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  • Articles  (15,686)
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  • 2010-2014  (7,417)
  • 2005-2009  (5,855)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Re: August editorial (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 347-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040595
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    News and meetings (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 348-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040596
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical properties of the phase difference between two interfering speckle fields in speckle interferometry (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The statistical properties of the phase difference between the two interfering partially correlated and partially developed speckle fields were studied experimentally as a function of the intensity correlation coefficient. The gaussian statistics are assumed for the formation of speckle fields in the diffraction region and the correlation coefficient between the two speckle intensities is used to evaluate the phase difference. The standard deviation of the phase difference can be uniquely determined in the fully developed speckle field from the correlation coefficient of the two speckle intensities. However, it was found in the partially developed speckle field that the standard deviation of the phase difference between the two speckle fields cannot be uniquely determined from the correlation coefficient of the two speckle intensities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030632
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of polarization fluctuations in installed single-mode optical fibre cables (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 109-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements were made of the random polarization fluctuations of conventional single-mode fibres of five optical fibre cables installed in the city of Berlin (West). The measurements were performed with the aid of a semiconductor laser, the frequency (f) of which was 227.3 THz (wavelength 1320 nm). Such preliminary studies are very important for optically coherent transmission over cables not maintaining the polarizations. The signal intensity fluctuations as the fibre output can be represented both as a function of time and by the related spectral power density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02029878
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 139-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02029882
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the noise of high-transimpedance amplifiers for long-wavelength pulse OTDRs (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Noise measurements on high-transimpedance amplifiers suitable for long-wavelength OTDRs give results higher than is predicted by normal noise models. Consequently, we have developed two useful techniques to measure independently the noise contribution of the JFET and the feedback resistor to the overall amplifier noise. p ]Our results show that the noise of the JFET is in accordance with an accurate theoretical model for such a device. In contrast, the noise from the feedback resistor is much higher than is predicted from the normal resistance-capacitance model for such a component. This increase results from the distributed nature of high-ohmic resistors. Our results indicate that both choice of resistor manufacturer and individual selection of a resistor from a specific manufacturer are warranted. By selecting a low-noise resistor we demonstrate a 500-MΩ transimpedance amplifier with an input equivalent noise current of 13.8 pA. In comparison, the same amplifier with a noisy resistor had an input equivalent noise current of 23 pA. p ]We use our results to show that a reasonable value of the input equivalent noise current of a low-noise photodiode-amplifier combination is 20 pA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02029880
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of a single-mode optical fibre piezoceramic phase modulator (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 179-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of a cylindrical single-mode optical fibre piezoceramic phase modulator was investigated in the frequency range below resonance. The integral and differential phase modulation efficiencies are reported for different geometrical dimensions of the modulator and for various piezoelectric ceramic materials. p ]The results obtained show that a phase-modulation depth in excess of ≪ can be easily achieved using commercially available piezoelectric cylinders, with driving voltage amplitude as low as 5 V.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030653
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling of attenuation properties of PCS fibres and its application to the backscattering measurement (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 191-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The time-independent diffusion equation that describes an optical power flow in an axially perturbed multimode fibre with a lossy cladding is solved. On this basis the attenuation of plastic-clad silica (PCS) fibres depending on cladding loss, mode coupling due to fibre perturbation, launching conditions and fibre length is investigated by means of computer modelling. This involves not only attenuation properties of PCS fibres by themselves, but also how they are ‘seen’ by the backscattering measurement technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030654
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase conjugation of CO2-laser radiation by a three-beam interaction (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 259-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The distortion correction of a CO2-laser radiation wavefront is studied by using forward resonant parametric scattering in gaseous SF6 and retrace after retroreflection from a mirror.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032521
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absorptive and dispersive bistability in semiconductor injection lasers (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. S1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent progress in the study of both absorptive and dispersive bistability in semiconductor injection lasers is reported. Inhomogeneously excited semiconductor lasers as an absorptive case, and laser diode optical amplifiers and optical injection locking systems of laser diodes as dispersive cases, are described. Applications of bistable semiconductor lasers, such as optical memories, optical regenerative amplifiers and all-optical switching, are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02034349
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal fire extinguishment (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 205-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Aluminum ; magnesium ; metal dust ; preapplication time ; metal powder heap ; extinguishing agent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Four sets of experiments were conducted in order to find the most efficient extinguishing agent for use on fires of metal dusts such as aluminum and magnesium. Parameters considered included time before application of agent, ratio of applied agent to metal dust, time to extinguishment, and active versus inert chemical composition of agents. A 30% active, 70% inert mixture of zinc stearate and sand was found to be an effective and economical extinguishing agent for metal dust fires.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01036937
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An update on the WPI graduate program in fire protection engineering (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 253-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01036939
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    News and meetings (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 258-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01036941
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modal bistability in twin-ridge injection lasers (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. S103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on the first observations of a promising new form of optically triggered modal bistability in semiconductor lasers. The bistable mechanism involves a switch between the degenerate in-phase and antiphase coupled modes of an index-guided, twin-ridge laser operating at 1.3 μm wavelength. Experimental results have indicated sub-picojoule bistable switching with switching times of less than 250 ps. Possible limitations of device performance are discussed, with particular reference to asymmetry of the ridge structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02034357
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistics of coherently detected backscatter and range performance of coherent OTDRs (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 145-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We derive the statistics of a coherently detected backscatter waveform taking into account the effects of polarization. For the first time these statistics are related to measurable parameters. We show that for long-range OTDRs the effects of polarization are statistically small. In relation to the demodulation process we used our statistical model to show that for long-range operation and with heterodyne detection all types of demodulation provide similar performance. With homodyne detection half-wave demodulation results in a 7 dB lower signal-to-noise ratio than the other types of demodulation which have similar performance. There is the usual 3 dB advantage of homodyne over heterodyne detection. Our results indicate that with the same launched powers, the signal obtained from a coherent OTDR can have up to a 37 dB better signal-to-noise ratio than one obtained from an incoherent pulse OTDR. This results in a 9 dB range advantage. We verify previously tabulated results which we found apply only for short-range operation. We use our model to predict the limits of long-range performance and to predict the effect of speckle on averaging. Finally, we explain the breakpoint behaviour that can be seen in results already reported and which is characteristic of linear full- or half-wave envelope demodulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030651
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ratio of aerosol backscatter to extinction coefficients as determined from angular scattering measurements for use in atmospheric lidar applications (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 293-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Wavelength dependence as well as relative humidity dependence of aerosol extinction to backscatter ratio was examined. The extinction to backscatter ratio is essential in solving lidar signal and was estimated from aerosol size distribution and refractive index (which were derived from angular light scattering measurements) using the Mie scattering theory. The extinction to backscatter ratios were calculated for wavelengths of 355 nm, 532 nm, 694 nm and 1064 nm, the major laser wavelengths used for lidars, where the refractive indices were assumed to be constant with wavelength. p ]When relating the aerosol extinctionα 1 to the backscatterβ 1 with a functional form ofβ 1 ∼α 1 k 1, the exponentk 1 was evaluated by the least square method and tabulated for the four wavelengths. The extinction to backscatter ratio defined asS 1=α 1/β 1 was calculated and their dependence on the wavelength and relative humidity was examined. Their dependence on the relative humidity is small whileS 1 in the average takes the value of 66 (±17), 60 (±13), 52 (±13) and 42 (±11) for the wavelengths 355 nm, 532 nm, 694 nm and 1064 nm, respectively
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032687
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ray propagation and compression in a strictly adiabatic taper (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 361-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we construct the exact ray paths for a strictly adiabatic taper. Ray invariants are given and explicit formulae for the components of the ray path are found. We investigate the characteristics of the bound and leaky rays and compare them with the behaviour of the exact bound and radiating modal fields. The compression of rays within the taper is discussed from the viewpoint of concentrator theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02053664
