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  • ASTROPHYSICS  (1,953)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (1,095)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (1,467)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (1,467)
  • 1980-1984  (982)
  • 1975-1979  (599)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1091-1094 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 2
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1115-1123 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trypsin was coupled on an agarose gel which was modified with a spiropyran compound. The trypsin-spiropyran (agarose) gel showed reverse photochromism. The activity of the trypsin-spiropyran gel in the dark was 12% of that of native trypsin, and it was higher than that under visible light. The apparent Michaelis constant of the trypsin-spiropyran gel in the dark was larger than that under visible light. On the other hand, the maximum velocity in the dark was higher than that under visible light. The optimum pH of the trypsin-spiropyran gel in the dark was the same as that under visible light. Immobilized trypsin was stable in the pH range from 3 to 9. The trypsin-spiropyran gel was more stable against heat than the native trypsin.
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  • 3
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1125-1143 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cell recycle and vacuum fermentation systems were developed for continuous ethanol production. Cell recycle was employed in both atmospheric pressure and vacuum fermentations to achieve high cell densities and rapid ethanol fermentation rates. Studies were conducted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC No. 4126) at a fermentation temperature of 35°C. Employing a 10% glucose feed, a cell density of 50 g dry wt/liter was obtained in atmospheric-cell recycle fermentations which produced a fermentor ethanol productivity of 29.0 g/liter-hr. The vacuum fermentor eliminated ethanol inhibition by boiling away ethanol from the fermenting beer as it was formed. This permitted the rapid and complete fermentation of concentrated sugar solutions. At a total pressure of 50 mmHg and using a 33.4% glucose feed, ethanol productivities of 82 and 40 g/liter-hr were achieved with the vacuum system with and without cell recycle, respectively. Fermentor ethanol productivities were thus increased as much as twelvefold over conventional continuous fermentations. In order to maintain a viable yeast culture in the vacuum fermentor, a bleed of fermented broth had to be continuously withdrawn to remove nonvolatile compounds. It was also necessary to sparge the vacuum fermentor with pure oxygen to satisfy the trace oxygen requirement of the fermenting yeast.
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  • 4
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1183-1191 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cellulase was immobilized in a collagen fibril matrix, and no leakage of cellulase from the collagen fibril matrix was observed. The immobilized cellulase was more stable than the native cellulase. The substrate cellulose was hydrolyzed quantitatively with immobilized cellulase. The final reaction product was identified as glucose. Immobilized cellulase was used in a fluidized bed reactor where the pressure drop of the fluidized bed reactor was low and constant. Cellulose was hydrolyzed to glucose by the cellulase-bead fluidized bed reactor. The minimum flow velocity (Umf) was 0.5 cm/sec and the optimum flow velocity of the cellulose hydrolysis was 1 cm/sec.
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  • 5
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1215-1218 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 6
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1233-1238 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 7
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1245-1251 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 8
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1321-1330 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Differential speed two roll milling is an effective pretreatment for increasing the susceptibility of cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis. Using mills with three, six, and ten in. diam rolls and processing times of 10 min or less results in the following percent increases in susceptibility over untreated controls: cotton, 1100; maple chips, 1600; white pine chips, 600; newspaper, 125. In comparison, ball milling of newspaper for 24 hr gives only a 62% increase. A further advantage of the roll mill is the increased wet density of the product permitting higher slurry concentrations during hydrolysis. Important parameters of mill effectiveness are roll clearance and processing time.
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  • 9
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1375-1386 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When two organisms compete for a given substrate without preying on one another, the possible steady states depend on the relative disposition of the two growth curves and the position of the point (Z,θ), whose coordinates are the nutrient feed concentration and dilution rate. It is shown how the stability of each steady state can be understood and qualitative phase portraits can be drawn for each of the 31 distinct types of situations.
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  • 10
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1407-1409 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 11
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1417-1417 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 12
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1405-1405 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 13
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1411-1416 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 14
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1431-1447 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model has been developed which describes the dynamic response of activated sludge to changes in substrate concentration. The well known phenomenon of “growth-rate hysteresis” can be explained by the simple yet biologically reasonable hypotheses of the model. Experimental results have verified the model quantitatively.
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  • 15
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1449-1462 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The efficiency of conversion of the carbon-energy source to product is of primary importance in many fermentation processes. In order to assess the efficiency of a process, one must know how close the actual conversion yield is to the theoretical maximum. Theoretical conversion yields are useful, therefore, as guides in improving a process. This knowledge is particularly important today because the cost of raw materials is rapidly rising. In this study, the biochemical pathway of penicillin synthesis was used to estimate the theoretical yield of penicillin from glucose, ammonia, and sulfate. These values are compared with experimental data from the literature. An analysis of the role of glucose in the synthesis of cell mass and penicillin and in the maintenance of cells makes it possible to assess the efficiency of carbon-source utilization and to direct further advances in penicillin fermentations.
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  • 16
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1503-1522 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model for simulation of oxygen transfer in airlift fermentors is presented. The airlift fermentor is represented by a number of interconnected compartments, each of which is assumed to be well mixed. In the annular region, the model includes both upflow and downflow for the gas phase. The model contains several adjustable parameters through which important hydrodynamic effects affecting oxygen transfer are incorporated. The effect of hydrostatic pressure is also included in the model. The model is simple enough to be used in design studies and it can be easily adapted to other airlift system configurations. The simulation results show good qualitative agreement with available experimental results.
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  • 17
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1689-1702 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Alcohol yields of 6.5% were obtained with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in lactasehydrolyzed acid whey permeate containing 30-35% total solids. Maximum alcohol yields obtained with Kluyveromyces fragilis were 4.5% in lactase-hydrolyzed acid whey permeate at a solids concentration of 20% and 3.7% in normal permeate at a solids concentration of 10%. Saccharomyces cerevisiae efficiently converted the glucose present in lactase-hydrolyzed whey permeates containing 5-30% total solids (2-13% glucose) to alcohol. However, the galactose, which comprised about half the available carbohydrate in lactase-hydrolyzed whey, was not utilized by S. cerevisiae, so that even though alcohol yields were higher when this organism was used, the process was wasteful in that a substantial proportion of the substrate was not fermented. For the process to become commercially feasible, an efficient means of rapidly converting both the galactose and glucose to alcohol must be found.
