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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (1,089)
  • 1995-1999  (670)
  • 1980-1984  (252)
  • 1975-1979  (167)
  • 1996  (670)
  • 1980  (252)
  • 1977  (167)
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  • 1995-1999  (670)
  • 1980-1984  (252)
  • 1975-1979  (167)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion exchange purification of G6PDH from unclarified yeast cell homogenates using expanded bed adsorption (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 204-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: expanded bed adsorption ; bakers' yeast ; G6PDH ; STREAMLINE ion exchange adsorbents ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of expanded beds of STREAMLINE ion exchange adsorbents for the direct extraction of an intracellular enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) from unclarified yeast cell homogenates has been investigated. It has been demonstrated that such crude feedstocks can be applied to the bed without prior clarification steps. The purification of G6PDH from an unclarified yeast homogenate was chosen as a model system containing the typical features of a direct extraction technique. Optimal conditions for the purification were determined in small scale, packed bed experiments conducted with clarified homogenates. Results from these experiments were used to develop a preparative scale separation of G6PDH in a STREAMLINE 50 EBA apparatus. The use of an on-line rotameter for measuring and controlling the height of the expanded bed when operated in highly turbid feedstocks was demonstrated. STREAMLINE DEAE has been shown to be successful in achieving isolation of G6PDH from an unclarified homogenate with a purification factor of 12 and yield of 98% in a single step process. This ion exchange adsorbent is readily cleaned using simple cleaning-in-place procedures without affecting either adsorption or the bed expansion properties of the adsorbent after many cycles of operation. The ability of combining clarification, capture, and purification in a single step will greatly simplify downstream processing flowsheets and reduce the costs of protein purification. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rat hepatocyte morphology and function on lactose-derivatized polystyrene surfaces (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 259-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: hepatocytes ; lactose-derivatized polystyrene ; polystyrene ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hepatocytes isolated from male Fisher 344VF rats were cultured on two substrates, collagen I and a lactose-derivatized polystyrene (PS-lactose), to compare morphological and functional differences. Hepatocyte morphology changed dramatically depending upon the substrate, shown through actin cytoskeletal staining and scanning electron microscopy. Functional assays performed included albumin secretion, reduced glutathione content, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase, and cytochrome P4501A1 activity. The presence of dexamethasone and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in the media was required for the maintenance of several differentiated functions for cells cultured on collagen. In general, cells cultured on the PS-lactose substrate showed a much slower loss of function over the same period of time. The maintenance of differentiated function of cells on PS-lactose was enhanced with the addition of dexamethasone and DMSO. This is the first report of a culture system in which hepatocytes, cultured on a polymer substrate without additional protein coatings or media additives, have been able to maintain differentiated functions for up to 1 week. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Conservative chemical modification of proteins to study the effects of a single protein property on partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 290-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: proteins, modified ; partitioning in aqueous system ; thaumatin ; β-lactoglobulin ; BSA ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Relatively conservative modifications of three proteins were carried out to alter their surface properties. The protein properties modified were hydrophobicity and charge. This was done by acylation of amino groups with anhydrides. For the hydrophobic modification experiments, two proteins (β-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin [BSA]) and four anhydrides (hexanoic, butyric, succinic, acetic) were used. For the modification of surface charge the protein thaumatin was selected and various proportions of the free amino groups were blocked with acetic anhydride to give a series of proteins with differing isoelectric points. Detailed characterization and purification of selected modified proteins was carried out including molecular weight measurements and conformational analysis. The criteria used for selecting the modified proteins for subsequent investigation of their partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) is described. With a judicious choice of starting material it was found that limited chemical modifications to proteins could effectively alter surface hydrophobicity or charge almost independently, with little effect on other molecular properties. It appears, however, that the method for chemical modification and the reaction conditions must also be carefully controlled. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 4
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    Use of chemically modified proteins to study the effect of a single protein property on partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems: Effect of surface charge (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 309-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: surface charge ; proteins, modified ; partitioning in aqueous system ; thaumatin ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A series of charge-modified thaumatins with different values of surface charge were partitioned in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) to study the effect of surface charge as a single property on partitioning. Electrophoretic mobility of the proteins in titration curves was used as a measure of surface charge. Four modified proteins derived from thaumatin with the following values of isoelectric point: 8.70, 8.15, 5.60, and 4.50 were used for partitioning. The resolution of the systems in terms of protein surface charge was calculated. Partitioning of modified thaumatins in PEG 4000/dextran systems with phosphate buffer, Tris buffer, NaCl, KCl, and sulfate salts was carried out. Among the sulfate salts tested, the addition of 50 mM Li2SO4 to the system buffered with phosphate gave the highest value of resolution for differences in surface protein charge (RSPC). It shows a decrease in the value of K (partition coefficient) with an increase in the protein's charge. The addition of 100 mM KCl to the system promoted the opposite effect on the RSPC value. Charge-modified proteins were partitioned in PEG/salt systems to investigate the ability of these systems for resolving differences in surface charge. The PEG/citrate system seemed to have almost no ability for resolving proteins on the basis of surface charge differences; PEG/phosphate systems had some capability for resolving differently charged proteins. The more negative proteins tended to have higher values of K than the more positively charged fractions. The use of charge-modified proteins allowed the investigation of the effect of protein surface charge on partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems independently from other protein parameters as they were prepared from a common parent protein thaumatin. This technique provides an interesting novel tool to investigate the effect of protein surface charge on partitioning in ATPS taking protein charge as an independent parameter. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    A versatile oxygenator and perfusion system for magnetic resonance studies (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 348-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: oxygenator ; NMR spectroscopy ; organ perfusion ; mammalian cell culture ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A compact, reusable membrane oxygenator has been constructed for the perfusion of cultured cells and isolated organs. While the oxygenator was designed to be compatible with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy studies, it can also be used for any experiment which requires warming and oxygenation of perfusates. For the NMR studies, the oxygenator can be positioned at the opening of the magnet bore which allows oxygenation and warming of the perfusate immediately prior to delivery to the tissue, therefore eliminating problems with heat or oxygen loss which may occur with the long perfusion lines. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260490302
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  • 6
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    Fluid shear stress induction of the transcriptional activator c-fos in human and bovine endothelial cells, HeLa, and Chinese hamster ovary cells (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 383-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: c-fos protein ; endothelium ; hemodynamics ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The c-fos protein belongs to a family of transcriptional cofactors that can complex with proteins of the Jun family and activate mRNA transcription from gene promoters containing an activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding element. The shear stress inducibility of the c-fos protein was studied in human and animal cell lines of vastly different origins. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC, passage 2-14), HeLa cells, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were subjected to steady laminar shear stress using a parallel plate flow apparatus. After 1 h of flow exposure at 25 dyn/cm2, the c-fos levels in nuclei of shear stress HUVEC, BAEC, HeLa, and CHO were 5.4 ± 2.0 (n = 3), 2.25 ± 1.38 (n = 6), 2.14 ± 0.07 (n = 8), 1.92 ± 0.58 (n = 2) times higher, respectively, than in matched stationary controls. Flow exposure at 4 dyn/cm2 caused no enhancement of c-fos levels in any of the cell lines tested, but caused significant reduction in c-fos expression in the HeLa cells. The c-fos induction by shear stress could be blocked by pharmacological agents. For example, the flow induction of the c-fos protein levels was blocked by 50% with the preincubation of HUVEC with a protein kinase C inhibitor, H7 (10 μM) and blocked completely in HeLa cells preincubated with the phospholipase C inhibitor, neomycin (5 mM). The minimum time of shear stress exposure required to induce the c-fos protein expression in HeLa cells was found to be as low as 1 min. By Northern analysis, the c-fos mRNA levels were found to be elevated in BAEC, CHO, and HeLa cells exposed to 25 dyn/cm2 for 30 min. These studies indicate that c-fos induction is a consistent genetic response in a variety of mammalian cells that may alter cellular phenotype in mechanical environments. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Vancomycin production in batch and continuous culture (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 412-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Amycolatopsis orientalis ; vancomycin production ; chemostat culture ; phosphate inhibition ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Production of the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin by two Amycolatopsis orientalis strains was examined in batch shake flask culture in a semidefined medium with peptone as the nitrogen source. Different growth and production profiles were observed with the two strains; specific production (Yp/x) was threefold higher with strain ATCC 19795 than with strain NCIMB 12945. A defined medium with amino acids as the nitrogen source was developed by use of the Plackett-Burman statistical screening method. This technique identified certain amino acids (glycine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and arginine) that gave significant increased specific production, whereas phosphate was identified as inhibitory for high specific vancomycin production. Experiments made with the improved medium and strain ATCC 19795 showed that vancomycin production kinetics were either growth dissociated or growth associated, depending on the amino acid concentration. In chemostat culture at a constant dilution rate (0.087 h-1), specific vancomycin production rate (qvancomycin) decreased linearly as the medium phosphate concentration was increased from 2 to 8 mM. In both phosphate and glucose limited chemostats, qvancomycin was a function of specific growth rate; the maximum value was observed at D = 0.087 h-1 (52% of the maximum specific growth rate). Under phosphate limited growth conditions, qvancomycin was threefold higher (0.37 mg/g dry weight/h) than under glucose limitation (0.12 mg/g dry weight/h). © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 8
