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  • Artikel  (69)
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  • Biologie  (69)
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  • Chemie und Pharmazie  (37)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Ceutorhynchus constrictus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Ceutorhynchinae ; Alliaria petiolata ; garlic mustard ; Brassicaceae ; Cruciferae ; glucosinolates ; sinigrin ; host plant selection ; monophagous ; feeding stimulants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Ceutorhynchus constrictus Marsh. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Ceutorhynchinae) ist ein monophager Rüsselkäfer, der an Knoblauchhederich frisst. Das Wirtswahl-Verhalten dieses Käfers ist im Labor untersucht worden. Die meisten Crucifiren waren im Wahlversuche nicht akzeptiert, wenn Knoblauchhederich als Vergleichspflanze vorhanden war. Von Brassica nigra, Sinapis alba, und Thlaspi arvense wurden im Vergleich gleiche Mengen verzehrt wie von der Wirtspflanze. Blühende Descurainia sophia Pflanzen wurden, im Gegensatz zu Jungpflanzen der gleichen Art, angenommen. Die wichtichsten Phagostimulanten in Extrakten von Knoblauchhederich-Blättern waren ungeladene, wasserlösliche Substanzen. Das häufigste Glukosinolat im Knoblauchhederich, Sinigrin, war auch ein Phagostimulant. Doch war die phagostimulierende Wirkung von Sinigrin nur in Kombinationen mit noch nicht identifizierten, ungeladenen Substanzen aus Knoblauchhederich-Blätter nachweisbar. Wirtspfanzen-Beziehungen von monophagen Insekten werden diskutiert im Zusammenhang mit der Eigenart des Glukosinolat-Inhaltes ihrer Wirtspflanzen.
    Notizen: Abstract Host plant relations of the monophagous weevil Ceutorhynchus constrictus Marsh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ceutorhynchinae) feeding on garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande (Cruciferae) were studied in the laboratory. Most other crucifers were rejected in choice tests using garlic mustard as a reference plant, but Brassica nigra, Sinapis alba and Thlaspi arvense were as acceptable as the host plant. Flowering plants of Descurainia sophia were acceptable while young plants of this species were not. The most important feeding stimulants in extracts of garlic mustard were uncharged, water soluble compounds. The most abundant glucosinolate in garlic mustard, sinigrin, was a feeding stimulant, too. However, the feeding stimulatory activity of sinigrin was only expressed in the presence of still unidentified uncharged compounds from garlic mustard leaves. Host plant relations in monophagous crucifer-feeding insects is discussed in relation to the distinctness of glucosinolate patterns found in their host plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 139-141 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Heteroceridae ; egg guarding ; parental care ; predation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 841-847 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): cost of mating ; semelparous ; Photinus collustrans ; Coleoptera ; Lampyridae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Aggregation pheromone ; sitophilate ; 1-ethylpropyl 2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoate ; stereoisomers ; enantiomers ; Sitophilus granarius ; granary weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé S. granarius L. est un déprédateur important des grains stockés. Le (R*,S*)-1-éthylpropyl 2-méthyl-3-hydroxypentanoate a été identifié en 1987 comme le principal composé du sitophilate, la phéromone mâle d'agrégation de S. granarius. La composition énantiométrique du sitophilate a été déterminée par 3 méthodes: 1) tests biologiques des énantiomères synthétiques (2S,3R) et (2R,3S) du diastéréomère actif (R*,S*); 2) spectrométrie RMN 1H des esters Mosher dérivés de la phéromone naturelle et des sitophilates de synthèse (2S*,3R*)-et (2R*,3S*); 3) comparaison en capillarité GLC des temps de rétention des dérivés naturels de la phéromone et des 2 éniantiomères de synthèse. La combinaison des 3 méthodes confirme que le (2S,3R) énantiomère est la forme active du sitophilate. Le mâle produit 〉96% de l'énantiomère (2S,3R). Il n'y a pas eu attraction de S. granarius par le (2R,3S) sitophilate. S. oryzae L. et S. zeamais Motsch n'ont pas été attirés par le (2S,3R)-sitophilate. L'utilisation du (2S,3R)-1-éthylpropyl 2-méthyl-3-hydroxypentanoate dans les pièges devrait permettre une détection précoce de la présence de S. granarius dans des stocks de grains.
    Notizen: Abstract The enantiomeric composition of sitophilate, the granary weevil [Sitophilus granarius (L.)] male-produced aggregation pheromone [(R*,S*)-1-ethylpropyl 2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoate)], was determined by three methods: (1) bioassaying the synthetic (2S,3R) and (2R,3S) enantiomers of the active (R*,S*) diastereomer; (2) 1H NMR spectroscopy of Mosher ester derivatives of the natural pheromone and synthetic (2S,3R)-and (2R,3S)-sitophilate; and (3) capillary GLC comparisons of the retention times of derivatized natural pheromone and the two synthetic enantiomers. The combined methods confirmed the (2S,3R) enantiomer as the active form of sitophilate. Male granary weevils were shown to produce 〉96% (2S,3R)-sitophilate. No significant attraction of S. granarius by the (2R,3S) enantiomer was observed. Rice and maize weevils [S. oryzae (L.) and S. zeamais Motschulsky] were not attracted by (2S,3R)-sitophilate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 133-140 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Colorado potato beetle ; Solanaceae ; Solanum berthaultii ; potato ; plant resistance ; glandular trichomes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les mécanismes de défense de la pomme de terre sauvage, S. berthaultii Hawkes, aux larves de Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, ont été étudiés par ablation sélective des trichomes glandulaires et par l'élimination de leur exsudat des folioles, et par comparaison avec S. tuberosum L. qui a perdu les trichomes glandulaires défensifs A et B. L'ablation des trichomes A a augmenté la proportion de larves ayant consommé S. berthaultii. L'élimination de l'exsudat des trichomes B a augmenté la proportion de consommatrices et réduit la mortalité. Les principaux composés actifs de l'exsudat B, c'est-à-dire des esters d'acides gras de sucrose, n'étaient actifs qu'en présence de trichomes A. Les esters de sucrose n'ont pas modifié la consommation larvaire sur folioles de S. tuberosum, ou sur disques de feuilles de S. berthaultii dont les trichomes A avaient été enlevés. La croissance des larves survivantes n'a pas été modifiée significativement par l'ablation des trichomes A ou l'élimination de l'exsudat de B. La croissance des larves a été significativement augmentée quand les folioles de S. berthaultii ont été incorporés dans l'aliment artificiel après élimination de la barrière physique due aux pédoncules B. La croissance a été de même importance sur aliments artificiels contenant des feuilles (fraiches ou en poudre lyophylisée) de S. berthaultii ou de S. tuberosum, mais plus faible que sur folioles de S. tuberosum. La présence de trichomes A est indispensable à la résistance de S. berthaultii aux L, de L. decemlineata. Les gouttelettes de type B contenant des esters de sucrose augmentent l'expression de la résistance en présence d'une défense active par trichomes A.
    Notizen: Abstract The defensive mechanisms of the wild potato, solanum berthaultii Hawkes, to larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were studied by selective removal of glandular trichomes and trichome exudates from leaflets, and by comparing performance on S. berthaultii and on the cultivated potato, S. tuberosum L., which lacks defensively active type A and B glandular trichomes. Removal of type A trichomes increased the proportion of larvae that fed on S. berthaultii. Removal of the exudate from type B trichomes increased the proportion of larvae that fed and led to a decrease in mortality. The predominant active compounds in type B exudate, i.e. fatty acid esters of sucrose, were only effective in the presence of type A trichomes. Sucrose esters did not affect larval feeding on S. tuberosum leaflets or on S. berthaultii leaf discs from which the type A trichomes had been removed. Growth of surviving larvae was not significantly affected by removing type A trichomes or type B exudate. Growth of larvae was significantly increased when S. berthaultii leaflets were presented in artificial diet which eliminated the physical barrier of the type B stalks. Growth was no different on artificial diet containing either S. berthaultii or S. tuberosum leaf material (fresh or lyophilized powder) but was poorer on these diets than on S. tuberosum leaflets. The presence of type A trichomes is a fundamental requirement for expression of S. berthaultii resistance to L1 L. decemlineata. Type B droplets containing sucrose esters increase the expression of resistance in the presence of defensively-active type A trichomes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; Morimus funereus ; development ; laboratory conditions ; food quality ; temperature ; season
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'étude a porté sur les effets d'une température constante (23 °C), de la qualité de l'aliment,-B = aliment naturel, c'est-à-dire de l'écorce de chêne pulvérisée; B+C = aliment naturel enrichi avec de la poudre de biscuits sucrés-, et de la saison sur le développement larvaire de M. funereus L. La température de 23 °C a été défavorable aux larves récoltées en septembre dans des souches de chênes et élevées sur aliment B: les larves étaient mortes en 30 jours. Avec aliment B+C, l'effet défavorable a été neutralisé et le poids des larves augmenté de 543%, 897% et 1179% en 1, 2 et 3 mois. Des larves néonates d'été ou d'hiver se sont bien développées sur B+C, mais toutes les larves d'hiver étaient mortes sur B en 40 j. Des larves de mêmes parents, écloses à différentes époques de l'année, ont présenté des différences saisonnières du taux de survie et de la vitesse de développement lors de leur élevage à 23 °C sur B+C. Le développement le plus rapide et la meilleure survie ont été obtenus avec des larves écloses au début ou au milieu de l'été; tandis que le développement le plus lent et la plus mauvaise survie ont été obtenus avec les larves écloses à la fin de l'été. Les changements saisonniers synchrones des adultes et de leurs descendants, exprimés à différents niveaux d'organisation biologique, suggèrent l'existence d'un rythme annuel endogène qui dépend de l'expression de différents gènes au cours du cycle annuel.