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  • 18
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1735-1738 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 19
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1739-1760 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Results of a systematic study of the conditions for preparation of soluble catalase-dextran conjugates, using the cyanogen bromide activation procedure, are reported. A protocol for the synthesis of such a conjugate with satisfactory retention of enzymatic activity and high efficiency of coupling is described.
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  • 20
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 349-364 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some properties of a number of enzymes immobilized by the diazotized m-diaminobenzene (dDAB) method are described. The pH-activity profiles of β-D-glucosidase, glucoamylase, peroxidase, uricase, and D-glucose oxidase were virtually unchanged on immobilization while those of catalase and dextranase were significantly altered. β-D-Glucosidase, glucoamylase, and glucose oxidase were found to be more susceptible to denaturation on lyophilization when immobilized than in the native state; however, sorbitol had a marked protective effect in every case examined. Sorbitol was also found to exert a stabilizing effect when lyophilized immobilized preparations were stored. Immobilization marginally improved the stabilities of a number of enzymes to heating at 60° at pH 8.0. The usefulness for continuous reaction of a column of glucoamylase attached to celite was established. The reuse of the solid supports was demonstrated.
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  • 21
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 377-385 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose in raw primary settled municipal sludge by Trichoderma viride cellulase achieved conversions of up to 75% of the cellulose, primarily to cellobiose, in 24 hr. Simultaneously the gel-like characteristic of raw primary sludge was changed to that of a slurry of fine particles in less than 2 hr, causing a radical change in the ability to ultrafilter the sludge.The use of raw primary sludge as a growth medium for T. viride cellulase production was also investigated. It was possible, with nitrogen supplements, to obtain an enzyme with a filter paper activity (FPA) of two compared to over four which is attainable on defined medium of similar strength.The potential use of cellulase treatment as a pretreatment or integral part of waste treatment processes is discussed and the alternatives evaluated.
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  • 22
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 387-397 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, Kluyveromyces marxianus cells, inulase, glucose oxidase, chloroplasts, and mitochondria were immobilized in calcium alginate gels.Ethanol production from glucose solutions by an immobilized preparation of S. cerevisiae was demonstrated over a total of twenty-three days, and the half-life of such a preparation was shown to be about ten days.Immobilized K. marxianus, inulase, and glucose oxidase preparations were used to demonstrate the porosity and retraining properties of calcium alginate gels.Calcium alginate-immobilized chloroplasts were shown to perform the Hill reaction.Some experiments with immobilized mitochondria are reported.
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  • 23
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 365-375 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Invertase from Candida utilis was immobilized on porous cellulose beads by an ionic-quanidino bond. The immobilized invertase showed optimum activity between pH 4.0 and 5.4, while the free enzyme had a sharp optimum at pH 4.1. Both temperature profiles were fairly similar up to 55°C. However, above this temperature the immobilized enzyme was more stable than the free enzyme. From the temperature data, the activation energies were found to be 7,322 and 4,052 cal/g mol for the free and the immobilized enzyme, respectively.Candida invertase shows characteristics of substrate inhibition. Both the Km and Ki for the free and the immobilized enzymes were determined. The apparent Ki for the immobilized invertase was much higher than the Ki of the free enzyme, suggesting a diffusion effect. Immobilized invertase molecules deep in the pores only see sucrose concentrations much less than the bulk concentrations. Immobilization, thus, offers certain processing advantages in this regard.
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  • 24
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 413-424 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen has been supplied to suspensions of microorganisms kept under nitrogen by the addition of hydrogen peroxide. If catalase was present in the suspension and the flow was adjusted to the rate of oxygen consumption, the cells grew at rates identical to the controls incubated under air. The applicability of oxygen supply by hydrogen peroxide and its limits are discussed.
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  • 25
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 425-433 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Under certain conditions it is shown that an extended culture is equivalent to an exponentially-fed-batch culture, that an exponentially-fed-batch culture (and an extended culture) can be maintained at a steady state and that an exponentially-fed-batch culture may be mimicked by a continuous-flow culture with a constant dilution rate. Operational conditions required to maintain steady states are specified.
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  • 26
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 439-442 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 27
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 28
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 435-438 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 29
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 459-465 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growing cultures of Acetobacter melanogenus ATCC 9937 converted D-glucose to 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid with D-gluconic acid and 5-keto-D-glucose acid as intermediates. The 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid was isolated from the fermented medium by treatment with an anion exchange resin.
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  • 30
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 631-648 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Whole cells of Micrococcus luteus (formerly Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341) have been covalently linked to a carboxymethylcellulose support system, with the retention of histidine ammonia-lyase activity. The dependence of the rate of urocanic acid formation on pH, temperature, and added surfactant concentration was similar for the free and the immobilized cells.The immobilization procedure used is based on the carbodiimide activation of carboxymethylcellulose and has been optimized for the histidine ammonia-lyase activity of the immobilized cells on a given weight of cellulose.In a column reactor at 23°C and superficial velocity of 0.044 cm/min, 5 g of cellulose with bound cells gave a 35% conversion of an L-histidine solution (0.25M, pH 9.0) to urocanic acid for 16 days of continuous operation.The scope of this carbodiimide assisted immobilization procedure has been investigated for a series of microorganisms and a variety of carboxylate functionalized supports.
