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  • Rat  (107)
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  • Springer  (159)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 119-123 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Odontoblasts ; Protein synthesis ; Denervation ; Neural regulation ; Wound healing ; Autoradiography ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Odontoblasts respond to occlusal trauma by increased elaboration of a matrix which is subsequently calcified to form reparative dentin. The purpose of the present study was to analyze quantitatively and compare the ability of odontoblasts to synthesize collagen after wounding in rats with an intact innervation (baseline) and in rats with sensory (inferior alveolar nerve, IAN) and/or sympathetic (superior cervical ganglion, SCG) surgical denervation. Surgery was performed 7 days prior to wounding. All rats had 1 mm of enamel and dentin removed from the occlusal surface of the first mandibular molar (resected side) with the contralateral tooth serving as a control. Rats were killed 1 h after injection with3H-proline on days 0, 5, 10 or 15 after wounding, and mandibles were removed and processed for autoradiography. Grain counts were performed over odontoblasts throughout the pulp horns for each time period and for control and experimental molars in intact (baseline) and denervated groups. When compared to the control baseline, the experimental baseline data showed increased3-proline uptake throughout the study with a peak at 5 days. When compared to the baseline data, IAN and SCG results demonstrated a delay or attenuation of the protein synthetic response. The results indicate that the sensory and sympathetic neural components may regulate odontoblastic response to wounding.
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  • 102
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Small intestine ; Colchicine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of colchicine and vinblastine on the localization of alkaline phosphatase (AlPase) in rat duodenum in relation to structural changes. AlPase was localized on the membranes of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi stacks, cytoplasmic vesicles, microvilli, on lateral plasma membranes, and in some lysosomes of the duodenal epithelial cells of rats treated with either lumicolchicine or 0.9% NaCl alone. Microvilli were most intensely stained, and AlPase-positive Golgi stacks were regularly distributed in the supranuclear regions. After colchicine treatment, microvilli were shortened and the staining intensity became weaker, whereas basal as well as lateral plasma membranes showed stronger staining. The AlPase-positive microvilli appeared not only on the luminal surfaces, but also on the baso-lateral plasma membranes and even on the surfaces of characteristic intracytoplasmic cysts. Golgi stacks became smaller and their distribution became less localized, and the staining intensity of the Golgi stacks became weaker. AlPase localization in rats treated with vinblastine was almost identical with that of rats treated with colchicine. Thus, colchicine and vinblastine appeared to have elicited a disorientation of intracellular transport of intestinal AlPase by inhibiting microtubule organization.
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  • 103
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insulin-like growth factor I ; Somatomedin C ; Arterial injury ; Endothelial regeneration ; Intimai thickening ; Macrophages ; Smooth muscle cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present study the expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I; somatomedin C) immunoreactivity was examined in endothelial cells during repair after injury to the intima in the femoral artery of adult rats. Two types of injury were examined: (1) endothelial denudation induced by the use of a catheter, and (2) vessel compression by short-term ligation. In untreated rats, arterial endothelial cells showed no or, only infrequently, low IGF-I immunoreactivity in their cytoplasm. Endothelial cells at the border to the denuded area showed increased IGF-I immunoreactivity one day after injury to the intima of the femoral artery. Thrombocytes and fibrin deposits as well as vital endothelial cells, covered by clots, were immunonegative. The maximal intensity of IGF-I immunoreactivity was reached within 3 days after insult. The IGF-I immunoreactivity in the endothelial cells remained elevated for at least 4 weeks, compared to the controls. Intimai thickenings appeared within a week after injury and many cells in these thickenings showed intense IGF-I immunoreactivity as did the covering endothelial cells. Smooth muscle cells in the media were generally immunonegative during control conditions and after endothelial denudation. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) showed, similarly to their matched controls (WKY), approximately the same patterns of IGF-I immunoreactivity in their endothelial cells both under normal conditions and after injury. It is concluded that IGF-I is likely to be involved in the repair of the intima in injured arteries.
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  • 104
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Cyanoketone ; Corticosterone ; Morphometry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of a 7-day administration of cyanoketone (CKT) on the adrenal zona fasciculata were examined in “normal” and dexamethasone/ACTH-infused rats. The drug caused a 48–56% decrease in the blood concentration of corticosterone, coupled with a 53–58% lowering in the activity of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD), in both groups of animals. In the “normal” rats, CKT induced a significant hypertrophy of the zona fasciculata and its parenchymal cells, due to an increase in volume of the mitochondrial compartment and to proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), as well as a notable rise in both the volume of the lipid-droplet compartment and the intracellular concentration of total cholesterol. The activity of 11β-hydroxylase was conspicuously enhanced. All these responses of zona fasciculata cells to CKT did not occur in dexamethasone/ACTH-treated animals, and therefore they were considered to be non-specific and mediated by the augmented secretion of ACTH following lowering of the corticosterone level in the blood. In the dexamethasone/ACTH-infused rats, the only morphological change induced by CKT was a significant decrease in the surface area per cell and surface density of the SER, which was interpreted as the morphological counterpart (not masked by the increased level of circulating ACTH) of the drug-induced inhibition of the microsomal 3βHSD.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Alpha-bungarotoxin ; Autoradiography ; Cholinergic receptors ; Electron microscopy ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of (125I) alpha bungarotoxin (α-BTX) binding sites in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the adult female rat was examined by electron-microscopic autoradiography. The ultrastructural distribution of silver grains was analysed by line source, direct point count, and 50% probability circle methods. Real grain distribution was significantly different from that of randomly generated hypothetical grains. Line source analysis demonstrated two populations of sources: one associated with membranes, and one inside neuronal structures. Probability circle analysis of shared grains indicated that membrane-bound-radioactive sources were mainly asssociated with axo-dendritic appositions. Only a small proportion of labeled neuronal interfaces exhibited synaptic differentiations in the plane of section. However, the compartment containing synaptic terminals was the most enriched when comparing real to hypothetical grains. Probability circle analysis of exclusive grains demonstrated that sources that were not associated with neuronal plasma membranes were likely to be within nerve cell bodies and dendrites. It is concluded that the majority of specifically labeled α-BTX binding sites in the SCN is membrane bound, and may be associated with axodendritic synaptic transmission. The presence of a significant proportion of the label in the soma and dendrites of suprachiasmatic neurons 24 h after ventricular infusion suggests that some of the labeled binding sites (junctional or nonjunctional) may be internalized within these two compartments.
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  • 106
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Chondroitin sulfate ; Secretory granules ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of chondroitin sulfate in secretory granules of the rat parotid gland and its saliva was revealed by radioactive sulfate incorporation, followed by isolation and partial characterization of the sulfated species contained within the granules and in the parotid saliva. 35SO 4 = was incorporated into chromatographically identical macromolecular material both in vitro, in a gland-slice system followed by isolation of granule contents, and in vivo as measured in the pure parotid secretion following intravenous administration of 35SO 4 = . The majority of the 35SO 4 = label appeared in a peak in the region where the family of acidic proline-rich proteins elute from a DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column. Papain digestion freed the sulfated material from the bulk of protein present in this peak, leaving sulfate-labelled material that chromatographed on Sepharose CL6B as a single peak corresponding to a molecular weight of 13000 daltons. The ratio of uronic acid to amino sugar in this sulfated peak was 0.56. The sulfated material was susceptible to degradation by chondroitinase AC. The presence of this chondroitin sulfate in secretory granules and saliva is consistent with previous suggestions that sulfated polyanions may play a role in formation and maturation of secretory granules.
