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  • Articles  (14,383)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009  (6,846)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of FIR filters with reduced computations (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a symmetric nonrecursive filter can be improved by multiple use of the same filter. The method is based on an Amplitude Change Function (ACF). An approach to the design of nonrecursive filters using an ACF is discussed in this paper. The prototype filter chosen is a Recursive Running Sum (RRS) filter which does not require any multipliers for its implementation. The required filter specifications are met by multiple use of the RRS filters. The overall filter requires a much smaller number of multiplications and adders than the one designed using the conventional method. It is shown that this method provides reduced noise due to coefficient quantization and product quantization compared with the conventional design technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598743
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical analysis of two nonlinear least-squares estimators of sine-wave parameters in the colored-noise case (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 3-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper establishes the large-sample accuracy properties of two nonlinear least-squares estimators (NLSE) of sine-wave parameters: the basic NLSE, which ignores the possible correlation of the noise, and the optimal NLSE, which, besides the sine-wave parameters, also estimates the noise correlation (appropriately parametrized). It is shown that these two NLS estimators have thesame accuracy in large samples. This result provides complete justification for preferring the computationally less expensive basic NLSE over the “optimal” NLSE. Both estimators are shown to achieve the Cramér-Rao Bound (CRB) as the sample size increases. A simple explicit expression for the CRB matrix is provided, which should be useful in studying the performance of sine-wave parameter estimators designed to work in the colored-noise case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598742
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of two-dimensional losslessm-Ports with prescribed scattering matrix (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 97-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Multidimensional lossless networks are of special interest for use as reference structures for multidimensional wave digital filters [l]–[3]. The starting point of the presented synthesis procedure for two-dimensional representatives of the networks mentioned is a scattering matrix description of the desired multiport. This given matrix is assumed to have those properties which have turned out to be necessary [9], [10] for any scattering matrix of a multidimensional lossless network. The method presented for the synthesis of 2-D reactancem-ports is based mainly on known properties of block-companion matrices and the factorization of a univariable rational matrix which is discrete para-Hermitian and nonnegative definite on the unit circle. The resulting network always contains only a minimal number of frequency-dependent building elements. No restrictions are made concerning the coefficients of the rational entries of the scattering matrix; they may be either real or complex, so as to include even complex networks which are of special interest for multi-dimensional wave digital filters [3].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598747
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systems which possessg- andh- Representations (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 145-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Examples are given concerning the range of applicability of recent representation results that provide a means of studying the input-output properties of nonlinear systems in terms of the familiar impulse-response concept, and which extend the concept of integral transformation to nonlinear maps. We show that such representations, which we call “g-” and “h-representations,” exist for important classes of systems governed by nonlinear integral equations. In particular, it is proved that a large class of maps that have Volterra series representations also have these representations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599935
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decentralized variable structure control of interconnected multi-input/ multi-output nonlinear systems (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 363-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract For a broad class of interconnected nonlinear systems, this paper develops a complete design methodology for decentralized variable structure control. Specifically, the paper sets forth design schemes for local switching surfaces and the related local switched feedback gains which together force the original nonlinear interconnected system to behave as a reduced order interconnected equivalent system having a desired response such as stability, tracking, or prespecified eigenvalues. Also developed is a numerical algorithm for constructing the switched local feedback gains. A simple nonlinear example illustrates the control strategy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600000
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On decentralized hierarchic stabilization of a large-scale system with constraints (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 391-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new stabilization method of a large-scale dynamic system, consisting of a set of interconnected subsystems, is presented in this paper. The topology of the interconnected subsystems is given as a network containing nodes with only one ingoing link, and none, one, or more outgoing links. Here, when the notion “node” is used a subsystem is assumed, and the links stand for the subsystem interconnections. The stabilization method is made only by the use of local linear state feedback around each subsystem, in order to satisfy constraints given in the problem. The interconnections among the subsystems are assumed to be nonlinear, time-varying. According to the topology of the large-scale system, the method of stabilization is hierarchic, one proceeds from node to node, and is applicable from a computer standpoint. A design algorithm follows directly, and can be made using the Generate and Test method for each subsystem independently, thus enabling designers to use a computer which has a video terminal as a peripheral unit and providing a possibility for interactive applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600232
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of structured covariances with application to array beamforming (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 421-447 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The estimation of covariance matrices which are structured, for example, of Toeplitz type, from measurement data is considered. The problem is considered in the context of array beamforming, and various methods of estimation are derived and compared, such comparison including consideration of the behavior of the estimate in beamforming applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600233
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of the block toeplitz matrix for two-dimensional PLSI Polynomials (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 449-456 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The planar least-squares inverse (PLSI) polynomials are used for stabilization of two-dimensional unstable recursive filters. In order to obtain the PLSI polynomials, the main work involved consists in forming a set of linear equations and then solving them. In this paper we present an efficient and simple method to form the necessary set of linear equations (i.e., the required coefficient matrix) for a chosen pattern and order of the desired PLSI polynomial, starting from the denominator polynomial of a two-dimensional unstable recursive filter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600234
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    System inversion using orthogonal functions (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 347-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows how to use orthogonal functions to invert singular (i.e., generalized state-space) systems. The approach is to express the inverse system itself as a singular system, and then to apply the theory of orthogonal functions to convert that differential-algebraic system to a purely algebraicgeneralized Lyapunov equation whose solution yields the input of the original system given its output. Both left and right inversion are treated. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the generalized Lyapunov equation are derived, and a generalizedQZ algorithm is given for its efficient solution. It is also shown that the coefficients in the Walsh function expansion may be approximately found using an FFT-type butterfly network. These results provide both an extension in theory, by investigating the properties of a new Lyapunov equation, and an extension in the implementation of system inversion, by providing a scheme which applies to generalized state-space systems and uses an unconventional approach which may prove to be a useful contribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599999
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Call for papers (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. I 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600237
