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  • Chemical Engineering  (913)
  • GEOPHYSICS
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (913)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (547)
  • 1975-1979  (366)
  • 1983  (547)
  • 1976  (366)
Collection
Keywords
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (913)
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (547)
  • 1975-1979  (366)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological properties of incompatible blends of two elastomers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 742-746 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mold flows and melt viscosities of an incompatible bi-component EPDM and “Viton” fluoroelastormer system were examined. A marked reduction in the melt viscosities of either component was observed when a small amount of the other component was present. It was speculated that the phenomenon was a result of a slippage between the polymer and the coated capillary surface due to the presence of a minor amount of the incompatible polymer. Evidence is given to indicate that this effect cannot be accounted for using the “melt structural heterogeneity” mechanism proposed for a different system by Andtrianova.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161106
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increase of adhesive bond strength through the mechanochemical creation of free radicals Part II. Shear and peel test resultsBased on Report No. TDM 73-06 (Technion, Haifa 1973) to the NBS, Washington, D.C, and the National Research Council of Israel. Presented in part at the XXIVth International Symposium on Macromolecules (IUPAC) 1975, Jerusalem Israel. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 760-770 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Part I paper described the mechanochemical basis for achieving high adhesive strength in bonds between polymeric surfaces such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and Teflon, using the SABRA method (Surface Activation Beneath Reactive Adhesives). This paper gives a brief survey of bonding techniques as well as results of shear tests of simple lap joints and scarfed tube joints. They compared favorably with other methods such as CASING, Peeling test results are also presented. Mixed systems were examined such as glass fiber reinforced polyester bonded to polypropylene and aluminum with thin films of polymeric material sandwiched between. A start was made towards of optimization and exploration of primer specificity for different materials, The implications and further applications of the SABRA method are discussed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161108
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoplastic urethane elastomers V. Compatible and incompatible blends with various polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 771-776 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Various blends over extended compositional ranges have beer, prepared for combinations of a thermoplastic urethane elastomer with polystyrene, a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, a polyhydroxyether (Phenoxy A), and poly(vinyl ethyl ether). The thermoplastic urethane elastomer was based on a polycaprolactone diol of approximately 2100 number average molecular weight, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol at a molar ratio of 1/2/1, respectively. At ambient temperature, the tensile properties of the blends typically are intermediate between the values of the two separate components. Characterizations of the dynamic mechanical properties of the blends show the relative degree of compatibility for the thermoplastic urethane elastomer and the respective polymers. Two separate glass transitions are obtained for blends of polystyrene and the styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer with the thermoplastic urethane elastomer. This behavior demonstrates that these blend systems are incompatible. The blends of Phenoxy A and the thermoplastic urethane elastomer exhibit a single glass transition for which the temperature is dependent on the respective concentration of the components. These mixtures are considered to be compatible in nature.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161109
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological changes during a urethane network polymerization (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 803-810 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Trifunctional poly-ε-caprolactone polyol was polymerized with a chain-extended 1,6-hexane diisocyanate, and the rheology followed by cone and plate flow. Viscosity was found to be independent of shear rate up to at least 102 N.s/m2 (103 poise) and 30s-1. Extent of reaction was monitored by a periodic titration for isocyanate groups. Using branching theory, viscosity was related to extent of reaction and temperature. Such relations should be useful for process models. Normal force data for the curing system are also reported.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161205
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of long-chain branching on the viscoelastic properties of low-density polyethylenes (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 811-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Melt How data has been determined for a series of fractionated and whole low density polyethylenes which has been characterized in terms of their molecular weights and degree of long-chain branching, (LCB). The resulting data indicate that low LCB influences melt flow both through a reduction in molecular size and an increased level of intermolecular interaction. Die swell measurements on whole polymers indicate an increase in melt elasticity with increase in degree of LCB for samples of similar melt flow (MI). Comparison of GPC data with observed die swell characteristics indicates that die swell is a molecular size dependent property and independent of intermolecular entanglement effects, suggesting that the measurement of elastic properties of LDPE melts will provide a means of determining relative degrees of LCB for commercial resins.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161206
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  • 6
