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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (582)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (582)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (408)
  • 1975-1979  (174)
  • 1984  (408)
  • 1976  (174)
Collection
Publisher
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (582)
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (408)
  • 1975-1979  (174)
Year
  • 1
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 15-35 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The criterion for the oxygen limitation of substrate uptake in microbial film fermenters is expressed in terms of diffusion coefficients, utilization coefficients, and the free solution concentrations of substrate and oxygen. It is proposed that the ideal film thickness in such fermenters is equal to the penetration depth of the limiting substrate. The ideal film thickness is calculated, in terms of the parameters contained in the criterion for oxygen limitation, for three separate kinetic rate expressions. It is found that for the air-glucose-microbe system a simplified kinetic rate expression can be used and the region of dependence on two substrates is shown to be very limited. This is not true for other systems. Maximum uptake rates are calculated for a range of concentrations. Finally, it is shown that the procedure used can be generalized to determine the limiting substrate in a multisubstrate system and to calculate ideal film thickness and uptake rates for any pair of substrates where the kinetics of substrate uptake are known for the individual microorganism.
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  • 2
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 95-104 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The apparent activation energy of N-α-benzoyl-L-arginine-ethyl ester (BAEE) hydrolysis by immobilized trypsin varies with the bulk substrate concentration from its maximum value, comparable to that of the free enzyme, to considerably lower values. Thus, with a concentration change from 3 × 10-2 to 10-4 M the apparent activation energy diminishes from 9.5 to 4.5 kcal/mol. This experimental finding is interpreted to be due to Michaelis-type kinetics in a heterogeneous system, in one case reflecting the temperature dependence of the maximal enzyme reaction rate, in another case illustrating the diffusion limited overall reaction at low substrate concentrations. As a consequence it may not be feasible to operate a reaction at elevated temperatures in a high conversion range, since diffusion limitation may restrict the enhancement of the overall reaction rate. Some further data are given concerning the buffer effect on the reaction rate, which should occur due to its limitation by proton transfer in the buffer-free system.
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  • 3
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 145-165 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The applicability of the model derived by Ramanathan and Gaudy (Biotechnol. Bioeng., 11, 207, (1969)) for completely mixed activated sludge treatment holding the recycle solids concentration as a system constant was investigated using an actual industrial organic wastewater. Short-term experiments were conducted at various dilution rates (1/8, 1/6, 1/4, 1/2, 1/1.5 hr-1) for two recycle solids concentration values (5000 and 7000 mg/liter). The influent substrate concentration was maintained at 1000 mg/liter COD and the hydraulic recycle ratio, α, was kept at 0.3. It was found that for bottling plant (Pepsi Cola) waste-waters, a steady state with respect to reactor biological solids and effluent COD, at different dilution rates, could be attained, lending experimental evidence to the assumption that a steady state could be reached in developing the model and also affecting the applicability of the model in industrial organic wastewater. The reactor biological solids and effluent COD calculated from the model closely agreed with the observed values at dilution rates lower than 0.5 hr-1. Operation at dilution rates higher than 0.5 hr-1 will washout the biological solids from the reactor and the recycle substrate concentration will be apparent if the concentration of XR were not increased.
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  • 4
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 63-80 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Transient experiments were conducted on a Pseudomomas utilizing phenol in a continuous culture by disturbing the influent substrate concentration and dilution rate. Two stable steady states existed for some ranges of the parameters. Highly damped oscillations were observed in approaching a new high conversion steady state or in returning to a new high conversion steady state following a small disturbance. When a large disturbance was applied there was a smooth (overdamped) approach to a new low conversion steady state.The observed oscillatory behavior for small disturbances was predicted by a modified Powell-Ierusalemskii bottleneck model, but could not be predicted by a Monod-Haldane model; neither model was accurate for predicting the effect of large disturbances.A constant wall growth factor was used to account for microbial film activity, and the existence of two stable states was directly due to the presence of the film.
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  • 5
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 129-132 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 6
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 7
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 189-198 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Utilizing a chemostat with a dual nutrient limitation of nitrogen and phosphate, we examined the transient response of the culture following a pulse of one of the limiting nutrients (ammonia). This method provided quantitative evidence that cells can be grown under dual nutrient limitation. Furthermore, the pattern of response was consistent with the hypothesis that phosphate limitation restricts nucleic acid synthesis in the cell and that nitrogen limitation restricts protein synthesis. The net result is that under a phosphate limitation there is a restricted biosynthetic capacity which we feel is closely associated with the RNA content of the cell.