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  • 107
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    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 257-266 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choriocapillaris ; Endocytosis ; Endothelium ; Eye ; Glycosaminoglycan ; Heparin ; Receptors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Heparin-gold probes were used to localize regions of heparin binding on the luminal surface of the diaphragmed-fenestrated endothelium of the rat choriocapillaris. Structures of endothelial cells were unlabeled when rats were kept on ice and perfused with solutions at 4° C. When the heparin-gold quantity was doubled, only a few heparin-gold particles marked some diaphragms spanning fenestrae, vesicles and channels, parajunctional regions of the plasmalemma, and coated pits. With solutions at 4° C, but the animals kept at room temperature, all of these structures in the endothelial cells were labeled. This binding was not altered by the perfusion of low levels of unlabeled heparin, but was eliminated following high levels of unlabeled heparin, and by digestion with trypsin and pronase. At 37° C, heparin was localized to the above structures and, in addition, was internalized into coated vesicles, endosomes, and multivesicular bodies, but not other types of lysosomes. Some particles were found in tubules adjacent to the Golgi stacks. Heparin-gold was also transported to the abluminal front of the endothelium by vesicles. A desulfated, non-anticoagulant, fraction of heparin bound to gold was localized to the endothelium in the same manner. These results demonstrate receptors for heparin on the surface of a fenestrated endothelium. Furthermore, they show the pathway of endocytosis and transport of heparin. The possible roles of heparin in the function of the endothelium is discussed.
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  • 108
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Galanin ; Iris ; Choroid membrane ; Immunohistochemistry ; Trigeminal ganglion ; Superior cervical ganglion ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Capsaicin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The iris and choroid membrane of the adult rat contain nerve fibers expressing immunoreactivity to the neuropeptide galanin. The density and distribution of galanin-positive nerve fibers varied from iris to iris and, particularly, among animals. Smooth, non-terminal axons were seen running in nerve bundles consisting of otherwise negative fibers. From the choroid membrane these bundles reached the iris via the ciliary body. Axons were frequently seen to branch giving rise to a sparse system of varicose, single fibers in the dilator plate and sphincter area. Galanin-positive fibers were sometimes also seen outlining blood vessels. Capsaicin, in a dose that causes permanent depletion of substance P- and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive fibers in the iris, caused no change in amount of galanin-positive fibers. Removal of the superior cervical ganglion caused a rapid and pronounced increase in the number of galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibers. Similarly, removal of the ciliary ganglion appeared to increase galanin immunoreactivity, while removal of the pterygopalatine ganglion was less effective. Lesioning of the trigeminal ganglion caused a disappearance of galanin immunoreactivity. The sympathetectomy-induced increase was counteracted by capsaicin. Galanin-positive nerve cell bodies were present in both the superior cervical and the trigeminal ganglia. In the superior cervical ganglion, immunoreactive galanin did not seem to coexist with neuropeptide Y-positive cells; in the trigeminal ganglion, some galanin-positive cells also contained calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity, while most cells did not. In the iris, double-staining suggested that CGRP and galanin immunoreactivities were contained in different fiber populations. We conclude that the rat iris and choroid membrane contain a sparse plexus of nerve fibers expressing galanin-like immunoreactivity. It is suggested that these fibers are derived from the trigeminal ganglion. The iris is able to respond with a pronounced increase in number of galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibers to certain denervation procedures.
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  • 109
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Polypeptide 7B2 ; Adenohypophysis ; Secretion ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A highly conserved polypeptide termed “7B2”, isolated from human and porcine pituitaries, has been reported by immunoreactivity to be distributed in various organs. However, the highest concentration has been found in the pituitary as demonstrated by a specific radioimmunoassay. In order to determine the type of cells within the pituitary that contain 7B2 and to analyse its intracellular localization, specific immunocytochemistry techniques (unlabeled antibody, peroxidase-antiperoxidase) were used both for light and electron microscopy. Immunocytochemistry of both expiants and monolayer-cell cultures of the adenohypophysis was studied. Immunoreactivity to 7B2 has been found in 21.9% of the total number of cells. After simultaneous staining of serial sections with appropriate antibodies, 7B2 was found to be colocalized with β-LH/β-FSH in gonadotrophs and with β-TSH in thyrotrophs. In situ immunocytochemistry at the electron-microscopic level showed that immunoreactive 7B2 is compartmentalized within secretory granules. The small (130 to 250 nm) but not the large granules (400 to 700 nm) were labeled in gonadotroph-like cells and small granules (90 to 150 nm) were also labeled in thyrothrophlike cells. Study of the gonadotrophs in cell culture after Zamboni's fixation revealed weak to moderate immunoreaction in rough endoplasmic reticulum. The current findings as well as previous data indicate that 7B2 is synthesized, stored and possibly released from the adenohypophysis similarly to many other secretory products.
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  • 110
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    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 215-220 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gossypol ; Ovarian follicle ; Granulosa cells ; Lysosomes ; Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes were observed in the oocytes and granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles of sexually mature female rats treated daily for 60 days with gossypol acetic acid at a dosage known to induce sterility in male rats (20 mg/kg body weight, orally). The changes included an increased lysosomal population in the ooplasm and a reduced, poorly developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the granulosa cells. The latter changes suggest a suppression of the secretory activity of the granulosa cells.
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  • 111
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Silver staining ; Nucleolus ; Quantitative analysis ; Pineal gland ; Rat ; Oestrous cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Morphology, distribution and number of different argyrophilic aggregates appearing in pinealocyte nuclei have been studied during the rat oestrous cycle. Using the Ag-NOR reaction we have found two types of argyrophilic aggregates in pinealocyte nuclei. One of them, corresponding to the fibrillar centres and the surrounding fibrillar component, appears in the nucleoli. The silver grains are more loosely packed in the dense fibrillar component than in the fibrillar centres. A decrease in the number of these nucleolar argyrophilic aggregates was obtained at oestrous. A second type of silver grain aggregate was observed in the pinealocyte nucleoplasm. We call them “Ag-granule clusters” because they are similar to the interchromatin granule clusters and constitute the only silver deposit forming aggregates apart from the nucleolus. The number of Ag-granule clusters is significantly smaller at oestrous and meta-oestrous than at dioestrous and pro-oestrous.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol ; cis-verbenol ; ipsdienol ; ipsenol ; sex ratio ; attraction ; inhibition ; Ips duplicatus ; Thanasimus ; switching ; Ips typographus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Ceeridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The density of bark-beetle colonization of a tree could be regulated by a quantitative effect of the pheromone signal from beetles in the tree (cessation of release of attractive pheromone) or by a qualitative effect (production of pheromone components inhibiting attraction). The quantitative hypothesis was tested onIps typographus by varying the release rate of the two known attractive compounds, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MB) and (4S)-cis-verbenol (cV). The highest number of beetles were captured at traps with the highest release rates. The catch was nearly proportional to the release of MB and cV at a distance between traps of 12 m or more. At 6-, 3-, and 1.5-m distances between traps deployed in a triangular arrangement there was still a good discrimination between release rates, but relatively more beetles, especially males, were caught on the blank. The lower release rates caught an equal sex ratio while the highest release rate caught only about 30% males. The qualitative hypothesis was tested by releasing the suspected inhibitors ipsdienol (Id) and ipsenol (Ie), from traps in the same amounts as cV. Only small effects were noted forI. typographus. However, the competitorI. duplicatus was attracted to Id and inhibited by Ie, while the predatorThanasimus formicarius was attracted to both compounds. On the other hand, when the ratio of Id or Ie to cV was 10∶1 or 0.1∶1 rather than 1∶1, they affected the numbers ofI. typographus attracted. A small amount of Id combined with the attractants increased trap catch, while large amounts of Id or Ie decreased attraction, especially when combined. Attack density regulation is modeled as an effect of both quantitative and qualitative mechanisms acting in sequence.
