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  • 1
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 115-130 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The investigation of the convergence properties of matrix iterative processes usually involves test matrices of high order. This fact may prohibit an analytic approach to the problem. In this paper a method is presented which converts the multidimensional test procedure into a scalar one. The method is presented in conjunction with the problem of matrix orthogonalization which exists in Strapdown Inertial Navigation. Three examples are presented in which the convergence of matrix orthogonalization techniques is investigated. The examples demonstrate the use of the unidimensional convergence test in determining the order of the processes and in finding sufficient conditions for convergence. Numerical results are presented.
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  • 2
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 194-198 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper contains an algorithm for the ordering of elements in the finite element method, which can be utilized in the Non-assembly Method of the author and in the Frontal Solution Method of B. M. Irons.
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  • 3
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 231-246 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Based on a generalized complementary energy principle the derivation of the element matrices is presented for calculation of natural frequencies. The degrees-of-freedom are not defined on nodal points but in an abstract way. No restrictions about the number of interpolation functions in the interior and at the boundaries of the element have been introduced. The exact solution of the discretized element equations leads to the dynamic stiffness matrix while the approximate solution results in a linear eigenvalue problem. Plate bending problems are used to study the convergence of frequencies depending on the degrees of interpolation functions within the element and on its boundaries and on the number of elements.
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  • 4
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 247-267 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Block-Stodola eigensolution method is presented for large algebraic eigensystems of the form AU = λBU where A is real but non-symmetric. The steps in this method parallel those of a previous technique for the case when both A and B were real and symmetric. The essence of the technique is simultaneous iteration using a group of trial vectors instead of only one vector as is the case in the classical Stodola-Vianello iteration method. The problem is then transformed into a subspace where a direct solution of the reduced algebraic eigenvalue problem is sought. The main advantage is the significant reduction of computational effort in extracting a subset of eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors. Theorems from linear algebra serve to underlie the basis of the present technique. Complex eigendata that emerge during iteration can be handled without doubling the size of the problem. Higher order eigenvalue problems are reducible to first order form for which this technique is applicable. The treatment of the quadratic eigenvalue problem illustrates the details of this extension.
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  • 5
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 377-382 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 6
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 393-395 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 7
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 404-405 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 8
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 411-417 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We suggest an exercise which illustrates many of the fundamental ideas of finite elements, and is nevertheless easily programmed and quickly solved. It is governed by a partial differential equation on a circular region, but by maintaining symmetry the stiffness matrix becomes small and tridiagonal. The accuracy of linear elements can be studied in detail, and a straightforward extension leads to the eigenvalue problem, elements of higher degree, numerical integration, isoparametric elements, and a simple example in plasticity.
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  • 9
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 469-480 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A novel method is proposed for the numerical computation of Fourier coefficients in the range of higher frequencies for which hitherto no practical method was available. The accuracy of the results obtained by application of this method is discussed, and bounds of a correction term are determined accordingly. An example from the field of Diesel engine research is given, and the computed spectrum is compared with the spectrum recorded by an electronic harmonic analyzer.
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  • 10
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 185-190 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 11
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 204-207 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 12
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 269-287 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element formulations based on the Galerkin and variational principles have been developed for the self-adjoint and non-self-adjoint problems represented respectively by the flow and convective-dispersion equations in the cylindrical polar system of co-ordinates. The formulation based on the variational principle is shown to be restricted to dispersion-dominant transports only. The Galerkin method is demonstrated to be more versatile and free from convergence and stability problems. The computational scheme based on the Galerkin principle is shown to be equally valid for both convection and dispersion dominant transports. The numerical results obtained are verified with known analytical solutions. It is concluded that the suggested scheme can be used in solving a variety of field problems involving groundwater dispersion.
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  • 13
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 579-591 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The indirect design problem for compressible fluid flow in a channel determines the physical shape of the channel from the prescribed flow on the channel boundary. In this paper, a global variational method for the solution of this problem is described.The non-linear equations are solved by iteration; at each step of this iteration the solution to the equations (which are now linear) is found by a global variational method. The variational method differs from conventional methods in that the trial function does not satisfy the prescribed boundary conditions, but the method reproduces the conditions on the boundary.Results are presented for various physical quantities associated with the channel.Some comments are made on the extensions of these methods to supersonic flow and to the realistic cascade design problem.