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  • 31
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 661-682 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of dispersed n -dodecane or n -hexadecane on the air-to-aqueous phase overall volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in a simulated (cell-free) stirred-tank fermentor is described. The oil volume fraction ranged from zero to 0.10; the ionic strength of the aqueous phases was varied from 0 to 0.45. The air-to-aqueous phase coefficients in both oil-free (KLa) and oil-bearing (KLa*) systems were evaluated from unsteady-state experiments using a membrane-covered probe to follow the aqueous phase dissolved oxygen tension.For all systems studied, KLa*/KLa was found to be independent of P/V and vs for all practical purposes. However, for a particular aqueous phase and at a given P/V and vs, the ratio KLa*KLa generally differed from unity. Depending on the combination of hydrocarbon type and volume fraction and the aqueous-phase ionic strength employed, the dispersed hydrocarbon may, in some cases, reduce the rate of oxygen transfer and in others enhance it relative to that of the corresponding oil-free gas-liquid dispersion. Enhancement of the air-to-aqueous transfer rate by such negative spreading coefficient hydrocarbons has not been reported previously.
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  • 32
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 683-700 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The milk-clotting enzyme pepsin was immobilized onto beads of alumina, titania, glass, stainless steel, iron oxide, and Teflon for treating skim milk in a fluidized-bed reactor. Two covalent attachment procedures using silanized supports and glutaraldehyde and two adsorption procedures were evaluated. The three best catalysts were titania and glass, using the covalent attachment procedure, and alumina, using the adsorption procedure at pH 1.2. The pepsin adsorbed on alumina catalyst has commercial potential compared to the previously used glass catalyst. Attempts to increase the stability of pepsin adsorbed on alumina by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde were unsuccessful owing to the low pH necessary for optimum pepsin adsorption. Desorption of pepsin from alumina during reactor operation was determined. Regeneration of spent catalysts was only partially successful.
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  • 33
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 727-740 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbiological oxidation of ferrous iron in batch and continuous systems has been investigated in relation to uranium extraction from a low-grade ore by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The influence of the parameters, agitation, and aeration on oxygen saturation concentration, rate of oxygen mass transfer, and rate of ferrous iron oxidation was demonstrated. The kinetic values, Vmax and K were determined using an adapted Monod equation for different dilution rates and initial concentrations of ferrous iron. The power requirements for initial leaching conditions were also calculated. Uranium extraction as high as 68% has been realized during nine days of treatment. Regrinding the leach residue and its subsequent leaching yielded 87% uranium solubilization.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 715-726 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth kinetics of a microorganism with high affinity for liquid hydrocarbon which has a low solubility in water was investigated for Candida intermedia IFO 0761 in our previous work.6 The microorganism contained a hydrocarbon pool in and/or on the cell. The transfer of water-soluble substrates to the cell was not the rate-limiting step in the growth of C. intermedia accompanied by clump formation with liquid hydrocarbon. The operating conditions necessary for the oxygen supply for the growth were adequate for the growth of C. intermedia on n-tetradecane. The saturation kinetics was valid for the specific growth rate of C. intermedia and specific concentration of hydrocarbon per unit cell mass; the specific growth rate was expressed by the following equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\mu = \frac{{\mu _{\max} \; {S \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {S X}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} X}}}{{K_S + {S \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {S X}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} X}}} $$\end{document}
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 741-748 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 749-756 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 757-764 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 765-767 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 769-775 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 777-780 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 781-799 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 43
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 941-958 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Continuous culture studies have been carried out growing Trichoderma viride QM 9123 in a 10 liter stirred fermentor on a medium containing commercial glucose as the carbon source. Experiments were carried out at 30°C and at three controlled pH values of 2.5, 3.0, and 4.0, over a range of dilution rates from 0.01 to 0.11 hr-1. Steady-state values of cell, glucose, and cellulase concentration oxygen tension, and outlet gas oxygen partial pressure were recorded. Values of maximum specific growth rate, endogenous metabolism coefficient, Michaelis-Menten coefficient, yield and maintenance coefficient for glucose were derived and correlated the effect of the hydrogen ion concentration. Specific oxygen uptake rates were correlated with specific growth rates and absorption coefficients were shown to be a function of dilution rate independent of pH. Some data on cellulase biosynthesis were examined and correlated in terms of a maturation time model.
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  • 44
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 281-299 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The potential of continuous isopropanol-butanol-ethanol (IBE) fermentation by Ca-alginate-immobilized Clostridium beijerinckii cells in a continuous stirred-tank reactor is investigated. A mathematical model is presented to describe steady-state reactor performance. It appeared to be possible to use the biocatalyst particles repeatedly for successive fermentations (at least three times for a total duration of two months). Reactor productivity was 6-16 times higher than that of a batch fermentation (free cells), while the solvents yield was also increased. Measurements of substrate, product, and biomass concentrations were only partially in agreement with the model; however, a solid basis for further technological developement of the process has been laid.
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  • 45
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 341-349 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The effects of sodium bicarbonate concentration, population density, and temperature on the maintenance of an outdoor monoculture of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis were studied. A clear response by Spirulina to the concentration of bicarbonate was evident, with 0.2M bicarbonate representing the lowest concentration in which a monoculture could be maintained. When the temperatures fell during the winter period to some 20-25°C below the optimum for Spirulina, Chlorella sp. gradually increased and became the dominant species in the culture. Raising the temperature by covering the pond with transparent polyethylene resulted in a sharp decline in the population of Chlorella, and a gradual resumption of species dominance by Spirulina. In winter, there was an inverse relationship in the pond between the population density of Spirulina and the extent of contamination by Chlorella sp.; but no such effect was observed under field conditions at temperatures higher than 25°C.