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  • 113
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; 6,12-dimethylpentadecan-2-one ; ketone ; banded cucumber beetle ; Diabrotica balteata ; Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera ; attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone produced by female banded cucumber beetle adults,Diabrotica balteata LeConte, was isolated from volatiles trapped on Porapak Q and identified as 6,12-dimethylpentadecan-2-one. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and confirmed by synthesis. The synthesized racemic compound was equal to the purified natural pheromone in eliciting responses by banded cucumber beetle males to field traps. A doseresponse characteristic was demonstrated for the racemic material formulated on filter paper or rubber septa and placed in field traps. The absolute configuration at the C-6 and C-12 positions was not established.
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  • 114
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host attraction ; pheromone ; Pinus sylveslris ; trans-verbenol ; 3-carene-10-ol ; myrtenol ; verbenone ; EAG ; kairomone ; Blastophagus ; Tomicus minor ; Tomicus piniperda ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pine shoot beetles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The chemical ecology of host- and mate-finding in the pine shoot beetles,Tomicus minor andT. piniperda, was studied in southern Sweden. Beetles were collected in the field from defined attack phases on Scots pine. Using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, a number of oxygen-containing monoterpenes, e.g., 3-carene-10-ol, myrtenol,trans-verbenol, and verbenone, were identified from hindgut extracts of both sexes of both species. Compared toT. minor,T. piniperda contained additional compounds and in larger amounts. The amounts were highest in both species at the time when the beetles had bored into contact with the resin-producing xylem-phloem tissue. The synthesis of (1S,6R)-3-carene-10-ol by photooxidatipn of (+)-(1S,6R)-3-carene is described. In comparative electroantennogram (EAG) measurements on males and females of both species, the most active of the tested compounds wastrans-verbenol. Laboratory bioassays of walking beetles showed thatT. piniperda was attracted to uninfestèd pine logs.T. minor was more strongly attracted to pine logs infested with females than to uninfested pine logs, indicating a female-produced aggregation pheromone. Field tests confirmed thatT. piniperda was strongly attracted to pine logs. The attraction ofT. minor to logs was significant only when logs were combined with racemictrans-verbenol and (1S,6R)-3-carene-10-ol.T. minor was also attracted to a combination of these monoterpene alcohols alone. We suggest that host and mate location inT. piniperda is achieved by means of a kairomone composed of host monoterpenes, whileT. minor utilizes a primitive pheromone synergized by host odors. Evolution of host colonization strategies of the two beetles are discussed.
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  • 115
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1689-1694 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Feeding deterrents ; Aulacophora foveicollis ; red pumpkin beetles ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) ; cucurbitane triterpenes ; momordicine ; Cucurbitaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The triterpenoids isolated from the leaves ofMomordica charantia Linn (bitter gourd) were found to elicit feeding-deterrent activity against red pumpkin beetles (Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas). The most abundant triterpenoid which deterred feeding was identified as momordicine II, 23-O-β-glucopyranoside of 3,7,23-trihydroxycucurbita-5,24-dien-19-al. A concentration of 3200μg/ml and above of the triterpenoids caused significant reduction of feeding by red pumpkin beetles in in vitro bioassay experiments, which compared favorably with the levels of triterpenoids inM. charantia leaves found in nature.
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  • 116
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1871-1879 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; drugstore beetle ; Stegobium paniceum L. ; Coleoptera ; Anobiidae ; stegobiol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract New sex pheromone component of femaleStegobium paniceum L. was isolated and identified as 2,3-dihydro-2,3,5-trimethyI-6-(1′-methyl-2′-hydroxybutyl)-4H-pyran-4-one, stegobiol, by spectral data and chemical conversion from stegobinone. Relative configuration at C-2, C-3, and C-1′ was determined as 2S,3R,1′S by the conversion from (2S,3R,1′R)-stegobinone. This new sex pheromone elicits the pheromonal response from the species.
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  • 117
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1139-1146 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Solanum tuberosum ; Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum ; chemoattraction ; masking ; mixed cropping ; olfactory orientation ; searching behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Walking tracks of Colorado potato beetles,Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, were recorded on a locomotion-compensator in response to wind, odors of host plantsSolanum tuberosum L. and nonhost plantsLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum C.H. Mull, and to mixtures of these plant species. Host-plant odor induced positive anemotactic responses in starved females, whereas odor of the nonhostL. hirsutum was neither repellent nor attractive. The attractiveness of host-plant odor, however, was neutralized in the odor blend of plant species. Masking the attractive host-plant odor will hinder the beetle's searching for host-plant patches, and this principle may be exploited in pest control by mixed cropping.
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  • 118
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Common furniture beetle ; Anobium punctatum ; drugstore beetle ; Stegobium paniceum ; Coleoptera ; Anobiidae ; sex pheromone ; stegobinone ; 2,3,dihydro-2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(1-methyl-2-oxobutyl)-4H-pyran-4-one ; behavior ; electroantennogram ; species specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Observations and reports on the common furniture beetleAnobium punctatum suggested that, on emergence, females use a sex pheromone to attract males. GLC analysis of ovipositor extracts showed the presence of a single component, which was found to be active by EAG and coupled GLC-EAG techniques, and to attract males in both walking and flying assays. The pheromone was identified by GC-MS as 2,3-dihydro-2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(1-methyl-2-oxobutyl)-4H-pyran-4-one (stegobinone), which is the sex pheromone of another anobiid, the drugstore beetle,Stegobium paniceum. MaleA. punctatum responded equally to ovipositor extracts of either species, at both the sensory (EAG) and behavioral levels, which poses the question as to how species specificity in mate attraction is achieved.
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  • 119
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: olfaction ; behavior ; electroantennograms ; sex pheromone components ; (Z)- and (E)-trogodermal ; fatty acid esters ; Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle) ; Dermestidae ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of the antennal receptor potentials and the extent of attraction and copulation induced in unmated male khapra beetles, (Z)- and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal were recognized as the most important components of the pheromone system of femaleTrogoderma granarium (Everts), and were named (Z)- and (E)-trogodermal. Air blown over 10−5 to 10−4 μg of (Z)-trogodermal produced receptor potentials equivalent to that elicited by one virgin femaleT.granarium, while ∼10−2 μg of (Z)-trogodermal was required to cause complete attraction and copulation of unmated males. (Z)-Trogodermal was about 10 times more active than (E)-trogodermal. (Z)-8-Hexadecenal was ∼10−2 times less effective than (Z)-trogodermal in causing attraction and 104 time less active in stimulating copulation. (Z)- and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecen-1-ol and methyl (Z)- and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenoate displayed a relatively low activity for unmated male khapra beetles. Methyl and ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl palmitate, and ethyl stearate were less effective than (Z)-trogodermal by 6–8 orders of magnitude and are nonspecific attractants. The intensity of response to a particular compound was consistent when assessed by the essential components of mating behavior: receptor potentials, attraction, and copulation.