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  • 14
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 605-605 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 15
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 611-622 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A complete analytical analysis of three-dimensional, quadratic displacement tetrahedron elements is presented. The results show that the element stiffness can readily be obtained from the much simpler stiffness matrix of the linear displacement element. Thus, the task of obtaining the matrix of the quadratic displacement element is, in effect, reduced to finding that of the linear displacement element.The analysis has been made possible only by using a symbolic manipulation language (PL/I-FORMAC) on a computer. A rather general program for computer-aided basic element analysis is presented. It seems that the extremely effective tool of symbolic manipulation has hardly been used until now in mechanics.
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  • 16
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 407-407 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 17
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 431-438 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A direct numerical method is presented for the solution of classes of non-linear, singular Volterra integral and integro-differential equations of the types where y is the unknown and the Fs and Gs are given but to a large extent arbitrary functions of their arguments. The adaptation of the method to other equations, in particular with different kernels, is immediate.
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  • 18
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 817-832 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An interative approach is proposed for the numerical analysis of elastic-plastic continua. This approach gives after convergence an implicit scheme of integration of the evolution problem, and is concerned with elastic-perfectly plastic materials and with hardening standard materials. Under a generalized assumption of positive hardening, the proof of convergence of the iterative solutions is given. Some numerical examples by the finite element method are also discussed.
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  • 19
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 875-881 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An elasto-plastic finite element small displacement procedure to predict the behaviour of structures under cyclic loads is presented. The solution combines incremental procedure with correction for equilibrium and iterative scheme. Applications are made for a rectangular strip and a notched bar under cyclic axial loads. Flow theory of plasticity with either isotropic hardening or kinematic linear hardening is used.
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  • 20
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 771-796 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The objective of the paper is a survey and classification of available numerical methods for boundary value problems with an emphasis on two point boundary value problems. In the paper a general two point boundary value problem is stated first and later available numerical methods are classified into five main groups according to their approach in numerical solution. In the next sections of the paper, each of these main groups are described and appropriate subgroups are defined and discussed.
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  • 21
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 945-962 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A two-dimensional isoparametric Hermitian element is investigated for use in potential field problems with irregular geometry. Nodal degrees-of-freedom are the potential, the gradients in the directions normal and tangential to the element sides, and the twist. In applying the isoparametric principle a simple approximation is used which in general guarantees C1 continuity only at the element corners. The present version is restricted to 90-degree interior angles.The element is applied in the Galerkin solution of the steady-state continuity equation and several examples are presented. It is found that in cases where the potential field is simple but the element is strongly distorted, gradients obtained from the Hermite are not as accurate as those from the Lagrange-type cubic element having the same number of degrees-of-freedom. When the potential field is complex and the distortion is small, the Hermitian gradients are comparable to those of the Lagrange cubic; with increasing distortion they are comparable at the boundaries but less so in the interior. The errors in the potentials themselves are very similar, both elements giving a high degree of accuracy.Since all of its degrees-of-freedom are shared by four elements in the interior of a grid, the Hermite element is approximately 20 per cent more efficient than the Lagrange cubic for all but the smallest grids. Also, since the Hermite uses fewer nodes, data handling is greatly reduced. The element appears to be attractive at least in the area of groundwater flow.
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  • 22
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1005-1027 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Optimization techniques are applied to the design of both hydrodynamic journal and tilting pad thrust bearings. Fletcher's adaptation of Davidon's gradient search method is further modified to deal with non-linear constraints in journal bearing design. A form of the Sequential Simplex is used for tilting pad thrust bearings. Penalty functions and variable transformations are used in both cases. Composite objective functions are included and the effect of weighting on each component of the composite function is investigated.