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical bistability in semiconductor lasers (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. iii 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02034348
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of light absorption during recording on the characteristics of volume phase transmission gratings (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 253-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dependence of diffraction efficiency behaviour on absorption during recording is investigated, assuming that on reconstruction the grating is purely a phase one. This behaviour is described using the multiwave coupled-wave approach. The cases of both sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal recording are investigated, taking into account the photo-induced change in the refractive index depending on the energy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032520
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical feedback effect on bistable laser diodes (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. S75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The optical feedback effect on multi-section bistable laser diode characteristics, especially on light/current hysteresis, has been studied. A decrease in the bistable laser diode hysteresis width under optical feedback was observed for the first time. A theoretical analysis has been carried out by solving carrier density rate equations, combined with the light-field equation. The analysis shows that the observed hysteresis width decrease is due to the phase detuning, which is governed by the difference between the values of the α-parameters (line-width enhancement factors) in the gain section and the loss section.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02034354
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  • 121
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. S121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02034359
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  • 122
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Error-rate measurements on an all-optically regenerated signal (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. S57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Error-rate measurements have been performed on an experimental all-optical regenerator at 140 Mbit s−1 for a range of input wavelengths in the 1.5-μm band. The best sensitivity was −40 dB m and the maximum gain 31.5 dB from facet to facet. Wavelength translations from −11 to +24 nm were obtained for a penalty of less than 5 dB. The regenerator used the interaction of the input signal with an optical clock waveform in a bistable laser amplifier to re-time the signal and restore the data levels. Future applications may include use in a repeater, as an interface in a wavelength-multiplexed network or as a logic element.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02034352
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  • 123
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer simulations for a common-cavity two section (CCTS) bistable laser (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. S83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a computer simulation about the characteristics of steady-state and transient response for a CCTS bistable laser under inhomogeneous electrical injection or external optical injection is reported. The rate equations are analysed in terms of typical parameters, such as electrical injection currents, spontaneous emission coupling factor, external optical injection intensity, etc. It shown that bistability and self-pulsation come mainly from the absorbing section constituting a saturable absorber in this device. A weak optical signal can be amplified by the laser, the amplification factor being dependent on the direction of the incident light. Some interesting results for the transient response under certain external optical injections are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02034355
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  • 124
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Switching mechanism in polarization-bistable semiconductor lasers (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. S93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The steady-state and transient properties of polarization-bistable semiconductor lasers are investigated, both experimentally and theoretically. An analysis based on coupled rate equations for a two-mode system with unequal gain/current characteristics is presented. The simple rate-equation model explains the general features of the observed bistable-switching behaviour. The condition for the existence of polarization bistability is determined using laser parameters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02034356
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  • 125
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Static and dynamic bifurcations in semiconductor lasers for device applications (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. S113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The properties of semiconductor lasers are reviewed within the framework of bifurcation theory and presented as a means for constructing new devices. Static bifurcations are shown to be related to two forms of non-reciprocity. One case of non-reciprocity is found to be analogous to effects in other non-linear waveguides; the second form appears to be novel. Dynamic bifurcations are considered in relation to delay-induced instabilities with particular attention given to multiple time-delay effects. The potential for exploiting properties of systems near bifurcations is examined and shown to be of great applications potential. The role to be played by semiconductor lasers in deepening knowledge of dynamic systems is indicated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02034358
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  • 126
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fire tests on window assemblies protected by automatic sprinklers (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 115-132 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Sprinkler systems ; wired glass ; tempered glass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Full-scale fire tests on wired and tempered glazing in steel and aluminum frames are described. These assemblies achieved fire resistance ratings when exposed to a standard fire of 45 min to 2 h. The maximum radiant heat flux transmitted through the glass was reduced by more than 90%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040427
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  • 127
    Electronic Resource
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    Estimating room temperatures from fires along walls and in corners (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 133-145 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: corner fires ; center fires ; flashover ; temperatures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Determination of temperatures associated with room fires provides a means of assessing an important aspect of fire hazard: the likelihood of the occurrence of flashover. Layer temperatures in excess of 600°C have been associated with the occurrence of flashover. A data correlation has previously been presented to estimate layer temperatures for fires burning in the center of rooms. For fires in corners and along walls, restricted entrainment results in higher layer temperatures than predicted by the previous correlation. Modification factors for the previous correlation are developed to extend its applicability to wall and corner burning geometries. The present analysis suggests that a fire in a corner may cause flashover with only half the heat release rate necessary for a fire burning in the center of a room.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040428
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  • 128
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pool fires under atmosphere and ventilation in steady-state burning (part I) (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 146-155 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Pool fire ; fire model ; burning parameters ; burning rate ; mass loss rate ; Spalding's theory ; cell ; ventilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Modeling based on Spalding's theory was undertaken to obtain information on a solvent pool fire under atmosphere and ventilation in steady-state burning. The model comprised the modified B-number with burning parameters governing the burning rate of solvent. Mass loss rate and burning rate of solvent from the burning pan were governed by heat conduction through the pan wall for small pans and by turbulent free convective heat transfer for large pans.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040429
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  • 129
    Electronic Resource
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    Notes on the 1986 national bureau of standards, center for fire research conference on fire research (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 158-161 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040431
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  • 130
    Electronic Resource
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    The Canadian national fire laboratory: Full-scale fire experiments (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 156-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040430
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  • 131
    Electronic Resource
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    Furnace pressure in standard fire resistance tests (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 162-163 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040432
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  • 132
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    Book reviews (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 164-168 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    News and meetings (1987)
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    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 170-171 
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    Re: Damage to receptacles (1987)
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    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 169-169 
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    International fire research (1987)
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    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 173-174 
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    1987 SFPE Symposium on Fire Detection and Suppression (1987)
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    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 333-335 
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    Fire research station annual report (1987)
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    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 336-338 
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    Fire and combustible exterior walls (1987)
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    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 339-341 
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    ASTM E5 research review (1987)
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    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 342-343 
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    CERCHAR fire test gallery offers unique range of services (1987)
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    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 343-344 
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    Fabrication and application of imaging holographic gratings (chirped gratings) for integrated optics (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 247-251 
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    Notes: Abstract Holographic chirped gratings with parallel grating lines have been fabricated by recording the interference structure of a plane wave and a cylindrical wave in a photoresist layer on a monomode glass waveguide. These gratings will be useful elements for the imaging of guided waves in integrated optics. A theoretical approach for treating their imaging properties is presented. The experimental results are described theoretically.