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  • 8
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 9
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 37-51 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Little is known about techniques for applying untreated microbial cells containing enzymes directly to industrial processes as a biocatalyst. The kinetic behavior of α-galactosidase-containing spherical pellets which are formed naturally under given conditions in a submerged culture of Mortierella vinacea was studied on the hydrolysis of PNPG (p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside). The effect of intraparticle diffusion on the overall reaction rate was assessed by the use of an effectiveness factor, which was calculated by the approximate solution to the equation derived from the mass balance within a pellet. The experimental effectiveness factors were found to be represented as a single function of the modified Thiele modulus, including such parameters as pellet size, enzyme concentration in the pellet, and substrate concentration. As the diffusional effect became more significant, the marked substrate inhibition as seen for a five enzyme disappeared gradually. The effect of product inhibition on the pellets was much weaker than that for a free enzyme at a given substrate concentration. In the region of diffusion controlled reaction, it was found that the rate is proportional to the square root of the enzyme concentration in the pellet. In addition, similarly to what was reported previously for a free enzyme, the reaction in a batch system was found to be approximately representable as simple first-order kinetics in which the rate constant was dependent on the initial substrate concentration.
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  • 10
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 105-118 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trypsin was covalently immobilized on porous glass in the presence and absence of a specific substrate and reacted in various organic solvents of different dielectric constants. Optimum solvent concentration, pH profile, Km(app), Vmax(app), productivity versus temperature, activity, and reaction rates were determined. Reaction rates of six lysyl dipeptides were compared. Crystalline trypsin was dansylated for studies by nanosecond fluorescence techniques to determine the effects of introducing high concentrations of organic solvents on the molecule. The results indicated that greater reaction rates were observed with dipeptides having more acidic carboxyl terminal groups. The data also indicated that greater reaction rates were observed in higher concentrations of solvents of lower dielectric constants. Nanosecond fluorescence spectroscopy of trypsin in high concentrations of a low dielectric constant solvent indicated major dehydration even though maximal enzyme-activity was achieved under these conditions.
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  • 11
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 141-142 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 12
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The glucose oxidase and catalase activities immobilized to the γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane derivative of nickel-impregnated silica alumina was controlled by several factors. The most important of these was enzyme concentration. In constructing the dual immobilized enzyme catalyst, competition between the two enzymes for available binding sites was observed. The order of addition of the various reactants during immobilization was also important. Higher glucose oxidase activities were immobilized when glutaraldehyde was added concurrently with the enzyme, while maximal coupling of catalase occurred if glutaraldehyde was first added to react with the amino derivative of the silica alumina support, excess reagent washed away, and then the catalase added. Bovine serum albumin, which aids in the crosslinking of glucose oxidase, hindered the coupling of the enzyme to the support particles.
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  • 13
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Monod's model is often assumed to describe the kinetics of feeding of a protozoan population on a bacterial population in a chemostat. An earlier study (J. L. Jost et al., J. Bacteriol, 113, 84 (1973)) of the feeding of Tetrahymena pyriformis on either Escherichia coli or Azotobacter vinelandii found that this model correctly predicted the occurrence of sustained oscillations of population densities but made predictions of minimum bacterial population densities that were much smaller than those observed. The earlier study removed the discrepancy between the model and data by replacing Monod's model with a different model. It is shown in the present study that the discrepancy can be explained equally as well if Monod's model for the feeding relation is retained and if, in addition, growth of bacteria on the chemostat walls is allowed for in the model equations.
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  • 14
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 269-272 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 15
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 16
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 285-286 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 17
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 281-284 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 18
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 19
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 289-295 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of pH and temperature on the substrate yield coefficient for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a chemostat under limited organic substrate conditions was studied.Mathematical analysis of the substrate yield coefficient as a function of pH and temperature in the near-optimal area was made. It was shown that the location of pH and temperature optima were independent of each other. The maximum substrate yield coefficient had the following coordinates: pH = 4.1, temperature = 28.5°C.
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  • 20
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 297-309 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cells of Candida utilis grown in a single-stage chemostat at D = 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.35 hr-l were separated into a fraction of scar-bearing mother cells and a fraction of scar-free daughter cells. The scar-free cells were transferred into small batch cultures where the length of the maturation phase, changes in length and width of cells, specific growth rate, and specific rate of RNA and protein synthesis were examined for 5 hr. The daughter cells grown at D = 0.05 hr-1 were very small at the moment of separation from the mother cells (about one-third of the mother cell). Their maturation phase (in a batch culture), at the beginning of which they attain the specific growth rate approaching the μmax of the strain used, lasts for 3 hr. On the other hand, daughter cells grown at D = 0.35 hr-1 are almost the same size as the mother cells at the moment of separation. After transfer to a batch culture they begin to bud almost immediately. Similarly, in their other morphological and physiological parameters they differ strikingly from immature daughter cells which are formed at low specific growth rates. The importance of these differences from the point of view of mathematical modeling of growth processes is discussed.
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  • 21
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 311-332 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Grazing of the ciliate Colpoda steinii on the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans has been studied in batch and chemostat type laboratory cultures. Growth of the populations, grazing of the ciliates on the algae, hydrodynamic washout of the populations (in chemostat cultures), encystment of Colpoda, and transfer of cysts from the liquid culture to the vessel wall and their attachment thereto were all found to have significant effects on the dynamics of this system. In addition, reinoculation of the liquid with ciliates excysted from the wall and with algae detached from the wall may be important. The interaction of all of these processes produces quite complex dynamical phenomena which at present cannot be predicted by a model. The results obtained differ from those found earlier for feeding of ciliates or slime mold amoebas on bacteria in that steady states of coexistence, rather than sustained oscillations, were exhibited by the present system.
