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  • Chemistry  (5,694)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (373)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (346)
  • SOLAR PHYSICS  (258)
  • 1975-1979  (6,671)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
  • 1976  (6,671)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1975-1979  (6,671)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
Year
  • 1
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    Sensitivity of solar-cell performance to atmospheric variables. 2: Dissimilar cells at several locations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26624.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 259-270
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  • 2
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    Problems in photoresponse distribution measurement (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Photoresponse distribution measurement by scanning a light spot across the surface of a semiconductor device is examined. The technqiue is used for solar cell characterization because the measured quantity is the direct expression of the distribution of the desired performance of the device. An apparatus for measuring the photoresponse distribution was set and used in the development of polysilicon thin film solar cells. A schmeatic diagram of the apparatus and an example of measurement are shown.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 355-362
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  • 3
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    On the determination of series resistance and diode quality factor of solar cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The series resistance and diode quality factor are used for evaluation of solar cell performance. These parameters are normally deduced from the terminal I-V characteristics under forward bias. The method produces a smaller series resistance and a larger value for diode quality factor than appropriate for the device when operating as a solar cell. It is suggested that the diode quality factor be determined from measured saturated photocurrent, open circuit voltage characteristics and the series resistance be measured with an r-f bridge or calculated from a measurement of the surface sheet resistance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 347-354
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  • 4
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    Silicon solar cell testing in concentrated sunlight and simulated sunlight (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: A method is described for testing silicon solar cells in concentrated sunlight and simulated sunlight. Concentrated sunlight is obtained by using an acrylic Fresnel lens; the simulated sunlight source is a short arc Xenon lamp. Average illumination levels during the tests are inferred from an assumed linear relationship between short circuit current and illumination. The linearity assumption is investigated for 0.3 alpha cm base resistivity silicon cells and found to be valid. Some typical results are presented to illustrate the type of information obtained during the testing.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 337-354
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  • 5
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    Indoor and outdoor measurements of performance of photovoltaic arrays (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26626.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 309-322
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  • 6
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    Recommendations for the performance rating of flat plate terrestrial photovoltaic solar panels (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: A review of recommendations for standardizing the performance rating of flat plate terrestrial solar panels is given to develop an international standard code of practice for performance rating. Required data to characterize the performance of a solar panel are listed. Other items discussed are: (1) basic measurement procedures; (2) performance measurement in natural sunlight and simulated sunlight; (3) standard solar cells; (4) the normal incidence method; (5) global method and (6) definition of peak power.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 323-336
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  • 7
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    Cell and module test procedures seen from the manufacturer and the user point of view (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The problems encountered by manufacturers and users of solar modules are summarized. Related measurement of the rated power of the module is included, and a temperature test is suggested to define the actual performance of a module. Other suggestions are given for environmental module and array tests.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 301-308
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  • 8
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    Introduction to basic solar cell measurements (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26625.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 275-300
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  • 9
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    Some basic considerations of measurements involving collimated direct sunlight (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26622.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 233-246
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  • 10
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    Consideration of design and calibration of terrestrial reference solar cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26621.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 203-222
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  • 11
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    Sensitivity of solar cell performance to atmospheric variables. 1: Single cell (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26623.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 247-258
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  • 12
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    The effect of atmospheric parameters on silicon cell performance (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26619.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 93-108
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  • 13
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    Solar excitation of CdS/Cu2S photovoltaic cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Solar radiation of five typical clear weather days and under a variety of conditions is used to determine the spectral distribution of the photonflux at different planes of a CdS/Cu2S solar cell. The fractions of reflected and absorbed flux are determined at each of the relevant interfaces and active volume elements of the solar cell. The density of absorbed photons is given in respect to spectral and spatial distribution. The variance of the obtained distribution, with changes in insolation and absorption spectra of the active solar cell layers, is indicated. A catalog of typical examples is given in the appendix.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 109-150
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  • 14
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    Test facility for solar-cell reference conditions (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26618.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 67-78
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  • 15
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    The effects of spectral variations on silicon cell output (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Spectral measurements of daily, total horizontal radiation were analyzed to determine the magnitude and character of the effects in silicon cell output. Data for different seasons and weather conditions are included. Techniques and results are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 79-92
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  • 16
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    The solar spectrum at typical clear weather days (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The solar spectrum in the range of 300 is less than lambda is less than 1500nm is given for five typical clear weather days. These days are selected to represent typical seasonal conditions in respect to airmass water vapor, ozone, and turbidity. Present data are reviewed, and specific conditions are selected. The spectral distribution of the irradiance is given for the direct component, the scattered skylight, the total flux on a horizontal surface, and the flux on an inclined surface normal to the direct beam.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 17-58
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  • 17
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    Monitoring solar radiation: The ERDA program (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: An overview of the Energy Research and Development Administration planned insolation data network is described. The design of the network is predicated on an analysis and definition of user requirements. Research and analysis projects covering data collection, forecasting and extrapolation are presented.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 1-17
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  • 18
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    Artificial solar eclipse experiment MA-148 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: On July 19, 1975, the Apollo spacecraft successfully occulted the solar disk from the field of view of a camera mounted in the Soyuz spacecraft while performing a spacecraft separation maneuver to permit the outer solar corona to be viewable by the Soyuz camera. The camera operated automatically, and 55 frames were developed for scientific analysis.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 5 p
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  • 19
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    Stratospheric aerosol measurement experiment MA-007 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement Experiment was flown to demonstrate that direct solar occultation measurements by photometers and photographs can be used for defining stratospheric aerosol concentrations. Supporting ground truth data were provided by laser radar and balloon borne dustsonde. Initial results show a significant difference in aerosol concentrations between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 8 p
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  • 20