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  • 46
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 403-416 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A simple approach was developed to determine the half-saturation coefficient for dissolved oxygen (KDO) for three bacteria by maintaining a constant oxygen concentration in continuous culture, and employing a dynamic method to obtain the specific growth rate (μ) for each species. Measurement of μ at selected dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO) resulted in a typical Monod curve for a plot of μ vs. DO. Values for KDO and μmax were obtained from the Lineweaver-Burk reciprocal plot. The bacteria studied included representative strains of three microorganisms isolated in pure culture from poorly settling activated sludge: two filamentous microorganisms, Sphaerotilus natans and a second Sphaerotilus sp., and an unidentified floc-forming microorganism. The KDO values obtained for Sphaerotilus sp., S. natans, and the floc former were 0.014, 0.033, and 0.073 mg/L, respectively. Dual species competition experiments were conducted in continuous culture under low and high DO conditions. Successful growth competition by these microorganisms under DO-limiting conditions was consistent with experimentally determined KDO values. The finding of lower KDO values for the two Sphaerotilus species, compared to the floc former, confirmed the hypothesis that these filamentous microorganisms can outgrow floc-forming microorganisms in activated sludge when DO in the aeration basin is low.
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  • 47
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Notes: A working system for studying the effects of factors involved in the chemical nature of microcarriers on cell attachment, spreading, and growth was established. The system is based on polyacrylamide beads, prepared by the emulsion polymerization technique. Sieved beads of desirable mean diameter were derivatized to generate controlled amounts of primary and tertiary amino groups. These microcarriers were used for the propagation of four different cell strains: BHK, MDCK, CEF, and MRC-5. It was found that BHK cells attach and spread significantly faster on primary amino-derivatized beads than those with tertiary amino groups, and at a lower degree of charging. Cell yields of MDCK cells (with pronounced epithelial morphology) propagated on primary amino-derivatized beads were higher than that obtained for the tertiary amino-derivatized microcarriers. On the other hand, CEF and MRC-5 cells (with pronounced fibroblast morphology) achieved higher cell yields on the tertiary amino-derivatized microcarriers.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 559-568 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Potentiometric and amperometric measurements were made with microbial fuel cells containing E. coli or yeast as the anodic reducing agent and glucose as the oxidizable substrate. The catalytic effects of thionine and resorufin on the anode reaction were investigated. Results on the potentiometry, polarization, and coulombic output of the cells support a mediator-coupled mechanism for the transfer of electrons from the organism to the electrode in preference to a mechanism of “direct” electrochemical oxidation of glucose or its degradation products. Experiments with 14C-labeled glucose show that when a microbial fuel cell produces a current under load, exogenous glucose is metabolized to produce 14CO2. The Coulombic yields of the cells indicate a high degree of energy conversion in these systems.
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    Notes: With carrot cells grown in semicontinuous culture with phosphate as limiting nutrient. Dougall and Weyrauch (1980) found that the steady-state culture density was different at different dilution rates. They suggested that the yield constant for biomass was different at different dilution rates. Here the yield constant for biomass for PO43-, NH4+, Mg2+, and glucose-limited semicontinuous cultures has been measured directly at two dilution rates. The yield constants for PO43-, NH4+, and Mg2+ but not for glucose are different at the two dilution rates. The effects of pH and temperature on the biomass yield constant was measured to extend the number of system parameters examined. Biomass yield constant was changed little with change from 25 to 28°C or from pH 4.2 to pH 5.5. The steady-state levels of anthocyanin were also measured. The responses of anthocyanin levels to the system parameters are different to the biomass responses. The data suggest that at different values of each of the system parameters, the composition and metabolic activities of the cells at steady state in semicontinuous cultures are different.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 627-630 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 271-280 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The sorption characteristics of the cellulase system of Talaromyces emersonii on various cellulosic substrates were examined. Analysis of reaction mixture supernatants by electrophoresis and enzyme assay showed that all components of the cellulase system were rapidly adsorbed by cellulose and then gradually returned to the liquid phase as the hydrolysis of the substrate progressed. The extent of adsorption in the rapid phase was influenced by pH, temperature, the nature of the substrate, and its concentration.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 307-313 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 967-983 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In an effort to alter the filamentous morphology of Penicillium chrysogenum cells, a technique was developed to confine the growth of the mycelia to porous celite beads. The pore matrix of these beads was found to be very effective for entrapping mycelial cells and spores. The entrapped spores were used to initiate the fermentations in shake flask cultures. Significant increases in final cell densities were obtained in the confined cell cultures reaching up to 60 g/L cells. This is nearly double the cell concentration attainable in free cell cultures grown in the absence of beads. Cell loadings up to 0.55 g cells per bead were obtained in the confined cell cultures. In the later stages of the fermentations, the specific oxygen uptake rates in the confined cell cultures were found to decrease with respect to free cell cultures.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1049-1055 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The construction and performance of an enzyme electrode is described which specifically detects lower primary aliphatic alcohols in aqueous solutions. The electrode consists of a commercial Clark-type oxygen electrode on which alcohol oxidase (E.C. 1.1.3.13) and catalase were immobilized. The decrease in electrode current is linearly proportional to ethanol concentrations between 1 and 25 ppm. The response of the electrode remains constant during 400 assays over a period of two weeks. The response time is between 1 and 25 min. Assembly of the electrode takes less than 1 h.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1013-1025 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Escherichia coli B 10, which has high activity of tryptophan synthetase, was grown in a 50-L batch culture in order to determine in which growth phase the cells have the highest specific tryptophan productivity. Accordingly, whole cells of the stationary phase were used for immobilization in polyacrylamide beads. After immobilization, these immobilized cells had 56% activity of tryptophan synthetase compared with that of free cells. First, the properties of immobilized cells were investigated. Next, discontinuous productions of L-tryptophan were carried out by using immobilized cells. In discontinuous production of L-tryptophan by the batch, the activity remaining of immobilized cells was 76-79% after 30 times batchwise use. In continuous production of L-tryptophan with a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), the activity remaining of the immobilized cells was 80% after continuous use for 50 days. The maximum productivity of L-tryptophan in this CSTR system was 0.12 g tryptophan L-1 h-1.