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    On-line monitoring of respiration in recombinant-baculovirus infected and uninfected insect cell bioreactor cultures (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 36-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: insect cell culture ; Sf-9 cells ; respiration ; bioreactor ; on-line monitoring ; baculovirus expression vector system ; recombinant proteins ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Respiration rates in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cell bioreactor cultures were successfully measured on-line using two methods: The O2 uptake rate (OUR) was determined using gas phase pO2 values imposed by a dissolved oxygen controller and the CO2 evolution rate (CER) was measured using an infrared detector. The measurement methods were accurate, reliable, and relatively inexpensive. The CER was routinely determined in bioreactor cultures used for the production of several recombinant proteins. Simple linear relationships between viable cell densities and both OUR and CER in exponentially growing cultures were used to predict viable cell density. Respiration measurements were also used to follow the progress of baculoviral infections in Sf-9 cultures. Infection led to increases in volumetric and per-cell respiration rates. The relationships between respiration and several other culture parameters, including viable cell density, cell protein, cell volume, glucose consumption, lactate production, viral titer, and recombinant β-galactosidase accumulation, were examined. The extent of the increase in CER following infection and the time postinfection at which maximum CER was attained were negatively correlated with the multiplicity of infection (MOI) at multiplicities below the level required to infect all the cells in a culture. Delays in the respiration peak related to the MOI employed were correlated with delays in the peak in recombinant protein accumulation. DO levels in the range 5-100% did not exert any major effects on viable cell densities, CER, or product titer in cultures infected with a baculovirus expressing recombinant β-galactosidase. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 9
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260500101
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  • 10
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    Aggregation of ligand-modified liposomes by specific interactions with proteins. II: Biotinylated liposomes and antibiotin antibody (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 169-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: liposomes ; biotin ; aggregation kinetics ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The aggregation of biotinylated phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) cross-linked by antibiotin IgG was studied experimentally and theoretically. The liposomes were either low density liposomes that contained 0.4 mol% biotinylated phospholipid (≈100 exposed biotin molecules per liposome), or high density liposomes that contained 2.7 mol% biotinylated phospholipid (≈1000 exposed biotin molecules per liposome). The solution turbidity and mean particle size measured by quasi-elastic light scattering (QLS) were monitored throughout the aggregation. Three different lots of antibiotin antibodies, each with different association constants and binding heterogeneities, were used. The antibody binding characteristics affected the aggregation rates. The aggregation kinetics were analyzed using a model based on the Smoluchowski theory of aggregation, fractal concepts of aggregate microstructure, and Rayleigh and Mie light scattering theory. The experimental conditions of liposome concentration, protein concentration, and ligand density under which aggregation occurred correlated well with calculated sticking probabilities based on isotherms describing the adsorption of antibiotin antibody to the liposomes. These results are compared with prior observations made when avidin was used as the cross-linking protein. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 11
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260500201
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  • 12
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    Collagenase digestion of bone fragments in microgravity (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: microgravity ; bioprocessing ; sedimentation ; turbulence ; collagenase ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of a quiescent microgravity fluid environment on the activity of collagenase directed at demineralized bone fragments was investigated over a period of 10 days. Enzyme treatment resulted in greater mass loss in microgravity, with nearly three times the loss of mass during Space Shuttle mission STS-62 compared to the stationary ground control. Clinorotation enhanced the loss of mass relative to a stationary control, but this increase was still significantly less than the increase with exposure to microgravity. This suggests the detrimental influence of turbulence on the enzyme function and the benefit of using microgravity to provide both low turbulence and uniformity of unequally dense materials within the reaction chamber. The results are considered for their general applicability to a variety of bioprocessing applications that may be enhanced in microgravity. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260500203
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  • 13
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    Mini-review: Mechanical factors affecting cartilage regeneration in vitro (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 430-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cartilage ; tissue regeneration ; chondrocytes ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the last 5 to 10 years, tissue engineering has revolutionized the way in which medical researchers and clinicians are thinking of and, in some cases, actually treating diseases involving tissue damage and destruction. One such disease, osteoarthritis, results from progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, which has a limited ability to repair itself. With tissue engineering, scientists are now able to regenerate cartilage in vitro from isolated mature chondrocytes. While the regeneration process is still not fully understood, enough has been learned that physicians are already implanting cultured chondrocytes into humans and other animals in the hopes of effecting joint repair. One aspect which has not been fully explored is the effect of mechanical stress on developing and implanted cartilage, especially over the long term. This article will review in brief what is now known about the mechanical factors affecting cartilage regeneration in vitro and what still remains to be determined for optimum tissue engineering of cartilage constructs. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 14
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    Osteoblast migration on poly(α-hydroxy esters) (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 443-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: osteoblast ; migration ; poly(αhydroxy esters) ; poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) ; PLGA ; biodegradable polymers ; tissue engineering ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We investigated the migration of rat calvaria osteoblast populations on poly(α-hydroxy ester) films for up to 14 days to determine effects of substrate composition and culture conditions on the migratory characteristics of osteoblasts. Initial osteoblast culture conditions included cell colonies formed by seeding a high (84,000 cells/cm2) or low (42,000 cells/cm2) density of isolated osteoblasts on the polymer films, and bone tissue cultures formed by plating bone chips directly on the substrates. High density osteoblast colonies cultured and allowed to migrate and proliferate radially on 85:15 poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) films, 75:25 PLGA films, and tissue culture polystyrene controls demonstrated that the copolymer ratio in the polymer films did not affect the rate of increase in substrate surface area (or culture area) covered by the growing cell colony. However, the rate of increase in culture area was dependent on the initial osteoblast seeding density. Initial cell colonies formed with a lower osteoblast seeding density on 75:25 PLGA resulted in a lower rate of increase in culture area, specifically 4.9 ± 0.3 mm2/day, versus 14.1 ± 0.7 mm2/day for colonies seeded with a higher density of cells on the same polymer films. The proliferation rate for osteoblasts in the high and low density seeded osteoblast colonies did not differ, whereas the proliferation rate for the osteoblasts arising from the bone chips was lower than either of these isolated cell colonies. Confocal and light microscopy revealed that the osteoblast migration occurred as a monolayer of individual osteoblasts and not a calcified tissue front. These results demonstrated that cell seeding conditions strongly affect the rates of osteoblast migration and proliferation on biodegradable poly(α-hydroxy esters). © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Different measures of human hematopoietic cell culture performance are optimized under vastly different conditions (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 505-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: bone marrow ; hematopoiesis ; perfusion ; culture optimization ; stroma ; stem cells ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hematopoiesis, the formation of mature blood cells from stem (LTC-IC) and progenitor (CFU-GM) cells in the bone marrow, is a complex tissue-forming process that leads to many important physiological functionalities. Consequently, a functioning ex vivo hematopoietic system has a variety of basic scientific and clinical uses. The design and operation of such a system presents the tissue engineer with challenges and choices. In this study, three culture variables were used to control ex vivo human hematopoiesis. Systematic variation of inoculum density (ID), medium exchange interval (MEI), and the use of preformed stroma (PFS) showed that (1) all three variables significantly influenced culture performance, (2) the three variables interacted strongly, and (3) the variables could be manipulated to achieve the optimization of different performance criteria. Donor-to-donor variability in culture performance was great at low ID but was minimized at higher ID. PFS had a large positive effect on cell and CFU-GM output at low ID, but had minimal effect at higher ID. In fact, PFS caused a decrease in LTC-IC output at high ID. The effects of PFS indicated that stromal cell elements became more limiting than proliferative cell elements as ID was reduced.In cultures without PFS, maximum cell output was obtained with high ID using a short MEI, whereas the greatest cell expansion ratio was obtained at low ID with an intermediate MEI. Maximum CFU-GM output was obtained from cultures with high ID using a short to intermediate MEI, whereas the greatest CFU-GM expansion ratio was obtained at intermediate ID with an intermediate MEI. The addition of PFS altered the locations of these maxima. In general, PFS moved the maxima to lower ID, and culture output became more sensitive to MEI. Therefore, the optimization of one performance criterion always resulted in a decline of the others. This study demonstrates that ex vivo tissue function is sensitive to many culture variables in an interactive fashion and that systematic multivariable studies are required to characterize tissue function. Once the effects of individual variables and their interactions are known, this knowledge can be used to optimize tissue performance with respect to desired criteria. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260500501