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    DSS 14 operating noise temperature during Helios 1 near-sun tracking (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: When spacecraft are tracked near the line-of-sight of the sun, the ground antenna sidelobes see the solar noise. The solar noise increases the ground system operating noise temperature and degrades the downlink RF reception performance. At specific antenna azimuthal angles relative to the sun, noise peaks and nulls occur periodically throughout a day's tracking pass due to the quadripod support leg-generated sidelobes. This article documents this effect while tracking Helios 1, illustrates the time of the peaks, and compares the predicted time of the noise temperature peaks with the measured data.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 68-76
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  • 21
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    Thermodynamic cycle analysis (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis was made of Rankine cycle efficiency in nuclear power plants with and without reheat capabilities. In addition, temperatures and pressures at certain selected locations were carried out to optimize plant efficiency. It was determined that plant efficiency without reheat was 39.03%, with reheat, a maximum efficiency of 4.44% was obtained at a pressure of 435.12 psia. Data also indicate efficiency appears to increase for pressures greater than 720 psia. However, higher pressures cannot be used because calculations indicate these pressure reheat temperatures exceed 1650 R, which is not allowed due to material limitations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 73-78
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  • 22
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    Solar central electric power generation - A baseline design (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents the conceptual technical baseline design of a solar electric power plant using the central receiver concept, and derives credible cost estimates from the baseline design. The major components of the plant - heliostats, tower, receiver, tower piping, and thermal storage - are discussed in terms of technical and cost information. The assumed peak plant output is 215 MW(e), over 4000 daylight hours. The contribution of total capital investment to energy cost is estimated to be about 55 mills per kwh in mid-1974 dollars.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 23
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    The solar wind and its influence on the atmospheres of moon, Mercury and Venus (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The solar wind is expected to have an important influence on the atmospheres of the moon, Mercury and Venus and therefore a brief outline of solar wind theory is presented along with the predicted properties of the wind at the orbits of these planets. Since the atmospheres of the moon and possibly Mercury are formed primarily by solar wind accretion, we present the latest accretion models for these bodies. The expected role the solar wind plays on both the ionization and termination of the ionosphere of Venus is discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
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  • 24
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    Prospects for pipeline delivery of hydrogen as a fuel and as a chemical feedstock (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The possibility of using hydrogen for storing and carrying energy obtained from nonfossil sources such as nuclear and solar energy is examined. According to the method proposed, these nonfossil raw energy sources will be used to obtain hydrogen from water by three basically distinct routes: (1) electrical generation followed by electrolysis; (2) thermochemical decomposition; and (3) direct neutron or ultraviolet irradiation of hydrogen bearing molecules. The hydrogen obtained will be transmitted in long-distance pipelines, and distributed to all energy-consuming sectors. As a fuel gas, hydrogen has many qualities similar to natural gas and with only minor modifications, it can be transmitted and distributed in the same equipment, and can be burned in the same appliances as natural gas. Hydrogen can also be used as a clean fuel (water is the only combustion product) for automobiles, fleet vehicles, and aircraft.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: American Gas Association Monthly; 58; Nov. 197
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  • 25
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    Design application using solar energy to control the environment in a major office building (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 26
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    The dilemma of future electric power demand (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Dim prospects are held out for continued exponential growth rates in the generation and use of electric power worldwide and in many local areas, extrapolating from current trends and common projections. While acknowledging the unique advantages of electric power use, the article points out the 30% level of efficiency in conversion of other forms of energy to electrical energy, with huge volumes of wasted energy plus thermal pollution. Even growth at a fixed rate is found problematical, with future needs exhausting water and land resources and fossil fuels in time. Alleviation of the situation by shifting much of the load to still unproven technologies is considered cautiously
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Energy Quarterly; 6; Apr. 1
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  • 27
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    Clean fuels from biomass (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses the U.S. resources to provide fuels from agricultural products, the present status of conversion technology of clean fuels from biomass, and a system study directed to determine the energy budget, and environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Conversion processes are discussed relative to pyrolysis and anaerobic fermentation. Pyrolysis breaks the cellulose molecules to smaller molecules under high temperature in the absence of oxygen, wheras anaerobic fermentation is used to convert biomass to methane by means of bacteria. Cost optimization and energy utilization are also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Energy Quarterly; 6; Jan. 1
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  • 28
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    The solar brightness temperature at millimeter wavelengths (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of the brightness temperature of the sun near 36 GHz and 93 GHz were made using the new moon as a calibration source. Provided the brightness temperature of the moon is known and all measurements are reduced to the same zenith angle, a simple expression can be used for the sun-to-new moon ratio which is independent of antenna gain, atmospheric absorption and reemission, and radiometer calibration constants. This ratio was measured near 36 GHz and at two frequencies near 93 GHz with a Dicke switched superheterodyne radiometer system and a 2.4 m Cassegrain antenna. The slopes of the solar brightness temperature spectrum based on these ratios were measured. The absolute solar brightness spectrum derived from all current available measurements supplemented by the present ones is also plotted and discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 48; May 1976
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  • 29
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    Evidence for the regulation of solar wind heat flux at 1 AU (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observational evidence favoring the local regulation of solar-wind heat flux at 1 AU is reviewed, and four months of IMP 6 plasma and magnetic-field data are merged and analyzed in order to investigate what might be regulating the heat flux. A statistical analysis of the data shows that the solar-wind Alfven speed is probably regulating the heat flux locally at 1 AU and that the Alfven speed, the velocity difference between the peak of low-energy electrons and the bulk plasma velocity, and the solar-wind velocity component projected along the local spiral angle are statistically well correlated for Alfven speeds not exceeding about 70 km/s. A time-series analysis of the data indicates that only the Alfven speed and the velocity difference between the peak of low-energy electrons and the bulk plasma velocity are well correlated both qualitatively and quantitatively on a microscopic time scale. It is strongly suggested that, at times, the solar-wind heat flux is locally regulated by the magnitude of the Alfven speed at 1 AU. Uncertainties in the results are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Oct. 1
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  • 30
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    High-speed solar wind flow parameters at 1 AU (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nineteen high-speed solar-wind streams observed at 1 AU between March 1971 and July 1974 are studied to develop a more realistic set of constraints for theories on such streams. The streams were chosen because their speeds exceeded 650 km/s for at least several consecutive three-hour periods and because their properties met certain other criteria. A comparison of average stream parameters with predictions of existing steady-state models shows that no single model is adequate to explain the observations. In particular, it is found that no existing model consistent with reasonable coronal conditions predicts the particle fluxes, the convected proton bulk-flow-energy fluxes, and the convected proton enthalpy fluxes observed at 1 AU when the flow speed exceeds 650 km/s.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Oct. 1
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  • 31
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    Forbidden transition probabilities for ground terms of ions with p or p5 configurations (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Forbidden transition probabilities are given for ground term transitions of ions in the isoelectronic sequences with outer configurations 2s2 2p (B I), 2p5 (F I), 3s2 3p (Al I), and 3p5 (Cl I). Tables give, for each ion, the ground term interval, the associated wavelength, the quadrupole radial integral, the electric quadrupole transition probability, and the magnetic dipole transition probability. Coronal lines due to some of these ions have been observed, while others are yet to be observed. The tales for the Al I and Cl I sequences include elements up to germanium.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 46; Jan. 197
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  • 32
