylene) and other n-alkyl monosubstituted poly(acetylenes) and explain their large band gap (i.e. blue shifting) in comparison with that of poly(acetylene). In addition, similar ionization potentials are expected for n-alkyl substituted poly(acetylenes) and, therefore, their different reactivity in presence of oxidizing agents has to be explained by the size of their substituents.
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    Photopolymerization and photocycloaddition reactions in the 2-vinylnaphthalene — Maleic anhydride system (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 99-104 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Photochemical reaction of the 2-vinylnaphthalene (VN) (electron-donor monomer) — maleic anhydride (MAn) (electron-acceptor monomer) system has been studied in order to elucidate reaction pathways and the correlation between them and the multiplicity of an excited-state molecule. It was found that direct irradiation of the VN — MAn system both in benzene and acetonitrile produces predominantly copolymers probably via ion radicals generated by electron transfer in the electronically excited singlet state, whereas benzophenone-sensitized reaction yields a cycloadduct of VN with MAn as a main product via the electronically excited triplet state.
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    Living carbocationic polymerization (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 123-130 
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    Notes: Summary The synthesis of symmetrical linear telechelic polyisobutylenes (PIB) carrying -CH2C(CH3)2Cl end groups $$({}^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{t} }Cl - PIB - Cl{}^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{t} })$$ has been accomplished by living isobutylene (IB) polymerization using the CH 3O(CH3)2C-pC6H4-C(CH3)2OCH3 ·TiCl4 initiating system in CH3Cl/n-C6H14 (40/60 v/v) at −80°C. The living nature of the polymerization was demonstrated by linear Mn versus amount of PIB formed (Wp) plots smarting at the origin. Polymers with up to $$\bar M_n = 126.000$$ and $$\bar M_W /\bar M_n = 1.1$$ have been prepared. The effect of temperature on the polymer structure has been investigated. Undesirable indanyl end groups which form in polymerizations even at −80°C can be eliminated by preparing the initiating di-tert.-ether · TiCl4 complex in the presence of monomer.
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    The reactivities of polymer radicals towards stilbene; the cases of vinyl methyl ketone, isopropenyl methyl ketone, styrene and a-methylstyrene (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 265-269 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 14C-stilbene has been used for measurement of the incorporation of stilbene in polymers of vinyl methyl ketone, isopropenyl methyl ketone and styrene, and in copolymers of the two ketonic monomers and of styrene with α-methylstyrene. It has been confirmed that the introduction of an α-methyl group into a monomer significantly reduces the reactivity of the derived polymer radical towards stilbene.
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    Preparation and oxidative polymerization of 2-methyl-6-geranylphenol (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 283-286 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 2-Methyl-6-geranylphenol (MGP) was efficiently prepared by the reaction of o-cresol and 1-chloro-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene in the presence of alkali metal. MGP was oxidatively polymerized to poly(2-methyl-6-geranyl-1,4-phenyleneoxide).
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    Network build-up by initiated polyreaction (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 209-215 
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    Notes: Summary The theoretical treatment of network formation in diamine-diepoxide curing under participation of etherification of excess epoxide groups, which is based on the combination of kinetic and statistical methods, has been extended to cover postgel parameters. Within the ring-free approximation, this treatment is rigorous. Relations have been derived for the extinction probabilities, sol fractions and concentrations of elastically active network chains. In the system under consideration, various definitions of an elastically active network chain are possible.
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    Liquid crystalline copoly(vinylether)s containing 4(4′)-methoxy-4′ (4)-hydroxy-α-methylstilbene constitutional isomers as side groups (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 239-246 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Ethoxy vinyl ethers containing 4-methoxy-4′-hydroxy-α-methylstilbene and 4-hydroxy-4′-methoxy-α-methylstilbene constitutional isomers as side groups were synthesized by phase transfer catalyzed etherification of a Mixture containing the above mentioned isomers with 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether. Cationic copolymerization of various ratios between the two constitutional isomeric monomers led to a mixture of two copolymers which were separated by fractional precipitation. One copolymer exhibits a nematic mesophase, the other exhibits two smectic mesophases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255116
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    An example of spontaneous symmetry breaking in polymer physics (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 343-346 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A polymer chain subject to certain constraints (slip-link plus fixed end points) is considered. It is shown that this system exhibits spontaneous symmetry breaking when the end-to-end distance of the chain is lowered below a certain critical value. Various implications of this effect are mentioned.