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  • 17
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    Thermal stability studies of a globular protein in aqueous poly(ethylene glycol) by 1H NMR (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 410-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: lysozyme ; thermal stability ; 1H NMR ; conformational flexibility ; melting temperature ; PEG ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reversible folding destabilization of hen lysozyme has been confirmed by a melting temperature (Tm) decrease in aqueous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The percent denatured, extracted from the histidine 15 C2H (H15 C2H) native and denatured peak areas from 500-MHz one-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1D 1H NMR) spectra in D2O, was analyzed through denaturation temperatures at 0% and 20% (w/w) PEG 1000. The lysozyme (3.5 mM) Tm decreased by 4.2°C and 7.1°C in 20% (w/w) PEG 1000 at pH 3.8 and 3.0, respectively. The Tm decreased with increasing lysozyme concentration. Additionally, the temperature-induced resonance migrations of 17 protons from 8 residues indicate that the native lysozyme structure undergoes temperature-induced conformational changes. The changes were essentially identical in both 0% and 20% (w/w) PEG 1000 at both pH 3.0 and 3.8. This small, local restructuring of the hydrophobic box region may be a manifestation of temperature-dependent solution hydrophobicity, whereas active-site cleft fluctuations may be due to the inherent active-site flexibility. The lysozyme structure in PEG at 35°C was determined to be essentially native from the 1H nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) fingerprint regions. Additionally, lysozyme chemical shifts, from 1D spectra, in PEG 200, 300, and 1000 at 35°C and various concentrations were essentially identical, further confirming that the conformation remains native in various PEG solutions. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 18
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    Factors affecting cellulose hydrolysis and the potential of enzyme recycle to enhance the efficiency of an integrated wood to ethanol process (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 375-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cellulase ; enzyme recycling ; enzyme adsorption ; lignocellulosic hydrolysis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Past technoeconomic modeling work has identified the relatively large contribution that enzymatic hydrolysis adds to the total cost of producing ethanol from lignocellulosic substrates. This cost was primarily due to the high concentration of enzyme and long incubation time that was required to obtain complete hydrolysis. Although enzyme and substrate concentration and end-product inhibition influenced the rate of hydrolysis, the effect was less pronounced during the initial stages of hydrolysis. During this time most of the cellulases were adsorbed onto the unhydrolyzed residue. By recycling the cellulases adsorbed to the residual substrate remaining after an initial 24 h, a high rate of hydrolysis, with low overall residence time and minimal cellulase input, could be achieved for several rounds of enzyme recycle. A comparison of the front end (pretreatment, fractionation, and hydrolysis) of a softwood/hardwood to ethanol process indicated that the lignin associated with the softwood-derived cellulose stream limited the number of times the cellulose containing residue could be recycled. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Sparging and agitation-induced injury of cultured animals cells: Do cell-to-bubble interactions in the bulk liquid injure cells? (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 399-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cell damage ; cell culture ; bubble aeration ; agitation ; bubble coalescence and breakup ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been established that the forces resulting from bubbles rupturing at the free air (gas)/liquid surface injure animal cells in agitated and/or sparged bioreactors. Although it has been suggested that bubble coalescence and breakup within agitated and sparged bioreactors (i.e., away from the free liquid surface) can be a source of cell injury as well, the evidence has been indirect. We have carried out experiments to examine this issue. The free air/liquid surface in a sparged and agitated bioractor was eliminated by completely filling the 2-L reactor and allowing sparged bubbles to escape through an outlet tube. Two identical bioreactors were run in parallel to make comparisons between cultures that were oxygenated via direct air sparging and the control culture in which silicone tubing was used for bubble-free oxygenation. Thus, cell damage from cell-to-bubble interactions due to processes (bubble coalescence and breakup) occurring in the bulk liquid could be isolated by eliminating damage due to bubbles rupturing at the free air/liquid surface of the bioreactor. We found that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells grown in medium that does not contain shear-protecting additives can be agitated at rates up to 600 rpm without being damaged extensively by cell-to bubble interactions in the bulk of the bioreactor. We verified this using both batch and high-density perfusion cultures. We tested two impeller designs (pitched blade and Rushton) and found them not to affect cell damage under similar operational conditions. Sparger location (above vs. below the impeller) had no effect on cell damage at higher agitation rates but may affect the injury process at lower agitation intensities (here, below 250 rpm). In the absence of a headspace, we found less cell damage at higher agitation intensities (400 and 600 rpm), and we suggest that this nonintuitive finding derives from the important effect of bubble size and foam stability on the cell damage process. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Modulation of the phosphate-starvation response in Escherichia coli by genetic manipulation of the polyphosphate pathways (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 434-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: polyphosphate ; Escherichia coli ; phosphate starvation ; gene expression ; heterologous ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of intracellular polyphosphate on the phosphate-starvation response in Escherichia coli was studied by genetically manipulating the intracellular polyphosphate levels and by performing phosphate shifts on the genetically engineered strains. Strains that produced large quantities of polyphosphate and were able to degrade it induced the phosphate-starvation response to a lesser extent than wild-type strains, whereas strains that were unable to degrade a large intracellular polyphosphate pool induced the phosphate-starvation response to a greater extent than wild-type strains. These results have important implications for expression of heterologous genes under control of the phoA promoter. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Effect of high shear on proteins (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 458-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: concentric-cylinder shear device ; rotor/stator homogenization ; shear ; shear rate ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Shear is present in almost all bioprocesses and high shear is associated with processes involving agitation and emulsification. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of high shear and high shear rate on proteins. Two concentric cylinder-based shear systems were used. One was a closed concentric-cylinder shear device (CCSD) and the other was a homogenizer with a rotor/stator assembly. Mathematical modeling of these systems allowed calculation of the shear rate and shear. The CCSD generated low shear rates (a few hundred s-1), whereas the homogenizer could generate very high shear rates (〉 105 s-1). High shear could be achieved in both systems by increasing the processing time. Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) were used as the model proteins in this study. It was found that neither high shear nor high shear rate had a significant effect on protein aggregation. However, a lower melting temperature and enthalpy were detected for highly sheared rhGH by using scanning microcalorimetry, presumably due to some changes in protein's conformation. Also, SDS-PAGE indicated the presence of low molecular-weight fragments, suggesting that peptide bond breakage occurred due to high shear. rhDNase was relatively more stable than rhGH under high shear. No conformational changes and protein fragments were observed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Properties of two insect cell lines useful for the baculovirus expression system in serum-free culture (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 494-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cell metabolism ; baculovirus ; insect cells ; recombinant protein OSF-2 ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The properties of Sf9 and Tn5 insect cells were analyzed comparatively under serum-free culture conditions. Sf9 cells in SF900II medium apparently utilized sucrose as a primary nutrient both before and after virus infection, yielding small amounts of lactate and ammonia. Tn5 cells in Excell 401 medium consumed all the nutrients examined, including sucrose. The productivity of a recombinant glycoprotein, OSF-2, by Tn5 cells, was moderate in both monolayer and spinner cultures, but the ability to secrete it was compromised in the former case. Relative to the Tn5 cultures, Sf9 produced 30-fold more OSF-2 in either culture mode. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    NMR imaging of heavy metal absorption in alginate, immobilized cells, and kombu algal biosorbents (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 538-543 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: NMR imaging ; biosorption ; alginate ; shrinking core model ; Laminaria ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this contribution, an NMR imaging study of heavy metal absorption in alginate, immobilized-cell biosorbents, and kombu (Laminaria japonica) algal biomass is presented. This method provides the good possibility of directly monitoring the time evolution of the spatial distribution of the ions in the materials. From these results, we demonstrate that rare earth ions are absorbed with a steep reaction front that can be described very well with a modified shrinking core model, while copper ions are absorbed with a more diffuse front.
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    Enzymatic resolution of 1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol by enantioselective oxidation: Overcoming product inhibition by continuous extraction (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 544-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: oxidoreductase ; chiral alcohol ; racemic resolution ; membrane reactor ; continuous extraction ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxidations of alcohols by alcohol dehydrogenases often suffer from low conversions and slow reaction rates due to severe product inhibition. This can be overcome by continuous product extraction, because only the concentrations, but not the kinetic parameters, can be changed. As a consequence, it is favorable to apply a differential circulation reactor with continuous product extraction, where only a small amount of product is formed per cycle. The product is then directly extracted using a microporous hydrophobic hollow fiber membrane. This results in an increase of the relative activity of the dehydrogenase at a given conversion. The reaction investigated is the kinetic resolution of racemic 1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol by glycerol dehydrogenase (GDH). The resulting oxidation product, 2-hydroxyacetophenone, causes a strong product inhibition. Additionally, it reacts in a chemical reaction with the cofactor lowering its active concentration. Because the GDH needs β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a cofactor, lactate dehydrogenase is used to regenerate NAD+ from NADH by reducing pyruvate to (L)-lactate. A conversion of 50% with respect to the racemate and an enantiomeric excess 〉99% of the (S)-enantiomer was reached.