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  • 23
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 623-640 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method is presented for the minimum weight optimum design of laminated fibre composite plates, subject to multiple inplane loading conditions, which includes stiffness, strength and elastic stability constraints. The buckling analysis is based on an equivalent orthotropic plate approach leading to two uncoupled eigenproblems per load condition. Overall computational efficiency is achieved by using constraint deletion techniques in conjunction with Taylor series approximations for the constraints retained. The optimization algorithm used, namely the method of inscribed hyperspheres, is a sequence of linear programs technique which exhibits rapid convergence in this application. Several example problems are given to demonstrate that the method presented offers an efficient and practical optimum design procedure for the fundamental and recurring problem treated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 709-728 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The penalty function approach has been recently formalized as a general technique for adjoining constraint conditions to algebraic equation systems resulting from variational discretization of boundary value problems by finite difference or finite element techniques. This paper studies the numerical behaviour of the penalty function method for the special case of individual equation constraints imposed on a symmetric system of linear algebraic equations. Constraint representation and computational roundoff error components are distinguished and asymptotically characterized in terms of the penalty function weight coefficients. On the basis of this study, practical rules for the automatic assignment of values to those coefficients within the linear equation solver are proposed. Numerical problems encountered in the case of more general constraints are briefly discussed, and procedures for circumventing such difficulties are suggested.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 756-758 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 766-767 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 770-770 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1107-1115 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Based on the Lagrange multiplier's concept, a superposition method of analytical and finite element solutions has been developed to solve efficiently various non-linear and/or time-dependent problems in structural mechanics. According to the theory, the transient creep behaviour of a cantilever beam is analysed as an expository example.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1198-1198 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 883-895 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The analysis of stresses and deformations in concrete structures subjected to temperature gradients is described. As a result of the spatial variation of temperature, the creep compliance is a function of position. Previous work has shown that the constitutive equations for concrete creep can be expressed in a form which is invariable although ageing is included in the analysis. Thus viscoelastic methods can be used and correspondence principles can be developed; emphasis is placed in the present work on those which are based on the Laplace transform. A particular form is described, in which replacement of the elastic modulus by a function of the transformed creep compliance gives transformed values of stress; these values are easily obtained numerically by the finite element method using elastic analyses. The transformed values of stress are then expressed as approximate functions of the transformed creep compliance; inversion of the ensuing functions gives the stress as an approximate function of time. Two applications are given; the first considers a simple axially loaded column with reinforcement and the second deals with a thick cylinder subjected to a temperature gradient.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 908-910 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 933-943 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of heat conduction in a multiphase medium is a free boundary problem in which the free boundary is the phase transition line. The solution to this problem is highly irregular in that the temperature gradient is discontinuous at the free boundary. Two-dimensional, discontinuous, space-time finite elements are introduced to obtain a finite element, free boundary formulation for this problem. The jump in heat flux and position of the phase transition line become dependent variables in the finite element model. The resulting models give accurate results while allowing the calculation of free boundary problems with a fixed finite element mesh.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 975-993 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Formulated in the hodograph plane, the bi-dimensional flow of a perfect fluid past a symmetric body leads to an elliptic variational inequality. By this way we show the existence of a one-parameter family of solutions. Furthermore the study gives us a simple and effective method for calculating the solutions. The results obtained with some typical profiles are given and compared with previous works.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 995-1003 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper the geometric stiffness matrices of a 12 degree-of-freedom rectangular element based on a fully compatible displacement field are developed for the first time and used to solve the elastic stability problem of rectangular plates under combined in-plane forces.The rapid convergence of buckling solutions based on the derived geometric stiffness matrices is demonstrated for plates with various boundary and loading conditions. Comparison of results shows that the present conforming element gives in all cases better results than the well known 12 degree-of-freedom non-conforming rectangular element.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1044-1048 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite difference approximation for the equilibrium equation of a thin, laterally loaded, elastic plate of variable stiffness is developed; it uses plate stiffnesses at node points and at points midway between the nodes of the rectangular grids. Displacement and moment results using this operator and an alternate one are compared.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1056-1056 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1067-1081 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Existing theory is assembled to give a method which needs only the core of a mini-computer to calculate the eigenvalues of large rigidly jointed plane frames with certainty, the eigenvalues being natural frequencies and critical load factors in free vibration and buckling problems, respectively. The method is illustrated by annotated listings of vibration and buckling programs, each involving under two hundred Fortran statements and with low number storage requirements (see Table I). The use of the programs as ‘black boxes’ is fully explained, with illustrative examples.The member theory used is the ‘exact’ classical Bernoulli-Euler uniform member theory. Possible applications include: evaluation of answers from approximate methods; calculation of critical loads for substitution in the modified Merchant-Rankine formula to estimate collapse loads of frames; and calculation of shifts in natural frequencies caused by structural damage, in connection with structural integrity monitoring of inaccessible structures.