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    Dynamic modeling for evaluation of solar collector performance (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Dynamic modeling is being developed to provide a tool for systematic analysis of performance characteristics in energy systems where time-dependent behavior is important. A dynamic model program designed to aid in the understanding of solar collector behavior over the full range of operating conditions was constructed and tested in the evaluation of a conceptual collector design.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 141-146
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  • 33
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    Mechanical design (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Design concepts for a 1000 mw thermal stationary power plant employing the UF6 fueled gas core breeder reactor are examined. Three design combinations-gaseous UF6 core with a solid matrix blanket, gaseous UF6 core with a liquid blanket, and gaseous UF6 core with a circulating blanket were considered. Results show the gaseous UF6 core with a circulating blanket was best suited to the power plant concept.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 90-105
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  • 34
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    Background (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis was made of the UF6 fueled gas core reactor as a function of cavity reactor criticality and fluid mechanics tests, investigations of uranium optical emission spectra, and radiant heat transfer power plant studies. Data are also given on nuclear and thermodynamic cycle analysis.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 6-33
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  • 35
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    Hectometric and kilometric solar radio emission observed from satellites in August 1972 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Type II, type III, and continuum solar radio events, as well as intense terrestrial magnetospheric radio emissions, were observed at low frequencies (10 MHz to 30 kHz) by the IMP-6 satellite during the period of high solar activity in August 1972. This review covers briefly the unique direction-finding capability of the experiment, a detailed chronology of the low-frequency radio events, and, where possible, their association with both ground-based radio observations and solar flares. The attempted observation of solar bursts in the presence of intense magnetospheric noise may, as illustrated, lead to erroneous results in the absence of directional information. The problem of assigning an electron-density scale and its influence on determining burst trajectories is reviewed. However, for the disturbed conditions existing during the period in question, it is felt that such trajectories cannot be determined accurately by this method. The capabilities, limitations, and observing programs of present and future satellite experiments are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 19; Oct
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  • 36
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    Diamagnetic boundary layers - A kinetic theory (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A kinetic theory is presented for boundary layers associated with MHD tangential 'discontinuities' in a collisionless magnetized plasma, such as those observed in the solar wind. The theory consists of finding self-consistent solutions of Vlasov's equation and Maxwell's equation for stationary one-dimensional boundary layers separating two Maxwellian plasma states. Layers in which the current is carried by electrons are found to have a thickness of the order of a few electron gyroradii, but the drift speed of the current-carrying electrons is found to exceed the Alfven speed, and accordingly such layers are not stable. Several types of layers in which the current is carried by protons are discussed; in particular, cases are considered in which the magnetic-field intensity, direction, or both, changed across the layer. In every case, the thickness was of the order of a few proton gyroradii, and the field changed smoothly, although the characteristics depended somewhat on the boundary conditions. The drift speed was always less than the Alfven speed, consistent with stability of such structures. These results are consistent with observations of boundary layers in the solar wind near 1 AU.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 45; Dec. 197
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  • 37
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    The solar physics Shuttle/Spacelab program and its relationship to studies of the flare build-up (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The main phase of solar physics (including flare-buildup) research on Shuttle/Spacelab during the 1980s centers around the use of facility instruments for multiple-user, multiple flight operations. Three main facilities are being considered: a meter-class optical telescope for visible and near-UV wavelengths, an EUV/XUV/soft X-ray facility, and a hard X-ray imaging facility (including a full-sun 5-600 keV spectrometer, a nuclear gamma ray spectrometer, and an X-ray polarimeter for the 5-100 keV range). Smaller instruments designed for specific observations and other classes of instruments such as solar monitors that are not on the facility level are also being considered.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
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  • 38
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    The thermal efficiency and cost of producing hydrogen and other synthetic aircraft fuels from coal (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A comparison is made of the cost and thermal efficiency of producing liquid hydrogen, liquid methane and synthetic aviation kerosene from coal. These results are combined with estimates of the cost and energy losses associated with transporting, storing, and transferring the fuels to aircraft. The results of hydrogen-fueled and kerosene-fueled aircraft performance studies are utilized to compare the economic viability and efficiency of coal resource utilization of synthetic aviation fuels.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Miami Univ. First World Hydrogen Energy Conf. Proc., Vol. 3; 28 p
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  • 39
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    The 1976 Helios and Pioneer solar conjunctions-continuing corroboration of the link between Doppler noise and integrated signal path electron density (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observed Doppler noise (rms phase jitter) from the 1976 solar conjunctions of the Helios 1 and 2 and the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft was processed with a recently developed Doppler noise model ISEDB. Good agreement is obtained between the observed data and the model. Correlation is shown between deviations from the ISEDB model and sunspot activity, but it is insufficient to be modeled. Correlation is also shown between ISEDB model deviations for (spacecraft) signal paths on the same side of the sun.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 121-137
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  • 40
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    Interplanetary disturbances caused by the August 1972 solar flares as observed by Pioneer 9 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Pioneer 9 plasma and field observations at 0.78 AU were used as the basis of the analysis of the dynamic behavior of the interplanetary medium during early August, 1972. The following investigations were carried out: (1) energy and mass estimates for the solar flares of Aug. 2, 4, and 7; (2) shock wave characteristics; and (3) a numerical simulation of the first two flare-generated disturbances on Aug. 2, 4, and 7.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Sept. 1
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  • 41
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    Structure of the extended solar magnetic field and the sunspot cycle variation in cosmic ray intensity (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is proposed that a relation exists between the extent of interplanetary-magnetic-field sectors and observed variations in cosmic-ray intensity at earth. Changes that take place in the sector magnetic fields and solar polar fields during a sunspot cycle are described. It is argued that a geometrical effect arising from changes in sector-field and polar-field extent during sunspot cycles may be the principal cause of the 11-yr modulation of cosmic-ray intensity observed at earth. The fraction of the heliosphere occupied by sector fields is estimated as a function of time through an average sunspot cycle, the solid angle of the heliosphere occupied by the extended solar polar fields is plotted through the same cycle, and monthly averages of observed absolute intensities of primary cosmic rays with a rigidity greater than 0.5 GV are compared with the plot of polar-field extent. It is found that the average sunspot-cycle variation of the solid angle of the extended polar fields is rather similar to the observed variation in the flux of the cosmic rays considered.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 262; Aug. 26
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  • 42
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    Solar radiation measurement - Techniques and instrumentation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A general survey is presented of solar radiation measurement, techniques, and instrumentation. The importance of determining the total and spectral irradiance of the sun is examined in the context of the energy crisis and utilization of solar energy. The survey includes the extraterrestrial solar fluxes, their possible variations, problems relating to energy received by collecting surfaces on the ground, major types of instrumentation, and the radiation scales to which the measurements are referred. The type of insolation data available is reviewed. Alternate techniques of deriving insolation data with high space-time resolution are discussed with reference to solar energy conversion requirements. Energy received on the ground can be computed from known values of the extraterrestrial solar spectrum and of the spectral absorption parameters of the atmosphere. Another technique is based on measurements made by meteorological satellites of the cloud-cover and of the solar energy reflected and scattered back to space by the earth-atmosphere system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 43