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of constant temperature (23 °C), food quality (B, natural diet i.e. powdered oak bark; B+C, natural diet enriched with powdered sweet crackers) and season on larval development of the cerambycid Morimus funereus L. were studied. The temperature of 23 °C exerted an unfavourable effect on larvae collected from oak stumps in September and bred on B; i.e. the larvae died within 30 days. When the larvae consumed B+C the unfavourable effect of temperature was abolished and the larvae increased their weight by 543%, 897% and 1179% in 1, 2 and 3 months, respectively. Newly hatched summerand winter-larvae developed successfully on B+C, while all the winter-larvae died within 40 days on B. Larvae of an identical parentage hatched in different phases of the annual cycle and showed seasonal differences in the rate of development and survival when reared on B+C at 23 °C. The fastest development and the highest survival rate were observed in larvae which emerged in early- and midsummer, whereas the slowest development and the lowest survival rate were in those hatched in late summer. The synchronized seasonal changes of adults and their offspring, as expressed at different levels of biological organization, suggest the existence of an endogenous annual rhythm which is dependent upon the expression of different genes in the course of the annual cycle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Diabrotica spp. ; corn rootworms ; Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera ; plant-derived semiochemicals ; starch matrix ; encapsulation ; controlled release
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le programme expérimental de 1987 était destiné à déterminer: 1) si les substances dérivées de végétaux et attractives pour Diabrotica pouvaient être encapsulées dans de l'amidon additionné d'acide borique; 2) si différentes formules attireraient les différentes espèces de Diabrotica dans un champ de maïs. L'indol, l'estragol, le vératrol, le phénylacétaldéhyde et le trans-anéthol n'ont pas été retenus, tandis que le trans-cinnamaldéhyde, la \-ionone, le 1,2,4-triméthobenzène, l'eugénol et l'isœugénol ont été encapsulés avec succès dans des pièges attachés à des pieds de maïs (les détails techniques sont fournis). Les pièges ont été relevés tous les 4 jours du 11 juillet au 8 septembre. Les résultats montrent que les substances allélochimiques sont conservées dans la capsule pendant des durées variables et libérées à des concentrations attractives pour les Diabrotica adultes. Un mélange de trans-cinnamaldéhyde et de 1,2,4,-triméthoxybenzène a été la formule la plus efficace, à l'exception des périodes de formation des barbes et du pollen, où aucune formule n'a été attractive. Bien que la variation saisonnière des réactions de Diabrotica limite l'utilisation des substances allélochimiques d'origine végétale, la capsule d'amidon peut être employée pour libérer des substances allélochimiques et constitue un outil potentiel pour la mise au point d'une méthode plus rationnelle de lutte contre Diabrotica.
    Notizen: Abstract The concept of encapsulating semiochemicals into a starch matrix is being studied for potential use in corn rootworm (CRW) management programs. During 1987, experiments were conducted to determine: 1) If volatile plant-derived Diabrotica spp. attractants could be encapsulated in a starch borate matrix (SBM), and 2) If various SBM-semiochemical formulations would attract Diabrotica species over time in field corn. Chemical analyses of fresh SBM formulations indicated that indole, estragole, veratrole, phenylacetaldehyde, and trans-anethole were not retained during formulation but trans-cinnamaldehyde, Beta-ionone, 1,2,4,-trimethoxybenzene, eugenol and isœugenol were successfully encapsulated. Encapsulated semiochemical formulations were made into 20 mesh granules, placed in Pherocon ® 1C traps that were tied to corn plants, and sampled for CRW adults every 4 days from 11 July to 8 September. Field data indicated that encapsulated semiochemicals were retained in the SBM for varying lengths of time and were released at rates attractive to CRW adults. A two-component mixture of trans-cinnamaldehyde and 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene was the most effective formulation tested; however, no formulation was effective during corn silking and pollination. Although seasonal variation in CRW response could limit the usefulness of some plant-derived semiochemicals, the starch matrix concept may be useful as a delivery system for semiochemicals and may have potential as a tool that could be used in the development of new more biorational CRW management programs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; northern corn rootworm ; western corn rootworm ; dispersal ; malaise trap ; habitat selection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les activités de vol de D. barberi (NCR) et D. virgifera virgifera (WCR) ont été contrôlées par l'utilisation de pièges ‘malais’ placés en lisière de deux petits champs de maïs. Les populations de ces coléoptères sont maximales quand le maïs fleurit, mais leurs captures sont restées faibles jusqu'à ce que les barbes du maïs aient été sèches. Les captures de NCR et, dans une plus faible mesure, celles de WCR ont alors augmenté et sont restées importantes pendant toute la saison. Les pièges ‘malais’ ont été conçus pour que les adultes pénétrant par les côtés opposés soient récoltés séparément. Les femelles de NCR capturées face au champ de maïs avaient tendance à contenir moins d'ovocytes mûrs que celles capturées du côté opposé. Ces observations appuient l'hypothèse que les femelles NCR émigrent des champs de maïs pour s'alimenter, quand les barbes et le pollen de maïs, aliments préférés, deviennent indisponibles, mais que les femelles NCR pleines d'ovocytes mûrs recherchent le maïs quand elles sont en quête de lieux de ponte.
    Notizen: Abstract Flight activity of corn rootworm beetles, the northern (NCR), Diabrotica barberi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and western (WCR), D. virgifera virgifera, was monitored using malaise traps placed at the edges of two small cornfields. Populations of beetles in the fields peaked while corn was flowering, but capture in malaise traps remained low until silks had dried. Capture of NCR and (to a lesser extent) WCR then increased and remained high through the season. Malaise traps were constructed to permit separate collections of beetles that entered on each of two opposite sides. Female NCR that were captured in sides that faced toward corn tended to contain fewer mature eggs than those in sides facing away from corn. These findings support the hypothesis that female NCR emigrate from cornfields to feed when fresh silk and corn pollen (favored foods) become unavailable, but that egg-laden NCR actively seek corn when searching for oviposition sites.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Planta 137 (1977), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Chlorella ; Chloroplast ; Light regulation ; Nucleus ; RNA synthesis ; Transcription
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of blue and red light on the synthesis of transfer and 5S ribosomal RNA in autotrophic cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was studied by pulse labeling experiments with tritiated guanosine. Compared with darkness or red light (679 nm), blue light (457 nm) of low intensities (quantum flux: 0.5–5×10−10 mol photons cm−2 s−1) stimulated incorporation of guanosine into transfer and 5S ribosomal RNA within the first 5 min of illumination. This blue light effect was abolished by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis on 80S ribosomes, but not by rifampicin, an inhibitor of chloroplastic transcription, nor by lincomycin, an inhibitor of chloroplastic translation. The rifampicin-insensitive synthesis of transfer and 5S ribosomal RNA was nuclear transcription as shown by RNA-DNA hybridization. The blue light effect on nuclear RNA synthesis was not inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl-urea, an inhibitor of photosynthesis electron transport. Further evidence for a photosynthesis-independent photocontrol of RNA synthesis was provided by experiments with the colorless mutant 125a of Chlorella vulgaris. Blue light stimulated incorporation of guanosine into cytoplasmic 25S and 18S ribosomal RNA as well as into transfer and 5S ribosomal RNA, whereas incorporation in red light was the same as that of the dark control.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Planta 138 (1978), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Chlorella ; Permeant acids and bases ; pH-stat ; Potassium uptake ; Proton transport
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Salts of membrane-permeant acids and bases strongly influence net K uptake by Chlorella fusca. Na phenylacetate, acetate, isobutyrate, propionate, and butyrate added to buffered algal suspensions containing 0.1–0.2 mM KCl increasingly stimulated net K uptake. In contrast, K release was induced by the chlorides of imidazole, ammonia and methylamine. All these effects were found in the light and, less pronounced, in the dark. The dependence of the net K movements on the concentrations of the salts added and on the pH of the medium suggests that the free acids or bases are the effective agents. Between net uptake of K and uptake of labeled propionate a molar ratio close to 1 was found. It is concluded that the internal pH of the cell is changed by the permeants. Acidification of the cytoplasm stimulates extrusion of protons coupled to uptake of K. Alcalization brings about proton uptake and K extrusion. Apparently K/H exchange serves as a pH-stat of the cell.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Chlorella ; Cyanide ; Cytochrome b557 ; Nitrate reductase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract An inactivated nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) formed in vivo by the green alga Chlorella fusca Shihira and Kraus is shown to be a cyanide complex. The partially purified inactive enzyme releases 0.048 nmol of HCN per unit of enzyme activated. This compares with 0.066 nmol of HCN liberated in similar previous measurements with the inactivated enzyme from Chlorella vulgaris. The nitrate reductase from C. fusca has been purified to a level of 67 μmol nitrate reduced per min per mg enzyme. It contains a cytochrome b557, at a level 1.9-fold higher per unit of active enzyme, than the nitrate reductase from C. vulgaris.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Planta 141 (1978), S. 279-282 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonium ; Chlorella ; Ferricyanide ; Nitrate reductase ; HCN-Inactivation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract It has been shown previously that added ammonium salts cause a cessation of nitrate utilization in some Chlorella species. It has also been shown that Chlorella vulgaris can form an inactivated nitrate reductase which is an HCN complex. In the present study, a comparison has been made of the rate of nitrate utilization and the rate of nitrate reductase inactivation in Chlorella vulgaris in response to the addition of ammonium salts and light-dark changes. The rate of formation of HCN-inactivated enzyme is too slow to account for the prompt inhibition of nitrate utilization caused by adding ammonium. In contrast, when nitrate utilization is inhibited by addition of ferricyanide to intact cells, the HCN-inactivated enzyme is promptly formed in vivo, and might account for the inhibition of nitrate utilization, though inhibition of nitrate uptake can not be excluded.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Chlorella ; CO2 fixation ; Growth yield ; Methionine ; O2 evolution ; Sulfolipids ; Sulfite action