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    A proposal for a resonant opto-electronic optical logic device (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 265-268 
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    Spectral properties of asymmetrical optical directional couplers with periodic structures (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 273-287 
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    Notes: Abstract A comparison is made of co- and contradirectional couplers with periodic structures, with a view to their suitability as WDM devices for integrated optical systems. Expressions are obtained for the spectral response within the framework of a coupled-mode theory. It is shown that the competition between direct Bragg, Bragg-exchange and codirectional coupling in the contradirectional coupler leads to shifting and constriction of the stop bands. Calculations are made for a codirectional coupler with a new type of meander structure and for the contradirectional coupler.
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    VUV generation by eighth-order nonlinearity in Hg vapour (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 319-322 
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    Notes: Abstract Direct eighth-harmonic generation (λ = 134.4 nm) of Nd-laser radiation has been studied experimentally in Hg vapour. An electric field produced by free electrons created by photoionization is shown to be reasonable for even-order harmonic generation in a centrosymmetric medium.
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    Fibre nonlinearities in optical communications (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 1-17 
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    Notes: Abstract The article reviews the effects — both detrimental and potentially beneficial — of optical nonlinearity in fibres for telecommunications.
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    Highly accurate characterization of dispersion-optimized single-mode fibres (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 24-27 
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    Performance of a digital optical receiver in the presence of noise and intersymbol interference (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 45-48 
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    Notes: Abstract The performance of a digital optical receiver employing an avalanche photodiode has been evaluated in the presence of noise and intersymbol interference (ISI) arising from an offset in the counting interval. Numerical results have been obtained for various levels of ISI and possible explanations have been offered.
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    Broadband tuned c.w. dye laser emission in xanthylium salt (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 19-20 
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    Anisotropic properties of volume holograms in Bi12SiO20 monocrystals (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 37-43 
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    Notes: Abstract A theoretical and experimental study is made on light diffraction from holographic diffraction gratings, recorded in cubic photorefractive crystals Bi12SiO20 with (110) cut, for two orientation of the grating wave vector,K ‖ [001] andK ‖ [110], when an external electric field is applied.
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    Photoresist Bragg gratings as beam splitters and beam reflectors for integrated optical systems (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 49-58 
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    Notes: Abstract Based on the theory of coupled waves the diffraction efficiency (DE) of Bragg reflectors on planar glass waveguides is described for the case of obliquely incident waves. The coupling coefficients of the different types of mode conversion are determined both by a perturbational analysis and by fitting of the theoretical DE curves to the experimental data. Results on the fabrication and use of photoresist gratings on monomode glass waveguides as beam splitters and beam reflectors are given.
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    TE waves in a symmetric dielectric slab waveguide with a Kerr-like nonlinear permittivity (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 65-72 
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    Notes: Abstract The propagation characteristics of TE waves guided by a film with a Kerr-like nonlinear permittivity are investigated theoretically. The dispersion equations for positive and negative nonlinear coefficients are derived by introducing the maximum field amplitude as a parameter for the nonlinearity. Typical numerical results for dispersion characteristics are shown. For a hollow waveguide with positive nonlinear coefficient, the threshold power flow is determined numericlly from the viewpoint of applications to optical power clipping. It is found that the threshold power flow is proportional to the square root of the unperturbed permittivity difference between the film, and cladding.
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    Optical characteristics of bent dielectric rectangular waveguides (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 83-92 
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    Notes: Abstract Bent rectangular waveguide characteristics are analysed using conformal transformation and four-layered waveguide approximation. Using this method the physical model is clear, the optical characteristic expressions given are uncomplicated and the computed result is in good agreement with the results of Marcatili and Marcuse.
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    Efficiency and alignment tolerances of LED to single-mode fibre coupling — theory and experiment (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 209-222 
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    Notes: Abstract The coupling efficiency between partially coherent sources such as LEDs and single-mode fibres is calculated from near- and far-field data of the source for arbitrary coupling optics. The influence of misalignment and lens aberrations is considered. Simple formulae for coupling efficiency and alignment tolerances are derived for LEDs with a Gaussian far field. The agreement with experimental results using spherical, GRIN and taper lenses is satisfactory
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    Experimental observation of optical bistability based on self-defocusing (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 268-271 
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    Analysis of characteristics of long-wavelength semiconductor laser diode amplifiers (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 303-311 
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    Notes: Abstract The effects of amplifier facet reflectivities, cavity length, input signal frequency, amplifier cavity resonant mode, modulation frequency and bias current on various semiconductor laser diode amplifier characteristics have been investigated for both 1.3μm- and 1.55μm-wavelength amplifiers. The analysis is based on a parabolic relationship between the amplifier peak-gain coefficient and injected carrier density, which improves the accuracy and range of applicability.