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    Coronal temperatures and temperature gradients from OSO-7 spectroheliograms (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Temperatures and temperature gradients for the outer corona are obtained from brightness gradients of EUV lines that were measured with the spectroheliograph on OSO-7. Brightness gradients show considerable deviations from isothermal model calculations that include collisional excitation and photoexcitation. A negative temperature gradient that gives both positive and negative ion-abundance gradients appears to be able to account for the discrepancy. For the 284-A of Fe XV, perhaps the strongest line from the outer corona, measurements during 1972 appear to be consistent with a temperature near 2.3 million K near the equator at about 1.3 solar radii from the solar center and with temperature-gradient values near -0.7 that extend from as low as 1.2 to about 1.8 solar radii. Temperatures from strong lines of Fe XIV and Fe XVI indicate that variations of about 200,000 K exist along lines of sight where emission is appreciable. There appears to be some agreement between these results and temperature measurements from ion abundances in the solar wind and the Doppler width of the 5303-A line.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 47; Apr. 197
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  • 44
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    Limb-brightening observations from the OSO-7 satellite. II - Comparison of Abel-inverted intensities of Fe XIV and Fe XIII EUV emission lines with predictions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Intensities of Fe XIV and Fe XIII EUV emission lines obtained at coronal locations beyond the limb by the Goddard spectroheliograph on the OSO 7 satellite have been corrected for the wavelength dependence of the instrument's sensitivity and have been Abel-inverted to provide a valid comparison with theoretical predictions for each ion. Details of the Abel-inversion procedure are given, including explicit formulas for application of Bracewell's (1956) method. The intensity ratios of pairs of lines originating from a common level are compared with expected theoretical transition probability ratios over a range of heliocentric distance; deviations in some cases yield information about adjacent unclassified lines. Comparison of the observations with predictions for Fe XIV and Fe XIII shows generally good agreement, with a few interesting discrepancies that may imply a corresponding need for more accurate collisional excitation cross sections. The same comparison yields the variation of electron density with heliocentric radius for each ion separately; the two density functions are found to agree within a factor of three.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 53; 2, De; Dec. 197
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  • 45
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    Thermal alteration of young kerogen in relation to petroleum genesis (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Kerogen, humic acid, and lipid material were separated from a young marine sediment and heated in sealed tubes in a nitrogen atmosphere at 150 and 410 C. Gaseous and liquid products generated during heating, and also the residual organic material, were characterized by gas-liquid chromatography, elemental analysis, infrared and electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Nature; 264; Nov. 25
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  • 46
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    On the theory of the type III burst exciter (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In situ satellite observations of type III burst exciters at 1 AU show that the beam does not evolve into a plateau in velocity space, contrary to the prediction of quasilinear theory. The observations can be explained by a theory that includes mode coupling effects due to excitation of the parametric oscillating two-stream instability and its saturation by anomalous resistivity. The time evolution of the beam velocity distribution is included in the analysis.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 46; Feb. 197
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  • 47
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    Directivity of low frequency solar type III radio bursts (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The occurrence rate of type III solar bursts in the frequency range 4.9 MHz to 30 kHz is analyzed as a function of burst intensity and burst arrival direction. We find that (1) the occurrence rate of bursts varies inversely with the 1.5 power of the flux, and (2) the distribution of burst arrival directions at each frequency shows a significantly larger number of bursts observed west of the earth-sun line than east of it. This western excess in occurrence rate appears to be correlated with the direction of the average interplanetary magnetic field, and is interpreted as beaming of the observed burst radiation along the magnetic field direction.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 46; Feb. 197
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  • 48
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    Thermodynamic analysis of alternate energy carriers, hydrogen and chemical heat pipes (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Hydrogen and chemical heat pipes were proposed as methods of transporting energy from a primary energy source (nuclear, solar) to the user. In the chemical heat pipe system, primary energy is transformed into the energy of a reversible chemical reaction; the chemical species are then transmitted or stored until the energy is required. Analysis of thermochemical hydrogen schemes and chemical heat pipe systems on a second law efficiency or available work basis show that hydrogen is superior especially if the end use of the chemical heat pipe is electrical power.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Miami Univ. 1st World Hydrogen Energy Conf. Proc., Vol. 2; 15 p
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  • 49
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    Energy storage possibilities of atomic hydrogen (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Several recent experiments designed to produce and store macroscopic quantities of atomic hydrogen are discussed. The bulk, ground state properties of atomic hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium systems are calculated assuming that all pair interactions occur via the atomic triplet potential. The conditions required to obtain this system, including inhibition of recombination through the energetically favorable singlet interaction, are discussed. The internal energy, pressure, and compressibility are calculated applying the Monte Carlo technique with a quantum mechanical variational wavefunction. The system studied consisted of 32 atoms in a box with periodic boundary conditions. Results show that atomic triplet hydrogen and deuterium remain gaseous at 0 K; i.e., the internal energy is positive at all molar volumes considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Miami Univ. First World Hydrogen Energy Conf. Proc., Vol. 3; 18 p
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  • 50
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    Some early perspectives on ground requirements of liquid hydrogen air transports (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The introduction of liquid hydrogen as a fuel for large, long haul air transports requires an integrated approach involving the air terminal authorities and the liquid hydrogen suppliers, as well as the airline operators and the air transport manufacturers. To illustrate the scope of the requirements necessary to support large air transports at the air terminals, perspectives are drawn to surface some concerns each of the principals may have to face, and to identify those that will require cooperative efforts to obtain integrated solutions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Miami Univ. First World Hydrogen Energy Conf. Proc., Vol. 3; 24 p
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  • 51
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    A two-dimensional finite difference solution for the transient thermal behavior of tubular solar collector (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A numerical procedure was established using the finite-difference technique in the determination of the time-varying temperature distribution of a tubular solar collector under changing solar radiancy and ambient temperature. Three types of spatial discretization processes were considered and compared for their accuracy of computations and for selection of the shortest computer time and cost. The stability criteria of this technique was analyzed in detail to give the critical time increment to ensure stable computations. The results of the numerical analysis were in good agreement with the analytical solution previously reported. The numerical method proved to be a powerful tool in the investigation of the collector sensitivity to two different flow patterns and several flow control mechanisms.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 110-127
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  • 52
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    High-efficiency solar concentrator (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A new type of solar concentrator is presented using liquid lenses and simple translational tracking mechanism. The concentrator achieves a 100:1 nominal concentration ratio and is compared in performance with a flat-plate collector having two sheets of glazing and non-selective coating. The results of the thermal analysis show that higher temperatures can be obtained with the concentrator than is possible with the non-concentrator flat-plate type. Furthermore, the thermal efficiency far exceeds that of the comparative flat-plate type for all operating conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 99-109
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  • 53
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    Public policy for solar heating and cooling (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent analyses indicated that solar heating and cooling systems for residential buildings are nearly economically competitive with conventional fossil fuel or electric systems, the former having higher initial cost but a lower operating cost than the latter. The paper examines obstacles to the widespread acceptance and use of solar space conditioning systems and explores some general policies which could help to overcome them. The discussion covers such institutional barriers limiting the adoption of solar technologies as existing building codes, financing constraints, and organizational structure of the building industry. The potential impact of financial incentives is analyzed. It is noted that a tax incentive of 25% could speed the use of solar energy by 7 to 8 years and produce an 8% reduction in fossil fuel use by 1990. A preliminary incentive package which could be helpful in promoting solar energy both at federal and state levels is proposed, and the necessary incentive level is analysed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists; 32; Oct. 197