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  • 22
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 333-348 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments on the grazing of the ciliate Colpoda steinii on the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans showed, among other things, that declines of the algal population initiated by grazing often continued for several days after grazing pressure had been released. In addition, long lags were observed when this alga was inoculated into sterile culture medium. Evidence presented in this study indicates that both phenomena were due to cellular damage caused by exposure of algal cells to a sudden increase of light intensity (“light shock”). The occurrence of light shock appeared to exert a destabilizing influence on the grazing relation between Colpoda and Anacystis.
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  • 23
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 349-362 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzymes are generally sensitive to temperature changes. Porous glass particles used for glucoamylase immobilization are poor thermal conductors and a non-uniform temperature distribution can conceivably develop in a packed bed reactor of immobilized glucoamylase on porous beads. This study was made to determine experimentally the temperature and concentration profiles in an immobilized glucoamylase column. This work provides a procedure for examining possible heat effects on reactor column performance in enzyme applications.
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  • 24
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 383-387 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A proposed substrate inhibition model (M. C. Tseng and M. Wayman, Can. J. Microbiol., 21, 994 (1975)), (1)\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\mu = \mu _{\max} S/\left[{K + S} \right],{\rm when}S 〈 S_\theta $$\end{document} (2)\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\mu = \mu _{\max} S/\left[{K + S} \right] - i\left[{S - S_\theta} \right],{\rm when}S 〉 S_\theta $$\end{document} derived from yeast growth rates has been applied to data for bacterial growth: Pseudomonas methanica grown on methanol and Arthrobacter AK19 grown on n-butanol. The model represents the experimental data very well.
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  • 25
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 389-413 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Partially purified glucose isomerase from a Streptomyces species was immobilized on porous glass particles and studied for various characteristics concerning its use as an industrial catalyst. The activities were investigated in relation to the reaction parameters and the enzyme deactivation was studied systematically under various reaction conditions. The half-life of the immobilized enzyme was found to exceed 200 days at 50°C. The rate equation of the reversible glucose ⇄ fructose reaction was derived and the kinetic constants were determined. The rate equation was found to be in good agreement with experimental data for both forward and reverse reactions. The degree of diffusional effects was experimentally measured and theoretically analyzed.
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  • 26
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 363-382 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Five cell lines (BSC-1, CHO, Balb/c 3T3, HeLa, and KB) have been grown in serum-free media for several months with regular schedules of media changing and subculturing. The medium found to be successful in all cases was MEM-α (without the ribosides and deoxyribosides) supplemented with 1% bactopeptone, although simple MEM [minimum essential medium (Eagle)] with bactopeptone (BP) gave fairly good growth in the case of BSC-1 and 3T3 cells. The addition of insulin was necessary for CHO, 3T3, HeLa, and KB cells. Only the BSC-1 cells grew exclusively as a monolayer in the serum-free systems, the CHO, HeLa, and KB cells growing as stationary suspensions and the 3T3 cells growing as a combination of monolayer and suspension depending on the age of the culture and the nature of the growth surface. SV40 was produced in BSC-1 cells grown and infected in the MEM-α, bactopeptone medium and adenovirus-2 was produced in spinners of HeLa and KB cells grown in MEM-α, bactopeptone, PVP-360, and insulin. The yield of virus and infectivity of the viruses produced were about the same as those produced in conventional serum-containing systems.