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1095-1107 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Exomaltohexaohydrolase (E.C.3.2.1.98) was immobilized by radiocopolymerization of some synthetic monomers which were mixed in various combinations. Irradiation was carried out while the mixture of monomers and enzymes was frozen in petroleum ether-dry-ice bath. Recovery of the immobilized enzyme was 44-75%.The optimum pH of the enzyme slightly shifted to the acidic side. The pH stability was improved remarkably by immobilization. The enzyme was stable retaining more than 90% of its original activity in the range pH 4-11. The optimum reaction temperature of the enzyme increased about 2°C. Heat stability was also improved by immobilization, and that the enzyme retained about 40% of its original activity after treatment at 75°C for 15 min. The immobilized enzyme was stable to the repeated use of 20 cycles. The Km value of the enzyme for short-chain amylose was almost the same as that of native enzyme. When soluble starch was used as the substrate, the Km, value of the enzyme was three times as large as that of native enzyme. Effects of various metal ions and inhibitors on the immobilized enzyme were also studied compared to the native enzyme.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1169-1173 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1215-1221 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of cartridge air filters for process air sterilization in commercial fermentation has proliferated in recent years. Sterile air cartridge filter performance is discussed. The use of dispersed oil particle (DOP) tests for in situ integrity testing is described and discussed.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 713-724 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers of varying combinations crosslinked with p-DVB (1-2%) and porous structure were synthesized to be used as carriers in trypsin immobilization. The styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers containing free carboxy groups were activated by conversion into the mixed carbonic anhydride with N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) at pH 4.0. The degree of activation of copolymers were determined from the amount of p-aminobenzoic acid each could bind. The activated copolymers were incubated with trypsin in phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) at 4°C for 24 h. The optimum conditions for enzymatic activity measurements determined and the activity tests were carried out in 1.5 × 10-2M CaCl2 solution (pH 8.0) at 0.05 ionic strength with a pH-stat instrument. The dependence of the activity of styrene-methacrylic acid (SMA)/trypsin derivatives to pH was investigated and it was observed that the optimum pH of the immobilized trypsin derivatives moved to the basic region compared to the native trypsin. It was found that as the ionic strength increased, the shift in the optimum pH decreased and the activity increased. The Michaelis constants for the SMA-trypsin derivatives were determined with aid of Lineweaver-Burk diagrams. The thermal, storage, and operational stabilities of SMA-trypsin derivatives were assessed. It was found that the above stabilities for all the immobilized trypsin derivatives were better than that for the native trypsin.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1321-1330 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The free-fall terminal velocity of particles coated with a nitrifying biofilm was investigated. The drag force exerted by the liquid on a biocoated particle was found larger than that for an uncoated particle. A new formula for the drag coefficient was proposed. The wet density of biofilm was estimated as 1.14 g/cm3. A proposed modification of the Zaki-Richardson method was successfully used for calculations of the porosity of a fluidized bed.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1393-1399 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In the Iotech process, steam explosion of wood chips potentials hydrolysis of the cullulose by enzymes. A small portion of the exploded wood is used as substrate for the production of enzymes for hydrolysis of the remaining wood. Explosions conditions degrade some of the hemicellulose, creating factors (probably related to furfural) that impair enzymatic hydrolysis and destablized the cellulases. Fortunately, simple washing with water paremits more rapid hydrolysis while enzyme stability is greatly improved. Enzymes can be recovered from the hydrolysis residue by adjusting the pH to neutrality, and additional enzymes from hydrolysis filtrate can be adsorbed on fresh exploded wood en route to hydrolysis. A simple mass balance calculation shows proportions of various activities in a mix of fresh and recycled enzymes.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983) 
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1441-1452 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microbiological transformation of benzaldehyde accomplished by the fungus Rhodotorula mucilaginosa immobilized in the ultrafiltration cell was studied. A polysulfone membrane formed on a sintered PVC support was used for the separation of the transformation product from the cellular material. Kinetic investigations have led to results which are typical of continuously fed stirred tank reactors (CFSTR) - the value of the maximum reaction rate (Vmax) and apparent Michaelis constant (K′m) are practically independent of the substrate retention time (calculated in terms of the flow intensity value). A strong relationship was found to occur between Vmax and biomass concentration in the reactor. Study of the apparent enzyme stability shows that the decrease in the biocatalyst activity is chiefly caused by penetration of the cells through the membrane. The experimental results were approximated in terms of the adopted mathematical model. Based on this model, the half-lives (t1/2) of enzyme activities were determined. The t1/2 value varies from 35 to 82 days and depends both on the permeate flux through the membrane and on the separation properties of the membrane.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1501-1508 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An amount of α-L-fucosidase from T. cornutus liver was copolymerized with glutaraldehyde using bovine serum albumin as the carrier protein. The properties of the native, the soluble enzyme polymer complex, and the insoluble enzyme polymer complex were studied and compared under various conditions of pH, temperature, substrate, and inhibitor concentration. Native α-L-fucosidase was heat labile and lost more than 85% of its activity when incubated at 55°C for 5 min. In contrast, under equivalent incubation conditions, both the soluble and the insoluble enzyme polymer complexes exhibited enhanced resistance to thermal inactivation and after 5 min lost only 65 and 40% of their original activity, respectively. Polymerzation also resulted in the shift of pH optima towards the acidic range, a decrease in activation energy and a change in the apparent Km values towards the p-nitrophenyl-α-L-fucopyranoside substrate.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1509-1519 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cellulose fermentation studies were conducted with a thermotolerant strain of Aspergillus terreus. Batch cultivation of A. terreus using purified or complex cellulose showed that 80-88% of the available cellulose was utilized in 30-36 h with an average doubling time of 7.5-8.3 h. The protein content in the biomass ranged from 23 to 38%. Semicontinuous cultivation studies, in which 90% of the biomass was withdrawn at the end of growth cycle, indicated that 84% of added cellulose was utilized with the biomass containing 32% crude protein. No loss in cellulose consumption, growth rate, or protein production occurred through two growth cycles. Continuous cultivation of A. terreus showed that 78-84% cellulose consumption occurred over growth temperatures ranging from 35 to 45°C. Maximum specific growth rates (0.14 h-1) occurred at 40 and 45°C with a minimum doubling time of 4.9 h.