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  • 54
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    The quiet sun chromospheric network observed from Skylab (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper analyzes spectra of a supergranulation cell interior and cell boundary obtained near the solar center at wavelengths between 1200 and 1560 A with a normal-incidence spectrograph aboard Skylab. Absolute intensities, relative intensities, and profiles are given for selected optically thin and optically thick lines over the cell interior, the boundary, and intermediate positions; the results are compared with spectra obtained at the limb. Characteristic lengths along the line of sight are derived for the Si III emitting region, and these are compared with the predictions of Gabriel's (1975) model. It is concluded that the present data are representative of a fairly typical cell interior and boundary, that nonthermal motions are isotropic and the same for the interior and boundary, and that the electron-density ratio between the interior and the boundary is about a factor of two or less.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 209; Oct. 1
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  • 55
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    Toward a mathematical model of solar radiation for engineering analysis of solar energy systems (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The currently most-used insolation model and what improvements might be made in it to better suit it for use in designing energy systems is discussed. An approach to constructing an upgraded model is sketched.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 147-151
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  • 56
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    High performance flat plate solar collector (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The potential use of porous construction is presented to achieve efficient heat removal from a power producing solid and is applied to solar air heaters. Analytical solutions are given for the temperature distribution within a gas-cooled porous flat plate having its surface exposed to the sun's energy. The extracted thermal energy is calculated for two different types of plate transparency. Results show the great improvement in performance obtained with porous flat plate collectors as compared with analogous nonporous types.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 90-99
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  • 57
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    Nuclear analysis (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The MACH-1 and the THERMOS codes and their use as computational tools in nuclear analysis are examined. One dimensional survey calculations were carried out for a UF fueled core surrounded by a molten blanket; two dimensional calculations were made later with r-z geometry using the EXTERMINATOR program. Results and comparisons of the calculations are given in tabular form.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 46-72
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  • 58
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    Heat transfer and fluid flow (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Heat transfer and flow characteristics of UF6 flowing in a gas core reactor were analyzed through solution of the energy equation. The thermal-physical properties of UF6 are given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 73-78
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  • 59
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    Doppler wavelength shifts of transition zone lines measured in Skylab solar spectra (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Wavelengths of lines of the transition-zone ions Si IV, C IV, O IV, N V, and O V are observed to be redshifted relative to the wavelengths of chromospheric lines in XUV spectra obtained from the normal-incidence spectrograph on Skylab. The spectra cover the wavelength range from 1200 to 1565 A and were obtained with the slit positioned over chromospheric network and cell regions, on coronal holes, and above the limb. The network-area and coronal-hole spectra were obtained near the disk center. Only some of the spectra show redshifted transition-zone lines. The observed shifts are between 0.03 and 0.08 A, implying velocities of 15 km/s or less. The amount of wavelength shift does not always appear to be the same for lines of different ions. The shifts imply that descending plasma in the solar atmosphere produces more emission than ascending plasma at temperatures between approximately 70,000 and 200,000 K.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 205; May 1
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  • 60
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    The emission-line spectrum above the limb of the quiet sun - 1175-1940 A (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectra of a quiet solar region obtained at positions within and above the solar white-light limb in the wavelength region from 1175 to 1940 A are discussed. The spectra were obtained by the slit spectrograph (SO82-B) on Skylab. The spectral resolution is 0.06 A, and the projected slit area on the sun was 2 x 60 arcsec (1450 x 43500 km). Relative line intensities are presented for lines formed in the temperature region of the solar atmosphere from about 8000 to 220,000 K. Representative line profiles of both optically thin and optically thick lines are shown as a function of height above the limb. Random mass-motion velocities are deduced from the optically thin lines, and the relative intensities and profiles of the lines are discussed in terms of current theoretical models. A wavelength list with identifications is given for the spectrum obtained at +4 arcsec above the white-light limb.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 31; July 197
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  • 61
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    Status of photoelectrochemical production of hydrogen and electrical energy (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The efficiency for conversion of electromagnetic energy to chemical and electrical energy utilizing semiconductor single crystals as photoanodes in electrochemical cells was investigated. Efficiencies as high as 20 percent were achieved for the conversion of 330 nm radiation to chemical energy in the form of hydrogen by the photoelectrolysis of water in a SrTiO3 based cell. The SrTiO3 photoanodes were shown to be stable in 9.5 M NaOH solutions for periods up to 48 hours. Efficiencies of 9 percent were measured for the conversion of broadband visible radiation to hydrogen using n-type GaAs crystals as photoanodes. Crystals of GaAs coated with 500 nm of gold, silver, or tin for surface passivation show no significant change in efficiency. By suppressing the production of hydrogen in a CdSe-based photogalvanic cell, an efficiency of 9 percent was obtained in conversion of 633 nm light to electrical energy. A CdS-based photogalvanic cell produced a conversion efficiency of 5 percent for 500 nm radiation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Princeton Univ. Partially Ionized Plasmas, Including the 3rd Symp. on Uranium Plasmas; p 244-247
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  • 62
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    Solar irradiance - Total and spectral and its possible variations (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present status of our knowledge of the total and spectral irradiance of the sun is briefly reviewed. The currently accepted NASA/ASTM standard values of the solar constant and the extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance are presented. The uncertainties in these values are relatively high. Data on the variability of the solar constant are conflicting and inconclusive. The variability of solar spectral irradiance is almost totally unknown and unexplored. Some alleged sun-weather relationships are cited in support of the need to know more precisely the variations in total and spectral solar irradiance. An overview of the solar monitoring program of NASA is presented, with special emphasis on the Solar Energy Monitor in Space (SEMIS) experiment which has been proposed for several spacecraft missions. The monitor is a combination of a solar-constant detector and a prism monochromator.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Apr. 197
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  • 63
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    Solar gamma-ray lines as probes of accelerated particle directionalities in flares (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Anisotropies of charged particles accelerated in solar flares can be studied by observing Doppler shifts of selected gamma-ray lines. The spectral shape of the 6.1-MeV line of O-16 is calculated. If the accelerated particles are isotropic, the line remains centered at an emitting-nucleus rest-frame energy of 6129.4 keV, and its width (FWHM) is about 100 keV. However, for particle anisotropies that may be produced in solar flares, the line is shifted to lower energies by about 30 to 40 keV.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 203; Feb. 1
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  • 64
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    ERDA-NASA wind energy project ready to involve users (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The NASA contribution to the Wind Energy Project is discussed. NASA is responsible for the following: (1) identification of cost-effective configurations and sizes of wind-conversion systems, (2) the development of technology needed to produce these systems, (3) the design of wind-conversion systems that are compatible with user requirements, particularly utility networks, and (4) technology transfer obtained from the program to stimulate rapid commercial application of wind systems. Various elements of the NASA program are outlined, including industry-built user operation, the evaluation phase, the proposed plan and schedule for site selection and user involvement, supporting research and technology (e.g., energy storage), and component and subsystem technology development.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Energy; 1; Winter 1
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  • 65