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  • 120
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    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Ips pini ; pheromone response ; atmospheric pressure ; dispersal ; air swallowing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Exposure to artificial changes in atmospheric pressure depressed the responsiveness of bark beetles to their aggregation pheromones.Scolytus multistriatus andIps pini held for 30 min in desiccator jars in which the pressure was modified ±25 mm experienced an inverse change when they were removed for laboratory bioassay. Relative response to pheromones among treatment groups of both species was as follows: ambient 〉 increased 〉 decreased 〉 increased and decreased. In one series of 20 bioassays, response ofS. multistriatus was significantly higher for 9 tests during which no change in atmospheric pressure was detected, as compared to 11 tests during which there was a change in barometric reading. However, in another series of tests withS. multistriatus and a series withI. pini, no depression in response was associated with natural barometric shifts. Large air bubbles in the foregut (ventriculus) confirmed that both beetle species swallow air in preparation for flight. The hypothesis advanced by other workers, that bark beetles may detect changes in atmospheric pressure by shrinking and swelling of the ventricular air bubbles, is consistent with our observations. Sensitivity to atmospheric pressure fluctuations may be the mechanism by which response in laboratory bioassays is depressed during stormy weather and flight in nature is concentrated in periods of calm air.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; chemical communication distances ; Dermestidae ; 14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; pheromone ; release rates ; Trogoderma glabrum ; trogodermal
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract By means of olfactory communication models, theoretical maximum communication distances for dispensers releasing synthetic (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal (trogodermal) were confirmed in windtunnel tests withTrogoderma glabrum males. Pheromone release rates ofT. glabrum females are at least 104 greater during than before calling, and are gradually reduced after calling. The models predict that, even under ideal conditions, females may attract males from only several meters. The models are used to estimate active space lengths for female and synthetic pheromone sources, as a function of realistic release rates and wind velocities.
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  • 122
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; western pine beetle ; pheromone ; interruption ; behavior ; release device
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The number of western pine beetles,Dendroctonus brevicomis, trapped at the center of three 90 × 90-m plots was reduced during a 16-hr period after surrounding an attractive source ofexo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene with 16, 48, or 168 sources of the same attractant. Compounds were released from the center of the plot at 1 mg/16 hr/compound, and from the surrounding sources at 4–280 mg/16 hr/compound. About half of these amounts was released between 1530 hr and 1930 hr, the period of peak beetle flight. No treatment differences were apparent in reduction of catch within the range of release rates and spacings tested. When compounds were released continuously from 168 stations for 17 days, catch at the center of a plot was generally lower than catch before or after this period, but fluctuated daily. More beetles were caught on traps hung on ponderosa pines within a plot and the number of these traps catching beetles was greater when compounds were released from all stations than from only the center station. Beetles caught on traps were attracted into the plots from the surrounding forest, but appeared to be dispersed within the plot when compounds were released from many stations.D. brevicomis attacked at least 91 trees in the plots, of which 25 were killed during two summers.
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  • 123
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Acalymma vittatum ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; brine shrimp ; Artemia salina ; insecticides ; antifeedants ; Meliaceae ; neem ; limonoids ; azadiractin ; seeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hexane and ethanol extracts of seeds from 22 species of plants of the family Meliaceae from a number of countries were prepared. The extracts were submitted to antifeedant and toxicity bioassays utilizing fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae and striped cucumber beetle [Acalymma vittatum (F.)] (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adults. Toxicity tests were also performed with brine shrimp,Anemia salina Leach. Feeding inhibition and mortality produced by some of these extracts were comparable to and, in certain cases, slightly greater than the effects produced by comparable neem (Azadiracta indica A. Juss.) seed preparations. Brine shrimp toxicity data do not extrapolate to insect activity, and vice versa.
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  • 124
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 733-739 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sitona lineatus ; pea and bean weevil ; pea leaf weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; aggregation pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The attraction ofS. lineatus to live baits comprisingS. lineatus feeding onVicia faba (L.) was studied in a field experiment in the early spring. There was clear evidence that maleS. lineatus produced an aggregation pheromone which attracted approximately equal numbers of both sexes from overwintering sites. No evidence was obtained for the production, in the spring, of any semiochemical by female weevils.
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  • 125
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals ; pheromones ; enantiomers ; western balsam bark beetle ; Dryocoetes confusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; exo- andendo-brevicomin ; trans-verbenol ; verbenone ; myrtenol ; trans-pinocarveol ; cis- andtrans-p-menthen-7-ol ; 3-caren-10-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The most prominent beetle-produced volatiles identified in the abdominal extracts of maleDryocoetes confusus Swaine after they had bored for 24 hr in logs of subalpine fir,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. were:exo andendo-brevicomin,trans-verbenol, verbenone, myrtenol,trans-pinocarveol,cis- andtrans-p-menthen-7-ol, 3-caren-10-ol, and several monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Myrtenol was the only conspicuous compound in extracts from males that had been exposed toA.lasiocarpa resin volatiles for 24 hr. Laboratory bioassays indicated that both (−)- and (+)-exo-brevicomin were attractive to femaleD. confusus, and that the (−) enantiomer did not inhibit response to its antipode. Results from field trapping experiments indicated that bothero-brevicomin and myrtenol are aggregation pheromones forD. confusus.exo-Brevicomin baits were effective in causing attack byD. confusus on baited and surrounding trees, suggesting that this pheromone may have utility in manipulating populations of the beetle.
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  • 126
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Medicago sauva ; alfalfa ; Hypera brunneipennis ; H. postica ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; alfalfa weevil ; host-plant resistance ; bioassay ; feeding deterrency ; ovicide ; antigrowth ; coumarins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A resistant line of alfalfa was studied in an attempt to identify possible chemical factors responsible for alfalfa weevil (Hypera brunneipennis) resistance. Bioassays were developed to measure ovicidal, larval development, pupation, and adult development rates. Serial alfalfa extracts of a weevil-resistant line showed no effect in the bioassays when compared to those of a weevil-susceptible line. It was concluded that resistance substances are not present but that resistant lines are simply more tolerant to weevil attack. Alfalfa constitutents and synthetic analogs were also screened in the egg hatch bioassay. Among these were a series of 3-acyl-4-hydroxycoumarins. 3-Acyl-4-hydroxycoumarins with short-chain acyl groups showed good ovicidal rates, but activity decreased with increasing length of the acyl group.
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  • 127
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1707-1723 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Biosynthesis ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; Tribolium brevicornis ; prostaglandin ; allomones ; synthetase inhibitor ; defensive secretion ; 2′-hydroxy-4′-methoxyacetophenone ; 2′-hydroxy-4′-methoxypropiophenone ; methyl 2,5-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate ; methyl 2,5-dihydroxy-6-efhylbenzoate
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    Notes: Abstract The defensive secretion ofTribolium brevicornis contains 12 organic components, including quinones, hydroquinones, hydrocarbons, aromatic ketones, and aromatic esters. The two ketones, 2′-hydroxy-4′-methoxyacetophenone and 2′-hydroxy-4′-methoxypropiophenone, and the two esters, methyl 2,5-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate and methyl 2,5-dihydroxy-6-ethylbenzoate, represent ca. 0.25% of the biomass of the beetles. Mass spectral and NMR analyses were used to elucidate the structures of all components. The ketones are potent prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (PSI), and the esters are suspected to be PSI.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus ponderosae ; mountain pine beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; monoterpene metabolism ; monoterpene alcohols ; pheromones ; allylic hydroxylation ; anti-Markovnikov hydration ; Pinus ponderosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Abdominal volatiles of female mountain pine beetles,Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, fed in ponderosa pine,Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws, and in lodgepole pine,P. contorta var.latifolia Engelmann, were analyzed by gas chromatography and coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and were found to comprise host oleoresin components and beetle-produced alliylic alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones derived from host monoterpenes. Neitherexo- andendo-brevicomin nor frontalin were detected. Three metabolic pathways are proposed to account for the distribution of beetle-produced monoterpene alcohols. The first pathway involves hydroxylation of monoterpene substrates on allylic methyl groups which areE to a methylene or vinyl group. This oxidation pathway is indiscriminate with respect to substrate and probably functions to detoxify monoterpenes. A second pathway, which hydroxylates theendo-cyclic methyleneE to a vinyl methyl group of bicyclic monoterpenes to give almost exclusively thetrans alcohol, is hypothesized to be involved in pheromone production. A third detoxification pathway involves anti-Markovnikov addition of water to theexo-cyclic double bond of β-phellandrene to give predominantlytrans-2-p-menthen-7-ol.