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1155-1174 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The convergence properties of several non-linear solution procedures were examined with respect to the accelerated flow of a fluid in a converging channel (the Hamel problem), using two different finite element computer programs with different elemental construction. The Reynolds number varied from that for creeping flow to 1088 without exceeding the radius of convergence. Special attention was given to the successive substitution and Newton-Raphson solution algorithms, with a significant advantage in rate of convergence noted for the latter.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1579-1592 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: This paper presents an unconditionally stable explicit algorithm for the direct integration of the structural dynamic equations of motion. The algorithm is restricted to a diagonal mass matrix and positive definite symmetric stiffness and damping matrices. The algorithm is based on splitting the stiffness and damping matrices into strictly lower and upper trangular form. Unconditional stability is proven, but only for the undamped case and a completely symmetric splitting of the stiffness matrix. An alternate splitting method is also presented and numerical examples indicate superior performance over the symmetric splitting, but only a conditional stability. A spring-mass-dashpot model is used to illustrate the algorithm.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1627-1630 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1621-1626 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: Using a finite element method, a value of 13.2 per cent is obtained for the die swell of a highly-viscous Newtonian fluid flowing at very low Reynolds number from a circular tube of constant radius. The same method is then used to obtain die swell values for a variety of axisymmetric tube exits. It is found that, in general, conical constrictions at or near the tube exit result in a decrease in die swell, while conical expansions increase the die swell.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1261-1269 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The non-linear steady state response of structures with curvature is investigated through the expository example of a shallow circular arch. A consistent mass finite element formulation is employed to derive the governing non-linear differential equations.These equations are solved by assuming a single mode expansion reducing the governing equations to the single degree-of-freedom Duffing's equation with a quadratic term. The non-symmetric amplitude-frequency curve is derived and compared with results previously obtained by direct integration of the equations of motion.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1329-1333 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: Temperature load on a shell is usually represented as initial strains in the tangent plane directions of the shell, since strains in shell surface normal directions are neglected. It is shown, however, that this simplification may give rise to significant errors for thick curved shell elements. A procedure to overcome this problem is presented. In particular the eight-node subparametric thick shell element is considered.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1879-1892 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An iterative method for numerically solving the time independent Navier-Stokes equations for viscous compressible flows is presented. The method is based upon partial application of the Gauss-Seidel principle in block form to the systems of the non-linear algebraic equations which arise in construction of finite element (Galerkin) models approximating solutions of fluid dynamic problems. The C0-cubic element on triangles is employed for function approximation. Computational results for a free shear flow at Re = 1000 indicate significant achievement of economy in iterative convergence rate over finite element and finite difference models which employ the customary time dependent equations and symptotic time marching procedure to steady solution. Numerical results are in excellent agreement with those obtained for the same test problem employing time marching finite element and finite difference solution techniques.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1851-1863 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The boundary control problem of optimal heating of an infinitely long slab with tempertue-dependent thermal conductivity, subjected to a convection and radiation boundary condition, is analysed by numerical methods.In order to reformulate the optimal control problem of distributed parameter systems as a mathematical programming problem of finite dimension, a space, co-ordinate is discretized by use of the finite element method, while the Runge-Kutta method is utilized for time integrations. Finally, the performance index of the optimal control problem is minimized by the conjugate gradient method of optimization.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1879-1879 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 37-50 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 11-35 
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    Notes: Finite element equivalents of the equations governing shearing and buoyancy driven flows are derived, and reduced to upwind forms suitable for the solution of problems in which the Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers are large. A modification to the central difference iterative method is studied which increases the Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers for which a central difference form may be used. A comparison is made between the results obtained using the central and upwind forms of the finite element method and those predicted by finite difference methods in the case of flow in a cavity. A mesh refinement study is made. The upwind forms of the finite element equations are applied to the solution of a complex flow problem involving the flow of glass in a throated furnace in the case of constant- and temperature- dependent viscosity and conductivity.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 51-68 
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    Notes: The 18 degree-of-freedom flat triangular shell element is reformulated by combining the well-known bending triangle with a plane stress triangle incorporating in-plane rotations at each vertex. Both elements are displacement formulated. The plane stress element's displacement interpolation is incomplete and hence convergence to exact solutions is precluded. Comprehensive test results are presented for several types of problem including plane stress, thin shells and folded plates. The results indicate that the element does produce rapidly convergent answers. However these answers are not the correct ones, although they may be acceptable engineering approximations in many applications. Further, the element seems to provide reasonably good results even for relatively coarse element grids.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 81-102 