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    High pressure non-isothermal processing, of linear polyethylenesPresented at the 33rd ANTEC, Atlanta, Georgia, May 5-8, 1975. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 15-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Articles with increased rigidity can be obtained by compression molding at high pressures as shown by experiments with five types of linear polyethylene. The materials, with weight average molecular weight ranging up to 1,000,000 were molded at pressures as high as 80,000 psi. The material temperature was 149-204°C, and the tooling was at 38°C. The duration of load was typically 3 mins, and the thickness of the molded disks was 12.7 mm. The results show that at high molding pressure the tensile modulus of the material is nearly twice that of materials molded conventionally at low pressures. This increase in modulus occurs for all the materials studied and even for a duration of load of only one min. The causes for this large increase in modulus were investigated with the help of density and melting point measurements and optical and electron microscopy. It was observed that the spherulites showed a distinctive and systematic change with the forming pressure. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the high modulus phenomenon on the basis of the kinetics of spherulite formation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160104
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Phase structure and continuity in polymer blends and composites (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 87-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer blends and composites are composed of two different components, and usually, two different phases. Sometimes one phase is continuous and the other clearly discontinuous. Often, however, both phases retain some degree of continuity, as in certain fiber reinforced composites, block copolymers, materials composed of alternating lamellae structures and interpenetrating networks. A semi-empirical theory is developed to express mathematically not only the known structures, but also two-phase morphologies not yet synthesized or characterized. Many structures both real and proposed are shown to exhibit dual phase continuity, although for most systems, one phase can be said to be “more continuous” and the other “less continuous”.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160205
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental studies on the biaxial extensional viscosity of polypropylene (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 82-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For fabrication processes such as blow molding, vacuum forming, film blowing and fiber spinning, extensional flow is the dominate mode of melt deformation. Under these conditions, extensional viscosity is a significant rheological property. Thus, the biaxial extensional viscosity was measured for several samples of polypropylene. A technique based on the bubble inflation method of Denson and Gallo was used. Experimental values of biaxial extensional viscosities ranging from 1014 to 1010 poise as a function of strain rate, 10-5 to 10-2 reciprocal seconds, were obtained at 25°C. The technique used was critiqued and found to be useful in characterizing unoriented and biaxially oriented films, Uniaxially oriented films gave unsatisfactory results. It may be possible to use this testing method to assist in materials selection decisions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160204
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  • 9
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    Strain-induced crystallization I. Limiting extents of strain-induced nucleiPreviously presented at the ACS Symposium on Fiber and Yarn Professing, Philadelphia (April 9, 1975) (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 138-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper points out that interpretations from stress changes alone during oriented crystallization have led to widely different proposed chain conformations and consequently very different crystallization mechanisms for strain-induced crystallization (SIC). Many of the proposals, including the one by Keller and Machin which takes into account some electron microscopy and X-ray observations, show varying degrees of incompatibility with existing stress relaxation, kinetic or morphological data on SIC. Another problem lies in the difficulty with proper interpretation of observed morphology on samples which have been Subjected to additional thermally-induced crystallization (TIC) after SIC, especially, in the absence of prior characterization of SIC crystallites, the finding of a fibrillar-to-lamellar transformation in stretched polymers upon additional TIC (Part H) also indicates that the generally-observed oriented lamellar morphology has a much more subtle origin than-that depicted by most crystallization models. Part I discusses our previously published morphological data on the characteristics of SIC crystallites from the melt, which includes: (a) their melting point elevation, (Tm » T°m), (b) their nearly perfect crystalline orientation function (fc ∼ 1), (c) their fast rates of crystallization (t1/2 〈 1 sec), and (d) their fibrillar morphology and limited dimensions along the fibrillar stretch axis (∼100Å). Examples of morphology of SIC from the glass and from stirred solution are also included to show the overall similarity of fibrillar morphology brought about by stretching.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160304
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Optical studies of the stress-induced crystallization of polymersSupported by grants from the National Science Foundation, the Army Research Office (Durham), the General Tire Co., Xerox Corp., and by a contract (DAAG-46-75-0-0052) with the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, Mass. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 152-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stress-induced crystallization may be studied by the birefringence technique and by low-angle light scattering. From measurements of the change in birefringence and stress during the crystallization of a polymer above its Tg and from a calculation of the intrinsic birefringence of a polymer crystal, the change in volume fraction crystallinity may be calculated. The technique is illustrated for several polymers and found to give values in reasonable agreement with other methods for the study of crystallinity. Crystallization is also accompanied by the development of a low-angle light scattering pattern, the size and shape of which is indicative of the amount, size and morphology of the crystalline superstructure.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160306