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  • 27
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 421-424 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 415-420 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A series of baker's yeast continuous cultivations were made using different intensities of aeration. The experimental conditions were such as to eliminate the effects caused by high glucose concentrations in the medium on the formation of enzymes. The variation in activity of several enzymes was investigated and distinct changes were noted. The activities of hexokinase and alcohol dehydrogenase characterize the actual rate of glycolysis in yeast, the same being true, in part, for pyruvate decarboxylase. The activity of phosphofructokinase is nearly insensitive to the oxygen level at normal tensions. The activity of the cell to the phosphofructokinase can be limited in anaerobic conditions by its scarcity. The insensitivity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to the oxygen tension together with its low activity suggests that this enzyme plays primarily a biosynthetic role and that the function of the pentose phosphate pathway as an energy-producing route is negligible.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 425-432 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 433-438 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 448-448 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 439-443 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 445-447 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 35
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 449-463 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The disintegration by freeze-pressing of a low concentration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspended in aqueous solutions of gelatin and different salts has been studied at different temperatures. In the freeze-pressing process deionized water and salt solutions flow in pulses, whereas samples with increasing concentrations of gelatin or cells tend to flow more smoothly. This smooth flow enhances the disruption efficiency particularly at lower temperatures, which seems to be of great practical importance. The addition of salts also promotes disintegration. The presence of both gelatin and salts works antagonistically on disintegration presumably because of different modes of action at disruption of cells.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 465-471 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Cell survival curves have been obtained for Escherichia coli B (E. coli B) after the sonication of suspensions of the bacteria with continuous wave ultrasound at a fixed frequency of 2 MHz between peak intensities of 8.7 and 2.25 W cm-2. It was found that under suitable conditions the survival curves were reproducible and it also was found that there was a clear relationship between the rate of inactivation and the peak acoustic intensity of the ultrasound. There appeared to be a lower threshold of peak intensity below which no inactivation was observed.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 473-492 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The relationships between the specific rate of nutrient consumption and biomass growth and between the specific rate of penicillin production and oxygen concentration in the broth are analyzed.The functional dependencies which have been obtained from the experimental data of industrial fermenters are used with the mass balances to develop a model of the behavior of semicontinuous operations. The proposed model allows one to study the influence of some operational parameters.The obtained results agree with the data of industrial processes.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 493-512 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The role of fundamental parameters in the conduction of penicillin semicontinuous fermentations is analyzed. Biomass concentration, penicillin production, and main nutrient consumption are particularly studied. Furthermore, the conduction of the operation is simulated with regard to conditions of constant specific rate of growth and of constant oxygen concentration in the broth. An intermediate condition is also considered.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 581-585 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 513-526 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The mixed culture of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium shermanii grown anaerobically in glucose minimal medium exhibits features typical of a commensal interaction even though a number of complicating factors, such as a large maintenance requirement of L. plantarum and inhibition of growth of P. shermanii at low pH, are present. A simple mathematical model of the system is presented and is shown to reproduce rather well some of the features of the continuous mixed culture system in both steady-state and transient situations.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 527-543 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The potential of sand as a support for immobilized enzymes was investigated by preparing alkylamine sand and devising methods to measure the total number of amine groups present and the fraction available for immobilization of enzymes. Alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) and lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) were immobilized on alkylamine sand, and the stability of the immobilized protein and dehydrogenase activity was measured. Urease (urea amidohyrdrolase, EC 3.5.1.5) was also immobilized on sand to test the applicability of these methods to larger scale immobilizations. Results suggest that sand shows promise as a support for immobilized enzymes.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 545-580 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Protein solubility can be adequately represented by the classical Cohn equation for the salting-out of alcohol dehydrogenase and fumarase from clarified yeast homogenate with ammonium sulfate. However, the constant β in this equation is a function of the contacting procedure employed. The kinetics of continuous salting-out were similar for alcohol dehydrogenase and fumarase. The overall rate equation for precipitation had a variable order which was high initially, up to 3.1, but approached unity on completion of precipitation. This was followed by a partial resolution stage which was first order with respect to the concentration driving force. Precipitate particle size was estimated as 0.5 to 5 μm with continuous flow precipitation producing the largest particles.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 587-590 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 591-593 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 599-600 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 595-598 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976) 