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decoupling of the overflow and quantization phenomena in orthogonal biquad recursive digital filters (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 457-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In digital communication networks, a special class of complex biquad recursive digital filters called orthogonal filters is increasingly being used. The separate effects of the overflow and quantization nonlinearities on these orthogonal filters' responses have been investigated [5], [6]. In this paper we examine the zero-input stability properties of the actual orthogonal filter having both overflow and quantization nonlinearities. The overflow nonlinearities considered include saturation, bit-by-bit inversion, zeroing, and modulo 2 arithmetic. The quantization techniques used may be roundoff, magnitude, or value truncation. An example demonstrates the adverse coupling effect between the overflow and quantization nonlinearities. Two criteria are therefore derived to ensure asymptotic overflowstability of the filter in the presence of quantization. These criteria have been translated to the coefficient plane; various regions corresponding to different minimum wordlengths required to ensure decoupling of the overflow and quantization phenomena have been derived.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600235
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An output error model and algorithm for electromagnetic system identification (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 471-505 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The identification problem for electromagnetic objects excited by transients is discussed. Several classes of models are reviewed, and an output error model is selected. An algorithm for solving the transient identification problem using this model is presented, and some of the issues connected with its use are considered. Examples of the application of this algorithm to electromagnetic data are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600236
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some properties of the multidimensional complex cepstrum and their relationship to the stability of multidimensional systems (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 3-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Conditions are obtained for the cepstrum of anl 1 sequence having arbitrary support on theM-dimensional lattice to exist also as anl 1 sequence with arbitrary support. These conditions are used to show that the cepstrum of a sequence with support on a half-space will, when it exists, also have support on the same half-space. This result is used, in turn, to describe the support of the cepstrum of a sequence with bounded support on a half-space. The relationship between the existence of the cepstrum and bounded-input, bounded-output (BIBO) stability for all three of these cases is considered. Finally, the derivatives of the inversion operator, the homomorphic transform operator, and its inverse are calculated. These results are also useful in the one-dimensional case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599003
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A software environment for digital signal-processing simulations (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 31-43 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A signal-processing software system is described which allows the simulation of systems described by block diagrams or signal-flow graphs. A high-level data-flow language describes the interconnection of the components. All configurations of interconnections are allowed, including those containing feedback. Component systems (blocks) are allowed to be multi-input, multi-output, and to be programmed in any language. Blocks are implemented as separate processes running under a UNIX2 operating system. Input and output signals are transferred between blocks via the UNIXpipe facility. Thedata type of a signal is arbitrary in the context of the compiler; within a component or system, signals and internal variables can be either floating point or fixed point. The compiler enforces strong or weak type checking of signals according to the characteristics of the blocks generating and receiving the signals. The invariance of the program to implementation data type is accomplished by the use of abstract data types. Fixed-point simulations having differing number of bits per signal and per internal variable in a block are supported. Special display software is used to allow any signal in the system to be displayed on any graphics device.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599004
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The numerical solution of some higher-index time-varying semistate systems by difference methods (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 61-75 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the solvability of fully implicit index-one and semiexplicit index-two linear time-varying semistate systems of the formA(t)x′+B(t)x=f(t). Using these solvability criteria, we establish the convergence and stability of backward difference formulas (BDF) for solvable semiexplicit index-two systems. In the algebraic variables, these methods exhibit a boundary layer of instability of length 2k, wherek is the order of the method. Finally, we show that the systems considered in this paper belong to a class of problems, solvable by BDF, which strictly contains the systems safely transformable to standard canonical form.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599006
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the approximation of the magnitude response of two-dimensional IIR digital filters using linear programming (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 45-60 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The design of two-dimensional IIR digital filters is approached using linear-programming techniques. The problem is formulated as an approximation problem and filter frequency response characteristics are represented via the square of the magnitude of the filter transfer function. An appropriate approximation error is minimized leading to a linear problem formulation. The latter problem does not require differential correction methods for its solution, thus resulting in a computationally efficient algorithm. Stability conditions and symmetry considerations are easily accounted for. The linear programming approach assures convergence of the solution to a global minimum, among other advantages over nonlinear methods. Several examples illustrate the strength and effectiveness of the methodology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599005
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization theory for single-input/single-output two-dimensional systems (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 77-93 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions for output and state feedback stabilization are given for single-input/single-output systems. Extensions are also provided for single-input/multi-output and multi-input/single-output systems. A technique for constructing explicitly a stabilizing controller is presented, and the main differences with respect to the one-dimensional case are clarified. Finally, the existence of “intrinsically unstable” transfer functions, i.e., not allowing stabilizable realizations, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599007
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single-parameter controlled-variable amplitude change function for digital filtering (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 95-106 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A single-parameter controlled-variable amplitude change function has been constructed for digital filtering using multiple units of a prototype filter. The limits of variation are discussed. The technique is shown to be useful not only for the reduction of errors in either the pass band or the stop band of the overall filter, but also for varying the cutoff frequency of the overall filter over a wide range. Hardware implementation problems resulting from a wide variation are shown to be overcome by a modular approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599008
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction to the special issue (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 125-126 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598954
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  • 20
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    Editorial (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 123-123 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598953
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Parameter estimation of continuous-time stationary Gaussian processes with rational spectra (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 107-119 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the problem of estimating the parameters of continuous-time stationary Gaussian processes with rational spectra, from uniformly sampled measurements. The sampled process is shown to be an autoregressive moving-average process, and explicit relationships between the parameters of the continuous-time and the sampled processes are derived. These relationships are then used to derive a lower bound on the variances of biased estimates of the continuous-time parameters, and on the generalized variance of such estimates. It is shown by some examples that the bound on the generalized variance depends on the sampling interval in a nonmonotonic manner. In particular, for each specific set of parameters there exists a sampling interval for which the lower bound is minimized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599009
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Array resolutions of linear maps (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 127-137 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The identification of concurrency is a critical factor in the high-speed calculation of algorithms. This study considers maps onX, a discrete resolution space. We establish a resolution on the space of linear maps onX which exhibit compatibility with array processing. Our results are extended to the partially ordered resolution space setting. While on-line array processing motivates our study, the results also suggest efficient processing procedures for off-line applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598955