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  • 11
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    The interaction of fluid mechanics and crystal growth in the formation of shish kebabs from solution (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 158-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several observations are made regarding the role of the fluid mechanics involved in the process of flow-induced, fibrillar crystallization from solution. Computational evaluation and discussion of various flow effects in the nucleation step, including combined shear and extensional flows, are presented in terms of the elastic dumbbell model. These results indicate the important role extensional kinematics in the growth process. A qualitative evaluation of concentration effects is also given. The evaluation of facts concerning the growth morphology is presented in terms of a model for the growth process along with data concerning rinsing and quench rate effects on the morphology and inciting behavior of shish kebab crystals.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160307
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Crystallization of networks under stress (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 168-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theory of crystallization under stress is developed about the premise that the direction a chain takes through a crystallite, relative to its end-to-end vector, is determined by the first few links of a chain that initially deposit onto the crystallite surface. Since these few links are quickly trapped by subsequently crystallizing chains, their orientational probability prior to deposition governs the chain direction through the crystallite, and the properties of the system depend upon a statistical distribution of all vector orientations. Such a model leads to a relationship between the melting temperature and the degree of network orientation, and relates the retractive force to temperature in the crystallization region. The theory appears to adequately describe some of the published data on rubber and polychloroprene networks.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160309
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Extrusion of highly oriented polyolefin fibers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 204-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This study demonstrates that it is possible to extrude highly oriented polyethylene fibers using only a plasticating single screw extruder, specially designed and operated dies, and a simple take up mechanism. The degree of orientation achieved is as high as that achieved in solid state extrusion studies but accomplished at a fraction of the pressure. The degree of orientation is significantly greater than that of commercial grade fibers. The orientation is developed in the elongational flow of the “wine glass stem” region preceding the die entrance and is retained by crystallization in the die. Crystallization is inhibited in the pre-die region by maintaining a temperature above the effective melting point of the flowing, oriented (hence lowered entropy) melt.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160314
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  • 14
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    Using system identification to determine the thermal properties of plastics (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes a new experimental and analytical method for determining the specific heat and thermal coductivity of plastic materials. This method arrives at these temperature-dependent properties by analyzing the thermal history of a slab of the plastic material. The procedure is as follows: 1) A partial differential equation model of the heat flow through the slab is established a priori. 2) A varying heat flux is a applied to the slab, and temperature readings throughout the plastic are recorded at fixed time intervals. 3) This temperature data is fed into a digital computer (along with the established mathematical model) and the required specific heat and thermal conductivity values are extracted. The extraction is done by using the maximum likelihood system identification technique.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160402
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  • 15
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    Relationship between torque and capillary rheometer thermal stability measurements for PVC compounds (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 240-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is described to predict the time-temperature behavior and hence thermal stability of PVC melts in a Brabender Plasticorder torque rheometer from basic rheological data(flow and thermal stability observations) obtained on an Instron capillary rheormeter. The predicted and experimentally determined values of the Brabender thermal stability are shown to be in good agreement.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160404
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  • 16
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    Masthead (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160501
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  • 17
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    Bubble growth in thermoplastic structural foams (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 270-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The inflation and growth kinetics of bubbles in thermoplastic structural foams are discussed in some detail using a model which assumes the initial existence of very small voids in the pressurized polymer melt. The effects of a drop in external pressure, the presence of a distribution of bubble sizes, and the diffusion of gas between neighboring bubbles are considered. It is shown that at a given pressure the number of growing bubbles present in the melt at any onetime depends on the ratio of the critical radius to the average radius of the microvoids assumed to be present in the melt It is also demonstrated that gas diffusion between neighboring bubbles reduces the growth rate appreciably only when the interbubble distance is reduced to a micron or less.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160409