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Sulfite was added at the time of inoculation to a standard and to a sulfate deficient medium of Chlorella vulgaris. It was not only used as a sulfur source, but besides this, at concentrations 〈1.0 mmol l−1, the growth yield was enhanced up to 30% compared to sulfate saturated conditions. Higher sulfite concentrations increasingly inhibited cell growth. Growth rate determinations indicated that the enhancement, and the inhibition respectively, were confined to the very beginning of culture growth; the time period during which the sulfite was not yet oxidized (5–10 h). In contrast, an increased CO2 fixation rate/unit of protein, occurring up to 5.0 mmol l−1 sulfite and a shift towards the β-carboxylation pathway, are persisting at least during the growth period of 4 days. The preferential uptake of sulfite, also indicated by a marked increase in methionine content of algal protein, presumably causes an increase in thylakoidal sulfolipids, and is such modifying the CO2 fixation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Planta 141 (1978), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Chlorella ; Photosynthesis (prenylquinone synthesis) ; Prenylquinones
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Incorporation and release of 14C-label in prenylquinones of Chlorella was investigated under steady state conditions. After one hour of 14CO2-photosynthesis all plastid quinones investigated were labeled. The highest label was found in phylloquinone (18%) while α-tocopherol exhibits the lowest label (0.38%). Among the plastoquinones, plastohydroquinone-9 shows a higher labeling degree (5.1%) and a faster labeling kinetic than plastoquinone-9 (1.6%). After replacement of 14CO2 against 12CO2 the total radioactivity in plastohydroquinone-9, α-tocopherol and phylloquinone decreases but in α-tocoquinone and plastoquinone-9 proceeds further. From this labeling kinetic we conclude, that newly synthesized [14C]α-tocopherol molecules are converted to [14C]α-tocoquinone and [14C]plastohydroquinone-9 molecules to [14C]plastoquinone-9. From their 14C-incorporation kinetic half-lives could be calculated for all prenylquinones in the same ranges as previously found for the chlorophylls and carotenoids (Grumbach et al., 1978). Half-lives are shorter in plastohydroquinone-9 (30 min) and plastoquinone-9 (40 min) than in phylloquinone (55 min), α-tocoquinone (50 min) and α-tocopherol (220 min). This means that all prenyl-lipids such as chlorophyll a, α-and β-carotene, plastohydroquinone-9 and plastoquinone-9 which are more directly involved in the process of photosynthesis are subject to a continuous and higher turnover than the xanthophyll and α-tocopherol. From the fast labeling kinetic and short half-lives of α-tocoquinone and especially phylloquinone with a labeling degree of 12% after one hour of 14CO2 photosynthesis we suppose that perhaps these two prenylquinones are also involved in the photosynthetic activity of chloroplasts.
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Planta 140 (1978), S. 37-43 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Carotenoids ; Chlorophylls ; Chlorella ; Photosynthetic pigments ; Turnover
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Tracer kinetic studies of chloroplast pigments of Chlorella pyrenoidosa were carried out in a special steady-state apparatus which allowed the simultaneous recording of oxygen evolution, CO2-fixation and 14CO2-incorporation. A special cylindrical vessel which permits labeling experiments with larger algae suspensions (800 ml) is described.-1. After 2 h of 14CO2-photosynthesis (fixation rate 100–160 μmol CO2/μmol chlorophyllxh) 3.3% of the total 14C-uptake (5.66 mCi) was found in the Chlorella lipid fraction. Total and specific radioactivity were higher in total carotenoids than in the chlorophylls. Chlorophyll a gave a higher labeling degree (2.4%) than chlorophyll b (1.3%).-2. Among the carotenoids α-and β-carotene were labeled after 2 h 14CO2 exposure with the same specific radioactivity and with a particular high labeling degree of c. 19%. The xanthophylls exhibit lower labeling degree (violaxanthin 5.1%, zeaxanthin 1.9%, lutein 1.4%, antheraxanthin 1.3%, and neoxanthin 0.7%).-3. During the 4 h 12CO2-exposure period, which followed the 2 h 14CO2-incorporation time, the specific and total radioactivity of the α-and β-carotene pools decrease with a concomitant increase in the α-ionone-(lutein) and β-ionone xanthophylls (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin). The possibility, that the decrease of 14C label in the carotenes may in part be due to a photo-oxidative degradation, is discussed.-4. Calculation of biological half-life-times from the 14C-incorporation kinetics during the first hour of the experiment, when the pigment concentration is almost unchanged, results in times from 30 to 60 min. Half lives are shorter in the precursor pools such as chlorophyll a (30 min), α-carotene (40 min) and β-carotene (50 min) and violaxanthin (60 min) respectively.
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Planta 139 (1978), S. 257-260 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Cell wall staining ; Cell wall regeneration ; Chlorella ; Protoplasts
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Protoplasts of Chlorella saccharophila (Krüger) Nadson were obtained by cellulase digestion of the microfibrillar inner compount of the cell wall after the resistant outermost layer had been scratched with sea sand. The absence of the cell wall was demonstrated immunologically, electron microscopically and by staining, thus confirming the protoplastic nature of the treated cells. After transfer to an enzyme-free medium regeneration of a thin cell wall was observed. The regeneration of the cell wall obviously followed the same steps as does the cell wall development of the autospores. At least 50% of the protoplasts were able to form colonies when plated on a suitable agar medium.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 57-59 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Water soluble vitamins (secretion, cell content) ; Chlamydomonas ; Chlorella ; Scenedesmus ; Anabaena
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Three green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardii, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus, and one blue-green alga, Anabaena cyclindrica, were grown in chemically defined media. All the algac examined contained folates, β-carotene and vitamins C and E; several of the B-vitamins and vitamin A were found in varying amounts in some but not in all the algae examined. All the green algae secreted significant amounts of folate and biotin and all but Scenedesmus secreted pantothenate into their growth medium; Anabaena secreted folate and pantothenate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 139-141 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Biochemical taxonomy ; Prototheca ; Chlorella ; Hydrogenase ; Acid tolerance ; Salt tolerance ; Sodium chloride ; Thermophily ; Gelatin liquefaction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Five physiological and biochemical characters, which had proved to be valuable for the taxonomy of the genus Chlorella, were studied in the genus Prototheca. There is no hydrogenase activity and no liquefaction of gelatin. Most strains are very acidtolerant (limit of growth at pH 2.0 or 2.5) and very salt-tolerant (limit of growth at 4 or 5% NaCl). Two strains grow well at 38°C. The 16 strains, which were previously assigned to seven taxa, fall into four different groups. Our results tend to support the assumption that Prototheca might be related to Chlorella protothecoides.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 119 (1978), S. 13-16 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Biochemical taxonomy ; Chlorella ; Starch hydrolysis ; Amylase ; Extracellular enzymes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Starch hydrolysis, i.e., the production of extracellular amylolytic enzymes, was found to be a specific character for most species of the genus Chlorella. C. fusca var. vacuolata, C. spec. 211-30, and C. spec. 211-11r hydrolyse starch, whereas C. vulgaris, C. fusca var. rubescens, C. zofingiensis, C. fusca var. fusca, C. minutissima, C. homosphaera, C. kessleri, C. luteoviridis, and C. protothecoides are unable to hydrolyse starch. Only C. sorokiniana and C. saccharophila appear heterogenous; within C. sorokiniana, 7 strains hydrolyse starch and 9 do not; and within C. saccharophila, 6 strains exhibit amylolytic activity and 2 do not. — A key for the identification, according to 9 easily determined physiological and biochemical characters, of the Chlorella species is presented.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 119 (1978), S. 153-156 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Chlorella ; Cryopreservation ; Fatty acids analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Following growth under sub-optimal concentrations of nutrients, cells ofChlorella emersonii accumulated lipid and became more resistant to the damage caused by freezing and thawing. These results suggest that the factor responsible for the cold hardening of someChlorella spp is not the effect of low temperatures per se but simply that of the reduced metabolic rate. Evidence is given that the post-thaw injury observed following rapid rates of cooling is associated with the vacuole.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 116 (1978), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Biochemical taxonomy ; Chlorella ; DNA hybridization ; DNA homology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract 1. DNA homology was studied in 12 Chlorella species. The DNA of 88 strains was hybridized with 3H-labelled DNA from C. fusca var. vacuolata 211-8b and from C. vulgaris 211-8m. The results indicate that the genus Chlorella is a heterogenous taxon which consists of several groups of species. 2. The “C. fusca group” comprises C. fusca var. vacuolata, C. fusca var. rubescens, and C. zofingiensis. Within this group, C. zofingiensis appears to be more closely related to C. fusca var. vacuolata than is C. fusca var. rubescens. C. fusca var. fusca does not belong to this group of taxa. 3. The “C. vulgaris group” consists of C. vulgaris, C. sorokiniana, and C. saccharophila. There are several strains which seem to assume a position intermediate between C. vulgaris and C. saccharophila. C. protothecoides is not related to this group of species. 4. Several groups of strains of C. sorokiniana with different base compositions (guanine + cytosine content) of their DNA appear to belong to the same taxon. 5. In addition to C. fusca var. fusca and C. protothecoides, also C. luteoviridis, C. minutissima, C. kessleri, and C. homosphaera seem to have so little relationship with the other species that their assignment to the genus Chlorella appears questionable.