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    The emission-line spectrum above the limb of a solar coronal hole - 1175-1940 A (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Emission-line spectra of a coronal hole that coincided with the north pole of the sun are discussed which were obtained with a slit spectrograph aboard Skylab at positions within and above the solar white-light limb in the wavelength range from 1175 to 1940 A. Relative line intensities, line profiles, and full widths at half-maximum are presented for selected chromospheric and transition-zone lines observed above the present polar coronal hole. Average mass motions in the transition zone are determined as a function of electron temperature from the widths of the optically thin lines by assuming ionization equilibrium. The line intensities and profiles are compared with corresponding results deduced from spectra obtained above a quiet solar region. The coronal-hole spectra are found to imply an angular dependence for the source function as well as a radial dependence such that the source function is the smallest at the south pole and increases with decreasing solar latitude.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 31; July 197
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  • 66
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    Theoretical optimization and parametric study of n-on-p Al/x/Ga/1-x/As-GaAs graded band-gap solar cell (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A comprehensive theoretical model of the graded band-gap Al(x)Ga(1-x)As-GaAs solar cell is used to optimize the n-on-p cell. The model includes power losses due to surface, bulk, and junction minority-carrier recombination, series resistance, and photon reflection from an SiO antireflection coating of optimum thickness. The optimized cell has a junction depth/graded band-gap layer thickness of 1.0 micron, respective donor and acceptor concentrations of 4 x 10 to the 17th power and 2 x 10 to the 17th power per cu cm, and a surface AlAs mode fraction of x = 0.35. The optimized graded band-gap cell has an air-mass-zero efficiency of 17.7% (not corrected for a 13% front surface contact area) and is shown to be less sensitive than a similar n-on-p GaAs cell to material degradation in the form of decreased minority-carrier diffusion lengths and increased surface-recombination velocity
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 47; July 197
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  • 67
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    Electron parameter correlations in high-speed streams and heat flux instabilities (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Statistical electron parameter correlations associated with high-speed streams are determined with the aim of identifying one or more locally active solar wind heat flux instabilities. Evidence that points toward local regulation of the heat flux at 1 AU is presented, and the results of a search for special signatures expected from the action of the Alfven, magnetosonic, and whistler flux instabilities are discussed. It is shown that under certain conditions, the whistler mode can be active in regulating the heat flux at 1 AU.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; May 1
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    Solar wind speed variations - 1962-1974 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Oct. 1
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  • 69
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    Heating of the solar chromosphere and corona. I - Generalized inhomogeneous wave equation for magnetoacoustic motions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The generalized inhomogeneous wave equation that governs magnetoacoustic, vortical, and thermal motions in compressible fluids and that is applicable to the problem of heating of the solar chromosphere and corona is obtained. The effects of kinematic and bulk viscosity, heat conduction, Joule dissipation, and magnetic diffusivity are included. Under the usual assumptions, the generalized wave equation reduces to the well-known equations of Lighthill, Kulsrud, Phillips, and others. The major problems encountered in applying Lighthill's (1952) mechanism to sound generation in turbulent media are reviewed for both the subsonic and supersonic cases.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 43; Aug. 197
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  • 70
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    Doppler noise considered as a function of the signal path integration of electron density (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The hypothesis is advanced that observed Doppler noise during solar conjunctions is proportional to total columnar electron content along the signal path. This assumption leads directly to a geometrical model (ISED) for observed Doppler noise which is shown to be in very good agreement with Doppler noise data accumulated during the 1975 Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11 and Helios 1 solar conjunctions. An augmented model is constructed which quantitatively indicates correlation between earth observed sunspot activity and systematic, cyclical deviations from the ISED model.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 159-193
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  • 71
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    Materials considerations for the gas core breeder reactor (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The selection of materials for gas core breeder reactor fuel, blanket, core liner, pressure vessel, system piping, and turbine blades was discussed. System design properties are summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 34-45
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  • 72
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    The solar spectrum - Wavelengths and identifications from 160 to 770 angstroms (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 203; Jan. 15
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  • 73
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    On the nonexistence of plane-polarized large amplitude Alfven waves (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A theorem is presented which shows that purely Alfvenic plane-polarized large-amplitude disturbances in the solar wind are not possible and will never be observed. The theorem establishes that there is no nontrivial plane-polarized magnetic-field configuration in which the parameter B-squared is constant throughout all space. It is noted, however, that more general nonplanar Alfvenic disturbances may well exist.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Jan. 1
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  • 74
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    Microscale 'Alfven waves' in the solar wind at 1 AU (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data obtained by IMP 1 about interplanetary plasma and magnetic-field fluctuations on a scale of one hour are analyzed. It is found that linearly and circularly polarized Alfven waves were rarely present. Fluctuations having most of the characteristics of large-amplitude 'Alfven waves' and which were observed to be moving away from the sun nearly along the magnetic-field direction are shown not to have been pure transverse Alfven waves since they were accompanied by nonzero fluctuations in the magnetic-field intensity. It is suggested that the fluctuations may have been nonlinear elliptically polarized Alfven waves coupled to the fast mode and moving through a magnetic field that is nonuniform on a scale not exceeding about 0.01 AU.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Jan. 1
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  • 75
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    A shock surface geometry - The February 15-16, 1967, event (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An estimated shape is presented for the surface of the flare-associated interplanetary shock of February 15-16, 1967, as seen in the ecliptic-plane cross section. The estimate is based on observations by Explorer 33 and Pioneers 6 and 7. The estimated shock normal at the Explorer 33 position is obtained by a least-squares shock parameter-fitting procedure for that satellite's data; the shock normal at the Pioneer 7 position is found by using the magnetic coplanarity theorem and magnetic-field data. The average shock speed from the sun to each spacecraft is determined along with the local speed at Explorer 33 and the relations between these speeds and the position of the initiating solar flare. The Explorer 33 shock normal is found to be severely inclined and not typical of interplanetary shocks. It is shown that the curvature of the shock surface in the ecliptic plane near the earth-Pioneer 7 region is consistent with a radius of not more than 0.4 AU.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Jan. 1
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  • 76
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    Formation of iron sulphide in solar nebula (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Noting that the iron sulfide in the Orgueil carbonaceous meteorite is an Fe-deficient monosulfide (pyrrhotite), it is suggested that such mineral chemistry is inconsistent with equilibrium condensation of the solar nebula and that the course of condensation may have been modified by kinetic effects. The effect of Ni on the reaction between Fe and S to produce FeS is examined, and possible reasons are considered for the fact that the cited meteorite differs in both crystal structure and Ni content from the predictions of equilibrium condensation. It is proposed that sulfide formation in the solar nebula may have been inhibited by sluggish diffusion, so that sulfur began to react with previously condensed troilite to form pyrrhotite. On this basis, observations of the Orgueil sulfides are shown to suggest that the course of solar-system condensation was modified by kinetic effects below about 700 K and that equilibrium may not have been achieved.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 259; Jan. 22
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  • 77
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    Kitt Peak 60-cm vacuum telescope (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A major new solar-research telescope conceived and built during a time of budget restraint is described. The observation of magnetic and velocity (circulation) field structure on a synoptic basis and with diffraction-limited resolution is the aim. New optical features include the use of oversize mirrors and windows to avoid thermal edge effects and the placement of the coelostat feed outside the vacuum, mainly for economy. The site selected has prevailing winds that clear thermals from these mirrors. Test data in the form of the system MTF and optical transmission, together with examples of full disk magnetograms and photoheliograms, show present performance capability. Measured MTF indicates a response of 0.2 at 1 sec of arc (whereas diffraction-limited response would be about 0.8). System transmission, including the accompanying spectrograph, is only 2-3% (wavelength 0.44-1.1 microns). Thus, both the optical quality and efficiency are subject to improvement.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Jan. 197