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    Book reviews (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 201-202 
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    Contribution of resonance medium amplitude and phase modulation to the effectiveness of phase conjugation by degenerate four-wave mixing (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 351-359 
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    Notes: Abstract The contribution of amplitude and phase modulation to the energetic efficiency of wavefront conjugation (WFC) under degenerate four-wave mixing is studied in resonant media simulated by a two- or a three-level scheme. It is shown that a WFC-mirror of reflectivityR higher than unity may be achieved only in the presence of the medium phase modulation. Optimum conditions for obtaining high-efficiency (R〉1) WFC are defined.
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    Potential-pH diagrams for complex systems (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 1-21 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A generalized thermodynamic analysis and a geometric interpretation of potential-pH diagrams for multi-element systems are presented. The presence of reactive gases, e.g. CO2 and SO2, and complex-forming species, e.g. NH3 and Cl−, are expressly considered. The equilibrium state is described by a set of independent formation reactions of all species containing the active redox element, M. The formation reactions are written in terms of a user-specified set of primitive species, e.g. M, H2O, H+,e, X and Y, where X and Y could be CO2 and Cl− for example. Some of these primitive species, e.g. M ande, may be virtual species, that is, they do not have an independent existence as separate entities in the reaction mixture. This procedure permits an explicit algebraic solution for the potential-pH diagram. Examples of Pourbaix and predominance diagrams for complex uranium and chromium systems are given.
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    Insoluble anode of porous lead dioxide for electrosynthesis: preparation and characterization (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 22-32 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Preparation of a novel type of titanium-substrate lead dioxide anode with enhanced electrocatalytic activity for electrosynthesis is described. It has been demonstrated that in the presence of a suitable surfactant in the coating solution, an adherent and mainly tetragonal form of lead dioxide is deposited on a platinized titanium surface such that the solution side of the coating is porous while the substrate side is compact. By an analysis of anodic charging curves and steady-state Tafel plots with such porous electrodes in contact with sodium sulphate solution, it has been proved that the electrochemically active area of these anodes is higher by more than an order of magnitude when compared to the area of conventional titanium-substrate lead dioxide anodes. The electrocatalytic activity is also thereby enhanced to a significant degree.
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    Electroplating of bright cadmium from an optimized acetate bath under the influence of superimposed alternating current (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 49-56 
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    Notes: Abstract A systematic study of the electroplating of bright cadmium from an acetate bath is described. The process was carried out in electrolytes containing cadmium acetate with inclusion of boric acid, acetic acid and sodium acetate, in addition to gelatin and toluene-4-sulphonic acid as organic additives. The effects of the bath constituents on the cathodic polarization and the current efficiency of cadmium deposition from each bath as well as on the surface morphology of the as-formed cadmium electroplates is discussed. The optimum acetate bath composition is suggested. The influence of a superimposed sinusoidal a.c. with the d.c. on the above-mentioned characteristics of cadmium electroplating from the optimum bath was also examined.
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    Current distribution in a two-dimensional narrow gap cell composed of a gas evolving electrode with an open part (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 67-76 
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    Notes: Abstract On the basis of the observation of gas bubbles evolved by electrolysis, a two-dimensional vertical model cell composed of electrodes with open parts for releasing gas bubbles to the back side is proposed. The model cell consists of two layers. One layer forms a bubble curtain with a maximum volume fraction of gas bubbles in the vicinity of the working electrode with open parts. The other. being located out of the bubble layer, is a convection layer with a small volume fraction distributed in the vertical direction under forced convection conditions. The cell resistance and the current distribution were computed by the finite element method when resistivity in the back side varied in the vertical direction along the cell. The following three cases for overpotential were considered: no overpotential, overpotential of the linear type and overpotential of the Butler-Volmer type. It was found that the cell resistance was determined not only by the interelectrode gap but also by the percentage of open area and in some cases by the superficial surface area. The cell resistance varied only slightly with the distribution of the bubble layer in the back side.
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    Impedance analysis of electrodes modified with a reversible redox polymer film (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 82-90 
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    Notes: Abstract The study of the kinetics of an electrode coated with a redox polymer film has been carried out using an impedance technique. A theoretical model is proposed which takes into account the diffusion of the active centres. Experimental results are presented for a glassy carbon electrode coated with a [Ru(bpy)2 poly(4′-vinylpyridine)Cl]Cl film. There is good agreement between these results and the model.
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    Zinc electrodeposit morphology under conditions of fluctuating current density (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 91-103 
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    Notes: Abstract Previous investigations have shown that particles within a fluidized bed electrode undergo rapid fluctuations in overpotential. This investigation is concerned with the effects of such fluctuations on zinc electrodeposit morphology. Both a fluidized bed electrode and a rotating disc electrode were used, with the latter being driven at either constant or fluctuating current density. The effect of the fluctuations on the morphology of 1-h deposits for neutral and acidic sulphate electrolytes was determined by examination under the scanning electron microscope. Both pure electrolytes and those containing additives (nickel, cobalt, antimony and a commercially available glue) were employed. Wide variation in microstructure was observed with the fluctuations having a marked effect. These results are partly explicable in terms of differing nucleating and growth rates of zinc crystallites.
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    Simulation and optimization of a packed bipolar cell by means of a combination of conducting paper and an electric model circuit (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 113-122 
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    Notes: Abstract The potential distribution and current distribution in a packed bipolar cell were simulated using conducting paper and an electric model circuit. Conducting paper was cut to a pattern which represented an electrolyte solution, while an electric circuit was used which simulated the current-potential relationship at the electrode-electrolyte interface. The potential distribution measured on the paper pattern was not as uniform as expected from the linear field model, particularly when the faradaic current was small. The effective electrode area and the power efficiency were measured under different conditions. The similarity law was confirmed to hold when parameters characterizing the cell were kept constant. Procedures for optimization of the cell design and operating conditions are discussed.
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    A parameter characterizing the geometry of expanded metal. II. Natural convection mass transfer at expanded metal electrodes (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 127-133 
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    Notes: Abstract Free convective mass transfer rates at vertical electrodes of expanded metal were measured by the electrochemical method. Electrode height and electrolyte concentration were varied and the dependence of the expanded metal on the geometry and on the mesh orientation with respect to the vertical direction was investigated. A single equation was developed to correlate all the results. Besides the generalized dimensionless groups for natural convection the correlation includes a parameter characterizing the geometry of the expanded metal. The correlation also represents free convective mass transfer results obtained by other investigators with vertical mesh electrodes.