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Chlorella ; Cryopreservation ; Fatty acid analysis ; Preeze-fracture electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Following a shift from autotrophic to heterotrophic nutrition, cells of Chlorella protothecoides become sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing. The injury then observed at slow rates of cooling cannot be explained by the cellular response to hypertonic solutions, and at faster cooling rates intracellular ice formation was not demonstrated to be damaging. These findings are at variance with suggested mechanisms of injury in other cellular systems. The results are compared with alterations in ultrastructure and in the composition of the cellular fatty acids.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 116 (1978), S. 105-107 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Biochemical taxonomy ; Prototheca ; Chlorella ; Starch hydrolysis ; DNA ; Base composition ; GC content
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract 16 strains of the genus Prototheca do not produce extracellular amylolytic enzymes. The base composition of their DNA shows rather continuous values from 62% to 78% GC (guanine + cytosine). Their assignment to four species and their possible relationship with Chlorella protothecoides are discussed.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sweet potato weevil ; Cylas formicarius elegantulus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Ipomoea batatas ; sweet potato volatiles ; sesquiterpenes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A dual-choice olfactometer was developed to study the responses of sweet potato weevils,Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers), to volatiles from the sweet potato,Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Both males and females were attracted by volatiles from sweet potato leaves and a methylene chloride leaf extract. Females, but not males, responded to volatiles from storage roots and a methylene chloride root extract. Leaves and storage roots from four sweet potato cultivars (Centennial, Jewel, Resisto, and Regal) were attractive to female weevils; however, the attractant response varied with cultivar. GC profiles from leaf and root extracts, and GC-MS analysis of leaf extract, for Jewel cultivar enabled the volatile peaks to be identified as sesquiterpenes.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1729-1745 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Kairomones ; host attraction ; monoterpenes ; ethanol synergism ; turpentine ; trapping ; Cerambycidae ; Scolytidae ; Curculionidae ; Cleridae ; Buprestidae ; Dryocetes autographus ; Monochamus scutellatus ; Hylobius pales ; Coleoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Field experiments using baited sticky stovepipe traps and Lindgren multiple funnel traps were done near Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, to determine the effects of conifer monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, camphene and carene) and ethanol on the number of beetles captured. Several species of conifer-feeding beetles were attracted to the monoterpenes or to monoterpenes and ethanol, including species in the families Cerambycidae (Asemum striatum, Acmaeops proteus, Xylotrechus undulatus, Monochamus scutellatus), Curculionidae (Pissodes strobi, Hylobius pales), and Scolytidae (Dryocetes autographus, Ips grandicollis). Species of Buprestidae generally did not respond to the monoterpenes or to ethanol. Species of Cleridae (Thanasimus dubius, Enoclerus nigripes rufiventris, Enoclerus nigrifrons gerhardi) which are predators of conifer bark beetles were attracted to the monoterpenes. Synergism between monoterpenes and ethanol was evident forM. scutellatus, H. pales, andD. autographus. While α-pinene was the most potent attractant for most beetle species, monoterpenes other than α-pinene synergized attraction to ethanol forD. autographus. Attraction of beetles to commercial turpentine and ethanol did not differ significantly from attraction to a pure monoterpene blend and ethanol.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1033-1044 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Defensive mechanism ; avoidance response ; Eumeces inexpectatus ; Pasimachus subsulcatus ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; lizard ecology ; lizard predation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The carabid beetlePasimachus subsulcatus is an abundant ground-dwelling insect in west central Florida that exudes a powerful mucous membrane irritant when disturbed. This secretion can be sprayed over 10 cm from the abdominal tip. The southeastern five-lined skink,Eumeces inexpectatus, is an abundant insectivorous lizard sympatric withPasimachus. We assessed the availability ofPasimachus toEumeces and found it to be within the foraging microenvironment of the lizard. Analysis ofEumeces gut contents and field feeding trials indicate thatPasimachus are not ingested by the lizard, yet arthropods of comparable size and exoskeletal thickness are ingested. The movement response ofEumeces to isolatedPasimachus secretion constituents, conducted in a modified Y-maze laboratory experiment, was used to assess the repellent capabilities of the secretion.Eumeces are consistently repelled byPasimachus secretion constituents, indicating that the beetle is protected chemically from the lizard.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Synergism ; aggregation pheromone ; Pityogenes chalcographus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; chalcogran ; methyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate ; enantiomers ; isomers ; stereoisomers ; synthesis ; bioassay ; structure-activity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Syntheses of all four Stereoisomers (2S,5S; 2S,5R;2R,5R; and2R,5S) of chalcogran, a major component of the aggregation pheromone ofPityogenes chalcographus, and of all four isomers (2Z,4Z; 2Z,4E; 2E,4E; and 2E,4Z) of methyl 2,4-decadienoate (MD), the second major pheromone component, are briefly described. Attraction responses of walking beetles of both sexes were tested to mixtures of the synergistic pheromone components or analogs. These bioassays showed that theE,Z isomer of MD is the most active when tested with chalcogran. When tested with (E,Z)-MD, (2S,5R)-chalcogran was the most active stereoisomer, while 2R,5R and 2R,5S isomers had intermediate activities, and the 2S,5S isomer was inactive. There was no evidence that the relatively less active Stereoisomers of chalcogran inhibited or promoted attraction to (2S,5R)-chalcogran with (E,Z)-MD. Male beetles only produce the activeE,Z isomer of MD (inactive alone) and their hindguts contain the most active (2S,5R)- and least active (2S,5S)-chalcogran. A mixture of all MD isomers with racemic chalcogran was not significantly different in attractivity compared to (E,Z)-MD with racemic chalcogran, indicating no synergistic or inhibitory effects of the inactive isomers of MD.