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    Notes: The paper considers the finite element analysis of the free, undamped and the forced damped vibrations of rotationally periodic structures. Associated with every natural frequency (except for those for which the deflection is the same at corresponding points on every substructure) there are a pair of orthogonal mode shapes, with eigenvectors {u} and {ü}. The complex vector {z}={u}+i{ü} is also an eigenvector of the equations of motion, and represents a rotating normal mode. The deflection of one substructure has the same amplitude as, and a constant phase difference from the deflection of the preceding substructure. It is therefore possible to analysse the complete structure by considering only one substructure, and applying appropriate complex constraints at its boundary with the following substructure, so as to and applying appropriate complex constrainsts at its boundary with the following substructure, so as to impose this phase difference. The method has been implemented in a computer program and is illustrated by analyses of an alternator end winding, a cooling tower with legs, and a wheel of turbine blades.For forced vibration, it is shown that any arbitrary oscillatory force can be decomposed into a series of rotating forces. For any one of these rotating components, there is a fixed relationship between the amplitude and phase of the force acting on one substructure, and that acting on an adjoining substructure. This relationship, which does not involve any approximation, can be used to enable a series of calculations of the response of one substructure to be performed instead of one on the whole structure. A series of calculations on an individual substructure normally requires much less computer time and storage than a single calculation on the complete structure.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 115-124 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: Load-free notch surfaces of bodies made of a linear-elastic, homogeneous, isotropic material are optimized within given variation domains by means of an interation procedure so that the occurring maximum tangéntial stress is reduced to a minimum. The hypothesis of a constant tangential stress distribution for obtaining minimal notch stresses proposed by R. V. Baud has been confirmed by means of the Fade-away Law of the notch stress theory. The finite element method is applied for calculating the displacement and stress field of the styructure. An increment procedure is used for determing the displacement field after every iteration step, which permits the calculation of the displacement quantities with sufficient accuracy in a single step. Numerical solutions and their comparison with analytical solutions and stress results obtained with the aid of photo-elasticity confirm the usefulness of this procedure. The known optimization methods1,2 differ from those used in the present paper.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 317-336 
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    Notes: This paper presents a novel integral-equation technique for solving the steady-state wave-resistance problem. The free-surface condition is linearized, but the body condition is satisfied exactly. An integral relation describing the flow inside an arbitrarily truncated internal region is first obtained by applying Green's Theorem, using only the simple source function for an infinite fluid. The internal flow is next matched with eigen expansions in the upstream and downstream outer regions. The radiation condition can be satisfied exactly simply by a proper choice of the solution form in these outer regions. The method is applied to investigate flows about both lifting and non-lifting two-dimensional bodies. Agreement with existing results is excellent. The present formulation provides a simple yet rational basis for tackling the practical three-dimensional ship-wave problem, in which past workers have encountered considerable difficulties using a complicated free-surface Green function.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 379-408 
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    Notes: In this paper we present an algorithm for adaptively computing smooth piecewise polynomial approximations using restricted range uniform approximations on a finite point set. We also present several numerical examples and offer suggestions for the effective use of this algorithm. We have found the algorithm to be effective for approximating a wide class of functions, either with or without significant levels of noise. Furthermore, since the user of this algorithm actually defines tolerance bands within which the approximation will lie, the algorithm allows the user a great deal of flexibility and control over the shape of the resulting approximations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 337-357 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The use of contacting components such as gear teeth in mesh and shrink-fitted shafts is very common in engineering practice. This paper deals with the development of a theoretical method which gives a solution for non-linear contact problems with irreversibility resulting from stick-slip phenomenon.The method is based on the finite element method and load incremental theory. The geometrical and the statical boundary conditions on contact surfaces are treated as additional conditions being independent of stiffness equations. As a result, the algorithm of calculation is simplified and only a part of the simultaneous equations related to the contact surfaces is required to be solved instead of the overall stiffness equations at each step. Furthermore, the magnitude of load causing a change in a contact condition of one contact nodepair is taken as a load increment, in analogy with the incremental iterative procedure for elastic-plastic problems. Therefore, the method provides a general and efficient method for analysis and design of such problems.As illustrative examples, the stick-slip behaviour of turbo-alternator end-bells and other problems are discussed. The calculated results show a reasonable agreement with experimental data and other solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 507-513 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 499-505 
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    Notes: The method for the evaluation of the thermal loads used in the incremental finite element analysis of elasto-plastic stress is presented. The stress distributions obtained by two apparently possible methods for evaluation of the thermal loads are compared.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 475-497 
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    Notes: This paper presents an isoparametric finite element formulation for the torsion and the flexure due to end shears for the beam cross-sections of arbitrary shape. Isoparametric line elements are developed using this formulation for the beam cross-sections consisting of very thin wall open or close multicells. Isoparametric transition elements are also developed for the beam cross-sections consisting of both thin wall sections and solid like sections. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and the applications of such elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 515-529 