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    A parameter characterizing the geometry of expanded metal. I. A general mass transfer correlation for flow-by electrodes of expanded metal and wire cloth (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 123-126 
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    Notes: Abstract A dimensionless parameter characterizing the geometry of expanded metal is presented and successfully applied in the correlation of mass transfer results obtained by other authors with flow-by electrodes of this material. The geometric term seems to apply also to nets arranged parallel to the flow.
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    Comparative study of the potentiodynamic behaviour of aluminium at low potentials in barrier layer and in pore-forming electrolytes (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 104-112 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The potentiodynamic behaviour of a 99.9995% aluminium electrode in several barrier layer and pore-forming electrolytes at a temperature of 25° C, with sweep rates in the range 1–200 mV s−1 and potentials between −2.00 and 3.00 V (versus SCE), has been studied. In the anodic sweep the potential of zero current,V j=0, depends on the pH of the electrolyte and corresponds to a corrosion potential (the cathodic and anodic reactions coexist). In the 0.5 M H3BO3-borax solution (pH=6.3) and afterV j=0, the current density increases in a convex form, approaching a steady-state value. For this electrolyte and the potential ranges studied, the anodic charges corresponding to the anodic sweep are independent of the sweep rate and are associated with the formation of a barrier layer oxide. In the neutral 0.50 M propanedioic acid solution (pH=7.0) and the potential ranges studied, the anodic charges are much greater than those corresponding to the H3BO3-borax solution, and metal corrosion combined with a solvent effect of the electrolyte is found. The greatest anodic charges are found for the H2SO4 solution (pH=1.0); the anodic current increases rapidly in the potential ranges studied due to pore initiation. The cathodic and anodic behaviour of aluminium depend strongly on the electrolyte employed, basically through the effect of the electrolyte on the oxide film and through the pH of the solution.
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    Pumping effect due to gas evolution in flow-through electrolysers (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 134-146 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In electrolysers with recirculation where a gas is evolved, the pumping of electrolyte from a lower to a higher level can be effected by the air-lift effect due to the difference between the densities of the inlet electrolyte and the gaseous dispersion at the outlet. A balance equation for calculation of the rate of flow of the pumped liquid is derived. An equation for the calculation of the mean volume fraction of bubbles in the space between the electrodes is proposed and verified experimentally on a pilot electrolyser. The pumping efficiency of the air-lift effect is determined.
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    The influence of electrode structure on the adsorption and electro-oxidation of ethylene on platinum (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 147-155 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption and electro-oxidation of ethylene in acid electrolyte were studied on differently prepared platinum electrodes. A clear dependence of the apparent specific catalytic activity for ethylene electro-oxidation on platinum electrode structure was observed. Platinized platinum electrodes exhibit a low apparent specific catalytic activity which decreases on increasing the roughness factor due to additional overpotential contributions within the pores. The specific adsorptive characteristics and catalytic activity of non-porous platinum electrodes prepared by electroreduction of thick platinum oxide layers are independent of roughness factor and similar to those of smooth platinum electrodes.
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    Electroplating of antimony and antimony-tin alloys (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 156-164 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The electroplating of antimony from KSb(OH)6 and antimony-tin alloys from mixtures of KSb(OH)6 and Na2Sn(OH)6 onto steel substrates has been investigated under variable plating conditions. The influence of added tartaric acid, current density and temperature on cathodic potentials, cathodic current efficiencies, appearance of the deposits and chemical composition of the alloys has been studied. X-ray diffraction analysis has showed that amorphous or hexagonal antimony deposits are produced from solutions free from or containing tartaric acid. The alloy deposit (56% antimony) was produced in rhombohedral crystal structure. Fine-grained, highly adherent and dark-greyish deposits of antimony and antimony-tin alloys were plated in most cases.
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    The impedance of alkaline manganese cells and their relationship to cell performance. I. Interpretation of the basic impedance spectrum (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 165-173 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The impedance characteristics of undischarged alkaline manganese cells of various sizes (LR20, LR6 and LR03) have been investigated over the frequency range 100 kHz to 1 mHz. Specially constructed reference electrode probes have been inserted into the cells in two basic positions such as to obtain a complete analysis of the contribution to the total impedance from the individual cell components. It is shown that the impedance of standard cells is determined by the cathode-can assembly, the anode-separator impedance being negligible by comparison. The cathode-can impedance is further resolved into two components. Firstly, a component due to a nickel oxide layer present on the surface of the nickel-plated steel can. This takes the form of a high frequency semicircle in the complex plane. Secondly, a component due to the cathode itself (manganese dioxide + graphite mixture) which takes the form of a higher frequency semicircle and a low-frequency straight line of slope ∼32°. The latter is interpreted in terms of porous electrode behaviour involving slow proton diffusion in the solid state. Some evidence for a porous-planar transition has also been obtained at a critical frequency of ∼3 mHz.
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    The impedance of alkaline manganese cells and their relationship to cell performance. III. Correlation with high-rate pulse discharge capacity (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 185-195 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The extent to which the initial impedance characteristics of a batch of LR6 alkaline manganese cells determine their life and therefore capacity during a typical 2 A/10 s pulse discharge regime has been investigated, and the importance of thermodynamic factors have also been considered. It is shown that the potential drop (E-V pulse) for the initial discharge cycle can be calculated approximately from a knowledge of the initial internal resistance value, and the recovery voltage,V rec, can be calculated using a simple thermodynamic theory for the homogeneous phase discharge of γ-MnO2. During subsequent cycles the polarization of the cathode-can assembly remains approximately constant at 300 mV while that of the anode-separator system increases progressively from 100 mV to 〉300 mV. The constancy of the former parameter can be attributed to constancy in the cathode contribution to the internal resistance, whereas the changes in the latter can be ascribed to increases in anode resistance polarization and anode concentration polarization. Minimization of cell internal resistance and anode polarization are therefore of primary concern if cell performance is to be maximized.