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1837-1845 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Defense ; deterrent ; sequestration ; iridoid glycoside ; paederoside ; Acyrthosiphon nipponicus ; Homoptera ; aphid ; Aphididae ; Harmonia axyridis ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Paederia scandens
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A Rubiaceae-feeding aphid,Acyrthosiphon nipponicus, is seldom attacked by the ladybird beetle,Harmonia axyridis. A potent deterrent against the beetle was isolated from the aphid and identified as paederoside, an iridoid glycoside originating in the aphid's host,Paederia scandens. The iridoid content was as high as 2% of the intact body weight, and a large portion was found in the cornicle secretion.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1015-1031 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Saw-toothed grain beetle ; Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; Coleoptera ; Silvanidae ; aggregation pheromone ; electroantennogram ; behavioral bioassay ; blend ratio
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The antennal and behavioral responses of the saw-toothed grain beetle,Oryzaephilus surinamensis, to the three components of its male-produced aggregation pheromone were investigated. EAG recordings showed no differences between the responses of the two sexes to the synthetic pheromone components. In contrast, laboratory behavioral assays demonstrated marked differences between the sexes. More females than males were consistently attracted to mixtures of the synthetic components, and this bias appeared to be caused by one component in the blend. Altering the blend ratio resulted in changes in the ratio of the sexes attracted. Thus, if, as suggested by preliminary work, males vary the blend produced, this should alter the relative response of the sexes to the aggregation pheromone.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 507-516 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Monochamus alternatus Hope ; Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; pine inner bark ; methanol extracts ; water extracts ; oviposition stimulants ; lightwood
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Field and laboratory ovipositional responses ofMonochamus alternatus Hope, respectively, to methanol and water extracts from pine inner bark were examined in comparison with those to pine inner bark, especially using a laboratory-built apparatus for the latter bioassay. Irrespective of the existence of volatiles from paraquat-induced lightwood, pine inner bark and its methanol and water extracts stimulated ovipositional response only in the presence of free moisture.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1147-1159 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Ips paraconfusus ; bark beetles ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; olfaction ; orientation ; anemotaxis ; pheromones
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Synthetic pheromone was released from a dispenser stretched across the width of a wind tunnel. Beetles in pheromone-free wind wandered in all directions and did not appear to orient to the wind. A dosage series showed that pheromone decreased the walking rate and deviations from the upwind direction, and it increased the turning rate. The tracks were composed of relatively straight or gently curving sections interspersed with more infrequent, larger course adjustments. Although pheromone clearly affected the average heading of beetles within a treatment, any given individual exposed to pheromone did not necessarily head directly upwind or maintain a fixed absolute angle with respect to the wind direction. The response appeared to be an inaccurate anemotaxis, rather than an anemomenotaxis.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 409-423 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; diel behavioral patterns ; 14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; pheromone ; reproductive isolation ; Trogoderma glabrum ; T. inclusum ; T. variabile ; trogodermal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract AdultTrogoderma glabrum, T. inclusum, andT. variabile exhibit diel periods of exposure-concealment behavior, the frequency and duration of which are age-dependent, and the temporal placement of which is species-dependent. Exposure periods correspond with daily maxima in male sensitivity to the most active female-released sex pheromone component, 14-methyl-8-hexadecenal, and with respective periods of sex pheromone release in females. Exposure-concealment behavior may be a factor in reproductive isolation between these species, since potential communication distances are greatly reduced when either males or females are concealed.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 451-461 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; Attagenus megatoma ; canadensis ; japonicus ; schaefferi spurcus ; bicolor ; rufipennis ; elongatulus ; behavior ; sex pheromone ; calling ; bioassay ; black carpet beetle ; megatomoic acid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Females of severalAttagenus species demonstrated calling behaviors similar to those previously reported forA. elongatulus. Attagenus rufipennis females did not call until they were 12–14 days old. OtherAttagenus species called at approx. 4 days of age. All species exhibited diurnal periods of calling activity. Interspecific pheromone responses were tested, withA. megatoma megatoma, A. megatoma canadensis, A. megatoma japonicus, andA. schaefferi spurcus showing equal cross-responses. Male response to females was demonstrated inA. rufipennis andA. bicolor. Attagenus rufipennis, bicolor, andelongatulus males responded only to female extracts of their own species.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; Trogoderma variabile ; pheromone ; isolation ; identification ; (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; aeration ; Porapak Q ; sex attractant
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Females of the dermestid beetle,Trogoderma variabile Ballion, exhibit a diel pattern of calling behavior. A potent sexual excitant and attractant for the male beetles can be collected on Porapak Q during aeration of female beetles, but cannot be detected in extracts of macerated females. The attractant has been identified as (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal. Of the five additional compounds previously identified as attractants in otherTrogoderma species, only two were found; (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecen-1-ol is present in extracts of macerated female beetles, but not in extracts of Porapak Q, and γ-caprolactone is present in extracts of Porapak Q. Three collection procedures were necessary to ensure that all the pheromone components had been isolated. Synthetic (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal elicits attraction and sexual arousal inT. Variabile males.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle) ; T. variabile ; T. glabrum ; T. inclusum ; pheromone ; (Z)- and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; interspecific response
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Interspecific responses among severalTrogoderma species have been correlated with their pheromone components. The most important component emitted by four of the species is (Z)- or (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal, which is not detectable in extracts of macerated beetles. The response to macerated beetles is probably due to the corresponding alcohol and ester. The recency of common origin of seven species is discussed.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Chlorella ; Nitrate reductase (plasma membrane bound) ; Nitrate uptake ; Plasma membrane
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Anti-nitrate-reductase (NR) immunoglobulin-G (IgG) fragments inhibited nitrate uptake into Chlorella cells but had no affect on nitrite uptake. Intact anti-NR serum and preimmune IgG fragments had no affect on nitrate uptake. Membrane-associated NR was detected in plasma-membrane (PM) fractions isolated by aqueous two-phase partitioning. The PM-associated NR was not removed by sonicating PM vesicles in 500 mM NaCl and 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and represented up to 0.8% of the total Chlorella NR activity. The PM NR was solubilized by Triton X-100 and inactivated by Chlorella NR antiserum. Plasma-membrane NR was present in ammonium-grown Chlorella cells that completely lacked soluble NR activity. The subunit sizes of the PM and soluble NRs were 60 and 95 kDa, respectively, as determined by sodium-dodecyl-sulfate electrophoresis and western blotting.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Carotenoids ; Chlorella ; Chlorophyll ; Chloroplasts ; Lipids ; Temperature shocks ; Thylakoids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Completely synchronous Chlorella cultures were treated with heat (45°C) or cold shocks (4° C) of different lengths at the sixth hour of the 14:10 h lightdark-cycle. After the treatment the cells were grown under normal conditions. Analysis at the end of the cycle showed a direct connection between pigment bleaching, reduction of lipid content, loss of thylakoid stacking and a shift of the fluorescence emission maximuminto a region of shorter wavelength. The thylakoid stacking was completely loosened after a heat shock while two thylakoids remained in contact after cold treatment. This probably explains the different regeneration capacities in temperature shock treated cells. None of the described effects could be observed directly after the shocks. From the parallel decay of chlorophyll a, monogalactosyl diglyceride and carotenoids an intimate correlation with the photosystem II complex is suggested.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 71-82 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Algae ; Chlorococcales ; Chlorophyceae ; Chlorella ; Scenedesmus ; Taxonomy ; phylogeny ; DNA reassociation ; DNA/DNA hybridization ; DNA homology ; DNA base composition ; thermal stability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Phylogenetic relationships within the genusChlorella were studied by means of DNA/DNA hybridization under both optimal and relaxed reassociation conditions as well as by determination of the thermal stability of hybrid DNA duplexes. The results indicate a relationship betweenC. fusca var.fusca, C. fusca var.rubescens, C. fusca var.vacuolata, and the genusScenedesmus. In addition, the strains endosymbiotic withParamecium bursaria seem to be related with theC. vulgaris/sorokiniana group. The relations between most other species, however, could not be sufficiently resolved by the above methods. This implies considerable phylogenetic divergency within the genusChlorella.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 130 (1978), S. 253-263 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Lichens ; Trapeliaceae ; Trapelia coarctata ; Chlorophyta ; Oocystaceae ; Chlorella ; Cellular organization ; development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Trapelia coarctata is lichenized withChlorella saccharophila var.ellipsoidea; this is in accordance with one of two former statements. The cells of the isolated alga may be covered individually by a gelatinous envelope; they also can be embedded in confluent mucilage. The course of succedanous divisions leading to the formation of autospores starts with the appearance of a second, new pyrenoid and goes on with bipartioning of the chloroplast, nuclear division and cytokinesis. Starch grains identical to those in the stroma surround the pyrenoid more or less loosely and not in the form of saucer-shaped parts constituting a coherent shell.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Dilleniaceae ; Hibbertia hypericoides ; Mimosaceae ; Acacia ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Diphucephala ; Beetle/plant associations ; non-pollinator ofHibbertia ; potentialAcacia pollinator ; Flora of Australia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Notes are provided on the association of the beetleDiphucephala affinis (Scarabaeidae) with yellow flowers ofHibbertia hypericoides, H. huegelii (Dilleniaceae),Acacia pulchella, andA. stenoptera (Mimosaceae). Observations were undertaken during September 9–19, 1979 at S. Perth, Western Australia. They indicated thatD. affinis is not a pollinator ofHibbertia as suggested in the literature, but may play a small role in the pollination of someAcacia species.