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 601-621 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The production of cholesterol oxidase by 3 liter batch cultures of Nocardia rhodocrous growing on a glycerol/yeast extract medium was investigated. Cholesterol was shown to be a good inducer of the enzyme. The optimum time for cholesterol addition and the quantity to be added were determined, resulting in a 15-fold yield increase. Cholesterol oxidase synthesis was influenced by the dissolved oxygen tension. Maximum cholesterol oxidase production was obtained at 30-40% air saturation. The effect of growth conditions on the extraction of cholesterol oxidase by Triton X-100 was investigated. The scale-up of the fermentation to 800 liters in a pilot-plant fermenter is described.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 633-648 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Using whole cells containing glucose isomerase, mathematical models for the enzymatic conversion of D-glucose to D-fructose and for the inactivation of the enzyme catalyst have been postulated and verified experimentally. The heat of reaction, the equilibrium constant, and the individual rate constants and their activation energies have been estimated. The model can be used to predict the time course for the enzymatic production of fructose in a batch reactor within the tested experimental range of 40-80°C.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 623-632 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Notes: The authors studied the influence of periodic variations (one cycle per 24 hr) of the feeding mash concentration of a continuous anaerobic culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in sugarcane molasses media at constant dilution rate. It was observed that the average yield coefficients during the transient state were practically equal to the yield coefficient obtained during steady-state experiments. It was also observed, in each experiment, that the average specific growth rate during the transient state was equal to the dilution rate.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 649-657 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In view of the advantages which are associated with the use of the BHK monolayer cell for the production of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus, a unit system using glass spheres was developed to grow BHK monolayer cells and to test the susceptibility of such cells to FMD virus. The yield of cells and their susceptibility compares favorably with BHK monolayer cells which have been grown in Roux bottles.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 659-667 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Notes: Methods are described which make possible the production of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus from BHK 21 C13 monolayer cells which have been grown on the surface of serum coated DEAE Sephadex A50 beads. The yield of cells and their susceptibility to infection by FMD virus are equivalent to conventional Roux monolayer systems. The potential for the commercial application of the DEAE Sephadex A50 system is discussed in relation to other unit process monolayer systems and in particular to the system in which cells are cultured in a deep bed of small glass spheres.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 685-699 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Urease from Jack bean was immobilized on nonporous glass beads by covalent bonding and its kinetics were studied in a packed-column differential reactor. To facilitate comparison, the urease was immobilized by both diazo and glutaraldehyde coupling. The kinetic properties of immobilized urease were similar to those of the soluble enzyme and different immobilization methods did not appreciably alter the kinetic properties. The affects of three different amino acid activators appear to follow predictions obtained from a relatively simple competitive model, except at very low substrate levels.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 669-684 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger was immobilized on nonporous glass beads by covalent bonding and its kinetics were studied in a packed-column recycle reactor. The optimum pH of the immobilized enzyme was the same as that of soluble enzyme; however, immobilized glucose oxidase showed a sharper pH-activity profile than that of the soluble enzyme. The kinetic behavior of immobilized glucose oxidase at optimum pH and 25°C was similar to that of the soluble enzyme, but the immobilized material showed increased temperature sensitivity. Immobilized glucose oxidase showed no loss in activity on storage at 4°C for nearly ten weeks. On continuous use for 60 hr, the immobilized enzyme showed about a 40% loss in activity but no change in the kinetic constant.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 723-727 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 729-735 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Notes: In previous reports from this laboratory it has been shown that the extended aeration process for biological treatment of organically laden municipal and/or industrial waste could be successfully employed for concurrent purification and sludge disposal. Also results using a modified process in which autodigestion was aided and controlled by periodic partial hydrolysis of small portions of the recycle sludge showed that operational control was feasible. There was some question regarding the success of such a process if the original waste contained a large portion of inorganic solids. Accordingly, a 1½ year pilot plant study was made using a waste (hydrolyzed trickling filter sludge) of exceptionally high ash content (50-60%). It was found that the ash content of activated sludge grown on this substrate did not continually increase nor did the high ash content of the waste interfere in any way with the efficiency of removal of organic matter. In general it exceeded 90 percent. Also a highly nitrified effluent was produced. A variety of analyses were performed: COD, BOD, TOC, suspended solids, NH3-N, organic-N, NO3-N, etc. Interrelationships between these important monitoring parameters for assessing plant performance offered useful insight into operational control for hydrolytically assisted extended aeration processes.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 737-739 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 741-743 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976) 
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 745-790 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 791-804 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A model is proposed that accounts for the decreases in yield which occur in chemostat cultures of mesophilic yeasts at superoptimal growth temperatures. Two yield depressing effects were identified, one due to increased maintenance requirements by the viable fraction of the population, the other due to energy substrate dissipation by the nonviable fraction. The two effects are functions of the dilution rate, as is the fraction of nonviable cells. Experimental results were obtained on the yield, maintenance, and dissipation of energy substrate in a glucose-limited chemostat culture of a respiration-deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 39°C. The rates of glucose utilization for maintenance and for dissipation constituted, respectively, 33-28% and 15-9% of the total glucose utilization rate over the range of dilution rates tested (0.038-0.064 hr-1), while the yield varied over this range from 0.066-0.085 g of biomass (dry wt) per gram of glucose.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 805-812 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Notes: The models of Monod and Williams, for the growth of unicellular organisms in chemostats, give strongly damped transients in the biomass and cell number when the flow rate of the chemostat is changed. A simple trick is used to incorporate time delay in these models while still allowing a conventional stability analysis. For long enough time delays the equilibrium point is unstable and limit cycles can be computed. Results obtained using Williams' model, with weakly damped transients as a result of using moderately long time delay, are compared with his data in which cell numbers show weak damping but biomass shows strong damping.