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    A technique for the design of systolic arrays with bit-level pipelining (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 139-151 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a method for designing systolic structures with bit-level pipelining. The proposed technique starts with the signal flow graph representation of a given algorithm. A new signal flow graph rule, called the gain transfer rule is introduced to achieve bit-level pipelining. Using this approach, systolic arrays with bit-level pipelining are derived for a general recursive digital filter and a convolver. The proposed technique is quite general and has also been applied to obtain systolic structures for other problems such as vector transformation. In comparison with some previously reported designs, the new architectures are characterized by simpler basic processing cells and faster data throughput rate or smaller chip area requirements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598956
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  • 24
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    Applications of VLSI technology in a massively parallel machine (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 191-215 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract NON-VON is a highly parallel non-von Neumann supercomputer presently under construction at Columbia University. The basis for NON-VON's significant cost/performance advantage lies in a highly unusual application of VLSI technology to the realization of massive computational parallelism. This paper outlines the manner in which the emerging technology of VLSI circuits is employed in NON-VON to achieve this advantage. Particular emphasis is given to novel aspects of the design, layout, and operation of the NON-VON processing element, eight of which are to be embedded within each integrated circuit chip.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598959
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  • 25
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    Fault-tolerant VLSI sorters (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 153-174 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Parallel sorting algorithms have been proposed for VLSI implementation. Random defects in the silicon wafer and fabrication errors render processors in the wafer faulty, and may cause these algorithms to fail despite a significant number of nonfaulty processors. This paper presents twofault-tolerant pipelined sorting algorithms that would work on a wafer comprised of faulty and nonfaulty processors. Both the algorithms useO(n) processors and requireO(n) time to sortn elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598957
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  • 26
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    Construction of a fault-tolerant grid of processors for wafer-scale integration (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 175-189 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract With the advent of wafer-scale integration (WSI), the placement of several “processors” on a single VLSI wafer is becoming a realistic possibility. To avoid the problems of a very low yield inherent in any silicon component of (very) large area, redundant components will be used. In this article we examine three different solutions for reconnecting the nonfaulty processors so that the resulting network is a square grid. We then present results of simulations for various percentages of faulty processors, which show that a small amount of redundancy is the interprocessors paths and a simple back-track based algorithm can produce a resulting grid that, while not necessarily optimal, includes most of the nonfaulty processors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598958
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  • 27
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    Active memory chips: A brief survey and case study (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 239-259 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Conventional random access memories are capable only of writing data into and reading data from the storage location corresponding to a given address. The availability of VLSI circuits containing hundreds of thousands of switching devices, however, has recently made practical the implementation of “active” memory chips capable of performing a range of complex operations on their stored data. Such designs are characterized by the extensive intermingling of processing and memory resources within a single chip to achieve the rapid and cost-effective parallel execution of operations relevant to such tasks as image processing, computer graphics, artificial intelligence, and database management. This paper presents a brief survey of a number of active memory chips that have been implemented or proposed, along with a more detailed examination of a particular active memory circuit, the NON-VON 3 primary processing subsystem chip.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598961
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    Designing VLSI network nodes to reduce memory traffic in a shared memory parallel computer (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 217-238 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Serialization of memory access can be a critical bottleneck in shared memory parallel computers. The NYU Ultracomputer, a large-scale MIMD (multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream) shared memory architecture, may be viewed as a column of processors and a column of memory modules connected by a rectangular network of enhanced 2×2 buffered crossbars. These VLSI nodes enable the network to combine multiple requests directed at the same memory location. Such requests include a new coordination primitive, fetch- and-add, which permits task coordination to be achieved in a highly parallel manner. Processing within the network is used to reduce serialization at the memory modules. To avoid large network latency, the VLSI network nodes must be high-performance components. Design tradeoffs between architectural features, asymptotic performance requirements, cycle time, and packaging limitations are complex. This report sketches the Ultracomputer architecture and discusses the issues involved in the design of the VLSI enhanced buffered crossbars which are the key element in reducing serialization.
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    Time-frequency window leakage in the short-time Fourier transform (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 263-286 
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    Notes: Abstract Conventional frequency-domain window-leakage analysis accurately describes the leakage in the short-time Fourier transform only for stationary signals. Leakage in the time-frequency plane from concentrated transient or nonstationary signals can be effectively analyzed by use of a time-frequency window-leakage envelope with rectangular contours. This envelope is obtained from the Wigner distribution of the analysis window, with appropriate corrections for the sidelobe leakage. The time-frequency window-leakage envelope gives insight into the tradeoffs in time-frequency leakage between various windows and allows quick and accurate estimates of the leakage in the short-time Fourier transform. A simple technique for constructing signals with Wigner distributions that are linear transformations of the Wigner distribution of a known signal is developed. With this technique, windows with a variety of time-frequency orientations and leakage behavior can be developed.
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    Asymptotic bias of the high-order autoregressive estimates of sinusoidal frequencies (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 287-298 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Fitting a high-order autoregressive model to data is often used to estimate the frequencies of sinusoids from their noisy measurements. This paper analyzes the asymptotic bias of the frequency estimates obtained by this method. It is shown that the bias decreases significantly with increasing model order.
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    General linear nonstationary passive systems: Derivation of the explicit state model (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 299-314 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We consider the general nonstationary passive systems modeled by linearRCG (G = gyrator) networks. Such networks in general contain conventional topological degeneracies (i.e., capacitor-only loops and/or inductor-only cutsets) as well as the topological degeneracies due to gyrator positioning in the network. Our central result is the explict demonstration that the existence of topological degeneracies does not impose any obstruction to the existence of the explicit state model, which we derive under no restriction on the topology of the network. We also discuss the conditions for the existence of the state model, its unique solutions, and the continuity of the state vector. The nature of the degeneracies inherent in the formulation is highlighted and it is shown that a gyrator-only subnetwork is accountable for algebraic degeneracies. Since the nature and the existence of topological degeneracies does not have anything to do with whether the element characteristics are linear or nonlinear, passive or active, our results are easy to extend to a large class of nonlinear and/or activeRCG networks.
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    Qualitative analysis of motion properties of semistate models of large-scale systems (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 315-334 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper studies the behavior of motions of large-scale (LS) semistate systems (SSS) governed byP i (t)x i =M i (t,x i )x i +f i (t)+h i (t, x), i=1,2,...,s, =(x 1 T x 2 T ⋯x s T )T, where matricesP i (t) are singular. Using Lyapunov's approach and the tools for LS system analysis, a variant of attractivity and ultimate boundedness of appropriate time-variable sets are investigated. The results are based on a specific choice of the aggregate functions. It is assumed that the reduction of equations to a normal form of lower order is inconvenient. The aggregation-decomposition approach used in this paper reduces the dimensionality of an aggregate matrix of the system to the number of its systems. Motion properties of LS systems are deduced from the properties of its isolated subsystems, the character of interconnections, and the conditions imposed on the system aggregate matrix. Sufficient algebraic conditions for the above-mentioned motion properties are developed.