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    Notes: A new element stiffness matrix is derived for straight cable elements subjected to tension and torsion. The cross-section of a cable, which may consist of many different structural components, is treated in the following as a single composite element. The derivation is quite general; consequently, the results can be used for a broad category of cable configurations. Individual helical armourning wires, for instance, may have unique geometric and material properties. In addition, no limit is placed on the number of wire layers. Furthermore, compressibility of the central core element can also be considered. The equations of equilibrium are first derived to include ‘internal’ geometric non-linearties produced by large deformations (axial elongation and rotatioin) of a straight cable element. These equations are then linearized in a consistent manner to give a liner stiffness matrix. Linear elasticity is assumed throughout. Excellent agreement with experimental results for two different cables validates the correctness of the analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 531-544 
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    Notes: A high precision triangular thick orthotropic plate bending element on an elastic foundation is developed for the free vibration analysis of thick plates on elastic foundation. The element has three nodes with twelve degrees-of-freedom per node, and takes into account the shear deformation and rotatory inertia. The accuracy of the element is established by comparison of the natural frequencies of certain thick and thin plates, determined from a consistent mass matrix formulation, with available results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 545-565 
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    Notes: A finite element simulation of the equations of momentum and energy transport in fluids has been implemented with triangular elements. An attempt is made to single out the reasons for numerical instabilities reported by other investigators for convection-diffusion transport operations in fluid mechanics when the ratio of the convective to the diffusive terms, measured by the Reynolds and Peclét numbers, is of the order of a hundred. To this end, the equations are solved for several problems to permit a direct comparison with results of other formulations. It is shown that the appearance of instability can be delayed by a proper choice of boundary conditions, and its intensity can be reduced through the use of triangular finite elements. Results agree very well with theoretical solutions for particular test problems including flows with large convection effects, large dissipation effects and fluids with temperature dependent properties.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 567-580 
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    Notes: Methods are described and reviewed for the accurate numerical evaluation of improper integrals encountered in conformal transformation solutions involving boundaries of relatively complicated shape. Four methods are reviewed for the solution of integrals containing end-point singularities. Two new methods are discussed for the solution of integrals containing both end point singularities and simple poles within the range of integration. One method uses a combination of a simple recursive formula and the coefficients of a Chebyshev series and a second method involves subtracting out the singularity and the use of Gauss-Jacobi quadrature. Both methods can give results of high accuracy and an upper limit of the error is readily found. A numerical example is taken which is typical of the application to practical problems and this brings out a comparison of the two methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 633-645 
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    Notes: This paper present an algorithm and its corresponding FORTRAN IV program which solves a system of simultaneous equations of the type generated in structural analysis. It is based on the Gauss elimination method, so it is a direct method. But it only needs to have in core as many equations as it can contain, with a minimum of two. The program offers the following advantages: (a) Takes into account zeros to avoid operations. (b) Considers very big numbers in the diagonal, corresponding to boundary conditions, to avoid operations. (c) It can handle several load cases either simultaneously or in groups, at choice.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 786-786 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 787-790 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 785-786 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. i 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. ii 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 791-812 
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    Notes: The essence of the proposed curvilinear finite difference solution method is the direct solution of the transformed fourth order partial differentiall equation using the finite difference expressions based on the flexible structure so that the geometry generality of the finite element method can be approached. The examples of applications indicte that the curvilinear mesh can be used and the boundary condition on the curved boundary can be easily and accurately prescribed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 813-836 
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    Notes: An interactive computer graphics system has been developed for generating the geometric description of an arbitrary shell surfface. The various difficulties facing the user of sophisticated, doubly-curved shell finite elements and the inefficiency of preprocessing for shell analysis are discussed to explain the benefits of this system. The method is a synthesis of spline theory and algorithms, and an interactive means for man-machine communication. The basic technique employed is a modified lofting method in which cardinal splines. An inversion procedure is incorporated which increases significantly the efficiency of the B-spline approximation process. Static and dynamic graphic displays greatly enhance visualization at any stage of the procedure. Two examples of practical interest are presented in some detail to demonstratge the flexibility and usefulness of this approach. Some natural extensions of this system for interactive mesh generation on the surface are also demonstrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 837-853 
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    Notes: Three widely-used nodal resequencing algorithms were tested and compared for their ability to reduce matrix profile and root-mean-square (rms) wavefront, the latter being the most critical parameter in determining matrix decomposition time in the NASTRAN finite element computer program. The three algorithms are Cuthill-McKee (CM), Gibbs-Poole-Stockmeyer (GPS), and Levy. Results are presented for a diversified collection of 30 test problems ranging in size from 59 to 2680 nodes. It is concluded that GPS is exceptionally fast, and, for the conditions under which the test was made, the algorithm best able to reduce profile and rms wavefront consistently well. An extensive bibliography of resequencing algorithms is included.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 855-870 