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  • 129
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; Oryzaephilus mercator ; aggregation pheromone ; macrolide lactone ; (Z)-3-dodecen-11-olide ; (Z,Z)-3,6-dodecadien-11-olide ; (Z,Z)-5,8-tetradecadien-13-olide ; (Z, Z)-3,6-dodecadienolide ; (Z)-5-tetradecen-13-olide ; enantiomers ; racemate ; chirality ; aggregation behavior ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of the sawtoothed grain beetle,Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), and the merchant grain beetle,O. mercator (Fauvel), to synthetic racemic and chiral macrolide aggregation pheromones was assessed in pitfall olfactometers.O.mercator utilizes theR enantiomers of (Z)-3-dodecen-11-olide and (Z,Z)-3,6-dodecadien-11-olide.O. surinamensis utilizes theR enantiomers of (Z,Z)-3,6-dodecadien-11-olide and the Synergist (Z,Z)-5,8-tetradecadien-13-olide in combination with achiral (Z,Z)-3,6-dodecadienolide. For both species, the racemates of the respective chiral pheromones were effective attractants. The respectiveS enantiomers were inactive for both species and had no effect on the biological activity of the active antipodes. No diel periodicity in responsiveness to pheromones was detected inOryzaephilus spp. reared either on a 12∶12 light-dark photoperiod or in darkness. Nonpheromone macrolides, naturally released in trace amounts byOryzaephilus spp., did not affect the aggregation response of either species to its pheromones when these additional macrolides were combined with the pheromone mixtures.
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  • 130
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chirality ; enantiomers ; 5-hyroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone, stereoisomer ; Sitophilus oryzae ; Sitophilus zeamais ; rice weevil ; maize weevil ; aggregation pheromone ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The chirality of the pheromone of the rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and the maize weevil,S. zeamais (Motschulsky), 5-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone, was determined using an acetyl lactate derivatization procedure. Maize weevils were shown to produce 〉98% 4S,5R. Determination was more difficult with rice weevils due to a smaller quantity of insect extract, but they were shown to produce at least 92% 4S, 5R. The attractancy of the four synthetic stereoisomers of 5-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone was tested using rice and maize weevils. As expected, both species were most strongly attracted to the 4S, 5R enantiomer. Maize weevils also showed low but significant responses (P 〈 0.05) to both 4R, 5R and 4S,5S. Rice weevils showed a highly significant (P 〈 0.01) response to 4R, 5S, although it was only about one third the response to 4S, 5R. Thus, (4S,5R)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone is clearly the major component of the pheromone of bothS. zeamais andS. oryzae.
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  • 131
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sitophilus zeamais ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; maize weevil ; maize ; resistance ; antifeedant ; sugar content ; hardness ; phenolic content ; ferulic acid ; p-coumaric acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Factors contributing to resistance of maize to infestation by the corn weevilSitophilus zeamais were investigated in four populations of indigenous and improved maize from Belize. Resistance was related to the antifeedant properties of grain as well as sugar content and mechanical hardness. Grain extracts of all populations of maize significantly reduced insect feeding on treated artificial diets when compared to control diets. Consumption of treated diets was negatively correlated with phenolic content of the grain extract. An analysis by GC-MS indicated that ferulic acid andp-coumaric acid were the principal phenolics present in the extracts, and insect feeding was strongly deterred when pure substances were added to insect diets. Fluorescence associated with ferulic acid and related compounds in grain sections was located in the pericarp and aleurone layer and was especially intense in the most resistant grain variety.
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  • 132
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 179-184 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; Attagenus elongatulus ; (Z,Z)-3,5-tetradecadienoic acid ; Pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A simple stereospecific synthesis of (Z,Z)-3,5-tetradecadienoic acid is described based upon coupling of 1-decyne and 3-butyn-1-ol to give 3,5-tetradecadiyn-1-ol. Subsequent reduction of the diyne to (Z,Z)-3,5-tetradecadien-1-ol and oxidation of the dienol gave the desired acid.Attagenus elongatulus were strongly attracted to the pure acid.
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  • 133
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1993-2008 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aleochara curtula ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; female sex pheromone ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; chemical mimicry ; male aggression ; female choice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Immature, starved, or multiply mated males of the staphylinid beetle,Aleochara curtula, mimic their females chemically. The titer of the female sex pheromone components (Z)-7-heneicosene and (Z)-7-tricosene was quantified for various physiological types and both sexes by gas chromatography and correlated with the sexual response of males towards the cuticular hydrocarbon fractions. Modulation of intermale aggression by production of the female pheromone was shown by (1) reduction of the alkene titer of females kept at elevated temperatures, (2) treating live males with the synthetic female pheromone mixture, and (3) gradual amputation of male antennal segments.A. curtula males do not fight against members of otherAleochara species with a different hydrocarbon pattern. Contamination ofA. peschkei males with the hydrocarbon fraction ofA. curtula males, however, provoked the release of aggression. Choosy females reject mating attempts of males bearing the female sex pheromone.
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  • 134
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; Diabrotica barberi ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; sex pheromone ; 8-methyl-2-decyl propanoate ; flight-tunnel bioassays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Behavioral analysis of male attraction to stereoisomers of 8-methyl-2-decyl propanoate was conducted withDiabrotica virgifera virgifera andD. barberi using a flight tunnel.D. barberi males were attracted to the 2R,8R isomer only, and the response was inhibited by the addition of 2S,8R.D. v. virgifera males were also attracted to the 2R,8R isomer and were neither attracted nor inhibited by any of the other isomers. Males attracted to the lures displayed a series of behaviors characterized by a slow hovering flight upwind towards the odor source. While significant numbers of males of both species landed on the pheromone lure, none attempted copulation, indicating that other cues are necessary to induce this behavior.
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  • 135
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 681-699 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cucurbita ; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi ; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; floral volatiles ; cucurbitacins ; Cucurbitaceae ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; host selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cultivars representing three species ofCucurbita were examined for blossom preference byDiabrotica spp.C. maxima cultivars were found to be preferred byD. undecimpunctata howardi over those ofC. pepo andC. moschata.D. virgifera virgifera preferredC. maxima and the “Connecticut Field” cultivar ofC. pepo.C. moschata and other cultivars ofC. pepo were not preferred. Cultivars were examined for differences in floral volatile release, blossom cucurbitacin content, and pollen content of male blossoms.C. maxima male blossoms released a larger quantity of volatiles thanC. pepo orC. moschata. Also, onlyC. maxima male blossoms contained cucurbitacins. Cultivars ofC. moschata contained the largest quantities of pollen, but all three species contained relatively large quantities. The data indicate a correspondence ofD. u. howardi distribution in the field with high volatile release rates and high cucurbitacin levels that are found inC. maxima blossoms.D. v. virgifera distribution appears to be somewhat independent of these factors since this species was abundant in blossoms of aC. pepo cultivar as well as cultivars ofC. maxima.
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  • 136
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant resistance ; constitutive ; inducible ; soybean ; Mexican bean beetle ; Epilachna varivestis ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; PI 227687 ; phenyl-propanoid metabolism ; PAL ; TAL ; total phenols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Contrary to constitutive resistance, inducible resistance to Mexican bean beetle (MBB) (Epilachna varivestis) herbivory in PI 227687 soybean leaves was positively correlated with total phenolic content and temporally unique, increasedl-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) andl-tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) activities. Initial expression of the induced resistance was localized at or near the site of herbivory. Systemic parameters of the induced resistance also were observed. Inducible MBB resistance in PI 227687 soybeans apparently involves increased phenylpropanoid metabolism.