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    Some practical stability criteria for semistate equations (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 335-345 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper various conditions guaranteeing the ordinary, uniform, and asymptoticA-stability of semistate equations are given. These results are based on and given in terms of the semi-explicit form of a semistate equation.
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    The pseudorandom sequence of arrays (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 133-144 
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    Notes: Abstract Pseudorandom (or maximal length) sequences and arrays have been known for a long time, and have been reported by several authors. Pseudorandom volumes have also been mentioned. This paper presents a different type of sequence of arrays in which the arrays share many properties with the pseudorandom arrays of the literature, and the sequence (or group) of arrays has many properties in common with the pseudorandom sequences. It is proposed that this set of arrays be called a “pseudorandom sequence of arrays,” or PRSAs. Some interesting properties of the PRSA as well as its practical (hardware) implementation have been mentioned. It has also been shown that our result is a special case of the generalN(3)/D(3) case.
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    A recursive parameter estimator yielding exponential convergence under sufficient excitation (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 207-228 
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    Notes: Abstract For linear time-invariant discrete-time systems, an exponentially convergent recursive parameter identification scheme is derived requiring only that the regression vector be sufficiently exciting, that is the sum of the outer products of the regression vector is eventually positive definite. The algorithm produces a parameter estimate that converges to the batch-form (nonrecursive) least-squares estimate without requiring a persistent excitation. The rate of convergence can be selected as a design parameter. If the regression vector is persistently exciting, it is shown that a forgetting factor can be added to the formulation in such a way that the magnitude of the forgetting factor and the rate of exponential convergence can be set separately.
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    Image modeling and restoration: A new approach (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 229-229 
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    Some circuits and systems applications of semistate theory (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 235-260 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The semistate theory of circuits and systems is reviewed with regard to its applications. Among these latter discussed are electronic circuit design and analysis, hysteresis, knot generation, neural networks, and constrained robot characterizations.
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    On Hautus-type conditions for controllability of implicit linear discrete-time systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 289-298 
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    Notes: Abstract Four notions of controllability for general (i.e., possibly nonregular) implicit linear discrete-time systems are considered. Relationships between them are studied. A Hautus-type characterization of all of these notions is also given.
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    Strategies for finite-time control in singular systems in open- and closed-loop configurations (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 299-312 
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    Notes: Abstract A new concept of system equivalence which allows the establishment of a formal relation between singular and regular systems has been introduced. By applying this concept, an open-loop strategy for finite-time control of a given solvable singular system, which is simple for both computation and implementation, is developed. A strategy for finite-time output feedback control is considered for a continuous singular system. It is shown that provided the system is observable, a desired polynomial command for finite-time control can be determined from a finite sequence of output measurements sampled at discrete instants of time.
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    Reachability, observability, and minimality for shift-invariant two-point boundary-value descriptor systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 313-340 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the system-theoretic properties of two related classes of shift-invariant two-point boundary-value descriptor systems (TPBVDSs), namelydisplacement systems for which Green's function is shift-invariant, andstationary systems for which the input-output map is stationary. For such systems it is possible to obtain detailed characterizations of the properties of weak reachability and observability introduced in [16] and of minimality as well. An important difference, that has also been noted before in a different context [9], is that there is a certain level of nonuniqueness in minimal realizations. Another property that is studied in this paper is that of extendibility, i.e., the concept of considering a TPBVDS as being defined on a sequence of intervals of increasing length. Necessary and sufficient conditions for extendibility are given.
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    Call for papers (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. I 
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    Signal scaling in cascade digital filters (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 421-426 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Scaling of filter variables is central to fixed-point implementation of digital filters. A simple method of scaling based on scaling constants of individual sections of a cascade digital filter is presented. The proposed method saves much computational labor in the implementation of higher-order digital filters. Maximal amplitude expressions of second-order filter transfer functions are also presented.
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    Zero-input limit cycles and stability in second-order fixed-point digital filters with two magnitude truncation quantizers (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 427-433 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the stability analysis of second-order direct-form digital filters with two magnitude truncation quantizers. Zero-input stability is proved for the parameter regions where no conclusion can be drawn using the methods previously suggested in the literature. The areas of the parameter plane in which only limit cycles of period 1 or 2 exist, are determined and related to the cycle amplitudes. Finally, a transition graph is suggested to study the convergence patterns of the filter output.
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    Analysis of a digital PLL Markov model (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 467-486 
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    Notes: Abstract The work of digital PLL is analysed. For this analysis a Markov model is used.
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    One-multiplier adaptive lattice algorithm for recursive filters (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 455-466 
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    Notes: Abstract The formulation of one-multiplier lattice structures of the Gray-Markel type forinfinite impulse response filters is reviewed. Several special cases of this formulation — including the well-known Gray-Markel normalized lattice—are presented as scaled polynomial versions of the two-multiplier lattice. A new adaptive algorithm is presented for updating the parameters of one-multiplier lattice structured recursive filters. The LMS-based algorithm requires fewer computations than earlier reported algorithms [1]–[4].
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    Computation of minimal-order realizations of generalized state-space systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 49-70 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of obtaining minimal-order representations of generalized state-space systems described by equations of the formE x(t)=A x(t)+B u(t),y(t)=C x(t)+D u(t) withE singular and det(sE−A)≠0. The underlying principle is that of removal of impulsive and exponential uncontrollable and unobservable modes. When this is followed by the removal of the remaining impulsive modes, we get a minimal-order generalized or standard state-space representation. Simple reduction procedures and numerical algorithms based on these principles are developed and illustrated by means of two numerical examples.