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 839-846 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Notes: An efficient method to grow Escherichia coli W to high cell concentrations on the pilot scale is described and discussed. The method involves growth linked introduction of glucose; and ammonia to the culture, sparing with oxygen, and maintenance of aerobic conditions by gradually decreasing the temperature in the culture in order to keep the oxygen demand within the limits of the capacity of supply. Under these conditions the linear rate of cell mass production is actually the result of exponential growth with a gradually decreasing growth-rate constant.About 10 kg packed cells were produced in a 50 liter working-volume fermentor in one run of 13 hr. The concentration of the cells at the end of the growth was about 47 g dry cells/liter. The expenditure for nutrients was minimal and the controls were of simple automatic nature. From the determined yield constants for glucose, nitrogen, phosphorus, and oxygen it may be inferred that the cells grown by this method are similar to those grown exponentially at constant temperature.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 813-837 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An analytical expression for the rate efficiency factor of planar localized enzyme systems is derived. The derivation takes into account the isothermal kinetic effect under the externally imposed perturbation of combined electrostatic and high frequency time-varying fields. The contribution of each individual field to the enzyme reaction is examined through the basic mechanism in which charged substrates interact, with the specific perturbing field. The interaction mechanisms for the electrostatic and for the time-varying fields are found to be different. This difference regulates the different manners in which enzymatic reaction rates are altered. Enzymatic reactions under electrostatic perturbation can be retarded or enhanced depending on the field polarization. At sufficiently high field intensities the reaction rate may approach zero or approach a maximum value equal to the turnover number of the enzyme. Time-varying field perturbations, on the other hand, always enhance the enzymatic reactions if bunching effects are negligible. At sufficiently high field intensities, the reaction may approach a value equal to that of the free enzyme system. Several typical numerical examples on pure electrostatic field perturbations, pure time-varying field perturbations, and combined field perturbations are also presented.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 847-864 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This work is concerned with the optimization study of the semibatch fermentation by which an amino acid is produced. The particular fermentation studied is the synthesis of lysine by the auxotrophic mutant. Applying Green's theorem to the maximization problem was proposed, and it succeeded in determining the feed rate of the substrate that maximized the production rate of the desired product.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976) 
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 865-883 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The pressure required for initiation of flow when freeze-pressing with the X-press is related to the phase boundaries of water, particularly those between ice I and liquid even at temperatures around -25°C and lower. Widening the orifice of the pressure chamber to diameters larger than 2.5 mm leads to lower pressures and less extensive cell disintegration.Pressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae slowly with the aid of a manual hydraulic jack at -25°C produces a disintegration of 60-75% irrespective of cell concentration. Pressing at -35°C shows no clear differences.Pressing more rapidly with the aid of a motor-driven hydraulic press produces a similar extent of disruption of diluted cell suspensions (5.4 mg/g) as slow pressing. However, freeze-pressing a paste of baker's yeast (270 mg/g) increases the degree of disintegration. Under these conditions the disintegration is further enhanced by a lower temperature, -35°C, and by a high velocity of flow through the orifice, such that more than 95% of the S. cerevisiae is disrupted by one pressing at less than 2 × 108 Pa.Mechanisms for flow through the X-press are suggested and discussed in relation to the phase diagram of water.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 889-890 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 885-887 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 909-919 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The characteristic flavor of hard Italian cheeses is associated with the presence of fatty acids, particularly butyric acid, liberated from milk fat during the ripening process. To ensure proper development and control of flavor, animal pregastric esterases or lipases are routinely added to the milk before coagulation of the curd. Such esterases are also used to generate flavor in enzyme modified cheese and other dairy products.Esterases from microbial sources have been investigated as agents to enhance flavor in cheese. We have found that an esterase from Mucor miehei exhibits the type of lipolytic activity needed for this application. Romano and fontina cheeses of excellent quality have been prepared by the use of this esterase. It has also been used successfully in the preparation of enzyme modified cheese, and, in turn, processed American cheese.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 921-925 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study illustrates approaches using botanical proteinases and a pancreatic lipase to improve the palatability of two types of food. A third example is presented to illustrate the use of a chelating agent in growing corn to increase the sugar content by over 50%, presumably by influencing enzyme activity in the corncob itself. The purpose is to show that one is not limited to using only the microbial approach for producing flavors but to point out the broader concept of food palatability which includes texture and flavor.
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  • 73
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 891-907 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There are four main sources of enzymes in foods - these being the inherent enzymes, enzymes from microbial contaminants, enzymes elaborated by microorganisms added to foods, and specific enzymes added to foods. This study primarily deals with the latter two sources of enzymes in food. Although both plants and animals serve as sources of enzymes, they are not as economical or versatile sources as are enzymes obtained from microorganisms. In the meat industry, proteases are used to tenderize muscle and to obtain flavor precursors. In the preparation of cured meat products such as sausages, lipases, and proteases from bacterial cultures are utilized. Similarly, proteases and lipases are used in the dairy industry to develop flavor compounds. Proteases and amylases also have applications in the baking and milling industries where they are used to produce precursors for the nonenzymatic browning reactions. Carbohydrases such as amylase, amyloglucosidase, and glucose isomerase have found usage in the starch and syrup industry for the production of high dextrose and high fructose syrups. Other enzymes such as glucose oxidase, pectinase, and naringinase are of value to the wine and fruit juice industries. A better understanding of the mode of action of enzymes as well as the mechanisms of development of flavor compounds will further enhance the use of microbial enzymes to develop specific and desired flavors in foods.