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): fructose-2,6-bisphosphate ; PFK ; PFP ; Chlorella ; green algae ; carbon metabolism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Cell-free preparations from the green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, contained two forms of phosphofructokinase (PFK), designated PFK I and PFK II. This represents the first evidence for a second form of PFK in green algae. A pyrophosphate D-fructose-6-phosphate, 1-phosphotransferase (PFP) activity, that was unaffected by the regulatory metabolite, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, co-purified with PFK II through several steps. The data suggest that Chlorella pyrenoidosa resembles higher plants in containing two forms of PFK, but differs in containing an atypical form of PFP.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 186-187 (1989), S. 423-430 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Brachionus plicatilis ; production ; Chlorella ; Nannochloropsis ; fatty acids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Continuous production of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis rotundiformis (S-type) in an intensive chemostat culture system has been investigated. The production dynamics of rotifers in relation to different flow rates and feed regimes show that the growth rate and production depends on the type of algal feed and flow rate utilized in the culture system. It was possible to achieve a mean production of up to 318.84 × 106 rotifers m−3 d−1 at a flow rate of 6 1 h−1 in 100 1 chemostats and up to 261.21 × 106 rotifers m−3 d−1 at a flow rate of 40 1 h −1 while using 1 m3 capacity rotifer chemostats as production units. The ω 3 fatty acid composition of rotifers while using Chlorella and Nannochloropsis in the culture system has been described. The results of this investigation show that the rotifer productivity in the continuous culture system is considerably higher than in any of the conventional culture systems described to date for aquacultural purposes.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 255-263 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Monolepta beetle ; red-shouldered leaf beetle ; Monolepta australis ; lipid extract ; unsaturated aliphatic ethers ; 7-octadecenyl alkyl ethers ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Investigation of the lipid extract of the Australian chrysomelid beetle,Monolepta australis, has revealed a novel homologous series of long-chain, unsaturated-saturated dialkyl ethers in the cuticular wax. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, proton magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, and chemical degradation have shown that ethers of formula CH3(CH2)9CH=CH(CH2)6O(CH2)12–16CH3 predominate.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Ips pini ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; aggregation pheromone ; ipsdienol ; geographic variation ; intrapopulation variation ; speciation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract We determined the chirality of ipsdienol in individual male pine engravers,Ips pini (Say), from New York, California, and two localities in British Columbia (BC). Both quantity and chirality of ipsdienol varied significantly between and within populations ofI. pini. Beetles from California and southeastern BC produced primarily (R)-(−)-ipsdienol with mean ratios of (S)-(+) : (R)-(−) of 9 : 91 and 11 : 89, respectively, while beetles from New York produced primarily (S)-(+)-ipsdienol with a mean (S)-(+) : (R)-(−) ratio of 57 : 43. A population from southwestern BC was unlike any other known western population, producing primarily (S)-(+)-ipsdienol with a mean (S)-(+) : (R)-(−) ratio of 66 : 34. In contrast to the unimodal chirality profiles for ipsdienol production in populations from California and southeastern BC, the profiles of the populations from southwestern BC and New York were bimodal, with a common mode at approximately 44 : 56 (S)-(+) : (R)-(−). Bimodality in the profiles of ipsdienol chirality in two populations ofI. pini and remarkably high levels of intrapopulation variation in pheromone chirality in all four populations suggest that evolutionary change in pheromone channels of communication could occur, possibly in response to artificial selection pressures such as mass trapping.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 807-817 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Tomicus piniperda ; Trypodendron lineatum ; Hylurgops palliatus ; Thanasimus formicarius ; host attraction ; host volatiles ; ethanol ; α-pinene ; synergism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The attraction of bark and ambrosia beetles as well as associated beetles to α-pinene and ethanol was studied in field experiments with flight barrier traps. α-Pinene and ethanol were released individually and as combinations in approximately 1∶1 or 1∶10 ratios and at four different release rates. Ethanol attractedTomicus piniperda (L.),Hylurgops palliatus (Gyll.),Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.),Hylastes cunicularius Er.,H. brunneus Er.,H. opacus Er., andAnisandrus dispar (F.) (Scolytidae);Glischrochilus quadripunctatus (L.) andEpuraea spp. (Nitidulidae);Thanasimus formicarius (L.) (Cleridae); andRhizophagus depressus (F.) (Rhizophagidae). α-Pinene attracted all these species with the exception ofT. lineatum, H. cunicularius, andA. dispar. Combinations of a-pinene and ethanol resulted in synergistically increased attraction of all species with the exception ofH. opacus andA. dispar. A. dispar, the only hardwood-associated species in the study, was repelled by α-pinene. Both the release rates and the ratio at which the two substances were released influenced the response of the beetles. The differences in response between the beetle species seem to reflect dissimilarities in the release of the two substances among the various types of breeding material to which the species are adapted.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): olfaction ; behavior ; electroantennograms ; sex pheromone components ; (Z)- and (E)-trogodermal ; fatty acid esters ; Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle) ; Dermestidae ; Coleoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract On the basis of the antennal receptor potentials and the extent of attraction and copulation induced in unmated male khapra beetles, (Z)- and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal were recognized as the most important components of the pheromone system of femaleTrogoderma granarium (Everts), and were named (Z)- and (E)-trogodermal. Air blown over 10−5 to 10−4 μg of (Z)-trogodermal produced receptor potentials equivalent to that elicited by one virgin femaleT.granarium, while ∼10−2 μg of (Z)-trogodermal was required to cause complete attraction and copulation of unmated males. (Z)-Trogodermal was about 10 times more active than (E)-trogodermal. (Z)-8-Hexadecenal was ∼10−2 times less effective than (Z)-trogodermal in causing attraction and 104 time less active in stimulating copulation. (Z)- and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecen-1-ol and methyl (Z)- and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenoate displayed a relatively low activity for unmated male khapra beetles. Methyl and ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl palmitate, and ethyl stearate were less effective than (Z)-trogodermal by 6–8 orders of magnitude and are nonspecific attractants. The intensity of response to a particular compound was consistent when assessed by the essential components of mating behavior: receptor potentials, attraction, and copulation.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; Attagenus elongatulus ; sex-attracting pheromone ; identification ; black carpet beetle ; (Z,Z)-3,5-tetradecadienoic acid ; (E,Z)-3,5-tetradecadienoic acid ; megatomoic acid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A major sex-attracting component in extracts of virgin females ofAttagenus elongatulus Casey was isolated by various chromatographic techniques. The chemical was identified as (Z,Z)-3,5-tetradecadienoic acid by spectroscopic analyses.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Ips pini ; pheromone response ; atmospheric pressure ; dispersal ; air swallowing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Exposure to artificial changes in atmospheric pressure depressed the responsiveness of bark beetles to their aggregation pheromones.Scolytus multistriatus andIps pini held for 30 min in desiccator jars in which the pressure was modified ±25 mm experienced an inverse change when they were removed for laboratory bioassay. Relative response to pheromones among treatment groups of both species was as follows: ambient 〉 increased 〉 decreased 〉 increased and decreased. In one series of 20 bioassays, response ofS. multistriatus was significantly higher for 9 tests during which no change in atmospheric pressure was detected, as compared to 11 tests during which there was a change in barometric reading. However, in another series of tests withS. multistriatus and a series withI. pini, no depression in response was associated with natural barometric shifts. Large air bubbles in the foregut (ventriculus) confirmed that both beetle species swallow air in preparation for flight. The hypothesis advanced by other workers, that bark beetles may detect changes in atmospheric pressure by shrinking and swelling of the ventricular air bubbles, is consistent with our observations. Sensitivity to atmospheric pressure fluctuations may be the mechanism by which response in laboratory bioassays is depressed during stormy weather and flight in nature is concentrated in periods of calm air.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; chemical communication distances ; Dermestidae ; 14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; pheromone ; release rates ; Trogoderma glabrum ; trogodermal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract By means of olfactory communication models, theoretical maximum communication distances for dispensers releasing synthetic (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal (trogodermal) were confirmed in windtunnel tests withTrogoderma glabrum males. Pheromone release rates ofT. glabrum females are at least 104 greater during than before calling, and are gradually reduced after calling. The models predict that, even under ideal conditions, females may attract males from only several meters. The models are used to estimate active space lengths for female and synthetic pheromone sources, as a function of realistic release rates and wind velocities.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 3-24 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Ips paraconfusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetles ; taxis ; chemotaxis ; orientation ; olfaction ; pheromones
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Gas-liquid chromatography of the air within the arena developed for this assay showed that a concentration gradient was established within 1–2 min of applying the pheromone (ipsenol, ipsdienol,cis-verbenol), and that this gradient was nearly constant for 20–95 min after application. The concentration fell rapidly and approximately exponentially between the source and the center of the arena. Turning rate and the number of beetles that reached the source increased, and heading with respect to the source decreased, in the presence of pheromone. Responses of beetles that did and did not reach the source were significantly different, but within each group there were no significant differences among dosages. Turning rate and heading varied little with distance from the source, while walking rate decreased as distance from the release point of the beetles increased. We hypothesize that dosage exerts its major effect on source location by altering the probability that a beetle will enter into orientation behavior and that beetles orienting to sources have similar behaviors even when orienting to a wide range of dosages.