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    Immobilization of DNA onto a polymer support and its potentiality as immunoadsorbent (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 581-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: microfiber ; graft polymerization ; DNA immobilization ; immunoadsorbent ; DNA ; anti-DNA antibody ; systemic lupus erythematosus ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilization of DNA to the surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) microfibers with a high specific surface area of 0.83 m2/g was carried out to give the fiber surface an affinity for anti-DNA antibody. Following ozone oxidation, the microfibers were subjected to graft polymerization of monomers including acrylic acid, methacryloyloxyethyl phosphate, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, N-vinylformamide, and glycidyl methacrylate. Calf thymus DNA was immobilized to the grafted fiber surface through either covalent binding or polyion complexation with the grafted polymer chains. The highest surface density of DNA immobilized (0.6 μg/cm2) was obtained when DNA was immobilized through formation of phosphodiester linkage between the hydroxyl group of DNA and the phosphate group in grafted poly(methacryloyloxyethyl phosphate) using 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole, or through polyion complexation between the anionic DNA and the cationic grafted poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) chains. Batch adsorption of anti-DNA antibody to the grafted PET fibers with and without DNA immobilized on their surface was conducted with serum obtained from systemic lupus erythematosus model mice. The DNA-immobilized PET fibers exhibited a higher adsorption capacity and specificity than the others. In addition, the DNA-immobilized fibers effectively adsorbed human anti-DNA antibody.
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    Adsorption of Trichoderma cellulase on cellulose (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1091-1094 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190710
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    Photocontrol of immobilized trypsin activity (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1115-1123 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trypsin was coupled on an agarose gel which was modified with a spiropyran compound. The trypsin-spiropyran (agarose) gel showed reverse photochromism. The activity of the trypsin-spiropyran gel in the dark was 12% of that of native trypsin, and it was higher than that under visible light. The apparent Michaelis constant of the trypsin-spiropyran gel in the dark was larger than that under visible light. On the other hand, the maximum velocity in the dark was higher than that under visible light. The optimum pH of the trypsin-spiropyran gel in the dark was the same as that under visible light. Immobilized trypsin was stable in the pH range from 3 to 9. The trypsin-spiropyran gel was more stable against heat than the native trypsin.
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    Rapid ethanol fermentations using vacuum and cell recycle (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1125-1143 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cell recycle and vacuum fermentation systems were developed for continuous ethanol production. Cell recycle was employed in both atmospheric pressure and vacuum fermentations to achieve high cell densities and rapid ethanol fermentation rates. Studies were conducted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC No. 4126) at a fermentation temperature of 35°C. Employing a 10% glucose feed, a cell density of 50 g dry wt/liter was obtained in atmospheric-cell recycle fermentations which produced a fermentor ethanol productivity of 29.0 g/liter-hr. The vacuum fermentor eliminated ethanol inhibition by boiling away ethanol from the fermenting beer as it was formed. This permitted the rapid and complete fermentation of concentrated sugar solutions. At a total pressure of 50 mmHg and using a 33.4% glucose feed, ethanol productivities of 82 and 40 g/liter-hr were achieved with the vacuum system with and without cell recycle, respectively. Fermentor ethanol productivities were thus increased as much as twelvefold over conventional continuous fermentations. In order to maintain a viable yeast culture in the vacuum fermentor, a bleed of fermented broth had to be continuously withdrawn to remove nonvolatile compounds. It was also necessary to sparge the vacuum fermentor with pure oxygen to satisfy the trace oxygen requirement of the fermenting yeast.
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    Hydrolysis of cellulose in a cellulase-bead fluidized bed reactor (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1183-1191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cellulase was immobilized in a collagen fibril matrix, and no leakage of cellulase from the collagen fibril matrix was observed. The immobilized cellulase was more stable than the native cellulase. The substrate cellulose was hydrolyzed quantitatively with immobilized cellulase. The final reaction product was identified as glucose. Immobilized cellulase was used in a fluidized bed reactor where the pressure drop of the fluidized bed reactor was low and constant. Cellulose was hydrolyzed to glucose by the cellulase-bead fluidized bed reactor. The minimum flow velocity (Umf) was 0.5 cm/sec and the optimum flow velocity of the cellulose hydrolysis was 1 cm/sec.
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    Electrochemical regeneration of NAD+on carbon electrodes (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1215-1218 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Glucose oxidase pellets (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1233-1238 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Enhancement of oxidase reactor productivity (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1245-1251 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Differential speed two roll mill pretreatment of cellulosic materials for enzymatic hydrolysis (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1321-1330 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Differential speed two roll milling is an effective pretreatment for increasing the susceptibility of cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis. Using mills with three, six, and ten in. diam rolls and processing times of 10 min or less results in the following percent increases in susceptibility over untreated controls: cotton, 1100; maple chips, 1600; white pine chips, 600; newspaper, 125. In comparison, ball milling of newspaper for 24 hr gives only a 62% increase. A further advantage of the roll mill is the increased wet density of the product permitting higher slurry concentrations during hydrolysis. Important parameters of mill effectiveness are roll clearance and processing time.
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    Dynamics of a chemostat in which two organisms compete for a common substrate (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1375-1386 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When two organisms compete for a given substrate without preying on one another, the possible steady states depend on the relative disposition of the two growth curves and the position of the point (Z,θ), whose coordinates are the nutrient feed concentration and dilution rate. It is shown how the stability of each steady state can be understood and qualitative phase portraits can be drawn for each of the 31 distinct types of situations.
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    Oxygen transfer within fungal pellets (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1407-1409 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Reply to “theoretical model for a submerged biological filter” (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1417-1417 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: NO Abstract.
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    pH-Activity response for immobilized β-glucosidase (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1405-1405 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190912
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    Theoretical model for a submerged biological filter (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1411-1416 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    A dynamic kinetic model of the activated sludge process (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1431-1447 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model has been developed which describes the dynamic response of activated sludge to changes in substrate concentration. The well known phenomenon of “growth-rate hysteresis” can be explained by the simple yet biologically reasonable hypotheses of the model. Experimental results have verified the model quantitatively.
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    Theoretical conversion yields for penicillin synthesis (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1449-1462 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The efficiency of conversion of the carbon-energy source to product is of primary importance in many fermentation processes. In order to assess the efficiency of a process, one must know how close the actual conversion yield is to the theoretical maximum. Theoretical conversion yields are useful, therefore, as guides in improving a process. This knowledge is particularly important today because the cost of raw materials is rapidly rising. In this study, the biochemical pathway of penicillin synthesis was used to estimate the theoretical yield of penicillin from glucose, ammonia, and sulfate. These values are compared with experimental data from the literature. An analysis of the role of glucose in the synthesis of cell mass and penicillin and in the maintenance of cells makes it possible to assess the efficiency of carbon-source utilization and to direct further advances in penicillin fermentations.
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    Modeling and simulation of oxygen transfer in airlift fermentors (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1503-1522 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model for simulation of oxygen transfer in airlift fermentors is presented. The airlift fermentor is represented by a number of interconnected compartments, each of which is assumed to be well mixed. In the annular region, the model includes both upflow and downflow for the gas phase. The model contains several adjustable parameters through which important hydrodynamic effects affecting oxygen transfer are incorporated. The effect of hydrostatic pressure is also included in the model. The model is simple enough to be used in design studies and it can be easily adapted to other airlift system configurations. The simulation results show good qualitative agreement with available experimental results.
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    Influence of lactose hydrolysis and solids concentration on alcohol production by yeast in acid whey ultrafiltrate (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1689-1702 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Alcohol yields of 6.5% were obtained with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in lactasehydrolyzed acid whey permeate containing 30-35% total solids. Maximum alcohol yields obtained with Kluyveromyces fragilis were 4.5% in lactase-hydrolyzed acid whey permeate at a solids concentration of 20% and 3.7% in normal permeate at a solids concentration of 10%. Saccharomyces cerevisiae efficiently converted the glucose present in lactase-hydrolyzed whey permeates containing 5-30% total solids (2-13% glucose) to alcohol. However, the galactose, which comprised about half the available carbohydrate in lactase-hydrolyzed whey, was not utilized by S. cerevisiae, so that even though alcohol yields were higher when this organism was used, the process was wasteful in that a substantial proportion of the substrate was not fermented. For the process to become commercially feasible, an efficient means of rapidly converting both the galactose and glucose to alcohol must be found.
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    Trypsinization of BHK 21 monolayer cells grown in two large-scale unit process systems (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1735-1738 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Synthesis of a soluble catalase-dextran conjugateSynthetic Glycoprotiens: Part VII. For Part VI, see ref. 1. (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1739-1760 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Results of a systematic study of the conditions for preparation of soluble catalase-dextran conjugates, using the cyanogen bromide activation procedure, are reported. A protocol for the synthesis of such a conjugate with satisfactory retention of enzymatic activity and high efficiency of coupling is described.