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  • 137
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; spruce bark beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromones ; aggregation pheromone ; methylbutenol ; methylbutynol ; (S)-cis-verbenol ; ipsdienol ; traps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In field experiments in Sweden, the constituent 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol of the aggregation pheromone of the spruce bark bettleIps typographus (L.) was effectively replaced by 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol.
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  • 138
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1591-1599 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gallery initiation ; host volatiles ; monoterpenes ; ethanol ; reproductive success ; bark beetle ; pine shoot beetle ; Tomicus piniperda ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a trapping experiment, wood chips from freshly cut Scots pine trees attracted flying adults of the bark beetleTomicus piniperda (L.) Healthy Scots pine trees, which usually are not attacked byT. piniperda, were baited with chips from freshly cut trees. In other experiments trees were baited with a mixture of (−)-α-pinene, (+)-3-carene, and terpinolene; the individual monoterpenes; or with ethanol alone. All baited treatments were attacked byT. piniperda. Most of the attacks resulted in short egg galleries and in larval galleries which were only a few millimeters in length. In trees from which a new generation of beetles emerged, net reproduction was well below 1.0. Unbaited control trees remained unattacked or received a few isolated attacks.
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  • 139
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1759-1770 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Castanospermine ; 6-epicastanospermine ; deoxynojirimycin ; cellobiase ; lactase ; maltase ; sucrase ; trehalase ; endosymbiote ; insect-plant interactions ; allelochemicals ; Homoptera ; Coleoptera ; Lepidoptera ; Diptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The indolizidine alkaloid, castanospermine (1,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-octahydroindolizidine—a stereochemical mimic of glucose found in the Australian legumeCastanospermum australe), differentially inhibited cellobiose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, and trehalose hydrolyzing enzymes from a broad taxonomic spectrum of insects (19 species from 12 different families). It was a potent inhibitor of cellobiase activity of all insects tested (50% inhibition at 〈3.2 × 10−5 M castanospermine). With one exception, it also inhibited lactase activity of all insects examined. Only in the sap-feeding Homoptera did castanospermine inhibit all disaccharidase activities assayed. Trehalase activity of the Lepidoptera and Diptera was generally inhibited by castanospermine, whereas inhibition of trehalase activity of the Coleoptera by castanospermine was exiguous or not detectable. Castanospermine was a significant feeding deterrent towards pea aphids,Acyrthosiphon pisum, with an ED50 of 1 × 10−4 M in artificial diets. Two compounds stereochemically related to castanospermine, deoxynojirimycin and 6-epicastanospermine, were each slightly active at deterring the feeding of green peach aphids,Myzus persicae, (ED50=2.5 × 10−3 M) and greenbugs,Schizaphis graminum (ED50=5 × 10−3 M), respectively. Among the insects studied there was no distinct relationship between enzyme inhibition and adaptation to host plants containing castanospermine or other toxic alkaloids.
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  • 140
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1833-1841 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plum curculio ; Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; oviposition ; host discrimination ; host location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larval survival of plum curculios (PCs),Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), was found to decrease with increasing egg density per fruit. Subsequently, we assayed PCs for propensity to avoid egg-laying at sites (immature plums) already occupied by conspecific eggs. Laboratory choice tests showed PCs made an equal number of visits to and ovipositions in fruit with a single oviposition as in clean fruit. Although there was a trend toward more visits to fruit which contained four or eight oviposition wounds and eggs or eight artificial punctures than to clean fruit, PCs oviposited less frequently into these than clean fruit. Results suggest that wounding of fruit may enhance the ability of ovipositing PCs to locate fruit, but at the same time may furnish cues allowing some degree of discrimination against heavily infested fruit for oviposition.
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  • 141
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; drugstore beetle ; Coleoptera ; Anobiidae ; Stegobium paniceum L. ; stegobinone ; diastereoisomer inhibition ; pheromonal activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Stegobinone, (2S, 3R, 1′R)-2,3,-dihy dro-2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(1′-methyl-2′-oxobutyl)-4H-pyran-4-one, the sex pheromone of drugstore beetles (Stegobium paniceum L.), elicited the pheromonal response from the males of the species in our bioassay system; however, the synthesized diastereomeric mixture of this compound was actually inactive to the males. Although the stegobinone isolated from the beetles of this species had significant activity, its enantiomeric [(±)-2S,3R,1′S-] and diatereomeric [(±)-2S,3S,1′RS-] isomers were inactive. Adding the (±)-2S,3R,1′S isomer to stegobinone significantly reduced the male response. Furthermore, the activity of Stegobinone vanished on keeping it at room temperature for two weeks. In such a stored stegobinone sample, the presence of 2S,3R,1′S isomer, the inhibitory component, was confirmed. This isomer might be produced by C-1′ epimerization during storage.
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  • 142
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chiral semiochemicals ; pheromones ; enantiomeric composition ; enantiomeric synergism ; Cryptolestes ferrugineux ; Cryptolestes pusillus ; Cryptolestes turcicus ; Oryzaephilus mercator ; Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae ; (Z)-3-dodecen-11-olide ; (Z,Z)-3,6-dodecadien 11-olide ; (Z)-5-tetradecen-13-olide ; (Z,Z)-5,8-tetradecadien-13-olide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The chiralities of macrolide lactone aggregation pheromones of five species of economically important grain beetles have been determined by capillary gas chromatographic separation of the diastereomeric (S)-O-acetyllactate derivatives of the hydroxy methyl esters derived from boron trifluoride-catalyzed cleavage of the macrolides in methanol. Chirally pure (Z)-3-dodecen-11-olide (I) is produced in theS configuration byCryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and in theR configuration byOryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel). (Z,Z)-3,6-Dodecadien-11-olide (II) is produced in theR configuration by bothO. mercator andO. surinamensis (L.). (Z,Z)-5,8-Tetradecadien-13-olide (IV) is produced in theR configuration byO. surinamensis and as a 85∶15 mixture ofR andS isomers byC. turcicus. (Z)-5-Tetradecen-13-olide (V) is produced in the S configuration byC. pusillus (Schönherr) and as a 33∶67 mixture of theR andS isomers byC. turcicus (Grouvelle). The results indicate that in these cucujids, species specificity in pheromone response is maintained at least in part by pheromone chirality.
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  • 143
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1725-1738 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Grandisal ; rearrangement ; isomerization ; acid catalysis ; silica gel catalysis ; Pissodes spp ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Attempted purification of synthetic racemic grandisal1 by silica gel chromatography resulted in severe decomposition. The nature of this reaction was studied on silica gel and in an ether solution ofp-toluenesulfonic acid. The same products resulted from both reaction systems, although in different ratios. Five racemic, rearrangement products were isolated by preparative GC and identified as follows: (1RS, 3SR, 6RS)-1-methyl-5-methylenebicyclo[4.2.0]octan-3-ol (4); (1RS, 3RS, 6RS)-1-methyl-5-methylenebicyclo[4.2.0]octan-3-ol (5); (1RS,3RS,6RS)-1,5-dimethylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-4-en-3-ol (6); (1RS,3SR,6RS)-1,5-dimethylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-4-en-3-ol(7); and 3-methyl-7-methylenecyclooct-3-en-l-ol (8). The stereochemical assignments are based on our proposed mechanism, which also accounts for all products observed. The racemic bicyclic enone (3) was a by-product of grandisol (2) oxidation.