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  • 18
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    Some new aspects of the crystallization of bisphenol-A polycarbonate (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 276-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper concerns the action of plasticizers and nucleating agents on the crystallization of bisphenol-A polycarbonate. The influence of plasticizers is to increase the rate of crystallization to a great extent using 10 percent of a plasticizer such as trimellitic acid, tridecyloctyl ester. The influence of nucleating substances on plasticized and undiluted polycarbonate is investigated. A large number of substances have been found capable of nucleating polycarbonate crystallization. The un-plasticized semi-crystalline polycarbonate is characterized by a much higher melting point (300°C) than the plasticized semi-crystalline systems (210-245°C). The stability of bisphenol-A polycarbonate in the presence of nucleating salts is also examined. We observe a substantial decrease in the molecular weight in the presence of a great number of nucleating substances. The modulus-temperature curves of two semi-crystalline polymers are reported in the last series of experiments.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160410
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  • 19
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    Introductory remarks prospects for molecular engineering (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 294-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160503
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  • 20
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    Tris-benzil crosslinked polyphenylquinoxalines (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 318-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyphenylquinoxalines (PPQ) were crosslinked with a tris-benzil comonomer, to alleviate the inherenthigh temperature thermoplasticity, and evaluated as matrices in graphite reinforced composites. The room temperature flexural strength/modulus of Modmor IJ laminates were as high as 245,000 psi/16,6 × 106 psi. Essentially 100 percent retention of ambient mechanical properties was obtained at 371°C using a PPQ matrix from the fully-crosslinked polymer prepared from 4,4′-bis(4″-oxybenzilyl) benzil (BOBB) and 3,3′-diaminQbenzrdine. The degree of high temperature thermoplasticity in the composite was found to be more closely related to the final postcure temperature than to the BOBB crosslink density. The thermoplasticity essentially disappeared when the BOBB comonomer-PPQ laminates were postcured at 482-510°C in nitrogen. Substitution of DMAC for the commonly used m-cresol solvent system allowed facile preparation of prepreg to fabricate low-void laminates and NOL rings.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160508
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  • 21
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    The influence of anisotropic phase structure on the properties of crystalline polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 327-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By combining quantitative molecular, microscopic and macroscopic information from an oriented crystalline polymer, it becomes possible to unify, predict, and explain not only processing behavior but such important material properties as failure, shrinkage, modulus, yielding, melting, and storage and loss moduli. Among the advantages gained by this approach are the ability to: (a) identify the particular phase of the two-phase system which controls a given property-(b) correlate internal structure quantitatively with a large number of seemingly different types of properties; (c) identify quantitative behavioral rules which are generally valid for Very different crystalline polymers; (d) clarify component roles such that new techniques and processes result; and (e) predict the properties of a crystalline polymer for structural states not previously tested. Using two dissimilar crystalline polymers, isotactic polypropylene and poly(ethylene terephthalate), as examples, the general validity and unifying power of the structural approaches is demonstrated.
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    Constitutive relationships for the mechanical properties of anisotropic, partially crystalline polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 334-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Constitutive relationships are presented to relate the directional dependence of the mechanical properties of anisotropic, partially crystalline polymers to (a) the percent crystallinity, (b) characteristics of the crystalline and amorphous orientation distribution, and (c) the mechanical properties of the crystalline and amorphous components. These relationships were tested with structural and dynamic mechanical data obtained for isotactic polypropylene films in various states of crystalline and amorphous orientation. The dynamic mechanical properties of the crystalline and amorphous components were treated as parameters and evaluated from dynamic mechanical measurements along the longitudinal and transverse direction of three different film samples. These mechanical parameters, and the associated structural parameters, were in turn used to predict the dynamic mechanical spectra for a fourth, independent, film sample. The predicted values for the storage and loss modulus, along various directions of loading, were within 10 percent of the measured values over the temperature range of -80°C to 80°C.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160511
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    The Halpin-Tsai equations: A review (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 344-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Halpin-Tsai equations are based upon the “self-consistent micromechanics method” developed by Hill. Hermans employed this model to obtain a solution in terms of Hill's “reduced moduli”. Halpin and Tsai have reduced Hermans' solution to a simpler analytical form and extended its use for a variety of filament geometries. The development of these micromechanic's relationships, which form the operational bases for the coniposite analogy of Halpin and Kardos for semi-crystalline polymers, are reviewed herein.