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  • 79
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    Deformation recovery behaviour of a solid polymer after tensile yielding (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 361-368 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this work the deformation recovery behavior of an amorphous polymer after large tensile deformation is studied at different temperatures. The effect of three parameters other than temperature has been pointed out in previous works (1–3). The data here presented indicate that the influence of all parameters, including temperature, on recovery behavior can be related to the residual stress, σ *, at the beginning of recovery test. This suggests to plot the recovery versus time curves, relative to different sets of parameters including temperature, by means of the same normalizing groups which were adopted in (2), thus shifting all curves towards a single master curve.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256238
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  • 80
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    Synthesis and characterization of in situ anionically polymerized p-aminobenzoylcaprolactam using di-and tri-functional initiator systems (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 397-401 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary p-Aminobenzoylcaprolactam has been polymerized anionically in a two-step process to produce aramide-amide copolymers. Both drawn fibers and unoriented films may be produced using this method. The samples were characterized using FTIR, solution NMR, thermal analysis, viscosity, and mechanical testing. FTIR and NMR revealed the incorporation of both the aramid and amide linkages into the polymer backbone. TGA results gave a lower decomposition temperature than that of both aramide and nylon 6 materials. Intrinsic viscosities averaged 0.5 dL/g for the drawn copolymer samples polymerized by the di-functional initiator. Light microscopy displayed crystalline domains that did not appear to melt even up to 300°C. Mechanical testing showed that the initial moduli of drawn fiber samples to be in the range of 30–80 MPa, while homopolymers of nylon 6 and p-benzamide possessed values of 25 MPa and 2.70×103 MPa, respectively.
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  • 81
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    Acetylene-cyclopentene copolymers (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 425-432 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cyclopentene (CP) and 7,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)tricyclo-[4,2,2,02,5]-deca-3,7,9-triene (p-A) were copolymerized. The copolymers were thermally converted to acetylene-cyclopentene copolymers ACP-13, ACP-11, and ACP-31 containing 60.3%, 48.3% and 39.4% of CP, respectively. Infrared spectroscopy showed the copolymers to have increasing sequence length of conjugated double bonds with increasing acetylene contents. The copolymers have only small amounts of unpaired spins which are only one-tenth to one-hundredth of that found in normal trans-poly(acetylene). The copolymers absorb large quantities of iodine, which on the basis of sp 2-carbon atoms are comparable to iodine doped poly(acetylene). Doped ACP-copolymers acquire some increase of conductivity up to 10−4 (Ω cm)−1 for ACP-31 copolymer and evacuation returned the materials to their insulating states even though the samples retained a few mole % of I3 −. The results are attributed to low carrier concentration and mobility.
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  • 82
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    Cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-substituted-2-oxazolines initiated by carbon black surface (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 377-384 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Carbon blacks were found capable of initiating the ringopening polymerization of 2-substituted-2-oxazolines at relativery high temperatures. The activation energy of the polymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline was estimated to be 13.4 kcal/mol. Carbon black lost the initiating activity of the polymerization upon the blocking of carboxyl groups on the surface by the treatment with potassium hydroxide or diazomethane. Therefore, it was concluded that carboxyl groups on carbon black play an important role in the initiation of the polymerization. Furthermore, it was found that during the polymerization, poly(N-acylethyleneimine) was grafted onto carbon black by the termination of growing polymer chain with the surface.
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  • 83
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    Synthesis and characterization of phenylquinoxaline-arylene ester block copolymers (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 411-416 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Phenylquinoxaline-arylene ester block copolymers were prepared from phenolic hydroxyl terminated oligomers of defined molecular weight using an oligomer/monomer(s) approach, in which generation of the ester linkage coupling the blocks occurred concomitantly with the growth of the polyester block. The molecular weight of the phenylquinoxaline block was held constant at 12,900, while the stoichiometry of the arylene ester monomers were adjusted to afford copolymers containing 15, 30, and 50 wt% poly(arylene ester). These copolymers represent the first example of PPQ-based block copolymers derived from well defined phenylquinoxaline oligomers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275596
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  • 84
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    Oligomerization of alkynes by hafnocene dichloride/ethylaluminum dichloride (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 441-446 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The Cp2HfCl2/C2H5AlCl2 system (Cp = η5-cyclopentadienyl) was found to be an active homogeneous catalyst for the Oligomerization of both terminal and internal alkynes. Apparently, the mechanism of Oligomerization occurs by successive insertion of the alkyne into the hafnium-carbon bond of a cationic intermediate, as evidenced by the interception of the highly substituted, sterically bulky, 1-trimethylsily1-1-propyne.