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 927-938 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The development of the unique flavor of blue type cheese depends on the concerted action of numerous enzymes of Penicillium roqueforti involved in protein and lipid metabolism. Protease(s) by degrading casein modify the texture and background flavor of the ripening cheese. Lipase by hydrolyzing milk triglycerides provides flavorful fatty acids and precursors of methyl ketones. The enzyme complex involved in the partial oxidation of free fatty acids and the properties of β-ketoacyl decarboxylase which generates the major flavor components of blue cheese are discussed. Fermentation of P. roqueforti for the rapid production of methyl ketones is briefly reviewed.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1023-1027 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1017-1021 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1001-1016 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A means to avoid the glucose effect in the production of baker's yeast from glucose and/or molasses in a fed batch culture by controlling the feed rate of fresh medium with an ad hoc measurement of the respiratory quotient, RQ, is presented. The feed rate is changed stepwise here such that the value of RQ ranges from 1.0 to 1.2 throughout the cultivation. Thus far, the specific growth rate based on the total cell mass and the growth yield obtained throughout are 0.24 hr-1 and 0.55 g cell/g glucose.Prior to the experimental run mentioned above, equations to predetermine the feed rate and concentration of glucose in the feed are derived from the mass balance of limiting substrates (glucose). Since values of either RQ or IO2 (QO2 x, oxygen consumption rate with respect to the total cell mass in the fermenter) can be measured quite easily and reliably, computer control of the fermentation in light of this information is discussed.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1029-1032 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1091-1101 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbiological leaching of a chalcopyrite concentrate has been investigated using a pure strain of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The optimum leaching conditions regarding pH, temperature, and pulp density were found to be 2.3, 35°C, and 22%, respectively. The energy of activation was calculated to be 16.7 kcal/mol. During these experiments the maximum rate of copper dissolution was about 215 mg/liters/hr and the final copper concentration was as high as 55 g/liter. This latter value is in the range of copper concentrations which may be used for direct electrorecovery of copper. Jarosite formation was observed during the leaching of the chalcopyrite concentrate. When the leach residue was reground to expose new substrate surface, subsequent leaching resulted in copper extractions up to about 80%. On the basis of this experimental work, a flow sheet has been proposed for commercial scale biohydrometallurgical treatment of high-grade chalcopyrite materials.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1117-1124 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a previous study on the chemostat culture of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, maximum invertase specific activity was observed at an intermediate dilution rate. A possible regulation mechanism, assuming there are simultaneous effects of induction and repression on two sites of the operator loci for invertase formation, is proposed which might account for the observed curve of the dilution rate effect.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1125-1144 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Five marine phytoplankton species (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Thalassiosira pseudonana, Skeletonema costatum, Monochrysis lutheri, and Dunaliella tertiolecta) were grown in enriched laboratory continuous cultures and natural populations were mass cultured outdoors for 16 months. Competition among the species was shown to be highly dependent on temperature, although the actual production of plant organic matter at the low growth rates used was relatively independent of this variable. Control of marine species in mass cultures does not appear economically feasible, but this drawback may be overcome by selecting herbivorous shellfish that are capable of assimilating those temperature-dependent phytoplankton species dominating in a particular locale.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1177-1178 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1179-1191 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A heat and caustic pretreatment process has been tested to determine the increase in gas yield that can be obtained from fermentation of organic municipal refuse. A treatment temperature of 130°C and a NaOH concentration of 3 g/100 g of dry solids resulted in the highest gas yield for the conditions tested. The probable increase in gas yield was 20% for the best conditions tested. The treatment procedure also substantially increased the rates of gas production. A high conversion efficiency is possible at much shorter reactor retention times with pretreatment than without pretreatment.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1193-1218 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A conceptual model of aerobic microbial growth in semisolid matrices was developed as a first step in the prediction of the rate of breakdown of semisolid cellulosic material. The conceptual model was described by a series of equations simplified by the assumption of steady-state microbial activity, and heat and mass transfer limitation. Temperature and oxygen distribution in compost piles were measured experimentally at the Butler County Mushroom Farm, Butler County, Pennsylvania, to test the validity of these assumptions. The compost piles consisted of ground corn husks, straw, and race horse manure. The data fit with the model was excellent with deviations between model predictions (as solved by an analog computer) and actual temperature measurements never exceeding 3°C. The effects of compost pile geometry, external temperature, compost density, external oxygen concentration, and insulation at the bottom of the pile were then predicted using a digital computer to solve the model. The predictions show that the maximum breakdown rate occurs for an optimum height (which depends upon the system), insulating the base increases the breakdown rate, increasing the external temperature increases the initial breakdown rate but decreases the pseudo-steady-state breakdown rate and the uniformity, and any increase in the external oxygen concentration increases the breakdown rate but decreases the uniformity.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 121-127 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model was devised for the hydrolysis and synthesis of maltose and isomaltose by two glucoamylases from Rhizopus niveus and Aspergillus niger, and the validity of the model was verified experimentally at 313 K and pH 5.0. For both enzymes, the formations of maltose and isomaltose from glucose were parallel reversible reactions, and glucosyl transfer between maltose and isomaltose was not observed. The enzymes catalyzed rapid hydrolysis and synthesis of maltose. Isomaltose was hydrolyzed and synthesized more slowly, but the level produced from glucose was much higher than that of maltose. These hydrolysis and condensation reactions were expressed well by the model.