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    Annealing effect on the microstructure of poly(vinyl chloride) (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 465-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of annealing on the microstructure of commercial grade poly(vinyl chloride) was investigated by calorimetric, X-ray and viscoelastic measurements. The degree of crystallinity increases with increasing annealing temperature from above the glass transition temperature up to 130°C, at which point the degree of crystallinity takes on a maximum value. Also, the crystal melting temperature increases with increasing annealing temperature. Thermal analysis and X-ray study suggest that the crystallite of poly (vinyl chloride) decomposes by thermal degradation when annealed, above 170°C. The isothermal crystallization process is analyzed using Avrami's equation employing the degree of crystallinity as a function of annealing time at various annealing temperatures. The crystallization rate has a maximum value at around 140°C. It is expected that the crystalline texture grows in the shape of a lineal-like habit, judging from the magnitude of Avrami's constant and from a study of the X-ray intensity distribution. The αf-transition was observed to occur at temperatures 5 to 10°C lower than the crystalline melting temperatures for annealed specimens of poly(vinyl chloride) using a dynamic spring analysis. The αf-transition may be attributed to thermal molecular motions with a long time scale, resulting from the cross-link points introduced by the small crystallites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160702
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    Poly-para-xylelene: Its chemistry and application in coating technology (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 473-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The chemistry of p-xylelene and of its analogues has been reviewed. Its modes of formation and polymerization to poly-p-xylelene have been described, and the initiation and hypothetical termination steps have been discussed. The reactions taking place in the gas phase and in the deposited film are contrasted with those taking place in solutions. The problems of crystallization of the polymer simultaneously proceeding with its growth have been stressed. Finally, the properties of poly-p-xylelenes and their application in the coating industry have been described in some detail, emphasizing the special advantages of gas-deposition leading directly to a solid and coherent film. Some future fields of application of this technique have been outlined.
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    An approach to thermodynamics of polymer flow based on internal state variables (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 490-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two kinds of thermodynamic theories, which seem to be applicable to polymer deformation and flow, have been developed in the recent literature. One of these approaches utilizes entropy far from equilibrium as a primitive undefined concept. The alternate kind of theory involves the idea of a quasi-static process as a primitive concept. In this work, an approach based on internal state variables (specifically, the micro structure of the polymeric material) is used to argue that both primitive concepts are in some sense legitimate on physical grounds. In particular, the legitimacy of the quasi-static process concept is related to the smoothness of the function delivering the rate of change of the microstructure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160705
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    A new apparatus to measure the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 480-489 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new apparatus has been constructed to measure the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity of reactive and nonreactive liquids and solids. The method used consists in suddenly subjecting the test specimen to a thermal flux and measuring the velocity of the heat wave across the sample. Maintaining the heat flux leads to a steady thermal gradient across the sample from which the thermal conductivity can be determined. The test duration is short relative to durations employed by existing conventional techniques and thus causes only a small thermal disturbance to the sample of the order of 1 to 2°C. Thermal properties of liquids and solids, including thermoplastics and a typical epoxy resin during cure with different equivalents of an aromatic diamine hardener have been measured near room temperature. Experimental data compare favorably with literature values for similar systems. Variations in thermal conductivity and diffusivity during cure have been obtained through a series of individual discrete measurements to cover the whole isothermal cure history. The results have been analyzed and discussed with respect to the cure characteristics of the resin and the nature of the physicochemical changes the material undergoes during cure.
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    Morphology and dynamic mechanical spectra of crystalline copolymers of ethylene and acenaphthylene (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 507-509 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In a previous paper, results of morphological studies using electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were reported concerning random and non-random olefin copolymers of ethylene. As comonomers, relatively low concentrations of n-alpha alkenes and 5-methyl norbornene-2 were used. It was tentatively concluded that one possibility for morphological changes observed in the n-alpha alkene copolymers was a change in direction of chain folding. These studies have been continued with copolymers of ethylene and acenaphthylene. The intent was to pursue effects of vicinal substitution; however, the result was to produce ethylene copolymers of quite high comonomer content which were crystalline and showed no evidence of an independent beta mechanical transition. Further, definite evidence was found to indicate a change in the direction of chain folding in the polymer crystals.