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  • 68
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1597-1612 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Evaporative loss of ethanol during batch alcoholic fermentation has been modelled, employing modern concepts of kinetics and stoichiometry and the best available phase equilibrium thermodynamic data. Theoretical results demonstrate that loss is proportional to the second power of the sugar concentration utilized and that the logarithm of loss is proportional to reciprocal absolute temperature. Good agreement is demonstrated among the theory, the numerical model, and the literature results. A master correlation for predicting ethanol loss is presented.
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  • 69
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1655-1660 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 70
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1677-1678 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 71
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1693-1700 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The efficiency of lipid synthesis by ethanol-grown yeasts is characterized using the coefficient of the lipid energetic yield (η1). This coefficient is defined as the fraction of energy in an organic substrate that is converted to lipids. The advantages of η1 compared with the “fat coefficient” (Fs) as well as the biomass energetic yield (η) compared with Ys are discussed.
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  • 72
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1205-1214 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Top entering drives have become almost traditional for fermentor applications, however bottom entering drives have distinct features that merit consideration. The prinicipal advantages of bottom drives are delineated and design criteria discussed. Illustrations based on experience with several hundred fermentors ranging in power from fractional to 100 HP and in scale from 10 to 30,000 gallons are presented. Specific areas dealt with include configuration, alignment, seals, and shaft design.
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  • 73
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1237-1250 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In 1979, a minicomputer system was developed for Hoffmann-La Roche by ABEC, Inc. for the purpose of achieving on-line analysis and reporting of data from 16 70-L pilot-plant fermentors (New Brunswick Scientific Co.). The system consists of a PDP 11/60 computer with 96K core capacity, two RL01 disk drives, two RX01 floppy-disk drives, LA-36 DECwriter terminal, Tektronix CRT, and Versatec printer plotter. DEC, PDP, RSX, RL01, RX01, LA-36, and DECwriter are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. The computer software comprises three distinct groups of programs. RSX-11M is a disk-based operating system that allows quick response to realtime events, such as process monitoring and data acquisition, while carrying out less time-dependent activities, such as program development and graphical output. The AIM (Biles, Inc.) system is used to acquire and convert the voltage signals produced by pilot-plant instrumentation into engineering units. Analysis and graphical output are executed by ABEC and Versatec supplied programs. The most beneficial task performed by the computer is the production of graphical output of a variety of measured and analyzed data. This has led to an increase in personnel productivity and design of more meaningful experiments. An ancillary function of the system is to pick up data logged by a PDP 11/03 computer from a remote fermentation production plant by means of a MODEM interfaced communication link. Production data are analyzed and presented in a form identical with pilot-plant data. The experience with the system is discussed in this article.
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  • 74
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1863-1871 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Penicillium funiculosum produces a complete cellulase which brings about 97% hydrolysis of cotton and has high β-glucosidase, xylanase, laminarinase, and lichenase activities. This article deals with the effect of different pretreatments on the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse by P. funiculosum enzymes and the recovery of enzyme from the insoluble residues. Enzymic saccharification of bagasse pretreated with hot 1N NaOH followed by neutralization with HCI and steam treated under pressure (7 kg/cm2) gave 63 and 59% saccharification, respectively, in 48 h. Hemicellulose is not lost in these pretreatments. With a 30% slurry of steam-treated bagasse, a semisolid mass containing 14% sugar was obtained. A 90% recovery of CMCase, β-glucosidase, and filter paper activity from the hydrolysates was obtained under the following conditions: (1) maintaining the ratio of enzyme to substrate high by stepwise addition of substrate, (2) brief grinding of the residual substrate with glass powder, and (3) addition of 0.4% Tween-80 to the eluting buffer. The high recovery of cellulolytic enzymes indicates that the adsorption of these enzymes on cellulose is not irreversible.
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  • 75
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 76
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1947-1957 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A methodology has been developed for the quantitative assessments of the individual effects of precipitation and chelation of metal ions in an anaerobic digester.
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  • 77
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1973-1980 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple method of preparing a chitin-immobilized α-amylase and glucoamylase from the protease- and glycosidase-less Mutant HF-15 of Aspergillus awamori var. kawachi was developed and used for the production of high-glucose syrup. The glucoamylase was tightly bound onto chitin without the aid of a crosslinking agent because the enzyme contained a specific binding site for chitin. Continuous production of high glucose concentrate from a highly concentrated α-amylasetreated gelatinized starch substrate (about 45% total solids) was undertaken successfully with the use of a column-packed chitin-immobilized amylase. The activity of the column was stable for more than 20 days of continuous operation and the product was found to be only glucose with an average dextrose equivalent value of more than 97%. The final product showed no isomaltose or panose contamination, indicating that the immobilized amylase had no transglucosidation activity. The immobilized amylase was most active in the conversion of gelatinized starch to glucose at 55°C and pH 2.5 to 5.0. Drying the chitin-immobilized amylase resulted in the decrease of activity and shortening of storage life, whereas a storage life of up to 80 days was attained without affecting its original activity when kept under moist condition at 4°C.
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  • 78
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1083-1093 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of the extracellular nuclease secreted by Staphylococcus aureus (Foggi strain) was studied in a fermentor in an attempt to improve yield and allow large-scale production of the enzyme. In shake flask cultures, 600 units/mL of the enzyme were produced routinely. However, only 450 units/mL of the enzyme at best were obtained in a small-scale fermentor (3 L). The supplementation of the air supply to the fermentor with carbon dioxide [20% (v/v)] increased levels of enzyme in the culture medium to 770 units/mL. Subsequently, this result was reproduced in larger fermentors (10 and 150 L). The possible mechanisms of the effect of carbon dioxide upon the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (Foggi) and the production of the enzyme are discussed.