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    Notes: A simple computer method is presented for analysing statically indeterminate beams having sectionally constant EI values and loads consisting of any number of arbitrarily placed concentrated forces and couples as well as any number of uniform and ramp loads. Unknown reactions are treated as parameters which are determined by simulataneous imposition of end conditions and interior constraints. Support locations are specified independently of any discontinuites of load or cross-section. A computer program implementing this method is described which has very concise data input considerably shorter than tupically required in programs based on the stiffness method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 871-903 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In References 1 and 2, algorithms were introduced for adaptively computing smooth piecewise polynomial approximations using uniform, least-squars (l2) and restricted-range uniform approximations. This present paper introduces a FORTRAN program for computing smooth piecewise polynomial approximations to data and/or precise mathematical functions (in discrete form) which allows the user the option of using best l1 of best l2 approximations. (The l2 option of this newly developed l1-l2 adaptive curve-fitting package supersedes the code listed in Reference 1 for the old least-squares program.) In this paper, adaptive curve-fitting algorithm used in this l1-l2 package is described in detail, the FORTRAN program is the given (in the Appendix) and discussed, the numerical results are presented in an effort to illustrate how the l1 and l2 versions of this algorithm may be used most effectively.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 905-911 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical experiment has been conducted to check theeffectiveness and reliablity of the orthnormalization process tosolve two-point boundary value problems. This process in usedalong with the method of superposition in the linear case andwith the quasilinearization and then the method of superpositionin the non-linear case.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 921-931 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Truncation errors introduced by operator splittingtechniques, such as the ADI scheme, are discussed in the contextof the two-dimensional shallow-water equations. Numericalexamples of flow along a uniform channel, with and withoutfriction, illustrate the practical significance of these errors when the boundary is not aligned with the computational gridaxes. With irregular boundaries the maximum time step aceptable ismore severely restricted than has been realized hitherto. The problem, which is shown to stem from the treatment of the boundary conditons, is inherent in any splitting scheme and is difficult to circumvent.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 913-920 
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    Notes: Long thin test specimens of orthotropic material are modelledby quadratic isoparametric finite elements in plane strain. Displacement oscillations occur down the long free edge of themodel with both reduced (2 × 2) and full (3 × 3) integration, themagnitude of the oscillations being affected by element aspectratio and the elastic constants of the material. The rate ofdiffusion of stress as predicted by the classical shear-lag theory, being dependent on the material constants, is reflectedin the displacement oscillations near the load in 3 × 3integration. In 2 × 2 integration, however, this effect is swampedby the build-up of oscillations away from the restraints in alowenergy deformation mode which becomes dominant as the elementaspect ration is increased. These latter voscillations arepredicted by the illconditioning of the structural stiffnessmatrix measured by a solution diagonal decay factor.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 937-941 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 933-936 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 946-948 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 942-945 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 949-959 
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    Notes: A modification of the collocation method for the numerical solution of Cauchy-type singular integral equations appearing in plane elasticity and, especially, crack problems is proposed. This modification, based on a variable transformation, applies to the case when the unknown function of the singular integral equation behaves like A(x - c)α + B(x - c)β, where α 〈 0, 0 〈 β - α 〈 1, near an endpoint c of the integration interval. In plane elasticity such a point is either a crack tip or a corner point of the boundary of the elastic medium. Thus the method seems to be quite efficient for the numerical evaluation of generalized stress intensity factors near such points. A successful application of the method to the classical plane elasticity problem of an antiplane shear crack terminating at a bimaterial interface was also made.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 961-986 
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    Notes: An updated Lagrangian and a total Lagrangian formulation of a three-dimensional beam element are presented for large displacement and large rotation analysis. It is shown that the two formulations yield identical element stiffness matrices and nodal point force vectors, and that the updated Lagragian formulation is computationally more effective. This formulation has been implemented and the resulted of some sample analyses are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 987-1000 
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    Notes: A new numerical method of calculating unsteady-state heat conduction and thermal stresses by using improved coefficient matrix patterns on the nodal points of a structure is given. Good agreement is obtained between our results and the rigorous results, and this method seems to yield better accuracy than other well-known approximate methods for two-dimensional transient thermal stress problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1001-1019 
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    Notes: The homogeneous Dirichlet problem for the biharmonic operator is solved as the variational formulation of two coupled second-order equations. The discretization by a mixed finite element model results in a set of linear equations whose coefficient matrix is sparse, symmetric but indefinite. We describe a class of preconditioned conjugate gradient methods for the numerical solution of this linear system. The precondition matrices correspond to incomplete factorizations of the coefficient matrix. The numerical results show a low computational complexity in both number of computer operations and demand of storage.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1021-1035 
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    Notes: Methods for comparing the accuracy of numerical methods for the solution of parabolic partial differential equations are briefly surveyed. Criteria for a more systematic comparison are proposed and applied to an accuracy comparison of the classical and the modified Saul'yev methods and the Crank-Nicholson method on a simple linear problem. The results obtained, which include observation of the existence of optimal spatial mesh size for the two Saul'yev methods, are discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1051-1061 