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    Estimation for boundary-value descriptor systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 25-48 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider models for noncausal processes consisting of discrete-time descriptor dynamics and boundary conditions on the values of the process at the two ends of the interval on which the process is defined. We discuss the general solution and well-posedness of systems of this type and then apply the method of complementary processes to obtain a specification of the optimal smoother in terms of a boundary-value descriptor Hamiltonian system. We then study the implementation of the optimal smoother. Motivated by the Hamiltonian diagonalization results for nondescriptor systems, we show how the descriptor Hamiltonian dynamics can be transformed to two lower-order systems by the use of transformation matrices involving the solution of two generalized Riccati equations. We present several examples illustrating our results and the nature of the smoothing solution and also present equations for covariance analysis of boundary-value descriptor processes including the smoothing error.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. I 
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    On the reducibility of centrosymmetric matrices — Applications in engineering problems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 71-96 
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    Notes: Abstract The structure inherent to the centrosymmetric matrices is exploited to obtain factorization results leading to significant computational savings in many engineering applications. Several interesting properties of the matrices are discussed with a view toward algorithm computational complexity. It is shown that the multiplicative complexity involved in the process of principal component (eigen-value/eigenvector) extraction, and in the evaluation of the determinant and inverse of such matrices, can be reduced by nearly 75% by employing the results presented here. The theory presented hereunifies andgeneralizes previous computationally efficient results onseveral specialized generalized centrosymmetric matrices; for example, the class of symmetric centrosymmetric (or doubly symmetric) matrices is shown to be a special case of the class of centrosymmetric matrices, and since the results obtained here are applicable over the field of complex numbers, the factorization results available for centrosymmetric matrices are readilyextended to the complex field. The centrosymmetric matrices play an important role in a number of areas such as pattern recognition, antenna theory, mechanical and electrical systems, and quantum physics. Specific examples of pattern recognition feature selection, a uniform linear antenna array, vibration in structures, and the quantummechanical oscillator are discussed to demonstrate that the theory developed here has a wide range of applications. In addition, certain specialized cases of the centrosymmetric matrices have, in the past, proved their indisputable usefulness in the areas of communication theory, digital filters, linear systems, linear prediction, and speech analysis.
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    Stability tests for singular cases of discrete systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 123-132 
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    Notes: Abstract The well-known Jury and Blanchard's stability test for discrete systems is with an array of (2n−3) rows of elements. Raible simplified Jury and Blanchard's array to (n+1) rows by introducing an additional element at the end of each row. Chen and Chan recently derived a Liapunov function through Schwarz' transform to prove the criterion directly and to produce a very compact form. The purpose of this paper is to explore the various singular cases by using the newly established Chen-Chan criterion. Some existing methods for studying singular cases are re-examined under the light shed by Chen and Chan. A by-product is to define and to determine the relative stability of discrete systems.
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    Investigation of the mathematical properties of a new negative resistance oscillator model (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 187-205 
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    Notes: Abstract A new negative resistance oscillator model was proposed by Walker and Connelly. We investigate the mathematical properties of the associated nonlinear differential equation for a single-mode LCR network oscillator. In particular, we prove that under suitable conditions, small-amplitude stable limit-cycle oscillations can occur. The method of harmonic balance is used to calculate an analytic approximation to the limit-cycle parameters. Also, the general properties of trajectories in phase-space are presented. These predictions are compared with the results obtained by numerical integration of the differential equation.
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    Block decomposition structures for the fast modular implementation of two-dimensional digital filters (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 163-185 
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    Notes: Abstract A general structure is presented for the block realization of two-dimensional infinite impulse response digital filters, which is based on the two-dimensional matrix convolution equations and the decomposition of their associated transfer function matrices. The proposed decomposition may be considered as an extension of the scalar decomposition technique, which has already been used for the realization of two-dimensional digital filters associated with two-variable polynomials. The decomposition structure is considered in two different forms, which correspond to the direct forms I and II. It is shown that if a given two-dimensional single-input, single-output filter is realizable, then realizable block decomposition structures may be always selected. The proposed approach is general and applies without any restriction for the block implementation of any two-dimensional filter. The resulting structures are characterized by high inherent parallelism, modularity, regularity, reconfigurability, local interconnections, and very high sampling and throughput rates. Thus they are well suited for VLSI implementation and implementation via multiprocessor systems and array processors, such as systolic and wavefront arrays.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. I 
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    Editorial (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 231-231 
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    Editorial: A new vocabulary for system theory? (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 233-234 
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    Distributional convergence of BDF approximations to solutions of descriptor systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 261-265 
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    Notes: Abstract It has been observed that the backward differentiation approximation to the solutions ofEx′+Fx =f can fail to converge even pointwise in an initial boundary layer. This paper shows that the approximations converge in a distributional sense even if the exact solution is also distributional.
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    Stability analysis of singular systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 267-287 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with a refined qualitative analysis of motions of a broad class of continuous time-varying nonlinear singular differential systems. These systems consist of a finite number of first-order differential equations that cannot be set into the normal form. Some novel qualitative concepts, convenient for the description of solutions of singular systems, are introduced and analyzed. These concepts involve some inherent properties of singular systems. General sufficient conditions for these concepts are derived in terms of the existence of a suitable Lyapunov function. Also, for the subclass of singular systems considered, the construction of a Lyapunov function candidate that can be effectively applied in the analysis is proposed. The results obtained generalize some known results in stability theory.
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    Fundamental matrix of discrete singular systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 341-355 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this paper is to make clear the fundamental importance of thefundamental matrix ϕ k in the analysis of linear discrete-time singular systems. We relateϕ k to the coefficientsR k of the adjoint matrix (zE-A)−1, find an autoregressive recursion for theϕ k , and give the solution of the singular semistate equation in terms ofϕ k . Also discussed are thesemistatetransition matrix and the singular systemTschirnhausen polynomials. We close by giving a stable numerical technique for the computation of the sequenceϕ k that is based on first taking the pencilzE-A to triangular form.
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    Infinite elementary divisors of polynomial matrices and impulsive solutions of linear homogeneous matrix differential equations (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 357-373 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Impulsive solutions of linear homogeneous matrix differential equations are re-examined in the light of the theory of Jordan chains that correspond to infinite elementary divisors of the associated polynomial matrix. Infinite elementary divisors of general polynomial matrices are defined and their relation to the pole-zero structure of polynomial matrices at infinity is examined. It is shown that impulsive solutions are due to Jordan chains of a “dual” polynomial matrix that correspond to infinite elementary divisors that are associated with the orders of “zeros at infinity” of the original matrix.