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    Mechanical properties of oriented polyethylene/polystyrene blends (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 496-506 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Incompatible blends comprised of polystyrene and various high density polyethylenes were processed into tapes, in which both the phase and molecular orientations were parallel to the machine direction, by a combination of extrusion and mechanical stretching of the melt prior to quenching. Machine direction tensile yield strengths and ultimate elongations were found to be considerably higher than those obtained for comparable compression molded samples throughout the range of blend compositions and processing conditions investigated. Transverse tape properties were consistently poor due to poor interfacial adhesion. An optimum in machine direction properties was observed as the stretch ratio was increased at various melt temperatures. This optimum is likely due to a competition between morphological and molecular orientation rates during the stretching process and is a complex function of stretching rate and melt temperature as well as blend composition, relative phase viscosities, polyethylene crystallinity, and interfacial adhesion. Tapes stretched at high melt temperatures tended to show decreasing ductility and increasing tensile strength as room temperature storage time increased. This is believed to be due to secondary crystallization of the polyethylene phase. Oriented tapes were found to be easily fibrillated by mechanical heating to form a pulp. This material may prove suitable as a high grade replacement for cellulose pulp in paper making and could be formed at low cost from waste plastic feed stock.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160706
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    A crystalline ethylene, acenaphthylene, n-hexene-1 terpolymer exhibiting both high modulus and high elongation (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 510-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyolefins are generally known either as partially crystalline thermoplastics or as elastomers. With the finding in the ethylene-acenaphthylene copolymer system of the unusual properties of high crystallinity, high modulus, and no independent beta thermomechanical transition at high comonomer contents, it appeared that it might be possible to prepare a block polymer system which would retain the desirable low temperature transition near -110°C and “hard” acenaphthylene copolymer segments as well. Attempts were made, and the resulting terpolymer is described. An intermediate crystallinity polymer of apparently broad composition distribution was obtained with the modulus of high density polyethylene but the elongational characteristics of low density polyethylene.
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    Flow-induced crystallization of linear polyethylene above its normal melting point (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 512-525 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phenomenon of flow-induced crystallization was investigated using a linear polyethylene above its normal melting point flowing continuously in a Biconical Rheometer. It was found that the resin crystallized in the superheated state at rates which increased with increasing shear rate and decreasing temperature. A method of analysis of the temperature dependence of the various stages of flow induced crystallization is proposed. It deals with and attempts to explain the experimental fact that a higher viscosity enhances the rate of flow-induced crystallization in contrast to the effect of viscosity on the rate of quiescent crystallization. Some of the flow-induced crystallization samples were transparent and exhibited a high DSC thermogram “tail”.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160709
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    Cold compaction molding and sintering of polystyrene (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 529-536 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is the objective of this paper to demonstrate the applicability of cold compaction molding followed by a sintering treatment to the processing of polystyrene powders. The influence of pressure, compaction speed, and peak pressure dwell time on the green (as compacted) density and the green tensile strength, as well as the effect of sintering on the tensile strength and dimensional change, were evaluated. The resulting data indicate that room temperature compaction alone is insufficient to provide adequate tensile strength for the compacts. Sintering the green compacts at temperatures of 150 to 173°C markedly improves the tensile strength while simultaneously causing a thickness change in the compacts. This thickness change results from gas evolution, pore shrinkage, and viscoelastic recovery of the residual stresses induced by pressure. For compacts of 0.225 in. thickness, an optimum sintering treatment of 173°C for 30 mins is recommended to provide a tensile strength of 4,000 psi and a thickness change of less than + 7 percent. Coining (repressing) the green compacts does not appreciably affect the sintered strength. However, a finer particle size improves the sintered properties. A review of the literature on the flow behavior of polystyrene suggests that a non-Newtonian viscous flow mechanism is followed by a Newtonian one as sintering progresses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160802
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    Parameter testing of epoxy polymer concrete (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 575-578 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The ultimate strength of polymer concrete was investigated utilizing epichlorohydrin/bisphenol A-type epoxy resin. Parameters were tested in an effort to conclude how variation of a specific parameter would affect the compressive strength of the polymer concrete. The parameter testing included studies to determine the effect of the polymer loading; the catalyst; the exothermic reaction; aggregate type, gradation and moisture content; curing age; and aggregate additives of portland cement and lime-stone powder.