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    The impedance of alkaline manganese cells and their relationship to cell performance. II. Correlation with short-circuit current and initial pulse discharge behaviour (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 174-184 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The theory relating the short-circuit or flash current behaviour of alkaline manganese and Leclanché cells to their internal resistance values has been reviewed. It is shown that the relationship SCC=VOC/R i pertains for both cell types where SCC is the short-circuit current, VOC the voltage at open circuit andR i the internal cell resistance which is a composite of several components. In the case of alkaline manganese cells these can be independently resolved usingin situ impedance measurements into three major components: the electrolyte resistance within the anode-separator-cathode porous matrices; the resistance of the cathode (MnO2 + graphite mixture); and the resistance of the nickel oxide layer on the surface of the nickel-plated steel positive current collector (cell container). In the case of Leclanché cells three components also control the internal resistance, but these cannot be so easily resolved. They are: the electrolyte resistance within the cathode separator matrices; the resistance of the cathode (MnO2 + carbon); and contact resistance between the cathode and positive current collector (carbon rod). Equivalent circuits for both alkaline manganese and Leclanché cells are proposed. Galvanostatic 2-A pulse discharge measurements have been made on LR20 alkaline manganese cells and directly correlated with the impedance measurements, thus providing confirmatory evidence for the equivalent circuit proposed. It is shown that the resistance calculated from the potential drop at 10 ms correlates closely with the internal resistance and hence short-circuit current value. It is also shown that ohmic polarization at long times (10 s) constitutes 67% of the total potential loss within the cell. Hence for a typical repetitive 2 A/10 s pulse discharge regime, the discharge life is critically dependent on the cell internal resistance value.
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    Electropolishing of chromium in phosphoric acid-sulphuric acid electrolytes (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 205-214 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The anodic dissolution of chromium in phosphoric acid-sulphuric acid electropolishing electrolytes has been investigated using a rotating disc electrode. The influence of electrolyte composition on mass transport and the resulting surface finish has been investigated. It was found that electropolishing of chromium occurs in the transpassive potential region under mass transport control. The transport limiting species is the anodically generated hexavalent chromium ion. The rate of nucleation of the anodic film present is potential dependent, and film instabilities occur in a certain potential region of the limiting current plateau.
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    Kinetics of anodic oxide film growth on indium in alkaline solution (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 196-204 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Data are presented which describe the kinetics of repassivation of freshly generated indium surfaces of pH 14. The process is controlled by ion conduction through the growing oxide film under high electric field. The associated kinetic parameters are tabulated. At high potentials an excess anodic charge is observed; it is attributed to conversion of some of the barrier film into an non-barrier layer. Some kinetic data associated with this process are presented.
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    Calendar (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 220-222 
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    Response of solid-state ion-selective electrodes to quaternary ammonium ions (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 219-219 
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    Electrochemical behaviour of polypyrrole films as secondary battery electrodes in LiClO4-propylene carbonate (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 215-218 
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    Editorial (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 223-223 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01023288
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    The chemistry and electrochemistry associated with the electroplating of group VIA transition metals (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 225-242 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An overview of the requirements for the electroplating of refractory metals from molten salts is presented, followed by a discussion of recent electrochemical studies which have been carried out to delineate the solution chemistry of alkali metal halide plating baths. New results for halide baths involving chromium and molybdenum are presented and considered from the view of both solution chemistry and the electrocrystallization processes of these metals. Advantages and disadvantages of these electrolytes are discussed in the context of plating cell development and pulse modulated plating techniques.
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    The role of diffusion of ionic species and of interdiffusion in the solid state in electrolytic deposition processes from molten salts (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 243-252 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Technical applications of electrocoating from molten salts involve the study of electrochemical reactions which are under the control of diffusion of electroactive species. Chemical reactions and ionic transport in the melt have previously been examined. Now the role of interdiffusion in the solid state is considered in the electrolytic deposition processes for coating metal and alloy substrates. The rate of diffusion into the substrate is the rate-controlling process. The study of the kinetics of incorporation by pulse electrochemical techniques is described. It is shown that the classical treatment used to describe the diffusion-controlled phenomena has to be modified to take account of the volume change of the electrode due to the metal incorporation. A mathematical analysis is presented to include the perturbation resulting from the bojndary motion which occurs during electrolysis at constant potential or at constant current (galvanodiffusion). Examples of application of this treatment in recent studies of metalliding reactions are given and discussed in relation to the experimental case of aluminiding iron.
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    The corrosion and deposition performance of molten salt electrodeposited chromium coatings (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 283-293 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Chromium coatings have been prepared by electrodeposition from a LiCl-KCl eutectic at 450° C, using a potential pulse method to control the nucleation stage of deposition prior to the main growth. Pure crystalline chromium layers, 30 μm thick, were formed that were both coherent and adherent. The possible application of these coatings to nuclear reactor fuel cladding (20% chromium 25% nickel, niobium-stabilized stainless steel) to protect against carbon deposition and oxidation has been investigated. In methane atmospheres at ∼800° C the coatings are highly effective at reducing carbon pick-up, e.g. by a factor of 11 times after 640 h exposure. The protection mechanism is discussed. In high-temperature oxidation tests in CO2-based atmospheres, the coating do not confer protection. At 950° C there is severe spalling and at 860° C the oxidation rate is 2 to 3 times greater than that of an untreated control. The hardness of the chromium layer is low (150–270 kg mm−2) compared to most other types of chromium coating. The use of carburization to increase the hardness has been investigated. Factors influencing the optimum coating thickness on this steel to achieve a satisfactory lifetime are discussed.
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    On the electrodeposition and characterization of niobium from fused fluoride electrolytes (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 253-260 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The electrodeposition of niobium from a binary electrolyte consisting of KF and NaF was characterized and compared with that from the ternary electrolyte of LiF, NaF and KF. The deposition experiments were conducted at current densities between 5 and 35 mA cm−2 and electrolyte temperatures between 725 and 800°C. DTA measurements indicated the melting points to be 450 and 710°C for the ternary and binary electrolytes with added K2NbF7; however, it was necessary to operate both electrolytes above 725°C to obtain dense coherent deposits. Coating morphology was described by optical and scanning electron microscopy studies, while coating structure and properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. In particular, a series of diffraction measurements were reported to describe the changes in the microstructure of the deposited material as a function of the preparation conditions.