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  • 85
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    Structure-property behavior of new hybrid materials incorporating oligomeric poly(tetramethylene oxide) with inorganic silicates by a sol-gel process (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 455-462 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Novel transparent hybrid materials incorporating triethoxysilane endcapped poly(tetramethylene oxide) with tetramethoxysilane have been successfully prepared by a sol-gel process. The molecular weight of PTMO has been varied to study its effect on the structure-property behavior of these hybrid materials. Mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical behavior have been measured; small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) has been utilized to obtain structural information. Based on the experimental results, a simplified morphological model has been suggested to describe these new hybrid systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275602
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  • 86
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    Synthesis of well-defined graft copolymer with oligodimethylsiloxane and polyvinylalcohol branches (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 473-477 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polyvinylalcohol macromer of well controlled molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, whose hydroxyl groups being protected as silyl ethers, was synthesized by Lewis acid catalyzed sequential silyl aldol condensation. Copolymerization of p-oligodimethylsiloxanylstyrene with the macromer, followed by the removal of the hydroxyl protective groups, gave the well-defined title graft copolymer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255328
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  • 87
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    Chemical modification of macroreticular 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate — Ethylene dimethacrylate copolymers (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 495-499 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Several chemical modifications of commercial macroreticular 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-ethylene dimethacrylate copolymers are described. The derivatives containing pendant imidazole, primary amino groups and complexon (EDTA and DTPA) groupings as well as oligo(N-acetyliminoethylene) and oligo(iminoethylene) grafts were prepared.
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  • 88
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    Optische Eigenschaften des einkristallinen Siliziums aus Elektronenenergieverlustmessungen (1978)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 31 (1978), S. 355-357 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Electron energy loss measurements on Si-monocrystals with fast electrons in transmission have been carried out to determine the energy loss function Im—1/ε. The real and imaginary part of the dielectric constant have been deduced from the Kramers-Kronig relation. The results are compared with those obtained from optical reflectance data. The energy loss function obtained from these energy loss experiments is found to be in good agreement with theoretical calculations.
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    Diffusion of stable electron-hole plasmas in magnetic fields (1978)
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    The European physical journal 31 (1978), S. 359-368 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The transport of a semiconductor plasma, composed of electrons and holes, can be described with the aid of moments relativ to the conditional one particle density function. To calculate these moments, an operator equation is given which was derived with the generalized Stratonovich method. This equation is extended by taking recombination and scattering with a lattice into account. The coefficient functions are determined for stable and homogeneous systems in a self-consistent manner. In particular, the spatial diffusion of test particles in a strong magnetic field is considered, neglecting quantum effects. The anomalous contribution to the diffusion across the magnetic field is calculated explicitly and compared with that for a high temperature plasma. It is shown, that anomalous diffusion is possible also in stable systems, provided the time dependence of the stochastic electric field is determined by the polarization due to the test particle.
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    Lattice distortions in terbium chalcogenides and pnictides (1978)
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    The European physical journal 31 (1978), S. 391-393 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The temperature dependence of the trigonal lattice distortion in TbS, TbSe, TbTe and TbBi is reported. Below the Néel point the rocksalt cell is rhombohedrally elongated in agreement with the moment orientation in these type II antiferromagnets. In the Tb chalcogenides as well as in TbBi the phase transition appears to be of second order.
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    Calculation of the phonon spectrum of potassium with a microscopic theory (1978)
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 13-15 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The microscopic theory of force constants is employed for calculating the phonon frequencies of potassium. As in a preceeding paper we rely upon the translation invariance requirement in the form of a sum rule. Because of this sum rule and an interpolation of the electronic density we can avoid any approximation for the density-density correlation function. The resultant phonon spectrum is in good agreement with experiment.
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    Band structure effects on the plasmon dispersion in simple metals (1978)
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 27-32 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The real part of the effective dielectric function is derived analytically in the pseudopotential approximation. For anyk-direction, the theory allows the evaluation of the plasmon dispersion,ω p (k), which is found to be anisotropic in general due to band structure effects. Application of the theory to Al yields an isotropic shift atk=0 ofΔω p (0) v ≈ − 0.3 eV and explains the recently observed anisotropic behaviour of the dispersion very well fork 〈 0.6k F .
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    Diffusion of hydrogen and deuterium in Nb and Ta at high concentrations (1978)
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 17-26 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient of H and D in Nb and Ta in theα andα′ phases has been measured between 0 and 40% H or D/Nb or Ta by the Gorsky effect. Since this method allows to determine simultaneously the thermodynamic factor, the tracer-diffusion coefficient can be extracted from the data. An increase of the activation energy as a function of concentration has been found for all four systems. Whereas for Ta the isotope dependence of the diffusion coefficients continues to exist at high concentrations it surprisingly disappears for Nb.