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  • 79
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1109-1126 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Direct anaerobic bioconversion of cellulosic substances into ethanol by Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 has been carried out at 60°C and pH 7.0 (initial for 100 L) under continuous sparging of oxygen free nitrogen in a culture vessel. Raw bagasse, mild alkali-treated bagasse, and solka floc were used as substrates. The extent of conversion of raw bagasse (cellulose, 50%; hemicellulose, 25%; lignin, 19%) was observed as 52% (w/w) and 79% (w/w) in the case of mild alkali and steam-treated bagasse (cellulose, 72%; hemicellulose, 11%; lignin, 12%), respectively. Use of bagasse concentration above 10 g/L showed a decreased rate in ethanol production. An inoculum age between 28-30 h and cell mass content of 0.027-0.036 g/L (dry basis) were used. The results obtained with raw and pretreated bagasse have been compared with those of highly pure Solka Floc (hemicellulose, 10%). Studies on the product inhibition indicated a linear fall of the percent of survivors with time. An Arrhenius type correlation between the cell decay rate constant and the product concentration was predicted. Even at low levels, the inhibitory effects of products on cell viability, the specific growth rate, and extracellular cellulase enzyme were observed.
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  • 80
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1789-1800 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method suitable for large-scale isolation of β-galactosidase from a suspension of disintegrated E. coli cells has been developed. In an aqueous two-phase system consiting of PEG 6000 and potassium phosphate, all cell debris and the major part of the proteins and nucleic acids were partitioned to the denser salt phase. Seventy-five percent of the β-galactosidase was recovered in the lighter PEG phase, giving a purification ratio of about 12.
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  • 81
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1829-1839 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetics of the degradation of olive oil by an acclimated activated sludge were studied. Kinetic constants for the lipid removal from the mixed liquor and for that from the supernatant and for the hydrolysis step were evaluated using Michelis-Menten equations. The maximum specific reactions rates (vmax) and the saturation constants (Km) were vmax = 1.20 mg lipid mg-1 MLVSS day-1 and Km = 1290 mg/L for lipid removal from the mixed liquor; vmax = 1.54 mg lipid mg-1 MLVSS day-1 and Km = 801 mg/L for that from the supernatant; vmax = 1.57 mg olive oil mg-1 MLVSS day-1 and Km = 1750 mg/L for the hydrolysis of olive oil (where MLVSS refers to mixed liquor volatile suspended solids). The adsorption of olive oil by the activated sludge contributed to the lipid removal from the supernatant. The specific rate of this adsorption was also estimated. The hydrolysis, rather than the oxidation of free fatty acids, was the rate limiting step in the degradation of olive oil when the concentration of olive oil was lower than about 800 mg/L.
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  • 82
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1897-1904 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hydrogen photoproduction from water in Scenedesmus cells requires removal of oxygen by a reagent in contact with the algae. Both deoxyhemoglobin and deoxymyoglobin stimulated hydrogen production by reversible absorption of oxygen. Their effectiveness was greatly increased when other oxygen-combining reagents were present in a separate chamber with deoxyhemoglobin and deoxymyoglobin serving as reversible oxygen transfer agents.
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  • 83
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1295-1310 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow cytometry is a fast and sensitive method that allows monitoring of different cellular parameters on large samples of a population. Protein distributons give relevant information on growth dynamics, since they are related to the age distribution and depend on the law of growth of the population and the law of protein accumulation during the cell cycle. We analyzed protein distributions to evaluate alternative growth models for the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to monitor the changes in population dynamics that result from environmental modifications; such an analysis could potentially give parameters useful in the control of biotechnological processes. Theoretical protein distributions (taking into account the unequal division of yeast cells and the exponential law of protein accumulation during a cell cycle) quantitatively fit experimental distributions, once appropriate variability sources are introduced. Best fits are obtained when the protein threshold required for bud emergence increases at each new generation of parent cells.
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  • 84
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1341-1357 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of biomass and β-D-galactosidase by the lactose-utilizing yeast Candida pseudotropicalis NCYC 744 in whey medium was studied. Apparent optimization of growth conditions and medium was done in continuous culture. Optimaql pH and temperature were 2.6 and 36-38°C, respectively, Limitations in Cu, Zn, and possbily Mn were detected in deproteinized whey medium. Additions of tryptophan estimulated growth of the yeast. Under optimal conditions in medium supplemented with excess tryptophan, Cu, Zn, and Mn the maximum values obtained: yeast concentration, 4.6 g/L; yeast productivity, 1.4 g/L h (at D = 0.35 h-1); enzyme volumetric productivity, 2100 U/L h (at D = 0.25 h-1); maintenance coefficient, 5-10 mg lactose/g cell h; saturation constant (Ks) for lactose, 4.76mM; maximum specific growth rate, (μmax), 0.47 h-1. No significant increase in specific enzyme activity (U/mg cell) was observed after medium optimiztion evidencing the importance of regulatory controls in enzyme synthesis.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1401-1418 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general model of the transient behaviour of an oxygen probe is derived on more general assumptions than those previously considered. The present state of the art is shorly discussed in its relation to the newly derived equations: (1) the reducibility of the three-layer diffusional model to two-layer ones is discussed, and the two-layer model considering the membrane and the liquid film is verified experimentally, (2) experimental and theoretical treatments of transient probe characteristics determination are examined, and (3) the influence of chemical reactions of the first order as well as of zero order (microorgaganism respiration) in measured media on transientd probe characteristics is quantified.