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    Formation of corrosion-resistant layers by electrodeposition of refractory metals or by alloy electrowinning in molten fluorides (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 261-269 
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    Notes: Abstract The electrolytic treatment of less resistant metals such as iron, copper and nickel with tantalum or niobium has been carried out in K2TaF7-LiF-NaF or K2NbF7-LiF-NaF solutions in the 550 to 1050°C temperature range. Two kinds of experiments have been used. (i) At lower temperatures, electroplating with pure tantalum and niobium on inert cathodes was performed. The electrodeposition mechanism of each metal was studied and coherent electroplates were prepared which were tested in electrocatalytic applications. (ii) At higher temperatures (850–1050°C), using nickel cathodes, intermetallic compounds were obtained at more positive potentials than that for pure electrodeposition (Ta2Ni, TaNi, TaNi2, TaNi3, NbNi, NbNi3). The electrowinning of stable TaNi3 and NbNi3 layers was carried out by the metalliding process which makes these materials resistant to corrosion in various media. Further, a study of the kinetics of growth of the diffusion layer allowed a diffusion parameter to be determined which was in agreement with other results obtained by conventional methods.
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    Controlled nucleation and growth in chromium electroplating from molten LiCl-KCl (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 270-282 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The relationships between the electrochemical parameters (which can be controlled) and the resulting structures of chromium electrodeposits obtained by electrolysing chromous chloride (CrCl2) dissolved in the LiCl-KCl eutectic have been established. The electrodeposition of chromium under ordinary potentiostatic conditions leads to pure chromium but this is not in a form to provide an adequate protective coating as it is difficult to avoid dendrite formation and low initial coverage together. These limitations can be overcome by the sequential use of a high overpotential pulse to initiate good coverage and continuing electrodeposition at low overpotential to minimize dendrite formation. The structures and morphologies of chromium electroplates were optimized. The good protective coatings that resulted were adherent, coherent and reasonably free of cracks and pores. The macro-and microthrowing powers of the bath were excellent and the high purity of the chromium electroplates led to low (130–280 HV) measured microhardness.
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    Characteristics and properties of electrodeposited chromium from aqueous solutions (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 303-314 
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    Notes: Abstract The characteristics and properties of chromium deposited from sulphate-catalysed chromic acid solutions of varying composition over both a current density and temperature range have been examined. An attempt to interpret the mechanical test results on the basis of inherent crack incidence and crack length within the deposit has also been presented. Comparisons between laboratory and commercial platings have established the viability of extrapolating the laboratory results, enabling test gun tube performance to be related to the various coating structures produced in the 120 mm barrel by the varying current density conditions experienced. These current density variations have been predicted using the boundary element numerical method which demonstrates the inherent problems associated with gun tube geometry.
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    Mass transfer in electrolytic cells with gas stirring (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 340-346 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Mass transfer to wall electrodes was investigated in a circular cell agitated by gas bubbles. Perforated and porous plates were used as gas spargers. Electrodes with varying height and electrolytic solutions having different physical properties were tested. It was found that the enhancing effect of gas bubbles on the mass transfer coefficient is a function of the gas hold-up, irrespective of the velocity of the gas flow and the gas distributor employed. The results were correlated for short mass transfer lengths by the relationship $$Sh = 0.231(ScGa)^{\frac{1}{3}} (L/D_c )^{--0.194 _\varepsilon 0.246}$$ and for fully developed mass transfer by $$Sh_\infty = 0.256(ScGa)^{\frac{1}{3}} \varepsilon ^{0.254}$$
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    Performance of a pressurized electrochemical ozone generator (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 773-778 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a novel electrolytic ozone generator using a solid polymer electrolyte and a PbO2 anode is described. The operating parameters studied were: current density, water flow, temperature and pressure. Optimum current yields in the order of 20% are reached with a 30 cm2 cell at a current of 40 A, a temperature of 30°C and a volume feed rate of water 〉301 h−1. The system pressure does not influence the current efficiency or the cell voltage. The specific power consumption of a state-of-the-art cell is in the order of 65 W h g−1. The technique has been applied commercially in the field of disinfection of purified water for more than 3 years.
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    Electrochemical behaviour of copper in aqueous solution containing potassium ethylxanthate (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 779-788 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The electrochemical behaviour of copper in aqueous potassium ethylxanthate (KEX) is studied by using potentiodynamic techniques at different sweep rates, complemented with SEM and EDAX. In NaCl solutions a cuprous xanthate film is formed at low potentials, the initial stage of this reaction being the electroadsorption of KEX on copper competing with the adsorption of chloride ions and water. At low surface coverages for electroadsorbed KEX the electrodissolution of copper is partially inhibited as compared to plain NaCl solutions. As the KEX monolayer is completed, a tri-dimensional cuprous xanthate film grows in the electrode surface. On subsequent increase of the applied potential a complex anodic layer is formed leading to copper passivity. Passivity breakdown promoted by either chloride ions or electro-oxidation of the organic film can be observed when the potential exceeds a certain critical value.
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    Low-temperature charging behaviour of lead-acid cells (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 789-799 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature on the charging behaviour of lead-acid cells was studied at a depth of discharge of ∼20% of their reserve capacity. As expected the charge acceptance rates dropped markedly at temperatures below 0°C. The ability to charge at these temperatures was limited by a precipitous increase in polarization at the negative plates which occurred immediately upon starting the charge. At −18°C the charge acceptance rates fell within a range of 20 to 40% of that observed at 25°C. The highest rates at −18°C were favoured where the charge followed a high-rate, low-temperature discharge, with a minimum time and temperature for the open circuit stand. We speculate that this is due to factors such as a small PbSO4 crystal size and a non-equilibrium electrolyte concentration in the pores of the plates. Direct evidence for this is lacking, however, because of the need forin situ determination of the physical structure of the plates in the discharged condition.
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    Importance of electrode/zirconia interface morphology in high-temperature solid electrolyte cells (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 800-806 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The role of electrode/electrolyte interface morphology in the overall polarization behaviour of high-temperature solid electrolyte cells has been studied. Carefully prepared and polished scandia-stabilized zirconia discs with sputtered platinum electrodes were examined using electron microscopy and electrical polarization techniques. Initially non-porous sputtered platinum electrodes were ‘conditioned’ by a progressive treatment to generate artificial porosity. This eliminated subsequent time-dependent changes in the interface-related impedance of such cells. After prolonged use, the anode and cathode morphologies were found to be distinctly different from each other.