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    Properties of enzymes immobilized by the diazotized m-diaminobenzene method (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 349-364 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Some properties of a number of enzymes immobilized by the diazotized m-diaminobenzene (dDAB) method are described. The pH-activity profiles of β-D-glucosidase, glucoamylase, peroxidase, uricase, and D-glucose oxidase were virtually unchanged on immobilization while those of catalase and dextranase were significantly altered. β-D-Glucosidase, glucoamylase, and glucose oxidase were found to be more susceptible to denaturation on lyophilization when immobilized than in the native state; however, sorbitol had a marked protective effect in every case examined. Sorbitol was also found to exert a stabilizing effect when lyophilized immobilized preparations were stored. Immobilization marginally improved the stabilities of a number of enzymes to heating at 60° at pH 8.0. The usefulness for continuous reaction of a column of glucoamylase attached to celite was established. The reuse of the solid supports was demonstrated.
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    Enzymatic treatment of primary municipal sludge with Trichoderma viride cellulase (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 377-385 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose in raw primary settled municipal sludge by Trichoderma viride cellulase achieved conversions of up to 75% of the cellulose, primarily to cellobiose, in 24 hr. Simultaneously the gel-like characteristic of raw primary sludge was changed to that of a slurry of fine particles in less than 2 hr, causing a radical change in the ability to ultrafilter the sludge.The use of raw primary sludge as a growth medium for T. viride cellulase production was also investigated. It was possible, with nitrogen supplements, to obtain an enzyme with a filter paper activity (FPA) of two compared to over four which is attainable on defined medium of similar strength.The potential use of cellulase treatment as a pretreatment or integral part of waste treatment processes is discussed and the alternatives evaluated.
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    The immobilization of microbial cells, subcellular organelles, and enzymes in calcium alginate gels (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 387-397 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, Kluyveromyces marxianus cells, inulase, glucose oxidase, chloroplasts, and mitochondria were immobilized in calcium alginate gels.Ethanol production from glucose solutions by an immobilized preparation of S. cerevisiae was demonstrated over a total of twenty-three days, and the half-life of such a preparation was shown to be about ten days.Immobilized K. marxianus, inulase, and glucose oxidase preparations were used to demonstrate the porosity and retraining properties of calcium alginate gels.Calcium alginate-immobilized chloroplasts were shown to perform the Hill reaction.Some experiments with immobilized mitochondria are reported.
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    Characteristics of yeast invertase immobilized on porous cellulose beads (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 365-375 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Invertase from Candida utilis was immobilized on porous cellulose beads by an ionic-quanidino bond. The immobilized invertase showed optimum activity between pH 4.0 and 5.4, while the free enzyme had a sharp optimum at pH 4.1. Both temperature profiles were fairly similar up to 55°C. However, above this temperature the immobilized enzyme was more stable than the free enzyme. From the temperature data, the activation energies were found to be 7,322 and 4,052 cal/g mol for the free and the immobilized enzyme, respectively.Candida invertase shows characteristics of substrate inhibition. Both the Km and Ki for the free and the immobilized enzymes were determined. The apparent Ki for the immobilized invertase was much higher than the Ki of the free enzyme, suggesting a diffusion effect. Immobilized invertase molecules deep in the pores only see sucrose concentrations much less than the bulk concentrations. Immobilization, thus, offers certain processing advantages in this regard.
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    Aeration without air: Oxygen supply by hydrogen peroxide (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 413-424 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen has been supplied to suspensions of microorganisms kept under nitrogen by the addition of hydrogen peroxide. If catalase was present in the suspension and the flow was adjusted to the rate of oxygen consumption, the cells grew at rates identical to the controls incubated under air. The applicability of oxygen supply by hydrogen peroxide and its limits are discussed.
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    Large-scale preparation of a lectin from sunn hemp seeds (Crotalaria juncea) (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 79-88 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for large-scale preparation of a lectin from Crotalaria juncea seeds is described. The method involve fractionation by pH- and ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by biospecific affinity chromatography. The adsorbent used for the affinity chromatography was prepared by coupling galactose to Sepharose 6B activated with divinylsulfone. A comparison of different apparatus and techniques involved in the preparation is discussed. The yield and quality of the lectin prepared at a large scale were comparable with laboratory-scale preparation. From 50 kg Crotalaria juncea beans, 14.4 g Crotalaria lectin were obtained.
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    An analysis of extended and exponentially-fed-batch cultures (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 425-433 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Under certain conditions it is shown that an extended culture is equivalent to an exponentially-fed-batch culture, that an exponentially-fed-batch culture (and an extended culture) can be maintained at a steady state and that an exponentially-fed-batch culture may be mimicked by a continuous-flow culture with a constant dilution rate. Operational conditions required to maintain steady states are specified.
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    An empirical equation for evaluation of specific interfacial area in hydrocarbon-water agitated systems (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 439-442 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977) 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    The effect of air hold-up on readings of dissolved oxygen probes (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 435-438 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Fermentation of glucose by Acetobacter melanogenus (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 459-465 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growing cultures of Acetobacter melanogenus ATCC 9937 converted D-glucose to 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid with D-gluconic acid and 5-keto-D-glucose acid as intermediates. The 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid was isolated from the fermented medium by treatment with an anion exchange resin.
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    Model of growth and ergot alkaloid production by Claviceps purpurea (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 255-270 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A growth model for Claviceps purpurea in submerged batch culture is presented. In developing the model, the basic principles of the growth and the morphological properties of C. purpurea are considered. The growth of C. purpurea is assumed to occur in a three-step manner; the first step involves the assimilation and the growth of cells; the second one involves cell division, and the third one involves transformation of the mature cells to a state where they have no ability to divide but do have the ability to produce ergot alkaloids and then they gradually die. Inorganic phosphate is assumed to be the limiting substrate for the first and the second steps in conditions of carbon source being in excess. The model constants are determined by model simulation and graphical searching techniques to find the minimum value of the absolute difference between the experimental and the simulated curves for biomass, alkaloids, and sucrose.
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    Immobilization of β-galactosidase and other enzymes onto p-amino-carbanilated cellulose derivatives (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 311-321 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Galactosidase and other enzymes were immobilized on p-amino-carbanilated derivatives of cellulose and methylol cellulose using the diazo method and through glutaraldehyde. The optimum conditions for coupling cellulose tri-(p-amino-carbanilate) (CTAC) to β-galactosidase were established. The diazo coupling method with CTAC gave greater activity than with glutaraldehyde when coupled to β-galactosidase (Escherichia coli). The stability of the CTAC-β-galactosidase system was examined. The disubstituted p-amino-carbanilate derivative (CDAC) gave a lower activity, whereas the methylol analog (MCTAC) gave slightly greater activity. The CTAC was also used to immobilize glucose oxidase, trypsin, pepsin, and papain.
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    Hydrophobic chromatography of β-galactosidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 377-399 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrophobic interaction of β-galactosidase with Sepharose 4B substituted with 3,3′-diaminodipropylamine was studied in both batch and column experiments. The equilibrium and the binding rate constants were determined for different phosphate buffer concentrations. The equilibrium constants exhibit a hysteresis effect, i.e., desorption constants are less than adsorption constants, and the higher the ionic strength to start the desorption, the larger the effect. The rate data are not satisfactorily described by a simple reversible first-order model. The column chromatographic data are semiquantitatively described by a local equilibrium theory without axial dispersion or intraparticle diffusion.
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    Enzyme formation during solid-substrate fermentation in rotating vessels (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 411-420 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aspergillus awamori NRRL 4869 was cultured on the solid substrate, wheat bran, in a modified Rollacell apparatus to produce α-galactosidase and invertase. The swivel cap on the elongated bottle permits the introduction of air while the bottle rotates. Parameters of air flow rate (0.05-0.2 liter/kg/min), rpm (0.15-15 rpm), and weight of solids (150 and 300 g) were varied. At low air flow rates (0.05 liter/kg solid/min), α-galactosidase production was minimal independent of the rotation rate. At 0.15 rpm and 0.2 liter/kg solids/min air flow rate, invertase production ceased after five days; whereas α-galactosidase production continued. The modified Rollacell can be a useful apparatus for studying solid-substrate cultures.