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    Geometric theory and feedback invariants of generalized linear systems: A matrix pencil approach (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 375-397 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Generalized linear systems are classified according to their algebraic structure and their regularizability and normalizability properties under generalized state feedback are investigated. New feedback invariants are introduced in terms of the input-space restriction pencil and the Plücker matrix of the system. It is shown that the classification of subspaces of the state space of generalized linear systems is reduced to an equivalent problem of classifying the subspacesV of the domain of an ordered pair (F, G), F, Gεℝm×n. The set of strict equivalence invariants of the restriction pencil (F, G)/V provides a complete, basis-free algebraic characterization and leads to the definition of notions of geometric invariance. The key geometric notions that emerge are those of (F, G)-, (G, F)-, complete-(F, G)-, partitioned(F, G)-, cyclic-, and semicyclic-invariant subspaces. A complete set of geometric algorithms leading to the computation of the above families is also given. The above families of invariant subspaces are characterized in terms of the invariants of (F, G)/V, and this provides the links with their dynamic characterization. These results provide an “open-loop” or “feedback-free” unifying treatment of spaces of generalized systems, which for the case of proper systems is reduced to the standard geometric theory results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598421
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    Fast prime factor decomposition algorithms for a family of discrete trigonometric transforms (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 401-419 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper develops a set of fast prime factor decomposition algorithms (PFDAs) for a family of discrete trigonometric transforms of sizeN, whereN is a product of two relatively prime integers. Relevant equations for the PFDAs are derived. Computational procedures are presented followed by a specific example forN= 12. The input and output index mappings necessary for the algorithm are obtained and the computational complexity is briefly outlined.
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    The difference between regularity and irregularity in singular systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 435-444 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In the studies of singular systems regularity is often presumed although it may not be satisfied in some real cases. Therefore, natural questions are: What is the difference between regularity and irregularity? How far can we go from regularity to irregularity in the studies of singular systems? This paper partially answers these questions. The results show that the concepts of reachability, controllability, and observability for regular systems can be easily extended to irregular cases. There is minor difference between regular and irregular singular systems. Thus the assumption of regularity is reasonable.
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    Modified design of high-order 1-D all-pass recursive digital filters (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 445-453 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An optimization method is proposed for the design of high-order all-pass delay equalizers for a prescribed group-delay characteristic by using the cascade form realization of digital filters. Unlike other methods, in the proposed method stability is guaranteed by imposing certain mild constraints on the filter coefficients so that the unconstrained optimization technique of Fletcher and Powell is used. To reduce the function minimization time, design values of the parameters of the delay equalizers, obtained by Bernhardt's simplified method, are used as the initial vector in the optimization technique of the proposed method. It is shown that the proposed method for the design of optimal delay equalizers results in all classes of equalizers with real and complex poles and approximates the prescribed group delay more accurately.
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    Call for papers (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. I 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599770
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    Realizations of nonlinear systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 487-506 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Given the Volterra series representation of a single input, single output nonlinear system, we examine conditions on the Volterra kernels that determine if the system is in some sense equivalent to a linear system. The systems considered herein are known as “feedback linearizable” systems. Feedback linearizable systems are usually discussed in terms of their state-space representations. A key result relates the Volterra series description of a feedback linearizable system to its state-space description.
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    Tunnelling rays in graded-index fibres (1978)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 83-93 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the role of tunnelling rays in pulse propagation in graded-index fibres is presented. Tunnelling ray attenuation is handled by using the generalized parameter technique which allows attenuation coefficients to be dispensed with and relevant families of tunnelling rays to be identified. Results are given for impulse response pulse widths and shapes. Incorporation of tunnelling ray pulse contributions into the formalism for determining optimum refractive-index profiles is presented. For most cases, tunnelling ray effects are small, but significant corrections may be necessary when measurements are made on short lengths of fibre.
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    Efficient fifth order non-linear process by focused beam in metal vapour (1978)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 131-138 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fifth order non-linear processes produced by a focused beam in metal vapour have been investigated experimentally. Evidence of saturation of fifth harmonic generation by picosecond laser pulses is reported.
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    Theory of power coupling between multimode optical fibres (1978)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 107-117 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper power coupling between two multimode optical fibres is investigated. A formalism (based on a geometrical approach) suitable for analysing any coupling configuration between fibres with any index profile and any radiance distribution is presented. The model is applied to obtain coupling losses both in uniformly excited parabolic- and step-index fibres, in the presence of all kinds of coupling errors. Numerical results of extensive utility are shown and useful asymptotic expressions of coupling efficiency, valid for small values of coupling error parameters, are derived together with some practical rules for error combination. Mention is also made of some experimental results we have obtained, which corroborate some previous assertions. The work can supply a useful tool in the design of joints and connectors between single fibres or optical cables.
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    Anomalous polarization dependence of the photon drag and optical rectification fields inn-type gallium phosphide (1978)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 153-161 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The photon drag and optical rectification response fromn-type gallium phosphide containing 2.4×1016 electrons cm−3 has been studied using laser sources at 10.61 and 2.83μm. By using different contact configurations, the existence of an additional electric field term in the propagation direction has been deduced. This field is shown to arise from the spatial derivatives of the photon drag and optical rectification field components caused by absorption of the radiation. The importance of this effect in detector design is considered.
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    Diffraction efficiency of sequentially stored gratings in reflection volume holograms (1978)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 171-178 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of the theory of coupled waves the amplitudes of the first-order diffracted waves and the diffraction efficiency is calculated for sequentially superposed phase gratings stored in dielectric reflection holograms. The investigations are restricted to the case of a fixed reference wave during recording and Bragg-angle incidence. By analogy to the transmission volume grating the coupling effects which appear between incident beams and diffracted waves give the possibility of building up beam-couplers and -splitters with certain coupling parameters determined by the recording process. Moreover, reflection gratings allow a favourable combination between coupling and reflecting properties and avoid the diffraction efficiency oscillations that are characteristic of transmission gratings. The performance of the reconstruction process with several waves simultaneously allows the tuning of the intensities of diffracted waves with dependence on amplitude or phase differences between incident beams.