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    Passive measurement of flux nucleation in the current-induced resistive state of type I superconductors (1978)
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 33-38 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Flux-tube nucleation rates have been measured in the current-induced resistive state of type I superconducting In films between 1.5 and 2.0 K by a completely passive technique. Indication of periodic nucleation is observed only in narrow regions of sample voltage drop, whose position is a sensitive function of temperature. Frequency bandwidth measurements of the nucleation rate yield a spectral purity of one part in 104 within the narrow regions where an experimental signal can be detected.
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    Self-consistent theory of pairbreaking in kondo superconductors (1978)
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 39-46 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theory is presented for the calculation of equilibrium properties of superconductors containing magnetic impuritiesof finite concentration. The theory is based on the Nagaoka-Suhl approach to thes — d model and treats finite impurity concentrations within a self-consistentT-matrix-approximation. An integral equation is derived for the pairbreaking parameter which describes de-pairing of Cooper pairs by spin flip scattering. Numerical solutions of this equation are used to compute the phase diagram in the temperature-concentration-plane and the transition-temperature-dependence of the upper critical field. These calculations are in good agreement with experimental data on LaCeAl2-samples. In addition, the recent discovery of three normal superconducting transitions in LaCeY is discussed quantitatively.
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    Scaling function for cluster size distribution in two-dimensional site percolation (1978)
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 67-69 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Exact cluster size distributions of Sykes et al. in the square and triangular lattice for cluster sizes up to 17 are used to extrapolate the scaling function in the site percolation problem. Also the amplitude ratioC +/C - of the second moment is determined.
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    Low temperature thermal—and magnetic properties of CeP and CeAs (1978)
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 47-59 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract CeP and CeAs are characterized by low temperature measurements of the specific heat, the thermal expansion, the electrical resistivity and the magnetization of single crystal specimens. These physical properties are found to be very sensitive to crystal perfection and chemical composition in both the paramagnetic and the magnetically ordered state. In the intrinsically antiferromagnetic CeP, imperfections can give rise to a remanent magnetization belowT N .
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    Nonequilibrium phase transitions and bifurcation of limit cycles and multiperiodic flows (1978)
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 61-66 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In many nonequilibrium physical systems such as lasers, fluids, chemical reactions, semiconductors etc. new structures or patterns occur when external parameters are changed. Furthermore with further changing parameters a whole hierarchy of new pattern formations may occur where the first step starting from a homogeneous state is well understood. The present paper investigates what happens at the next steps where a system performs complicated motions in the form of a limit cycle or, still more generally, in the form of a multiperiodic flow. In this latter case the time dependence is composed of periodic motions of different frequencies. We study the case in which by change of an external parameter the stable motion (trajectory) becomes unstable and is replaced by a set of new trajectories (bifurcation). It is assumed that the bifurcating trajectories remain in the neighbourhood of the former stable trajectory. Our procedure allows for a number of applications to lasers, fluid dynamics, chemical waves etc. as will be shown in subsequent papers.
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    Electron energy loss study of titanium dioxide, barium titanate and silica in the range between 0.02 and 2eV (1978)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 113-120 
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    ISSN: 1434-6036
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This work discusses the energy loss spectra of TiO2, BaTiO3, silica, and graphite in the range between 0.02 and 2eV. The observed energy losses of crystalline TiO2 and BaTiO3 are located energetically between the excitation energies of the transversal and longitudinal optical phonons. This means that the energy losses are due to three (TiO2) or two (BaTiO3) different types of surface phonons. The energy loss spectra of the amorphous TiO2, BaTiO3, and silica are broadened and show certain similarities to the one-phonon density of states like Raman and infra-red absorption spectra. Rather sharp energy losses in the spectrum of the amorphous TiO2 are partially interpreted as vibrational excitation of TiO or TiO2 molecular states. In the energy loss range between 0.2 and 2eV the spectra of the amorphous and crystalline polar material are due to the coupling of the beam electrons to the electromagnetic field of the transition radiation. In the spectrum of graphite, however, which is referred to as comparison, the excitation of the almost free conduction electrons predominates.
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    Monte carlo calculations near a uniaxial Lifshitz point (1978)
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 133-137 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Monte Carlo method is applied to a threedimensional Ising model with nearest neighbour ferromagnetic interactions and next nearest neighbour antiferromagnetic interactions along one axis only. Special emphasis is given to the critical behaviour near the Lifshitz point.
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