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 183-208 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Ips paraconfusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetles ; olfaction ; orientation ; counterturning ; chemotaxis ; taxis ; pheromones ; tropotaxis ; schemakinesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The position of beetles were marked at 1-sec intervals after they were released in still air 16–18 cm from point sources of pheromone. Characteristics of the tracks were quantified and compared to those that might be produced by counterturning schemakinesis, tropotaxis, klinotaxis, zigzagging, look-and-leap, or steepest-ascent schemakinesis mechanisms. The beetles' movements were highly irregular, but they turned almost continually and never fixed on a heading near 0° (=straight towards the source). Turn angle sizes increased slightly with absolute size of heading but had the opposite sign, thus compensating slightly for heading. Their distribution was centered about 0° and was unimodal. Heading decreased gradually as the source was neared, but the decrease became steeper within 1–5 cm of the source. Histograms showed that the maximum headings between occurrences when the beetle was headed directly towards the source (0°) were centered around 0° and most of them were less than 90°. However, maximum headings between 90° and 180° were not uncommon. Turn radius decreased as the source was neared. The counterturning mechanism was the most consistent with these observations. An analysis of rate of change of concentration with respect to heading and distance to the source further demonstrated that the counterturning mechanism could explain the form of the decrease in heading as the source was neared, if the major cue used to initiate counterturns was a decrease in the rate of increase of concentration. The tropotaxis could not recreate the form of the decrease, under any form of stimulus processing.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2465-2483 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Ips typographus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Picea abies ; aggregation pheromones ; host tree resistance ; tree-switching ; GC-MS ; monoterpenes ; 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol ; cis-verbenol, verbenone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Volatiles released from individual entrance holes of eight spruce bark beetles (Ips typographus) were collected during the first week of attack on a resistant host tree. In order to quantify the release of the highly volatile 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MB) from attacking males, a new method was developed with deuterated quantification standard released at the time of collection. The amounts of collected volatiles, as analyzed by GC and GC-MS, showed a large variation between individual holes and also between subsequent entrainments from the same hole. Most of the quantified compounds on the average have two maxima, with a pronounced intervening depression. The amounts of releasedcis-verbenol (cV) increased five times during the first two days, while the amounts of MB were consistently high. The attacked spruce tree was not taken by the beetles, and the average amounts of the two aggregation pheromone components, MB and cV, increased again after the first maxima. The first peak of oxygenated monoterpene, released in the beginning of the attack containing α-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol, bornyl acetate,trans-pinocarveol, and verbenone, was possibly due to spontaneous oxidation of monoterpene hydrocarbons from the tree. Microorganisms established in the gallery wall phloem probably participated in the production of oxygenated monoterpenes during the second increase.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Boll weevil ; olfaction ; receptor cell ; Anthonomus grandis ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; enantiomer ; grandisol ; chirality ; electroantennogram ; aggregation pheromone ; neurobiology ; structure-activity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Electrophysiological recordings from antennal olfactory receptors and field behavioral experiments showed both male and female boll weevils,Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to respond specifically to (+)-grandisol, an enantiomer of compound I of the boll weevil aggregation pheromone. Single-cell recordings revealed antennal olfactory neurons in both male and female weevils keyed to (+)-grandisol. Electroantennograms in response to serial dilutions of the grandisol enaniiomers showed a threshold 100 to 1000 times lower for (+)-grandisol relative to its antipode. In field behavioral experiments, both sexes were significantly more attracted to (+)-grandisol in combination with the three other pheromone components than the combination with (−)-grandisol. When (−)-grandisol was placed with the (+)-enantiomer at equal dosages, a slight although statistically insignificant inhibition occurred. Subsequent field tests showed that the low level of attraction exhibited by (−)-grandisol in combination with the other three pheromone components could be attributed to the other three components alone. These results are in contrast with an earlier study, which found (−)-grandisol to be as attractive as the (+)-enantiomer.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 767-777 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Anthonomus grandis ; behavior ; boll weevil ; Coleoptera ; cotton ; cultivar ; Curculionidae ; effluvial method ; grandlure ; pheromone ; Pora-pak Q ; pheromone collection ; aeration collection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract An effluvial method was developed to collect the pheromone, grandlure from actively calling male boll weevils,Anthonomus grandis Boheman. The adsorbant, Porapak Q (ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene), was utilized to trap and concentrate the pheromone. Captured pheromone was desorbed from columns packed with Porapak Q by elution withn-pentane and quantified by capillary column gas-liquid chromatography. In recovery studies with known amounts of synthetic grandlure, we found that the amount of each pheromone component collected was a function of collection duration, elution volume, and initial concentration. This effluvial method was capable of recovering as much as 94.9% of a known quantity (80 μg) of grandlure. The chromatograms were free of extraneous peaks. In studies of insect-produced pheromone, the effluvial method was used to collect pheromone from the air space surrounding male boll weevils as they fed on flower buds from CAMD-E cotton. The quantity and quality of boll-weevil-produced pheromone was determined for days 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 of boll weevil adulthood. The maximum quantity of natural pheromone was produced on day 13 (4.2 μg/weevil) with a pheromone component ratio of 2.41∶2.29∶0.95∶1 for components I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The effluvial method described in this report is an efficient method to collect and quantify boll weevil pheromone from the atmosphere surrounding actively calling insects. Other applications of this method are suggested.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Boll weevil ; Anthonomus grandis ; aggregation pheromone ; multicomponent ; behavior ; electroantennogram ; neurobiology ; structureactivity ; geometric isomers ; cotton ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract For two decades, the aggregation pheromone of the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), was thought to consist of four compounds: I [(+)-(Z)-2-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclobutane ethanol]; II [(Z)-3,3-dimethyl-ΔI,β-cyclohexane ethanol]; III [(Z)-3,3-dimethyl-Δ1,α-cyclohexane acetaldehyde); and IV [(E)-3,3-dimethyl-Δ1,α-cyclohexane acetaldehyde). Evidence is presented from behavioral and electrophysiological studies to show that only three of these components, I, II, and IV, are essential for attraction. Competitive field tests, in which each possible three-component blend was tested against the four-component mixture, demonstrated that omission of I, II. or IV resulted in decreased trap captures (P 〈 0.01). Trap captures by these blends lacking I, II, or IV resembled those by the hexane solvent alone in a similar experiment. However, omission of III did not significantly alter field attractiveness of the blend. Dosage-response curves constructed from electroantennogram responses of both males and females to serial dilutions of III, IV, and a 50∶50 mixture of the geometric isomers III and IV showed both sexes to be 10- to 100-fold more sensitive to IV than III. Data from the electrophysiological studies were consistent with a single acceptor type for the (E)-cyclohexylidene aldehyde, IV, for males, and possibly one or two acceptor types for III and IV for females. Possible roles for the (Z)-cyclohexylidene aldehyde, III, and implications for the pheromonal attractant currently used in boll weevil eradication/suppression programs are discussed.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2263-2277 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Aggregation pheromone ; Ips typogmphus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; density regulation ; inhibitor ; verbenone ; ipsenol ; ipsdienol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The semiochemicals verbenone (Vn), ipsenol (Ie), and ipsdienol (Id), present in late phases of host colonization, have been implicated as qualitative “shut-off” signals regulating attack density. Combinations of the three chemicals were released in pipe traps together with the aggregation pheromone components 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MB) andcis-verbenol (cV) at different levels and in different ratios to MB + cV, and with two spacings of traps to test for possible effects on reducing catch at traps baited with aggregation pheromone. When they were released with the attractants Vn and Ie (alone or together) decreased the mean catch significantly at the higher release rates used (1 mg/day). Id alone or together with Vn at low release rates (0.1 mg/day), with the attractants, increased catch somewhat. A dose-response test of Vn, with the attractants held constant, showed a decline in catches, down to about 〈 10% of the control, at ratios of Vn to cV between 1∶1 and 150∶ 1. A larger spacing (25 m) of traps gave a stronger response to change in doses of Vn and MB + cV than a smaller (6 m) spacing. The sex ratio was more skewed towards females when two or three inhibitors were present and at higher doses of Vn. It is suggested that Vn could be the most important density-regulating signal in the natural system, as release of Vn from galleries is larger and starts earlier than that of Id and Ie.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Dendroctonus ponderosae ; Ips paraconfusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromones ; terpene alcohols ; axenic-rearing ; bark beetles ; microorganisms
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins andIps paraconfusus Lanier of both sexes produced most of their complement of terpene alcohols at normal to elevated levels in the absence of readily culturable microorganisms. However, there was some evidence that microbial involvement may be required by maleI. paraconfusus to produce ipsenol and ipsdienol at normal levels. Increased levels of certain terpene alcohols found in axenically reared or streptomycin-fed beetles suggest that symbiotic microorganisms may be responsible for breaking down pheromones and other terpene alcohols. There was also evidence for microbial involvement in the production of the antiaggregation pheromone verbenone inD. ponderosae. This compound was not produced in quantifiable levels by axenically reared or streptomycin-fed beetles exposed to α-pinene as vapors or through feeding, but was found in wildD. ponderosae exposed to α-pinene through feeding on bolts of lodgepole pine,Pinus contorta var.latifolia Engelmann.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1513-1533 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Dendroctonus terebrans ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetles ; pheromones ; primary attraction ; secondary attraction ; host selection ; frontalin ; exo-brevicomin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Controlled infestation ofDendroctonus terebrans (Olivier) on bolts of slash pine,Pinus ellionii Engelm. var.elliottii, elicited greater attraction of wild conspecifics than uninfested bolts. Secondary attraction was not apparent, however, to standing slash pines that had received volunteer attacks, when compared with attraction to unattacked but susceptible trees. Hindguts from in-flight or attacking femaleD. terebrans contained frontalin, and those from in-flight or attacking males containedexo-brevicomin.Trans-pinocarveol,cis-verbenol,trans-verbenol, myrtenal, verbenone, myrtenol, and other compounds were produced by both sexes during gallery construction in host trees. Synthetic frontalin, when deployed with a standard host odor mixture of turpentine and ethanol, was very attractive to maleD. terebrans in field-trapping experiments. The addition of eitherexo-brevicomin orendo-brevicomin to the frontalin-turpentine combination negated the attractive effect of frontalin for males.Trans-verbenol, myrtenol, and verbenone had little effect onD. terebrans behavior. Responses of females did not differ among treatments in any of the 11 field experiments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Olfaction ; chirality ; pheromone ; semiochemical ; enantiomer ; bark beetle ; electrophysiology ; electroantennogram ; mountain pine beetle ; Dendroctonus ponderosae ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded fromD. ponderosae to the enantiomers of the terpenoid bark-beetle pheromonestrans-verbenol,cis-verbenol, verbenone, and the bicyclic ketals frontalin,exo-brevicomin, andendo-brevicomin. Male and female responses to enantiomers of the terpenoids differed significantly only at the two highest concentrations. No sex differences were seen in response to the bicyclic ketals. Significantly different responses to the enantiomers of all the chemicals, except frontalin, were noted over at least part of the dosage-response ranges tested. The negative antipode for all of the terpenoids elicited higher responses, while for the bicyclic ketals, the positive antipode effected the largest responses except for the two highest concentrations ofexo-brevicomin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 55 (1977), S. 3-15 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): fishpond ; methods ; artificial vegetation ; life history ; habitat ; freshwater invertebrates ; Crustacea ; Hirudinea ; Plecoptera ; Ephemeroptera ; Odonata ; Heteroptera ; Trichoptera ; Coleoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The fauna was sampled regularly by sweeping with a net, by means of a quantitative sampler and in mats of artificial Littorella. The three methods were found to be complementary. Only the second yielded reliable quantitative data, but it was the most time-consuming. The artificial-vegetation method was the quickest, and comparable samples could be taken regularly without harm to the environment. A few species were not attracted to the artificial vegetation. The net revealed that some species were more abundant in certain species of plant than in others. The artificial vegetation was particularly suitable for sampling in deep water. Moreover it captured the smallest specimens, which could pass through the sweep-net because the mats could be brought up inside a net of finer mesh.