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    Reversible mirror for real-time holographic interferometry (1978)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 181-183 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    3-ps pulse generation by excimer-laser-pumped dye-laser system using gated absorbers (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 20-24 
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    Stability criteria for lasers with mixed line broadening (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 29-36 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stability criteria governing the behaviour of laser oscillators are becoming increasingly well understood, and it is found that for practical applications two types of criteria must usually be distinguished. For lasers in the inhomogeneous limit these two types are essentially equal, and this study explores their behaviour as the degree of inhomogeneous broadening is varied. All lasers exhibit a combination of homogeneous and inhomogeneous line broadening, and the graphical results presented here may be used for predicting or interpreting single-mode instabilities in practical oscillators with arbitrary mixed line broadening.
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    Experimental studies of ultrashort pulse chirp in the solid-state laser (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 73-77 
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    Notes: Abstract The value and sign of the ultrashort pulse (USP) chirp are studied experimentally in the YAG:Nd solid-state laser using different saturable absorbers. The effects of active and passive media as well as USP parameters on the chirp are analysed. The possibility of controlling the USP chirp value by selecting the initial passive locking density is shown.
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    The acousto-optic triple product processor and its applications (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 79-82 
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    Anisotropic self-diffraction in KNbO3 (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 93-107 
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    Notes: Abstract Anisotropic diffraction and self-diffraction processes in KNbO3 crystals are investigated utilizing the large elementr 51 of the electro-optic tensor. Geometrical conditions, polarization changes, phase conjugation, phase doubling and the dynamics of hologram recording are studied theoretically and experimentally. Anisotropic diffraction with equal or different frequencies for recording and reading permits the determination of photo- and dark conductivity. Further material properties are estimated on the assumption that the charge transport is governed by diffusion effects.
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    Observation of stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode fibres with single-frequency laser-diode pumping (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 141-143 
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    External self-focusing, self-bending and optical limiting with thin non-linear media (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 169-178 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Analytic solutions are presented for a simple model describing situations where self-focusing and self-bonding of intense optical beams by thin non-linearly refracting media can occur. Physical optics is employed to study effects arising when a non-linear medium is placed in contact with an aperture stop. The feasibility of constructing an optical power limiter by utilizing either external self-focusing or self-bending is discussed.
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    Generalized multiple-prism dispersion theory for pulse compression in ultrafast dye lasers (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 223-229 
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    Notes: Abstract A generalized multiple-prism dispersion theory, applicable to pulse compression schemes in femtosecond dye lasers, is described. The equations can be utilized to determine the dispersive characteristics of any multiple-prism arrangement. Also, the difference in dispersive values resulting in the use of various prism materials, including ZnSe, is compared.
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    Interaction of 3μm radiation with matter (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 231-236 
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    Notes: Abstract Drilling of small holes into media containing O-H or C-H bonds with a 2.92μm YAIO3-Er laser is studied. In materials containing O-H bonds strong absorption allows small volumina to be heated with only marginal heat diffusion. Drilling with nearly diffraction-limited lateral resolution is achieved.
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    S0-S1 two photon absorption dynamics of organic dye solutions (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 327-349 
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    Notes: Abstract The two-photon absorption cross-sections and excited-state absorption cross-sections of the dyes rhodamine 6G, methylene blue and fuchsin dissolved in methanol, and of the dyes safranine T, 1,3,3,1′,3′,3′-hexamethylindocarbocyanine iodide (HMICI) and 1,3,1′,3′-tetramethyl-2,2′-dioxopyrimidi-6,6′-carbocyanine hydrogen sulphate (PYC) dissolved in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) are determined. The excitation is achieved with picosecond light pulses of a passively mode-locked Nd-glass laser (λL = 1.054μm). The influence of amplified spontaneous emission on the two-photon absorption dynamics is analysed.
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    Computer simulation of passive mode-locking of dye lasers with consideration of coherent light-matter interaction (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 377-384 
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    Notes: Abstract A numerical model of passive mode-locking of dye lasers is presented, which allows the calculation of the steady state pulse parameters without any limitation to pulse energy and duration. The solutions are compared with previous analytical results based on a rate equation treatment (i.e. without considering the phase memory). The pulse evolution and the influence of cavity dumping on the steady state are discussed.
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    Optical amplifier bistability on reflection (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. S37 
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    Notes: Abstract Calculations are presented of bistable characteristics occurring on reflection from Fabry-Perot and distributed feedback laser amplifiers. Depending on the drive current and wavelength detuning, a variety of non-linear and bistable behaviour can be expected, including a new form of hysteresis loop not hitherto widely discussed. Switching powers and speeds are calculated for 1.5 μm InGaAsP amplifiers, and some potential applications for these effects are explored.
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    Different kinds of bistable behaviour of a GaAlAs diode coupled to an external cavity of variable length (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. S61 
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    Notes: Abstract Experiments and theory on optical feedback effects for different delay times in a system consisting of a GaAlAs-DH diode coupled to an external resonator are presented. Two hysteresis types are found, for short and long delay times. In the case of short optical delay the low-power hysteresis branch corresponds to the noise level below the lasing threshold, whereas for a long delay regular or irregular pulsations of considerable mean power occur. On the upper power level c.w. single-mode emission is dominant for both of the hysteresis types. Dynamic losses due to spectral bandwidth changes may explain the different behaviour.
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    Structural design for polarization-insensitive travelling-wave semiconductor laser amplifiers (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. S47 
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    Notes: Abstract Optimum structures of travelling-wave semiconductor laser amplifiers (TWAs) are analysed theoretically from the viewpoints of low-polarization-sensitive signal gain, high-saturation output and low-noise characteristics. The signal gain differences between TE and TM modes, saturation output powers, noise figures and operating currents are investigated as functions of the active-layer thickness and device length. These characteristics are compared among the conventional double-heterostructure (DH), asymmetric separate-confinement-heterostructure (SCH) and symmetric SCH structures. The symmetric SCH is shown to be the optimum structure for a polarization-insensitive TWA maintaining high-saturation output power and low-noise characteristics at low injection current density. The conventional DH TWA with a thick, short active layer is preferable for achieving the most isotropic signal gain while maintaining a high-saturation output power and a small noise figure, even though it suffers from higher operating current density than the symmetric SCH TWA.