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  • 144
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    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 61-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogonia and M-prospermatogonia ; Rat ; Duration of the S-phase and the minimal generation time ; Comparative autoradiographic studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Ratte tritt die letzte Generation der Oogonien und “multiplying prospermatogonia” (M-prospermatogonia), die häufig in Form synchronisierter “Cluster” angeordnet sind, um den Tag 17 post conceptionem (p.c.), in die Mitose. Die S-Phasen-Dauer D-S-Duration und die minimale Generationszeit T min der weiblichen und männlichen “Gonien” wurden nach der Methode der markierten Mitosen bestimmt (22 weibliche und 22 männliche Feten von 11 Muttertieren wurden 2–22 Std nach einmaliger i.p. Injektion mit 3H-thymidin getötet). Die drei Kurven markierter Prophasen, Metaphasen und der postmitotischen Abkömmlinge, d.h. der Postmitosephasen der Oocyten und primary transitional prospermatogonia” (T1-prospermatogonia), wurden ausgewertet. Die Auswertungen ergaben, daß der Verlauf der einander entsprechenden Markierungskurven von Prophasen, Metaphasen und Postmitosephasen sowie die daraus errechneten Werte für D-S-Duration und Tmin weitgehend übereinstimmen. Die gewonnenen Werte liegen zwischen 10 und 12,5h für D-S-Duration (10h entsprechend dem Verlauf der markierten Metaphasenkurven) und 16,5 und 18h für Tmin (16,5h entsprechend dem Verlauf der markierten Metaphasenkurven).
    Notes: Summary In the rat the last generation of oogonia and multiplying prospermatogonia (M-prospermatogonia), frequently arranged in synchronized clusters, enters mitosis on about day 17 post conception (p.c.). The duration of the S-phase D-S-Duration and the minimal generation time T min of both kinds of “gonia” were determined by the method of labeled mitoses (22 female and 22 male fetuses derived from 11 pregnant rats were sacrificed from 2 to 22 h after a single i.p. injection of 3H-thymidine on day 17 p.c.). Three curves, derived from the labeled prophases, metaphases and the postmitotic descendents of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia — oocytes and primary transitional prospermatogonia (T1-prospermatogonia) — were evaluated. It was demonstrated that the curves as well as the calculated values of D-S-Duration and T min are very similar for oogonia and M-prospermatogonia. D-S-Duration ranged from about 10 to 12.5 h (10 h read off from the curves of labeled metaphases), T min from 16.5 to 18 h (16.5 h read off from the curves of labeled metaphases).
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  • 145
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucl. n. facialis ; Rat ; Retrograde reaction ; Ontogenesis ; Morphometry
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    Notes: Summary The grey level index (= GLI) and the fresh volume were determined with the image analyser Micro-Videomat for the nucl. n. facialis after axotomy of the left n. facialis. The experiments were performed on 10 rats in different stages of ontogenesis. The GLI is a quantitative parameter which could be quickly obtained and which demonstrated quantitative changes during retrograde reaction in the respective centres. A decrease in the fresh volumes of the affected nucl. n. facialis could also be demonstrated. The meaning of GLI is discussed.
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  • 146
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    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 349-355 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Striated musculature ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a total of 96 rat pineals studied 31 were found to contain striated muscle fibers or their precursors. The muscle fibers were most frequently present in the stalk region and more frequently found in the left than in the right hemisphere. Size measurements revealed that the lengths of pineal muscle cell nuclei differ only slightly from those of the sphincter muscle of the iris. However, the yellowish appearance of pineal muscle cell nuclei under darkfield investigation, a phenomenon observed in all muscular tissues of mesenchymal origin and connective tissue cells, may support the hypothesis that pineal musculature is of mesenchymal rather than ectodermal origin.
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  • 147
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    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 315-322 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intranuclear inclusions ; Pericytes ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with the ultrastructure of two types of intranuclear inclusions, “nuclear bodies” and “membranous lamellar bodies”, present in hypothalamic pericytes of intact adult rats. The nuclear bodies exhibited “simple” and “granular” forms, whereas the membranous lamellar bodies were entirely made up of myelin-like membrane whorls. The occurrence of these bodies in nuclei of pericytes has never been previously reported. The origin and functional meaning of such structures is discussed in the light of recent ultrastructural and biochemical studies on nuclear inclusions.
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  • 148
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    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 163-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell kinetics ; Enamel organ ; Cell production ; Cell cycle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inner enamel epithelium (IEE) covers the labial tooth aspect as a one cell layer which, when cut sagittally, appears as a longitudinal cell column extending from the tooth origin toward the periphery. Following sudden tooth shortening, the IEE responds by an increased cell production which later declines below normal values. The perturbation affects all cell kinetic parameters; the progenitor compartment, which initially increases, diminishes in size toward end of the experiment. The cell cycle transition times, which initially decline, rise toward the end of the experiment. The mean normal daily cell production rate of 70 cell % (i.e. 70 cells are produced by 100 progenitors) increases to 111 cell % and then declines to a low of 51 cell %. The IEE response typifies the behavior of other cell renewal systems such as intestinal epithelium and epidermis.
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  • 149
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LHRH neuron ; Tissue culture ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ontogenetic development of LHRH-containing neurons was studied by fluorescence and enzyme immunohistochemistry in rats. In in vitro studies, the tissues of the septal-chiasmatic and mediobasal hypothalamic areas of fetal rats on day 16.5 or 18.5 of gestation were trypsinized separately for dissociation of the neural cells, and cultured for several days. Immunopositive reaction against LHRH was first detected in nerve cells derived from both areas of the hypothalamus of the fetuses on days 16.5 and 18.5 of gestation, after 8 and 6 days culture, respectively. The cells were small, and seemed to be bipolar in morphology indicating an axon and arborized dendrites. Immunopositive material occurred in the cell soma as well as in the cellular processes. In in vivo studies, immunopositive material, possibly deposited in nerve fibers, appeared first in OVLT and simultaneously in the external layer of the median eminence of fetuses on day 20.5 of gestation. The immunoreactive fibers increased in number in both parts with development, especially after birth in the median eminence. No immunopositive material was detected within any neural cell bodies nor in the cytoplasm of any ependymal cells.
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  • 150
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    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 499-513 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin neurons ; Hypothalamic, extrahypothalamic distribution ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using a highly sensitive antibody to somatostatin, its hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic distribution in the rat was re-examined by light microscopic immunohistochemistry (PAP-method). The scattered somatostatin-producing perikarya occur in multiple layers within the subependymal neuropil surrounding the third ventricle. They supply with short-distance projections the following hypothalamic nuclei: 1) preoptic nuclei (especially their suprachiasmatic and medial components), 2) the peripheral zones of the suprachiasmatic nuclei, 3) the ventromedial and 4) arcuate nuclei, and 5) the ventral premammillary nuclei. Furthermore, the following long-distance projections have been observed: In a rostral direction (A1) rostral of the anterior commissure to the lamina terminalis, (A2) to the OVLT, (A3) to the olfactory tubercle, and (A4) rostrally and caudally by-passing the anterior commissure to the dorsal part of the stria terminalis. More caudally, at the retrochiasmatic level an ascending dorso-lateral projection joins the ventral amygdalo-hypothalamic pathway in a reciprocal manner (B1). In addition, a descending ventrolateral tract projects to the optic tract bending dorsal to it in different directions: (C1) medial to the median eminence, (C2) lateral to the corticomedial amygdala, and (C3) caudal for additional support of the arcuate and ventral premammillary nuclei. The principal tract of somatostatin-containing fibers descends in the subependymal neuropil to the median eminence (D). The results are discussed with reference to a possible participation of the somatostatin fiber system in the afferent branch of the circuit connecting the hypothalamus with the amygdala via the stria terminalis.