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 159 (1989), S. 589-596 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Schlagwort(e): Corpora cardiaca ; Coleoptera ; Neuropeptides ; HPLC ; Amino acid composition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Extracts of corpora cardiaca from two members of the family Tenebrionidae,Zophobas rugipes andTenebrio molitor, from one member of the Chrysomelidae,Leptinotarsa decemlineata, and from three members of the Scarabaeidae,Pachnoda marginata, P. sinuata andMelolontha hippocastani, were assayed for adipokinetic and hypertrehalosaemic activity in acceptor locusts (Locusta migratoria) and cockroaches (Periplaneta americana), respectively. All corpus cardiacum material tested, except that from the cockchafer,M. hippocastani, gave positive bioassay results. Biological activities of corpus cardiacum extracts from all species investigated can be resolved on reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Gland extracts from the two tenebrionid species each show a single peak of biological activity associated with a single peak of UV absorbance having an identical retention time in both species. The two biologically active fractions from the corpora cardiaca of the potato beetle,L. decemlineata, coelute with exogenous (synthetic) hypertrehalosaemic hormones I and II of the American cockroach. The two species of the genusPachnoda contain two active compounds in their glands; compound I of each species is more abundant and elutes just ahead of the (synthetic) hypertrehalosaemic hormone of the cockroachBlaberus discoidalis. The gland material ofM. hippocastani exhibits and absorbance peak with the same retention time as the major peak from thePachnoda-species; however, this peak material does not elicit biological activity in the assays used here. After fractionation by RP-HPLC the main biologically active compounds were subjected to amino acid analyses. All factors are peptidic and contain 8 amino acid residues. The peptides from the tenebrionid species have the amino acid residues Asx(2), Glx(1), Ser(1), Pro(1), Leu(1), Phe(1) and Trp(i), whereas the main peptide from corpora cardiaca ofP. marginata contains the residues Asx(2), Glx(1), Ser(1), Pro(1), Tyr(1), Leu(1) and Trp(1). Amino acid composition analyses of the two active fractions fromL. decemlineata reveal the residues Asx(2), Glx(1), Ser(1), Pro(1), Val(1), Phe(1) and Trp(1) for compound I and Asx(1), Glx(1), Thr(2), Pro(1), Leu(1), Phe(1) and Trp(1) for compound II.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sweet potato weevil ; Cylas formicarius elegantulus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Ipomoea batatas ; feeding ; oviposition ; host-plant preference ; host-plant resistance ; root surface chemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Cores from sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] storage roots (Centennial, Jewel, Resisto, and Regal cultivars) were presented to sweet potato weevils [Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers) (Coleoptera; Curculionidae)] in multiple-choice, limited-choice, and no-choice bioassays. Centennial, a susceptible cultivar in field-plot experiments, was preferred for feeding and oviposition by female weevils in choice bioassays, and for ovi-position in no-choice bioassays, compared to three other cultivars. Analysis of root surface chemistry showed a tentatively identified triterpenol acetate in Centennial, which was not found in the more resistant cultivars; another root surface component was found in higher concentrations in the more resistant cultivars.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Enantiomeric composition ; chiral separation ; GC ; pheromone ; plant-insect relations ; Norway spruce ; Picea abies ; α-pinene enantiomers ; cis-verbenol ; trans-verbenol ; Ips. Typographus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytdae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The enantiomeric composition of α-pinene in individual Norway spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] was determined on a chiral GC column after stereoselective hydroboration-oxidation followed by a reaction with isopropyl isocyanate to form the carbamate derivative. The enantiomeric composition varied considerably between trees of different genetic origin. There was a strong correlation between the chirality of α-pinene in host spruce trees and thecis/trans ratio of verbenols found in the hindguts of the bark beetleIps typographus (L.) infesting the trees.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1617-1627 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Aggregation ; lactic acid ; olfactometer ; mouthpart palpi ; density ; mealworm ; Tenebrio molitor ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Evaluation of the lactic acid attraction of individual and grouped larvalTenebrio molitor L. in an olfactometer indicated that olfaction is unlikely to be the chemoreceptive mode governing substrate choice or aggregation of these insects. High-magnification videotaped sequences of mealworms on treated and control filter papers indicated that larvae sample the substrate by rapidly probing with mouthpart palpi in a manner similar to the leaf sampling of certain caterpillars. The reception of lactic acid stimuli may therefore involve contact chemoreceptors. The larvae frequently touch each other in a similar manner. Bioassays comparing the cumulative frequencies of distributions of mealworms on control and lactic acid-treated filter papers indicated significant differences, with higher density clusters being found on the treated papers. Comparison of the control distribution with the expected distribution revealed an innate tendency to aggregate. The implications of these results are discussed with regard to the formation of mealworm clusters in the environment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1689-1697 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Defensive secretion ; aliphatic acids ; beetle ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Pasimachus subsulcatus ; carboxylic acids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The defensive secretion of the carabid beetlePasimachus subsulcatus is a concentrated solution (up to 90%) of carboxylic acids, amounting to about 1% of body mass. It contains three major components (methacrylic, tiglic, and angelic acids) and four minor components (isobutyric, 2-methyl-butyric, isovaleric, and senecioic acids). In the single population of this large flightless beetle that was examined, the relative ratio of acidic components was remarkably constant from individual to individual.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 749-765 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Bark beetle ; Ips typographus ; Tomicus piniperda ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromone ; host attractants ; dispersal ; flight ; Pityogenes ; Hylurgops ; Cryphalus ; Trypodendron
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The catches of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were compared between attractive traps releasing semiochemicals and passive traps (cylindrical sticky screens hung, at 10 heights of 0.7–11.5 m, on poles). A central attractive-trap pole was surrounded by three passive-trap poles spaced 50 or 100 m away at the apices of an equilateral triangle. The catches ofTomicus piniperda and other scolytid species on the attractive-trap pole baited with host monoterpenes, or the catches ofIps typographus attracted to synthetic pheromone, were compared to passive trap catches in a Scots pine forest or in a Norway spruce clear-cut, respectively. Information about flight height distributions of the above scolytid species, andHylurgops palliatus, Cryphalus abietis, Pityogenes chalcographus, P. quadridens, P. bidentatus, andTrypodendron domesticum were obtained on the passive and attractive trap poles. A new method is presented for determining the densities of flying insects based on the passive trap's dimensions and catch, duration of test, and speed of insect. Also, a novel concept, the effective attraction radius (EAR), is presented for comparing attractants of species, which is independent of insect density, locality, or duration of test. The EAR is obtained by the ratio of attractive and passive trap catches and the dimensions of the passive trap, and thus should correlate positively with the strength of the attractant and the distance of attraction. EARs are determined from catch data ofT. piniperda andI. typographus as well as from the data of previous investigations on the same or other bark beetles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1171-1176 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Host colonization ; sex pheromone ; ambrosia beetle ; Platypus caviceps ; Coleoptera ; Platypodidae ; Nothofagus ; southern beech
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The role of host- and beetle-produced odors in the colonization of southern beech (Nothofagus spp.) by the pinhole borerPlatypus caviceps Broun was investigated. Host-selecting males attacked the crown zone of a recently felled tree. Beetle emergence and dispersal were influenced by temperature, and sparse colonization continued over the 30 days of the study. Field tests using naturally baited traps indicated that male colonization of southern beech can be accounted for by attraction to host odors alone and that subsequent female response is to a male-released sex pheromone acting alone or in combination with host odors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1545-1558 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Magnesium sulfate ; oviposition ; bean weevil ; Acanthoscelides obtectus Say ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; supernormal stimulus ; neuromuscular synaptic depression
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Unlike many secondary plant substances, a wide range of concentrations (4–1000 mM) of magnesium sulfate, applied to dry beans, significantly increased egg-laying by the dry bean weevil in binary choice tests, in favor of treated seeds. No other magnesium-containing compounds studied exerted such an effect, nor was a similar response noted on treated beans in no-choice situations. The total number of eggs laid per female was in the same range in both types of test. Variably enhanced or suppressed oviposition responses were shown on magnesium sulfate-treated secondary hosts and on nonhosts or on indifferent substrates. No specific behavior by egg-laying bean weevil females on Mg-treated seeds could be detected. The results are explained by assuming the functioning of magnesium as a supernormal stimulus for egg-laying. However, a physiological effect on neuromuscular synaptic transmission, as a consequence of probable Mg uptake resulting in a decreased propensity to move, is also hypothesized.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1605-1615 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Aggregation ; lactic acid ; yellow mealworm ; Tenebrio molitor ; frass ; acetic acid ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; attraction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Late-instar larvalTenebrio molitor L. were found to be attracted to aqueous extracts of conspecific larval frass. The attraction was evident at both the individual and group level. The attraction of larval groups to frass indicated the possibility of an aggregation pheromone that would be chemically distinct in the mealworm environment. Chemical analysis of short carbon chain acids present in both the mealworm frass and the diet indicated that lactic acid was present in the mealworm frass only. Acetic acid was identified in both the diet and the larval frass. Larvae aggregated on filter papers treated with aqueous frass extracts that had been dried and also on those freshly wetted. The larvae also aggregated on dried or freshly wetted papers treated with lactic acid, but failed to aggregate on freshly wetted papers or dried papers treated with acetic acid. The role of excreted lactic acid as a discriminant of already infested and, therefore, safer environmental regions is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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