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    Three-dimensional flow visualization system by holographic interferometry (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 409-414 
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    Notes: Abstract A holographic system has been developed to visualize a three-dimensional fluid flow. The system consists principally of a thermoplastic film, a monochrome video camera, a microcomputer with image-processing capability and a printer. The system makes it possible to measure a slow flow. Two examples of such, the bimodal and mixed-mode convection flows within a Bénard cell, are presented.
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    Determination of the surface layer depth in non-homogeneous optical planar waveguides (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 115-121 
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    Notes: Abstract An inverse variational method for the determination of the normalized depth of a non-homogeneous surface layer in planar optical waveguides is presented. The depth is calculated from the dispersion curve of the lowest TE0 guided mode for knowna priori types of profile of the refraction index coefficientn(x). To test the accuracy of the method, linear, quadratic, step, exponential and Gaussian profiles were tested.
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    Analytical investigations of leaky and absorbing planar structures (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 131-137 
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    Notes: Abstract Analytical expressions for the loss coefficient and the perturbed propagation constant are presented for planar leaky structures which may have media of complex refractive indices. Numerical calculations are reported for the loss variation with parameters such as the buffer refractive index, buffer thickness and superstrate refractive index.
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    An analysis of pulse propagation through a saturable absorber having excited-state absorption (1987)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 203-208 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The theoretical study of the propagation of a bell-shaped light pulse through a saturable absorber having excited-state absorption is presented. Assuming that the pulse-width is longer than the first excited-state lifetime of the absorber, a general expression for the steady-state transmission of the absorber is obtained. It is shown that when the excited-state absorption cross-section is larger than the ground-state absorption cross-section (reverse saturable absorber) the absorber acts as a power limiter. An explicit expression for the change of temporal pulse-width in a single transit through the absorber is obtained, which shows that the pulse-width increases due to the presence of excited-state absorption. An analytical expression is presented for the optimum pulse intensity at which the maximum pulse broadening occurs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032514
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  • 90
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    Theoretical and experimental studies of combined self-phase modulation and stimulated Raman-scattering in single-mode fibres (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 237-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical model of pulse propagation through single-mode fibres is presented taking into account the combined action of self-phase modulation, stimulated Raman-scattering and the group velocity mismatch between pump and Stokes pulses. Due to the walk-off of Stokes and laser light an asymmetric pump pulse depletion resulting in considerable reshaping of laser pulses and an asymmetric self-phase modulation spectrum can be calculated and experimentally verified. A maximum laser power is found to be transferable through the fibre.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032518
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  • 91
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    The role of nonlinear diode laser amplifiers in optical processors and interconnects (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. S47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The advantages to be gained from the use of optical processors and interconnects for hybrid electronic/optical signal processing networks are first presented. The physics of nonlinear diode laser amplifiers is then examined in the context of optical thresholding and logic. Specific examples of the use of these devices in simple optical processors and interconnects are proposed. The technology required for realization of arrays of laser amplifiers for the proposed applications is finally discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02034351
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Monte-Carlo model of a light-emitting diode (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 289-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The first complete Monte-Carlo model of a surface light-emitting diode is presented in this paper. In the model all important phenomena (including the two-dimensional diffusion of minority carriers before their recombination in the active region and the re-emission of radiation) are taken into account. The influence of various construction parameters on the external quantum efficiency of the homojunction GaAs diode is examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032686
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    GHz optical communication experiments using lead-salt laser diodes in the 3.5–5.5μm wavelength region (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 313-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The modulation performance of lead-salt laser diodes suitable for mid-infrared fibre optic communication systems has been investigated. The electron and photon lifetime for a PbCdS laser have been determined to 3.1 ns and 3.3 ps, respectively. Moreover, an experiment using short lengths of fluoride fibres shows the feasibility of GHz fibre optic communication links in the mid-infrared region using lead-salt lasers if the potential ultra-low loss of mid-infrared optical fibres can be realized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032689
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  • 94
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    Book review (1987)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 19 (1987), S. 323-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032691
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  • 95
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    Theory of two-section laser amplifiers (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. S15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new theory of two-section amplifiers has been developed in order to account explicitly for dispersive effects arising from the carrier dependence of the refractive index. It has been found that non-linear and bistable effects in two-section devices, which are conventionally attributed to saturable absorption, contain a stong component of dispersive non-linearity. The implication is that the advantages claimed for two-section amplifiers over single-section devices may not be as great as had hitherto been thought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02117680
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Performance of a dual-stage semiconductor laser amplifier for optical transmission repeater system (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. S75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a dual-stage semiconductor laser amplifier consisting of a preamplifier and a power amplifier is evaluated theoretically and experimentally. The dual-stage optical amplifier can offer high-gain amplification with low noise figure by using a low-noise amplifier as a preamplifier. Using the dual-stage amplifier, 2.4 Gbits−1 193 km optical fibre transmission was demonstrated. In addition, by applying an automatic power control system to the dual-stage amplifier, output power stabilization with wide dynamic range was obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02117684
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fibre raman amplifier properties for applications to long-distance optical communications (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. S89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews recent theoretical and experimental studies on optical amplification by stimulated Raman scattering (Raman amplification) in single-mode optical fibres, and discusses its possible applications to long-distance optical communications. The fibre Raman amplifier can be used as an in-line optical amplifier in both repeaterless and non-regenerative all-optical repeater configurations. In the former application, signal transmission of over 400 km has been predicted theoretically, although high-power pump sources are considered to be required. In the latter configuration, in which optical fibre losses are compensated for by Raman gains, it has been shown that extremely long-distance transmission over more than 1000 km is feasible in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, where the distance achievable is mainly limited by the accumulation of Raman noise. Recent experimental demonstrations including bit-error rate measurements on the Raman amplified signal, and laser-diode pumped amplification, etc., are also reviewed. The results confirm the effectiveness of fibre Raman amplifiers in future long-haul systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02117685
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Centroid shift of power flow in gently bent circular hollow or dielectric waveguide (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 73-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We show that the centroid of power flow in gently bentcircular waveguides does not necessarily shift towards the outward direction of bending.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02199470
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  • 99
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    Research on laser theory (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 77-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02199471
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  • 100
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    Announcement (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 86-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02190072
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