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  • 78
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    A study of efficiency in low resistivity silicon solar cells (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A general device-analysis program has been utilized to study the efficiency of silicon solar cells. The analysis is applied to specific geometries of both n(+)-p and n(+)-p-p(+) solar cells, and involves a numerical solution of the basic transport and continuity equations. This approach allows solutions that are free of typical limiting assumptions involved in solving the device equations as well as solutions relating to lifetime, mobility variations, and diffused-region profiles. The analysis includes available empirical information on diffusion length, mobility, and lifetime as a function of doping, as well as a Gaussian profile for the diffused region. Results are presented which illustrate the limitations of efficiency as a function of doping. It is found that the maximum efficiencies for both types of cell converge at lower resistivities to around 16% with air-mass-zero radiation and a single-layer absorbing-SiO antireflecting film. It is also found that the minority-carrier lifetime, both in the n(+) surface and p-type bulk regions, presents serious limitations to conversion efficiency, particularly in the low-resistivity cells.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solid-State Electronics; 19; Feb. 197
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  • 79
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    Solar cycle evolution of high-speed solar wind streams (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Large amplitude high-speed solar wind streams and streams with maximum speeds in excess of 700 km/sec are far more common in years of declining and minimum solar activity than near solar maximum. Further, the broadest solar wind streams observed directly with space probes during the years 1962-1974 occurred near solar minimum in 1974. Changes in the frequency and nature of solar wind stream structures at the orbit of earth appear to be directly related to the long-term evolution of regions of low density in the solar corona.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 207; Aug. 1
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  • 80
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    Electromagnetic instabilities driven by unequal proton beams in the solar wind (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper sets forth a numerical investigation of the linear dispersion relation for typical solar wind conditions at 1 AU during those times (high-speed streams) when a secondary beam of protons drifting relative to the main proton component is present. Three beam-driven instabilities were found to occur as the beam drift velocity approaches the Alfven speed: (1) a pure, field-aligned magnetosonic wave that is most important at relatively high beta and/or high beam drift speeds; (2) an oblique magnetosonic wave having highest growth rates 15-30 deg from the magnetic field; and (3) an oblique Alfven wave having maximum growth rates at increasing angle to the magnetic field. The linear growth rates for the field-aligned magnetosonic and the Alfven oblique modes are investigated as a function of relative beam density, varying anisotropic pitch angle distributions for the various components, electron temperature, and electron heat flux.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; June 1
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  • 81
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    Low frequency radio observations of the solar wind near the moon (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The RAE-2 lunar orbiter often measures sporadic 20-40 dB intensity increases in the frequency range of 25-110 kHz. Numerous examples of the disappearance of this intense noise during occultations of the sun have been observed. The average position of these occultations coincides with the average location of the plasma cavity above the nightside of the moon. We suggest that the observed high noise levels may be generated near the spacecraft by a disturbed solar wind electron population in the vicinity of the moon.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; June 197
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  • 82
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    Timing of solar cycles by rigid internal rotations (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The so-called 11-year cycle of solar activity is really more complex and contains many periods of greatly different lengths. Periods as long as 178 years and as short as 3.1 years are predicted by a theory based on beats between rigidly rotating, inertially oscillating g-modes inside the sun. Most of the beat periods are then confirmed to about 1 percent accuracy in sunspot observations. Since the agreement is of high statistical significance, one can conclude that approximate alignment of major solar oscillation modes contributes to high solar activity. The theory receives further support when tested against an independent class of observations - the large-scale magnetic sector structure. Predicted rotation rates of at least four solar oscillation modes are detected in the sector data with discrepancies all less than 0.3 percent. As a by-product of these successful fits to observation, the mean rotation of the entire solar mass becomes known. Its rotation frequency is 4.49 by 10 to the -7th power Hz, which is a sidereal period of 25.8 days. Magnetic fields have played no role in calculating the length of any of these solar cycles.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 205; Apr. 15
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  • 83
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    Comment on the paper 'Solution of one-fluid model equations with short range retarding magnetic forces for the quiet solar wind' by Cuperman and Harten (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 40; Mar. 197
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  • 84
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    The large-scale magnetic field in the solar wind (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-14
    Description: A literature review is presented of theoretical models of the interaction of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic fields. Observations of interplanetary magnetic fields by the IMP and OSO spacecraft are discussed. The causes for cosmic ray variations (Forbush decreases) by the solar wind are examined. The model of Parker is emphasized. This model shows the three dimensional magnetic field lines of the solar wind to have the form of spirals wrapped on cones. It is concluded that an out-of-the-ecliptic solar probe mission would allow the testing and verification of the various theoretical models examined. Diagrams of the various models are shown.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Proc. of the Symp. on the Study of the Sun and Interplanetary Medium in Three Dimensions; p 143-165
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  • 85
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    The moon base power satellite: A preliminary analysis (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Lunar Science Inst., Abstracts of Papers Presented at a Special Session of the Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference on Utilization of Lunar Materials and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space; p 124-128
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  • 86
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    Solar hot water systems application to the solar building test facility and the Tech House (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Projects which relate to the current national thrust toward demonstrating applied solar energy are discussed. The first project has as its primary objective the application of a system comprised of a flat plate collector field, an absorption air conditioning system, and a hot water heating system to satisfy most of the annual cooling and heating requirements of a large commercial office building. The other project addresses the application of solar collector technology to the heating and hot water requirements of a domestic residence. In this case, however, the solar system represents only one of several important technology items, the primary objective for the project being the application of space technology to the American home.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 3; p 1237-1246
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  • 87
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    Solar energy storage and utilization (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A method of storing solar energy in the ground for heating residential buildings is described. The method would utilize heat exchanger pipes with a circulating fluid to transfer the energy beneath the surface as well as to extract the stored energy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 3; p 1235-1246
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  • 88
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    Shape optimization of disc-type flywheels (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Techniques were developed for presenting an analytical and graphical means for selecting an optimum flywheel system design, based on system requirements, geometric constraints, and weight limitations. The techniques for creating an analytical solution are formulated from energy and structural principals. The resulting flywheel design relates stress and strain pattern distribution, operating speeds, geometry, and specific energy levels. The design techniques incorporate the lowest stressed flywheel for any particular application and achieve the highest specific energy per unit flywheel weight possible. Stress and strain contour mapping and sectional profile plotting reflect the results of the structural behavior manifested under rotating conditions. This approach toward flywheel design is applicable to any metal flywheel, and permits the selection of the flywheel design to be based solely on the criteria of the system requirements that must be met, those that must be optimized, and those system parameters that may be permitted to vary.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL 10th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 38-51
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  • 89