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    Notes: The application of finite element methods to parabolic partial differential equations leads to large linear systems of first-order ordinary differential equations. Very often these systems are stiff and difficulties arise in their numerical solution. We attempt to analyse the problem of how to select numerical methods for the solution of such linear systems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1037-1050 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The nonlinear impact of a vehicle against a deformable barrier and its subsequent rebound from that barrier are simulated. A one-dimensional elastoplastic model represents the vehicle as a series of rod finite elements and the barrier as a single mass, nonlinear spring. The solution procedure utilizes variable time step integration, contains an error control and eliminates numerical instabilities. A limited study assesses the influence of system parameters on both structure and occupants. The chief objective, however, is to establish the feasibility of the proposed treatment of this class of problems. Some results obtained appear, at first, to contradict intuition. It is observed that modelling a deformable barrier as rigid can lead to unconservative results with respect to structural response of the vehicle.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1063-1072 
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    Notes: Similar and similarly oriented CST elements have the same stiffness matrix, and therefore similar shapes generated by the assembly of such elements possess the same stiffness matrix. This property and the matrix condensation technique may be judiciously combined to simplify the study of large structures, which may otherwise incur large core requirements and time and involve the solution of a great number of equations. In this paper the idea is developed to indicate its full potential. In illustration, results from examples on the determination of stresses around a small hole in a large plate are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1073-1078 
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    Notes: A technique for smoothing the transition between structural components modelled with dissimilar finite element meshes is presented. The interface mismatch is assigned a potential of dislocation, which is minimized with respect to selected kinematic parametes of the mating surface. This leads to linear constraints between the caididate representations of the mating surface which essentially dictate a least-square error in dislocaiton. The constraints are enforced by the Lagrange multiplier or reduced stiffness technique. Numerical results indicate gradual transition in the predicted stresses neighbouring the interface. Existing computer codes which permit multipoint constraint specifications are readily available to implement the technique.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1085-1089 
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    Notes: In this paper the order of certain two-dimensional quadrature formulae is discussed and it is shown that their degree and order are not related in the same simple way as they are for one-dimensional rules.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1079-1084 
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    Notes: The decomposition of a block tridiagonal matrix into the product of block lowe and upper matrices is described. The cost of solving a block tridiagonal system of equations is given and compared to profile gaussian elimination. The desirability of a less expensive method is coupled to physical intuition about a common problem of solving a slowly varying sequence of such systems to motivate an iterative method based on residual correction. The method is described and convergence criteria are derived. An expression of the cost is developed and is shown to compare favourably with decomposition in many cases. Problems and advantages in computer implementation of the method are discussed and results of tests of a particular implementation on a well-known problem are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1090-1094 
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    Notes: For the two-dimensional isoparametric 8-node element an additive condition is formulated, so that the function describing the domain boundary is continually differentiable at the common nodes on the boundary. This condition will be satisfied by moving the mid-side nodes into a special position. The advantage in using this modified element will be shown by an example of the elasto-plastic calculation of a double-edge notched specimen.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1095-1099 
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    Notes: A mathematical description of the numerical approximation to incompressibility with nearly incompressible displacement finite elements is presented. By the way of functional analysis, it leads to a condition of convergence to the incompressible problem when v is increased up to 0.5, which can be identified with Fried's K1 criterion.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1100-1104 
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    Notes: This communication presents a simple algorithm to compute the stiffness matrix for a triangular plate bending element, without numerical integration. This brings about a substantial saving in computer time.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1105-1105 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1107-1126 
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    Notes: This paper describes an optimization procedure for the minimum weight design of complex structures. The procedure is based on a new cubic extended interior penalty function (CEIPF) used with the sequence of unconstrained minimization technique (SUMT) and Newton's method. The Hessian matrix of the penalty function is approximated using only constraints and their derivatives. The CEIPF is designed to minimize the error in the approximation of the Hessian matrix, and as a result the number of structural analyses required is small and independent of the number of design variables. Three example problems are reported. The number of structural analyses is reduced by as much as 50 per cent below previously reported results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1127-1140 
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    Notes: In Reference 1 a class of first-order factorization methods for the solution of large, sparse systems of equations, of which the coefficient matrix is a symmetric M-matrix, was introduced. Asymptotic results for the computational complexity was proved in the case of systems arising from finite difference approximation of second-order self-adjoint elliptic partial differential equation problems in two dimensions with Dirichlet boundary conditions. In this paper the result is extended to cover even mixed boundary conditions and problems with discontinuous material coefficients. Results from numerical experiments with various finite difference and finite element approximations are presented and comparisons with direct and other interative methods are made.
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