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  • 151
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    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 181-185 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vitamin A ; Ultimobranchial tissue ; Ultimobranchial cysts ; Thyroid ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultimobranchial cysts in the thyroid glands of rats receiving a diet adequate in vitamin A are lined with stratified squamous epithelium and contain non-keratinized cellular debris. The epithelium of these cysts in vitamin A deficient animals is keratinized, and their lumina contain keratinized cellular strands surrounding a core of cellular debris. Upon return to a diet adequate in vitamin A the epithelium returns to a non-keratinized state, and the lumina contain keratinized strands surrounded by cell fragments and desquamated whole cells. Occasionally these cysts have an epithelium that is highly irregular in appearance. The relationship of alterations in this tisssue to possible subsequent development of neoplasias is discussed.
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  • 152
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amygdaloid body ; Hypothalamus ; Midbrain ; Autoradiography ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light microscopic autoradiography was performed subsequent to injection of tritiated amino acids into various parts of the amygdaloid body of the rat. Evidence is provided for two hitherto unreported projections of the amygdala: from the medial amygdaloid nucleus to the contralateral premamillary nuclei and from the central amygdaloid nucleus to the mesencephalic central grey. The functional implications of these findings are discussed.
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  • 153
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    Keywords: Taste bud ; Vallate papilla ; Regeneration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The regeneration of the vallate papilla in the rat was studied by both light and electron microscopy. The papillae were excised and regeneration was studied at time intervals of 3 to 45 days. It was found that the vallate papilla is capable of regeneration after both partial and total papillectomies. The regenerated papillae were asymmetrical in shape. Several invaginations, independent of one another, were the equivalent of the original sulcus. Regeneration of the gustatory system occurred at circumscribed portions of the associated Von Ebner glands. The amounts of newly formed taste buds were proportional to the amount of nerve fibers in the subepithelial plexus. The regenerated taste buds showed normal histochemical and fine-structural characteristics. The results support the contention of some degree of specificity concerning the epithelium where taste bud regeneration occurs.
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  • 154
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    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 525-532 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intranuclear inclusions ; Neurons ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of intranuclear rodlets, microtubules, fibrillar lattices and membranous inclusions found in the developing cuneate nuclei of rats is described. Rodlets, ranging in diameter from 96–312 nm and in length from 1–2 μm, are made up of tightly packed straight filaments measuring 5–8 nm in diameter. Microtubules with a diameter of 26 nm are clustered together. Fibrillar lattices are made up of fibrils with a diameter of 9 nm arranged in layers or sets. Two to nine sets make up a lattice, with a maximum width of 68 nm, in which the adjacent sets are arranged at an angle to each other. Rodlets and fibrillar lattices occur in 6.8% of the neurons. Membranous inclusions, reported here for the first time in normal neurons, are of 2 types: small vesicles of 0.1–0.6 μm and large vacuoles measuring 1–2 μm. Both types are bounded by either a single or a double membrane and generally have an electron lucent content. Membranous inclusions occur in 25.3 % of the neurons. Changes in the frequency of occurrence of the various intranuclear inclusions in the course of postnatal development are also reported.
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    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 17-35 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Optic nerve ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synapses of optic nerve afferents (optic synapses) in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) have been identified ultrastructurally. They are easily distinguished from other types of synapses. The optic boutons are characterized by the presence of large mitochondria with a swollen electron lucent matrix and an interconnected tubular system formed by their inner membrane. Other, more variable features include: 1) a scattered pattern of synaptic vesicles which are found throughout the entire presynaptic element with relatively little accumulation near the active zones; 2) the occurrence of dense core vesicles and glycogen granules; 3) the active zones, the majority of which is Gray-type I, but a minority can obviously be classified as Gray's type II; 4) the innervation of smaller peripheral dendrites and dendritic spines. Boutons of this kind are exclusively filled with anterogradely transported horseradish peroxidase injected into both eyes. Very few neuronal elements containing the typical mitochondria have been observed in the SCN on the 6th day post partum, increasingly more on the 9th and 12th day, but considerably higher numbers after opening of the eyes on the 17th and the following days. The location of normal and degenerating optic boutons was examined light- and electron microscopically. In the rostral third of the SCN there are relatively few optic synapses which are found close to the optic chiasma. In the middle portion of the SCN optic synapses increase in number; they are found not only in the ventral part of the nucleus but also in lateral regions. This becomes particularly obvious in the caudal third of the SCN.
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    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 353-359 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intranuclear microfilament bundles ; Third ventricle ; Ependymal cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intranuclear microfilament bundles were observed in ependymal cells of the third ventricle of the rat. They appeared as single, cylindricallyshaped fibrillar bands up to 4.9 μm in length. In cross sections of bundles, the microfilaments exhibited an apparently regular arrangement. They were separated by a distance of 4 to 5 nm, measuring approximately 11 nm from centre to centre. One bundle consisted of 55 to 88 microfilaments. The intranuclear bundles terminated at the inner membrane of the nucleus. They exhibited close spatial relationship to perinuclear chromatin, chromatin centres, intrachromatin granules and fibrillar structures. The average ratio of nuclear sections with and without bundles was 1∶15.
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  • 157
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    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Axonal degeneration ; Reactive microglia ; Capsaicin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Capsaicin treatment of newborn rats results in the degeneration of primary sensory neurones involved in the mediation of chemogenic pain. In the present study glial changes following the pharmacologically-induced degeneration of unmyelinated primary afferent fibres terminating in Rexed's laminae I and II of the spinal cord were investigated. Light microscopy revealed an increase in the number of phagocytic glial cells in this area, reaching a maximum at 24 h after the administration of capsaicin; they had almost completely disappeared by 72 h. At the ultrastructural level these cells were characterized by their elongate or irregular nuclei with a pronounced heterochromatin pattern, a moderately dense cytoplasmic matrix, hour-glass shaped mitochondria and very large numbers of heterogeneous dense bodies and lipid droplets. On the basis of these observations, these cells were considered to represent reactive microglial cells engaged in the phagocytosis of degenerated neuronal debris. The possible origin and mode of elimination of these elements from the central nervous tissue is briefly discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 359-366 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcareous concretions ; Pineal gland ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serial sections of 90 Sprague-Dawley rat brains with the pineal in situ were scanned to determine the occurrence and regional distribution of calcareous concretions within the pineal gland and its surrounding leptomeningeal tissue. In 90 % of the cases examined concretions were found in varying number and appearance, predominantly lying in the dorsal region of the pineal gland and in the distal portion of the pineal stalk. Discussing the hypothesis advanced by Lukaszyk and Reiter (1975) that the origin of pineal concretions may be related to a neurosecretory process involving a pineal carrier protein, called neuroepiphysin, it is thought that, in view of the intra- and extra-pineal occurrence of concretions, processes other than secretion should be considered. Since in the pineal organ lymphatics are lacking it may well be that, due to a reduced drainage of tissue fluid, the coagulation of intercellular organic debris mingled with minerals increases with age.
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 25 (1987), S. 386-390 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Central caudal artery ; Electrical impedance plethysmography ; Electromagnetic flowmetry ; Peripheral blood flow ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The impedance Z, the derivative of Z with respect to time t, dZ/dt, and blood flow F have been measured simultaneously in the central caudal artery of a series of anaesthetised rats. The results of the experiments were expressed in the relationship derived from the Windkessel theory where f(t)=adz(t)/dt+βz(t), in which α and β are constants and f(t) and z(t) express the pulsating fractions in the blood flow F and the impedance Z, respectively. The correlation between the peak-to-peak values of f(t) and of adz(t)/dt+βz(t) was 0·96. The correlation between the mean flow fo and the peak-to-peak value of f(t) was 0·74. Furthermore, even when the mean flow was zero, adz(t) still existed. The theoretical model was tested against volume flow measurements made using an electromagnetic flowmeter and was found to correlate well. Theoretical estimates of vessel calibre also accord with measured values.
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