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    Temperature and pH dependence of mold α-galactosidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 505-518 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of temperature and pH on kinetic behavior of α-galactosidase of Mortierella vinacea was investigated on the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside (PNPG). A very unusual kinetic behavior was observed for the soluble α-galactosidase i.e., substrate inhibition diminished gradually with increasing temperature or near the neutral pH range, and the kinetics approached the ordinary Michaelis-Menten (MM) type. On the other hand, with decreasing temperature or in acidic pH range, substrate inhibition was accelerated. Therefore, Arrhenius plots based on the initial reaction rate did not give straight lines. Furthermore, the slope in the Arrhenius plot changed with substrate concentration, which would make the determination of a characteristic value using conventional methods meaningless. However, the Arrhenius plots of individual kinetic parameters in the rate equation resulted in straight lines in the temperature range 15 to 50°C. From this, the drastic change in kinetic behavior could be explained in connection with the temperature and pH dependence of kinetic parameters in the model. For mold pellets (whole-cell enzyme), however, the influence of temperature and pH was less apparent than that of soluble enzyme because of the limitation in intraparticle diffusion. By using the rate equation that was determined for soluble enzyme and the theoretically derived effectiveness factor, the overall reaction rate for mold pellets at various temperature and pH could be predicted to some extent.
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    Optimization of the production of progesterone 11α-hydroxylase by Rhizopus nigricans (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 555-570 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The progesterone 11α-hydroxylase of Rhizopus nigricans ATCC 6227b is an inducible enzyme system that is primarily induced by its substrate progesterone. Maximum induction was found at a progesterone concentration of 0.5 g/liter or above. Oxygen is the other substrate for the hydroxylation and this was found to have a major effect on the amounts of hydroxylase synthesized. Optimum induction of the hydroxylase in a fermentation with a 3.1 m/sec impeller tip speed was found to occur at a dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) of 10% of air saturation. The agitation rate also effects the amount of hydroxylase synthesized with an apparent maximum at 3.1 m/sec impeller tip speed. The DOT for a maximum hydroxylation rate was much higher than for enzyme synthesis so that it was preferable to increase the DOT after induction was completed.
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    Growth of yeast on n-alkanes. II. Batch experiments (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 615-637 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper the results of the Monte Carlo simulations as described in an earlier paper are compared with those of batch experiments. A number of batch experiments were carried out at a low inoculation rate so that only a fraction of the oil drops were inoculated. Under these conditions the effect of the segregation of the oil phase is more clearly demonstrated. Special attention is paid to the preparation of actively growing yeast cells with which the cultures is inoculated. Also a method is developed to estimate the amount of actively growing cells with which the culture is inoculated. The other parameters necessary for the Monte Carlo simulation are measured in separate experiments: the maximum growth rate of the cells, oil drop size, and the drop parameters. Finally the growth curves (measured in the batch experiments) are compared with those calculated with the Monte Carlo procedure. A good agreement is found.
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    Mechanism of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: Effects of major structural features of cellulose on enzymatic hydrolysis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 177-199 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The susceptibility of cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis is affected by the structural features of cellulosic materials. It has been suggested that the crystallinity and surface area of cellulose fibers are the most important structural features in this regard. This study investigated in depth the relative effects of these two structural features upon the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and the change of the structural parameters of cellulose during the course of hydrolysis. It was found that the hydrolysis rate is mainly dependent upon the fine structural order of cellulose which can best be represented by the crystallinity rather than the simple surface area. Monitoring the changes in the structural parameters during the course of reaction showed that surface area is not a major limiting factor that slows hydrolysis in its late stages as has been suggested. This information concerning structural features is used to elucidate the mode of action of cellulase.
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    Simple device for the spectrophotometric assay of immobilized enzymesThis work was presented at the September 30, 1977 meeting of the New Mexico Academy of Science at Silver City, New Mexico. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 227-229 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Reactivation of “irreversibly” denaturated enzymes (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 247-251 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Growth energetics in the production of bacterial single cell protein from Methanol (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 353-362 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Bacteria grown on methanol exhibit a poor efficiency of energy conservation, which is mainly due to the low P/O ratio of 1 associated with methanol oxidation. Thermodynamic considerations indicate that a P/O ratio of at least 2 is possible for this step in substrate oxidation. This low efficiency of energy conservation is reflected in the yield values on methanol, which are very important in the consideration of biomass production from methanol. Unfortunately in continuous culture there is no obvious way to select for organisms with a greater efficiency of energy conservation.
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    Growth and anthocyanin production by carrot suspension cultures grown under chemostat conditions with phosphate as the limiting nutrient (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 337-352 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Chemostat cultures of carrot suspension cultures, where growth was limited by the concentration of phosphate in the input medium, were achieved by replacing a fixed proportion of the culture with fresh medium at daily intervals. In the range 0.05-0.30mM phosphate in the input medium and at a specific growth rate of 0.357 days-1, steady-state culture density but not anthocyanin in the cells was strictly proportional to the input phosphate concentration with no intercept. At a phosphate concentration of 0.10mM and growth rates from 0.105 to 0.430 days-1, the steady-state culture density could not be described by Monod's model of chemostat cultures, but could be described by Nyholm's model. The steady-state levels of anthocyanin were not strictly proportional to the steady-state biomass under all conditions, showing that anthocyanin production is not completely growth associated.
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    Growth kinetics under adenine-limiting conditions of Bacillus subtilis KYA 741, an adenine-requiring strain (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 401-410 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth kinetics of Bacillus subtilis KYA 741, an adenine-requiring strain, was investigated under adenine-limiting conditions. The concentration of adenine (the limiting substrate for cell growth) in the culture filtrate remained constant during the stationary phase. In this phase, DNA turnover was active and the DNA content per cell was constant throughout the cultivation period. When cells were transferred to medium without adenine, the cell concentration began to decrease immediately and then reached a constant level due to the supply of adenine from lysing to growing cells. The rates of degradation of cells and DNA were both found to be 0.2 hr-1. An equation for cell growth in this pseudostationary phase was obtained by combining Contois' equation, in which the apparent saturation constant was a function of the cell concentration, with a term for cell degradation. This equation satisfactorily expressed the feature of cell growth and adenine consumption by B. subtilis KYA 741 under adenine-limiting conditions.
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    The enzymatic conversion of L-histidine to urocanic acid by whole cells of Micrococcus luteus immobilized on carbodiimide activated carboxymethylcellulose (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 631-648 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Whole cells of Micrococcus luteus (formerly Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341) have been covalently linked to a carboxymethylcellulose support system, with the retention of histidine ammonia-lyase activity. The dependence of the rate of urocanic acid formation on pH, temperature, and added surfactant concentration was similar for the free and the immobilized cells.The immobilization procedure used is based on the carbodiimide activation of carboxymethylcellulose and has been optimized for the histidine ammonia-lyase activity of the immobilized cells on a given weight of cellulose.In a column reactor at 23°C and superficial velocity of 0.044 cm/min, 5 g of cellulose with bound cells gave a 35% conversion of an L-histidine solution (0.25M, pH 9.0) to urocanic acid for 16 days of continuous operation.The scope of this carbodiimide assisted immobilization procedure has been investigated for a series of microorganisms and a variety of carboxylate functionalized supports.
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    Oxygen transfer in mechanically agitated aqueous systems containing dispersed hydrocarbon (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 661-682 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of dispersed n -dodecane or n -hexadecane on the air-to-aqueous phase overall volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in a simulated (cell-free) stirred-tank fermentor is described. The oil volume fraction ranged from zero to 0.10; the ionic strength of the aqueous phases was varied from 0 to 0.45. The air-to-aqueous phase coefficients in both oil-free (KLa) and oil-bearing (KLa*) systems were evaluated from unsteady-state experiments using a membrane-covered probe to follow the aqueous phase dissolved oxygen tension.For all systems studied, KLa*/KLa was found to be independent of P/V and vs for all practical purposes. However, for a particular aqueous phase and at a given P/V and vs, the ratio KLa*KLa generally differed from unity. Depending on the combination of hydrocarbon type and volume fraction and the aqueous-phase ionic strength employed, the dispersed hydrocarbon may, in some cases, reduce the rate of oxygen transfer and in others enhance it relative to that of the corresponding oil-free gas-liquid dispersion. Enhancement of the air-to-aqueous transfer rate by such negative spreading coefficient hydrocarbons has not been reported previously.
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    Pepsin immobilized on inorganic supports for the continuous coagulation of skim milk (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 683-700 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The milk-clotting enzyme pepsin was immobilized onto beads of alumina, titania, glass, stainless steel, iron oxide, and Teflon for treating skim milk in a fluidized-bed reactor. Two covalent attachment procedures using silanized supports and glutaraldehyde and two adsorption procedures were evaluated. The three best catalysts were titania and glass, using the covalent attachment procedure, and alumina, using the adsorption procedure at pH 1.2. The pepsin adsorbed on alumina catalyst has commercial potential compared to the previously used glass catalyst. Attempts to increase the stability of pepsin adsorbed on alumina by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde were unsuccessful owing to the low pH necessary for optimum pepsin adsorption. Desorption of pepsin from alumina during reactor operation was determined. Regeneration of spent catalysts was only partially successful.