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    Transport studies on thin films of Ag7I4VO4 solid electrolyte (1987)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 813-820 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Deposition of thin films of the solid electrolyte Ag7I4VO4 by an electrodeposition technique is discussed. The X-ray diffraction technique has been used for the characterization of the films. Measurement of a.c. electrical conductivity in the temperature range 300–400 K showed that films deposited at 313 K and at a current density of 8 mAcm−2 are of the best quality, having a typical conductivity of 1.5 x 10-3Ω-1cm-1 at room temperature (305K) with an activation energy of 0.2eV. Dielectric studies carried out on the best quality films showed that Ag7I4VO4 possesses a high value of dielectric constant (∼ 105). The frequency dependence of the dielectric constant is explained as due to an interfacial polarization phenomenon. The behaviour of the dielectric ion suggests a Debye-type relaxation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01007819
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  • 193
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    Potentiodynamic behaviour of aluminium in propanedioic acid solutions (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 807-812 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The electrochemical behaviour of aluminium in propanedioic acid solutions has been studied potentiodynamically, the sweep rates ranging from 1 to 100 mVs−1 and the concentrations of the diacid being 0.05, 0.10, 0.50 and 1.00 m. The experimental work has been carried out with and without stirring of the electrolyte. The potentiodynamic curves are simple but reflect a complex behaviour. The potential of zero current in the anodic sweep is made considerably more anodic when the concentration of propanedioic acid increases, when the sweep rate decreases and when stirring is introduced. For a certain sweep rate the cathodic charge increases with both stirring and concentration of propanedioic acid. However, the anodic charge, although increasing with concentration, does not depend on stirring within experimental error (potential ranges between −2.00 and 0.400 and −2.00 and 2.90 V vs SCE). The experimental curves are explained by the increase of the quantity of reducible species near the electrode with diacid concentration, by the fact that the cathodic process is pore diffusion-controlled (H2 evolution) and that near the potential of zero current the cathodic and anodic processes coexist (oxide formation and possible direct migration of the cation towards the solution).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01007818
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  • 194
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    Hetero-epitaxial growth of zinc electrodeposits on low-carbon steel sheets (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 821-827 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Crystallographic aspects of the electrodeposition of zinc on low-carbon steel sheets have been examined with particular emphasis on the hetero-epitaxy. The hetero-epitaxial growth of zinc crystals largely depends on the surface condition of the ferrite substrate and occurs even at a current density as high as 2 A cm−2 by reducing the surface oxidation layer. The surface roughness of the substrate induces local disturbance in hetero-epitaxial growth. The orientation relationship between zinc crystals and the ferrite substrate can be interpreted in terms of the minimum misfit atomic arrangements between both phases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01007820
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  • 195
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    Electrochemical surface properties of Co3O4 electrodes (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 828-840 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The electrochemical behaviour of Co3O4 layers deposited by thermal decomposition of Co(NO3)2 at 200–500°C on titanium supports with and without an interlayer of RuO2 has been studied by cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and potential step experiments in alkaline solutions. Such variables as the calcination temperature, the solution pH, the potential sweep rate and the oxide loading have been investigated in detail to determine their influence on voltammetric peaks and voltammetric charge. Insight has been gained into the relevance of the latter to surface area determination and to proton diffusion into the oxide layer. The role of the support-active layer interface and especially that of the RuO2 interlayer has been scrutinized. The importance of surface studies for the understanding of the electrocatalytic behaviour of Co3O4 electrodes has been analysed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01007821
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  • 196
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    Modelling of tank electrolysers via Markov chains (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 841-848 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The establishment of CSTER-perfect mixer networks via the theory of Markov chains for non-ideal tank electrolysers is described. Such networks, matched to tank electrolysers via experimental exit-age distribution data, can serve (as equivalent models) for the analysis of electrolyser behaviour.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01007822
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  • 197
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    Electrochemical studies of the reaction between titanium metal and titanium ions in the KCl-NaCl molten salt system at 973 K (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 849-856 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The reaction between titanium metal and titanium ions in the KCl−NaCl molten salt system was investigated by means of electrochemical and physical methods at 973 K in an inert gas atmosphere (argon). It was found that the reaction between titanium metal and Ti3+ in the molten salts with TiCl3 followed a simple reaction (I). However, in the case of the concentration of K2 TiF6 being higher than 2.7 mol % the reaction was (II); in the case of it being less than 0.8 mol %, reactions (III) and (III′) were followed. $$\begin{gathered} 2Ti^{3 + } + Ti = 3Ti^{2 + } (I) \hfill \\ 3Ti^{4 + } + Ti = 4Ti^{3 + } (II) \hfill \\ Ti^{4 + } + Ti = 2Ti^{2 + } (III) \hfill \\ 3Ti^{2 + } = Ti + 2Ti^{3 + } (III')(on cooling) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ It was also found that these reactions were controlled by charge transfer and diffusion simultaneously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01007823
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  • 198
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    Electrochemical study of aluminium ion reduction in acidic AlCl3-n-butyl-pyridinium chloride melts (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 857-867 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrochemical reduction of AlCl3 dissolved in acidic AlCl3-n-butyl-pyridinium chloride melt was studied by linear sweep voltammetry and chronopotentiometry at tungsten and platinum electrodes, in the Al2Cl 7 − concentration range 0.3 to 0.5 M between 30 and 60°C. Al2Cl 7 − bulk reduction was preceded by a nucleation (tungsten) or alloy formation phenomenon (platinum). The overall results agree rather well with the mechanism: $$\begin{gathered} 2AlCl_4^ - \rightleftarrows Al_2 Cl_7^ - + Cl^ - \hfill \\ 4Al_2 Cl_7^ - + 3e \rightleftarrows Al + 7AlCl_4^ - \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ The electrochemical reaction appeared quasi-reversible. Calculated values of the product of the transfer coefficient by the number of the electron exchanged in the rate determining step were in the range 0.45 to 0.7. Diffusion coefficients for Al2Cl 7 − were calculated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01007824
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    Simulation of a packed bipolar cell involving cathodic limiting current and anodic Tafel behaviour (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 877-880 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01007826
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    On mechanistic differences in methanol oxidation in basic medium induced by the activation of gold electrodes (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 868-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A comparative study of methanol oxidation on normal and polycrystalline gold electrodes activated by square wave potential sweep in a basic medium has been performed. The differences in kinetic parameters obtained can be attributed to changes in the bond energy of OH on both forms of gold, whereas the corresponding changes in intensity obtained are the consequence of the change in the surface area induced by the activation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01007825
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