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    Numerical study of some solar-wind interaction models with space objects (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The considerable variety of atmospheric and magnetic field properties possessed by the planets results in a corresponding variety of flow details, and a remarkably rich field of comparative study of solar wind flow around major objects in the solar system. It is the purpose of this paper to present a review of the fluid aspects of these flows and how they are approximated to obtain tractable mathematical problems, and a commentary on possibilities for further improvements and on some misconceptions that have appeared in applications of the results.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Solar-Wind Interaction with the Planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars; p 121-133
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  • 90
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    On the nature of the solar-wind-Mars interaction (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Plasma measurements near Mars on the U.S.S.R. Mars-2, -3, and -5 spacecraft are considered. The data are compared with simultaneous magnetic measurements. Strong evidence is obtained in favor of a direct interaction and mass exchange between the solar wind plasma and the gaseous envelope of Mars.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Solar-Wind Interaction with the Planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars; p 21-40
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  • 91
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    Coronal propagation: Variations with solar longitude and latitude (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Observational results on the East-West effect are summarized and discussed in the context of existing models of coronal propagation. The variation of the number of events with solar longitude is shown to be surprisingly similar for particles covering a large interval of rigidities. Also, over large longitudinal distances, time delays to the event onset and maximum intensity are independent of energy and velocity. This has important implications and will require probably a transport process which is determined by fundamental properties of solar magnetic fields, e.g. reconnection processes between open and closed field configurations. The relative role of open and closed field configurations is extensively discussed. Some evidence is presented that the acceleration of protons to higher (approximately 10 MeV) energies is related with a shock wave traveling in the solar atmosphere. The importance of measurements performed from spacecraft out-of-the-ecliptic plane is stressed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Symp. on the Study of the Sun and Interplanetary Medium in Three Dimensions; p 261-299
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  • 92
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    Latitudinal properties of the solar wind from studies of ionic comet tails (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A statistical analysis is presented of the orientations of ionic comet tails in the solar wind. The analysis indicates that the radial solar wind speed is not necessarily higher near the solar poles than near the equator. The results refer to a long-term, global flow pattern and do not refer to short-term variations of solar wind speed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Proc. of the Symp. on the Study of the Sun and Interplanetary Medium in Three Dimensions; p 95-107
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    The 3-D solar radioastronomy and the structure of the corona and the solar wind (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The mechanism causing solar radio bursts (1 and 111) is examined. It is proposed that a nonthermal energy source is responsible for the bursts; nonthermal energy is converted into electromagnetic energy. The advantages are examined for an out-of-the-ecliptic solar probe mission, which is proposed as a means of stereoscopically viewing solar radio bursts, solar magnetic fields, coronal structure, and the solar wind.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Symp. on the Study of the Sun and Interplanetary Medium in Three Dimensions; p 65-83
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  • 94
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    Solar magnetic fields and the corona (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Results from a seminar on the role of solar magnetic fields in determining the structure of the corona and interplanetary medium are presented. Some topics considered are: (1) polar regions of the sun which have identical magnetic configurations but display a vastly different appearance in the corona, (2) the influence of latitude on coronal and interplanetary microstructure, and (3) the role of the corona in contributing to the solar wind. It is proposed that an out-of-the-ecliptic solar probe mission would provide needed information on the above topics, and the study of solar activity in general.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Symp. on the Study of the Sun and Interplanetary Medium in Three Dimensions; p 59-64
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  • 95
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    Implications of Saito's coronal density model on the polar solar wind flow and heavy ion abundances (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A comparison of polar solar wind proton flux upper limits derived using a coronal density model, with Lyman alpha measurements of the length of the neutral H tail of comet Bennet at high latitudes, shows that either extended heating beyond 2 solar radii is necessary some of the time or that the model's polar densities are too low. Whichever possibility is the case, the fact that the solar wind particle flux does not appear to decrease with increasing latitude indicates that the heavy element content of the high latitude wind may be similar to that observed in the ecliptic. It was then shown that solar wind heavy ion observations at high latitudes allow a determination of the electron temperature at heights which bracket the nominal location of the coronal temperature maximum thus providing information concerning the magnitude and extent of mechanical dissipation in the intermediate corona.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Symp. on the Study of the Sun and Interplanetary Medium in Three Dimensions; p 108-142
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  • 96
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    Out-of-ecliptic studies of coronal holes and their relation to the solar wind (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The advantages of observing coronal holes of the sun above the solar ecliptic plane by a solar probe are discussed. Also discussed are the size of coronal holes, their temperature, and magnetic fields associated with the holes. The role of coronal holes in contributing to the solar wind is examined. Data and observations on coronal holes from Skylab and OSO are treated. It is concluded that an out-of-the-ecliptic solar probe mission would greatly add to the understanding of coronal holes (at high latitudes) thus adding a new perspective to the observation of these phenomena. (Photographs of the sun taken by Skylab are shown).
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Symp. on the Study of the Sun and Interplanetary Medium in Three Dimensions; p 48-58
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  • 97
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    Central Data Processing System (CDPS) user's manual: Solar heating and cooling program (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The software and data base management system required to assess the performance of solar heating and cooling systems installed at multiple sites is presented. The instrumentation data associated with these systems is collected, processed, and presented in a form which supported continuity of performance evaluation across all applications. The CDPS consisted of three major elements: communication interface computer, central data processing computer, and performance evaluation data base. Users of the performance data base were identified, and procedures for operation, and guidelines for software maintenance were outlined. The manual also defined the output capabilities of the CDPS in support of external users of the system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-150580 , IBM-7933252
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  • 98
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    Space electric power design study (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The conversion of laser energy to electrical energy is discussed. Heat engines in which the laser heats the gas inside the engine through a window as well as heat engines in which the gas is heated by a thermal energy storage reservoir which has been heated by laser radiation are both evaluated, as well as the necessary energy storage, transmission and conversion components needed for a full system. Preliminary system concepts are presented and a recommended development program is outlined. It appears possible that a free displacer Stirling engine operating directly a linear electric generator can convert 65% of the incident laser energy into electricity.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-152031
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  • 99
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    Installation package - SIMS prototype system 1A (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This report consists of details for the installation, operation and maintenance of a prototype heating and hot water system, designed for residential or light commercial applications. This system consists of the following subsystems: air type collectors, pebble bed thermal storage, air handling unit, air to water heat exchanger, hot water preheat tank, auxiliary energy, ducting system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-150524
    Format: application/pdf
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    Application of solar energy to air conditioning systems (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of a survey of solar energy system applications of air conditioning are summarized. Techniques discussed are both solar powered (absorption cycle and the heat engine/Rankine cycle) and solar related (heat pump). Brief descriptions of the physical implications of various air conditioning techniques, discussions of status, proposed technological improvements, methods of utilization and simulation models are presented, along with an extensive bibliography of related literature.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-150532 , IBM-76W-0122
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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