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    Enzymatic biosynthesis of cephalexin (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1237-1247 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reaction kinetics of the enzymatic of cephalexin from 7-aminodea-cetoxy cephalosporanic acid and phenylglycine methylester was studied using the synthesizing enzyme obtained from Xanthomonas citri. The activation energy, Km value for 7-aminodeacetoxy cephalosporanic acid and phenylglycine methylester, and Ki value for phenylglycine methylester were determined as 8.63 kcal/mol, 3.7mM, 14.5mM, and 70mM, respectively. The enzyme was found to be constitutive and susceptible to deactivation.
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    Introduction (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1295-1296 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220702
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    Ferrous iron oxidation and uranium extraction by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 727-740 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbiological oxidation of ferrous iron in batch and continuous systems has been investigated in relation to uranium extraction from a low-grade ore by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The influence of the parameters, agitation, and aeration on oxygen saturation concentration, rate of oxygen mass transfer, and rate of ferrous iron oxidation was demonstrated. The kinetic values, Vmax and K were determined using an adapted Monod equation for different dilution rates and initial concentrations of ferrous iron. The power requirements for initial leaching conditions were also calculated. Uranium extraction as high as 68% has been realized during nine days of treatment. Regrinding the leach residue and its subsequent leaching yielded 87% uranium solubilization.
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    Assimilation of liquid hydrocarbon by microorganisms. II. Growth kinetics (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 715-726 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth kinetics of a microorganism with high affinity for liquid hydrocarbon which has a low solubility in water was investigated for Candida intermedia IFO 0761 in our previous work.6 The microorganism contained a hydrocarbon pool in and/or on the cell. The transfer of water-soluble substrates to the cell was not the rate-limiting step in the growth of C. intermedia accompanied by clump formation with liquid hydrocarbon. The operating conditions necessary for the oxygen supply for the growth were adequate for the growth of C. intermedia on n-tetradecane. The saturation kinetics was valid for the specific growth rate of C. intermedia and specific concentration of hydrocarbon per unit cell mass; the specific growth rate was expressed by the following equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\mu = \frac{{\mu _{\max} \; {S \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {S X}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} X}}}{{K_S + {S \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {S X}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} X}}} $$\end{document}
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    Multiregion, multilayer, nonuniform diffusion model of an oxygen electrode (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 741-748 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    A proposal for accurate determination of “true” fractional retention of enzyme activity on immobilization (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 749-756 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    A kinetic model of catabolite repression in the dual control mechanism in microorganisms (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 757-764 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Continuous culture using a predispersed insoluble substrate (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 765-767 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Enzyme immobilization on activated carbon: Alleviation of enzyme deactivation by hydrogen peroxide (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 769-775 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    The use of coimmobilized lysozyme as a bactericide in enzyme columns: A step toward the design of self-sterilizing enzyme columns (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 777-780 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190601
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    The growth of molds in the form of pellets-a literature review (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 781-799 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Estimation of diffusion coefficients of proteins (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 947-955 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlation for estimating the diffusion coefficients of protein molecules is presented. The correlation is based upon literature values of the protein diffusion coefficients and molal volumes for 143 proteins. The correlation can be used for the estimation of diffusion coefficients using only molecular weight. Accuracy is such that a linear regression on 301 proteins showed 75% of the diffusion coefficients estimated fell within 20% of the experimental values. The relationship between this correlation, the Stokes-Einstein equation, and the Wilke-Chang correlation is discussed.
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    Surface aeration in a small, agitated, and sparged vessel (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 981-993 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a recent publication, a technique was outlined for measuring surface aeration rates in an agitated vessels while sparging, and it was shown that surface aeration rates fall rapidly with increasing sparge rates. That work was conducted in a 0.61 m diam vessels. The work reported here was done in a small vessel (0.22 m diam) where surface aeration has been reported to be of particular significance. In general, the results obtained in the small vessel confirmed those in the large one and in addition were generally in good agreement with those recently published elsewhere for an almost identical geometry. For typical practical power inputs and sparge rates, the rate of surface aeration was never more than 20% of the sparge rate and generally less than 5%. These results indicate that surface aeration is of considerably less importance than has generally been believed following the findings of workers who estimated its effect by comparing KLa values under unsparged conditions with those when sparging.
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    Enhancement of cellulose accessibility and enzymatic hydrolysis by simultaneous wet milling (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1025-1036 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been shown that the rate of enzymatic saccharification of cellulosic materials including “pure” cellulose (Whatman CF-11 cellulose), newsprint, lignocellulose (prehydrolyzed to remove hemicelluloses), and wood can be substantially increased by simultaneous wet milling. An enhanced hydrolysis rate was sustained above that observed for ball milling: providing a more extensive saccharification. The cellulosic substrates were wet milled with a variety of grinding elements, such as sand, glass beads, and stainless-steel beads, agitated in a shaker bath. Simultaneous hydrolysis was achieved with a 2% substrate slurry in a 0.1M acetate buffer at 45°C and pH 5. The effectiveness of this process was dependent upon the lignified matrix of the cellulose microfibrils, the grinding elements, and the oscillation frequency of the shaker bath. Wet milling “pure” cellulose for 48 hr, with 3.5 mm glass beads and 200 oscillations/min (opm), yielded 1031 mg reducing sugar/g substrates (93% saccharification) as compared to 483 mg (44%) for the ball-milled sample and 253 mg (23%) for the unmilled material. With the lignified substrates stainless-steel beads (3.5 mm) were more effective than glass. For lignocellulose 529 mg sugar/g substrate (93% saccharification) could be obtained by wet milling with cellulase for 24 hr. This was about three times greater than that of the ball milled (169 mg, 30%) and 10 times greater than that of the unmilled (52 mg, 9%) substrates. The method was also effective for wood particles (60 mesh) giving 143 mg sugar/g wood (approximately 38% saccharification) in 48 hr, whereas the ball-milled sample gave only 79 mg (21%) and the unmlilled substrate 38 mg (10%). These observations can be explained on the basis of the current crystalline theory for the morphology of the cellulosic microfibrils. The advantage of wet milling and simultaneous hydrolysis apparently depends on a continuous generation of accessible sites and sustained rapid hydrolysis rate as the saccharification proceeds, where in the pretreated substrates the hydrolysis rate slow down as the active sites are reduced.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220601
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    Purification and immobilization of Aspergillus niger β-xylosidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1127-1142 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Xylosidase from a commercial Aspergillus niger preparation was purified by differential ammonium sulfate precipitation and either gel permeation or cation exchange chromatography, giving 16-fold purification in 32% yield for the first technique or 27-fold purification in 19% yield for the second. The second method in addition almost completely removed interfering β-glucosidase activity. Enzymes prepared by this method was immobilized to 10 different carriers, but only when it was bound to alumina with TiCl4 and to alkylamine porous silica with glutaraldehyde were substantial efficiencies and stabilities achieved. With alumina, the variation of activation procedure, amount of β-xylosidase offered, and activation solution composition yielded maximum activities of over 40 U/g with approximately 70% immobilization efficiency. Variation of binding pH and incubation time led to a maximum immobilized activity of 1.3 U/g with 78% immobilization efficiency on silica.
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    Immobilized yeast cells with methanol oxidase activity: Preparation and enzymatic properties (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1155-1173 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cells form the yeast Hansenula polymorpha (ATCC 26012) were successfully immobilized by entrapment in a polyacrylamide gel. The resulting gel showed high methanol oxidase activity especially after treatment with a detergent (CTAB). The enzymatic properties of the gel-entrapped cell were not very different from that of the soluble enzyme except that no inhibition was observed at high methanol concentration. In continuous reactors, the gel-entrapped cells showed a much higher stability than other enzyme preparations. The inactivation mechanism was investigated and proved to be the oxidation of essential SH group(s) of the methanol oxidase molecule by hydrogen peroxide. Treatment with β-mercaptoethanol prevented inactivation or regenerated activity.
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    Polymethylglutamate as a new matrix for covalently immobilized enzymes: Preparation and properties of urease and uricase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1225-1235 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polymethylglutamate (PMG), a synthetic polypeptide, was used as a new carrier to immobilize urease (EC 3.5.1.5) and uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) by the azide method. The enzymes could be immobilized onto PMG in various forms, such as film, fiber, coating on various beads, and a silicon tube. The retained activities of the immobilized enzymes were excellent (more than 95%), therefore it was possible to immobilized almost all activities of the enzymes added in the coupling mixtures. Heat stabilities of the resulting immobilized enzymes were markedly improved, while the optimal pH and Km values remained almost unchanged. The urease immobilized on the PMG-coated glass beads packed in a column, was found to retain its activity more than 80% of the initial value, even after the occasional use for a year. In view of the improved retained activities and stabilities of the immobilized enzymes, PMG may therefore be a very versatile matrix for the immobilized enzymes.