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 142-147 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biomass autoflocculation in outdoor algal cultures was found to be associated with increases of culture pH levels, due to CO2 consumption by the algal photosynthetic activity. Under these alkaline conditions, some medium chemical ions precipitated together with the algal biomass. The chemical substances involved with the process and its dependence on pH value were studied by simulation of autoflocculation in laboratory experiments. Proper concentrations of calcium and orthophosphate ions in the medium are important for autoflocculation and, in order to attain it within the pH range 8.5-9.0, the culture should contain 0.1mM-0.2mM orthophosphate and 1.5mM-2.5mM calcium prior to raising the pH level. Calcium phosphate precipitates are considered as the flocculating agent which reacts with the negatively charged surface of the algae and promotes aggregation and flocculation.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 188-190 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 194-196 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 221-230 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose for sugar production offers advantages of higher conversion, minimal by-product formation, low energy requirements, and mild operating conditions over other chemical conversions. The development of a kinetic model, based on observable, macroscopic properties of the overall system, is helpful in design and economic evaluation of processes for sugar conversion and ethanol production. A kinetic model is presented, incorporating enzyme adsorption, product inhibition, and considers a multiple enzyme and substrate system. This model was capable of simulating saccharification of a lignocellulosic material, rice straw, at high substrate (up to 333 g/L) and enzyme concentrations (up to 9.2 FPU/mL) that are common to proposed process designs.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 252-256 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dialysate-feed, immobilized-cell dialysis continuous fermentation system was investigated as a method of relieving product inhibition in the conversion of glucose to ethanol by cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126. The substrate was fed into a continuous dialysate circuit and then into a batch fermentor circuit via diffusion through the microporous membranes of an intermediate dialyzer. Simultaneously, product was withdrawn from the fermentor circuit through the dialyzer membranes into the dialysate circuit and out in the effluent. Since the fermentor was operated without an effluent, the cells essentially were immobilized and converted substrate to product by maintenance metabolism. Contrary to prior results with this novel system for the continuous fermentation of lactose to lactate by lactobacillus cells, a steady state of yeast cells in the fermentor did not occur initially but was obtained by the depletion of medium nitrogen and the prevention of cell breakage, although the substrate and product concentrations then became unsteady. The inherent advantages of the system was offset in the ethanol fermentation by relatively low productivity, which appeared to be limited by membrane permeability.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 275-284 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model that describes substrate utilization and cell growth in terms of two potentially rate-limiting enzyme systems has been developed. Consideration of substrate inhibition and enzyme repression have been incorporated. The model provides a rational approach for characterizing non-steady-state phenomena. The model has been used to analyze batch test data to illustrate the effects of inhibition, repression, and concurrent substrate utilization. Its utility lies in the fact that it provides a quantitative framework for describing changes in the activity levels of cells that result from changes in substrate concentration and/or substrate type. The lag phase resulting from exposure to a new substrate can be modeled.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 347-351 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Invertase immobilized onto corn grits was utilized in the hydrolysis of highly concentrated sucrose solutions producting liquid sugar solutions containing glucose and fructose. Comparisons of conversion efficiencies of this immobilized invertase in a continuous stirredtank reactor and a plug-flow reactor indicated that the plug-flow reactor has an higher efficiency. Continuous sucrose hydrolysis was then performed in 0.1- and 1-L tubular reactors. This tenforld scaling-up was achieved without any noticeable loss in efficiency. This process thus was scaled-up to a 17.6-L pilot reactor set in a cane sugar refinery. This reactor was fed with highly concentrated sucrose solutions [71% (w/w)] to produce invert sugar syrup with the desired inversion degree. It allows a productivity equal to 9.1 kg sucrose hydrolyzed/h in the case of a 69% (w/w) sucrose initial concentration with a 72% conversion rate.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 374-376 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 389-389 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 386-388 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 397-402 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 403-405 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 434-441 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fungi of the Aspergillus sp. can hydroxyate biphenyl to 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, a chemical intermediate used in the plastics industry. The authors studied various batch culture conditions for the production of 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, by Aspergillus toxicarius, in 25-mL shake flasks and 2-L fermenter cultures. Conditions investigated included temperature, aeration, carbon and nitrogen sources, biomass content, and time of substrate addition. Under optimum conditions we observed a rate of 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl production of 15-20 mg/day/g dry wt mycelia. Such a production rate is probably too low to support a commercial process and possible reasons for the low productivity are discussed.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 468-476 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dynamic analysis of a continuous, aerobic, fixed-film bioreactor has been performed. Rigorous mathematical models have been developed for a fluidized-bed fermentor with biofilm growth. The transient performance of the reactor is appraised in terms of outlet penicillin concentration for constant, as well as variable carbon substrate feed rates. The effect of the reactor oxygen transfer capacity is elucidated for those cases employing substrate feeding strategies. The results show that penicillin production in a continuous, fixed-film bioreactor reaches a maximum with processing time, but subsequently decreases as cell mass accumulates and substrate deficiencies occur. The maximum production level can be maintained for increased operating times if the substrate supply is continuously increased. The duration of this prolonged production is a direct function of the rate of increase and the operating time at which the increase is initiated. The oxygen transfer capacity of the reactor was found to be important to the effectiveness of a feeding strategy.
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