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  • 86
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biomass production and carbohydrate reduction were determined for a two-stage continuous fermentation process with a simulated potato processing waste feed. The amylolytic yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera was grown in the first stage and a mixed culture of S. fibuligera and Candida utilis was maintained in the second stage. All conditions for the first and second stages were fixed except the flow of medium to the second stage was varied. Maximum biomass production occurred at a second stage dilution rate, D2, of 0.27 h -1. Carbohydrate reduction was inversely proportional to D2, between 0.10 and 0.35 h -1.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2775-2776 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2785-2788 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2843-2853 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Axenic cultures of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Rhodospirillum rubrum, and Rhodomicrobium vannielii grown with glutamate as the nitrogen source converted lactate, acetate, and butyrate to H2 and CO2. Conversion rates ranged from 100 to 926 mL H2 Lr-1 day-1 (where Lr is the reactor contents), and efficiencies varied from 23 to 100% When grown with N2, conversion rates up to 760 mL H2 Lr-1 day-1 and efficiencies up to 100%were achieved. Upon aging, cultures appear to rapidly increase in hydrogen uptake activity and furthermore decrease in nitrogenase activity, both factors leading to a slowdown of hydrogen production. This was particularly the case for diazotrophically grown photobacteria.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2873-2887 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The performance of a penicillin fermentation was assessed in a laboratory-scale bubble column fermentor, with mycelial growth confined to the pore matrix of celite beads. Final cell densities of 29 g/L and penicillin titres of 5.5 g/L were obtained in the confined cell cultures. In comparison, cultures of free mycelial cells grown in the absence of beads experienced dissolved oxygen limitations in the bubble column, giving only 17 g/L final cell concentrations with equally low penicillin titres of 2 g/L. The better performance of the confined cell cultures was attributed to enhanced gas liquid mass transfer rates, with mass transfer coefficients (kLa) two to three times higher than those determined in the free cell cultures. Furthermore, the confined cell cultures showed more efficient utilization of power input for mass transfer, providing up to 50% reduction in energy requirements for aeration.
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  • 91
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 92
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No. Abstract.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1701-1723 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Results obtained in a 120 liter 2 m high UASB-reactor with raw domestic sewage and using a granular sugar beet waste cultivated seed sludge, reveal the feasibility of this type of anaerobic treatment for domestic sewage. Under dry weather conditions 65-85% COD reduction can be achieved at temperatures in the range of 8-20°C and at hydraulic loads as high as 2 m3 · m-3 · day-1. In the case of heavy rainfall the COD-reduction drops to 50-70% and occasionally, viz.at very low influent COD, even below 50%. The net methane production amounts to 7.1-7.3 m3 · PE-1 · year-1, and the excess sludge production ranges form 5.0-8.6 kg TS · PE-1 · year-1. Regarding the results obtained anaerobic treatment of raw sewage not only looks an attractive proposition for tropic areas but also for moderate climatic areas.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1781-1788 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A high phosphate accumulating bacterium, Arthrobacter globiformis PAB-6, was grown in a chemostat under glucose-limitation. Two different growth patterns at steady state with various dilution rates were obtained. In one case, cells having a coccus shape tended to washout at a low dilution rate, 0.2 (h-1). In another, cells with a rod shape grew faster and gave a good steady-state growth at a dilution rate of 0.4. Such a close relationship between growth rate and cell morphology was found both in continuous and batch cultures. The amount of phosphate uptake per cell mass was almost constant irrespective of the dilution rate, but the rate of the uptake was maximum at about the dilution rate of 0.4. A clone of PAB-6 was isolated from the continuous culture with high dilution rate and had maximum specific growth rate of 0.7 in a simple glucosesalt medium.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1841-1861 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A four-component, diffusion-reaction model with double Michaelis-Menten kinetics was used to describe the experimental data obtained from a laboratory biofilm, fluidized-bed nitrification reactor. Theory and experiment demonstrated that the stoichiometric ratio (3.5 mg O2/mg NH4+-N) can be employed as a criterion to determine whether the limiting substrate is oxygen or ammonia. For the present work, in the range of concentrations where limitation occurred, 4 mg/L NH4+-N and 14 mg/L O2, the ratio of oxygen to ammonia in the bulk liquid determined which substrate was penetration-limiting - O2 if 〈3.5 and NH4+ if 〉 3.5. Halforder kinetics with respect to the limiting substrate described the apparent overall rates. Simulations provided biofilm concentration profiles which demonstrated the role of the oxygen-ammonia ratio. Experiments indicated that, generally, high NO2- concentrations can be expected. These depend on the residence time, biofilm area, and oxygen concentration. This dependency was investigated with the model, as was the parametric sensitivity with respect to the saturation constants. Particularly important for the NO2- levels were the ratios of the saturation constants for oxygen.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1905-1911 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1981-1987 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The filtration characteristics of the penicillin broth can be monitored semicontinuously using an automatic filtration probe. This probe operates aseptically and the broth samples (filtrate and filter cake) are recycled to the fermentor after each filtration. The collected data - filtrate volume and filter cake volume versus filtration time - can be related to the total biomass concentration in the fermentor.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1995-2006 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method is presented for the treatment of gel-type supports, used for immobilizing microbial cells and enzymes, to obtain high mechanical strength. It is particularly useful for ethanol fermentation over gel beads containing immobilized viable cells, where the beads can be ruptured by gas production and the growth of cells within the gels. This method consists of treating agar or carrageenan gel with polyacrylamide to form a rigid support which retains the high catalytic activity characteristic of the untreated biocatalysts. The size and shape of the biocatalyst is unaffected by this treatment. The method involves the diffusion of acrylamide, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide and β-dimethylaminopropionitrile (or N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-ethylenediamine) into the performed biocatalyst beads followed by the addition of an initiator to cause polymerization within the beads. Treated gels have been used for the continuous fermentation of glucose to ethanol in a packed column for over two months. During this operation, the gel beads maintained their rigidity, and the maximum productivity was as high as 50 g h-1 L-1 gel. There was no appreciable decay of cell activity.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2085-2089 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2091-2092 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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