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    Microcalorimetry of microorganism metabolism of monosaccharides and simple aromatic compounds (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1249-1269 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat conduction solution enable rapid determination of the heats of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of substrate by microorganisms. Aliquots of 1.0 ml cell suspension, 5 × 109 cell/ml, were mixed with a few dozen nmol substrate contained in 0.5 ml, under a controlled atmosphere of air, O2, or N2. At these substrate concentration, with adapted microorganisms, metabolism and its heat generation are usually complete within 300 to 600 sec. The raw data yield ΔHapp values. The ΔHapp were determined in the range 0.001 to 0.010% substrate, and extrapolated (limit substrate concentration →0), to yield Δ0H̄, the limiting differential molar heat of metabolism. The Δ0H̄ values express the heat generated when there is rapid metabolism but little new growth, minimal contribution by H+ transfer from metabolites, and maintenance of aerobicity or anaerobicity as specified. Escherichiacoli B/5 was used for aerobic and anaerobic combustion of eight sugars. Pseudomonas multivorans, and an Acinetobacter, strain B-1, were used for aerobic metabolism of benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and a methylnaphthalene. The larger heats of combustion of the hydrocarbons enable the use of aqueous solutions of hydrocarbons well below their solubility limits. The quotient Δ0H̄/n (n = atoms carbon/molecule substrate) varies from (-)36 to (-)67 kcal/mol carbon for the sugars. The most reduced sugar yields the largest exothermic heats. The quotient varies from (-)27 to (-)81 kcal/mol carbon for the aromatic hydrocarbons. Comparison of the calorimetric heats of metabolism of those from total aerobic combustion in aquo (where available) give measure of the efficiencies with which the heat contents of the aqueous substrate are used by the bacteria.
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    Growth kinetics and cellulase biosynthesis in the continuous culture of Trichoderma viride (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 941-958 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous culture studies have been carried out growing Trichoderma viride QM 9123 in a 10 liter stirred fermentor on a medium containing commercial glucose as the carbon source. Experiments were carried out at 30°C and at three controlled pH values of 2.5, 3.0, and 4.0, over a range of dilution rates from 0.01 to 0.11 hr-1. Steady-state values of cell, glucose, and cellulase concentration oxygen tension, and outlet gas oxygen partial pressure were recorded. Values of maximum specific growth rate, endogenous metabolism coefficient, Michaelis-Menten coefficient, yield and maintenance coefficient for glucose were derived and correlated the effect of the hydrogen ion concentration. Specific oxygen uptake rates were correlated with specific growth rates and absorption coefficients were shown to be a function of dilution rate independent of pH. Some data on cellulase biosynthesis were examined and correlated in terms of a maturation time model.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190702
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  • 93
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    Bacillus sphaericus for the control of mosquitoes (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1335-1355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From 1972 to 1977 a large laboratory effort was devoted to determining data on efficacy, safety, environmental impact (on nontarget organisms), and some preliminary field work using several isolates of Bacillus sphaericus. The B. sphaericus strains were found to be specific in their mosquito larvicidal activity, not causing mammalian toxicity nor apparent perturbation of the environment. During this period several fermentation and industrialization problems were investigated so that by 1978, using new strains and cultures, it was possible to have prepared kilogram amounts of an active dry stable powder, of strain 1593, for field evaluation. These field evolution. These field evaluations are presently still in progress. Control has been seen particularly against Culex, Anopheles, and Psorophora species, with some what less control aganst Aedes species. Unlike the agriculturally oriented Bacillus thuringiensis candidates, B. sphaericus bacterial cell, which is digested in the larval midgut (within a peritrophic membrane), releasing a toxin as early as 15 min after ingestion. Subsequent death of the larva ensues. Recent evidence suggests that applied B. sphaericus powder will survive in aquatic situations (ditches, ponds, and tree holes) for at least nine month. Comparisons of the B. sphaeicus strains with recently isolated strains of B. thuringiensis (var. israelensis), the latter being particularly active against Aedes species, indicates that they may be useful complements of each other in overall mosquito control strategies. The recent isolation of several new strains of B. thuringiensis, from WHO-CCBC accessions from Roumania, indicate that although the B. thuringiensis isolate is a rare event when compared to the occurrence of B. sphaericus isolates (they usually occur together in accessions from which B. thuringiensis is isolated), several new useful strains of B. thuringiensis should be anticipated. The longevity of the B. thuringiensis strains in the wild has not yet been investigated.
    Additional Material: 11 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220705
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  • 94
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    Partial acid hydrolysis of cellulosic materials as a pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1449-1463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Partial acid hydrolysis was studied as a per treatment to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis, such a pretreatment was carried out in a continuous flow reactor on oak corn Stover, newsprint, and Solka Floc at temperatures ranging from 160 to 220°C, acid concentration ranging from 0 to 1.2%, and a fixed treatment time of 0.22 min. The resulting slurries and solids were than hydrolyzed with Trichoderma ressei QM 9414 cellulase at 50°C for 48 hr. For all substrates except Solka Floc, increased glucose yields were achieved during enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated materials as compared to hydrolysis of the original substrate. In several cases, after pretreatment, 100° of the potential glucose content of the substrate was converted to glucose after 24hr of enzymatic hydrolysis. It is felt that the increased glucose yields achieved after this pretreatment are due to acid's removal of hemicellulose, reduced degree of polymerization, and possibly due to a change in the crystal structure of the cellulose.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220711
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  • 95
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    Enzymatic modification of vegetable protein: Mechanism, kinetics, and production of soluble and partially soluble protein in a batch reactor (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1543-1565 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble soybean protein by a protease enzyme produced by Penicillium duponti K 1104, was investigated in a batch reactor. The reaction conditions were 30-55°C and pH 3.4-3.7. The mechanism of solubilization of the insoluble protein by the Penicillium duponti enzyme was deduced from a series of experiments. Kinetic models were developed that involved adsorption followed by peptic digestion of protein, inhibition of low-molecular-weight peptides, and enzyme deactivation. The uncoupled kinetic parameters were estimated using the Marquardt nonlinear parameter estimation algorithm. A bang-bang production of soluble and partially soluble protein is suggested for higher productivity. The essential amino acids pattern of the enzyme-Hydrolyzed soy protein was comparable with the unhydrolyzed protein isolate. Aggregation of the soluble protein for an extended time was observable. The low-molecular-weight soluble protein was incorporated into noncarbonated beverages. The amount of protein that could be incorporated into a can of 355 ml noncarbonated beverage, without observable changes in the optical density and also aggregation of the protein, was 2.5 g soluble protein. Beverages with caramel color showed excessive decrease in optical density and precipitation. The kinetics and diffusion in a multipore immobilized-enzyme recycle reactor will be considered in part II of this series.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220804
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  • 96
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    Energy requirements for the vacuferm processPrepared for the U. S. Department of Energy under Contract No. W-7405-ENG-48. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1749-1751 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220815
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    Criteria for multiple steady states in immobilized-enzyme systemsNCL communication No. 2512. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1759-1765 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220817
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  • 98
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    Simple model for the energetics of growth on substrates with different degrees of reduction (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 33-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple model is developed for the energy transformation in growing microbial systems. The model is based on a linear equation for ATP consumption in the processes of growth and maintenance. A combination of this equation with macroscopic balances for the various components, the systems exchanges with the environment, and application of the concepts of the elementary balance allow the derivation of linear equations for the exchange of substrate, oxygen, and carbon dioxide with the environment. For growth on one sole carbon and energy source the model allows the definition of a critical substrate yield are expected and below which is decreasing substrate yield and energy supply growth limitation are expected. This restriction can be interpreted in a variety of other ways. It supplies a rationale for non-energy-production-coupled transfer of hydrogen to oxygen or wasteful expenditure of ATP in growth on highly reduced substrates. It also allows the formulation of a limit to the maximum yield on oxygen that can never be exceeded in growth on highly reduced substrates.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220104
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  • 99
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    Dynamic aspects of radiorespirometry during the cell cycle of Candida utilis: Some observations in phased culture under carbon-, nitrogen-, and phosphorus-limited growthNRCC NO. 17791. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 137-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many changes that occur in a cell during the cell cycle can be demonstrated in synchronous cultures and can reveal dimensions of cell metabolism not attainable by the study of balanced growth of asynchronous populations in batch cultures or the steady state in chemostat cultures. The release of 14CO2 from specifically labeled glucose by phased (continuously synchronized) cultures follows a characteristic pattern (profile) that depends upon the stage in the cell cycle and the period of labeling used. Successive profiles throughout a cycle showed differences that were altered under different nutrient-limiting growth conditions. Profiles obtained with glucose-1-14C, glucose-2-14C, glucose-3,4-14C, and glucose-6-14C and phased cells of Candida utilis under N-, P-, and C-limited growth demonstrated the variable character of the metabolic activity that occurred in the cells while contour changes within the profiles across the cycle indicated possible correlations with activities of the hexose monophosphate, Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas, and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways during the cell cycle. The basis of these changes and their use as elementary parameters for study of problems of physiological changes in vivo are considered.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220111
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  • 100
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    Experimental technique for multilayer enzyme immobilization (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220115
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