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    Hydrostatic extrusion of polypropylene and properties of extrudates (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 567-574 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solid-state extrusion of polypropylene by hydrostatic pressure has been investigated at four different temperatures: 25, 50, 75, and 100°C. The pressure to effect extrusion was found to be essentially a linear function of the extrusion ratio at each temperature, while the magnitude of the extrusion pressure, for any given extrusion ratio, decreased appreciably with increasing temperature. With increase in extrusion-ratio, the polypropylene extrudates became increasingly transparent. After passing through the extrusion dies; the Sample showed some elastic recovery. The amount of this recovery decreased with increasing extrusion ratio, X-Ray diffraction measurements taken before and after extrusion showed reduction in sharpness of the crystalline Peaks. Differential, scanning calorimetric measurements, on the other hand, indicate that the relative heat of fusion of the extrudates increases with the extrusion ratio at each extrusion temperature. It also increases with extrusion temperature for a given ratio. Tensile stress-strain tests were made at various hydrostatic pressure levels on the extrudates obtained at 25°C and the extrusion ratio of 2.8. Unlike on the virgin sample of polypropylene, ho yield maximum was observed on the extrudate sample at all pressures investigated. However, the effects of pressure on the relative increase in the yield stress-and the modulus of the extrudate are comparable to those of original, unoriented samples.
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    Transition behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(ethyl methacrylate) blends (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 593-601 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Previous work has shown evidence that PMMA and PEMA are miscible with PVF2. The present paper examines in detail the behavior of PEMA/PVF2 blends by thermal analysis and dynamic mechanical testing. All transitions and relaxations are affected by blond composition but in a complex manner owing to the crystallization of PVF2 from blends rich in this component. Inadequacies of the simple two-phase picture of semi-crystalline polymers is believed responsible for some of the transitional behavior observed here. The melting point depression observed for PVF2 was found to be consistent with an exothermic heat of mixing for this pair comparable in value to that found for PPMA/PVF2/All evidence here are consistent with the previous conclusion of miscibility for these systems.
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    Stress measurement in polymeric materials by X-ray diffraction (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 602-608 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experiments are described which show that stresses in amorphous polymers can be measured by diffracting X-rays at high Bragg angles from a filler consisting of crystalline particle or powders. The method is applicable, when calibrated, to both applied and residual stresses, to stress relaxation studies, to both tensile and compressive stresses, to both interior and surface positions in an object, and to composites of various types as well as to polymers that are substantially homogeneous. In the lower (Hookian) range, strains and stresses in metallic embedded particles increase linearly with applied stresses and strains in the matrix. When applied stresses exceed an apparent yield point, which correlates with the yield strength of the metallic filler, the elastic strains in the particles increase only slightly or even decrease as the matrix strains are increased, and with constant applied strain, the particles reveal changes due to relaxation. Strains in the particles are found to be smaller, and stresses higher, than in the matrix. Tests of graphite-fiber epoxy composites with embedded filings of silver or aluminum alloy show that compressive residual stresses from curing at 350°C and cooling to room temperature are registered in the particles as well as stresses externally applied to the cured composite. Precision of the order of 1000 psi (0.7 kg/mm2 or 6.9 M Pa) was obtained with measurements made and evaluated rapidly and simply; with more refined techniques, much higher precision would be possible.
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    Fracture of fiber reinforced composites (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 609-614 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Characteristics of the fracture of fiber reinforced plastic composites are described in terms of the elastic stress distribution at the crack tip, the mechanism of crack tip damage, and the modes and conditions of final fracture. The three-dimensional, stress field at the tip of a sharp crack in a laminate is presented and contrasted to traditional two-dimensional models. The response of the material in the form of inter- and intraply damage formation and growth under increasing load is characterized, and its effect in blunting the main crack is examined. The final fracture conditions, which may range from quasi-brittle to notch insensitive, are discussed and related to the damage zone extension. Observed and anticipated effects of various material and geometric parameters are also discussed.
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    Prediction of the onset of extrudate distortion in polyethylenes from rheological data (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 626-637 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An extensive set of rheological data, including steady shear, normal stress, and oscillatory response functions, have been obtained for several polyethylene melts, and a modified form of the Spriggs nonlinear co-rotational model has been used to represent the data. The resulting model was used to predict the transient stress response of the melts in a simplified model of the extrusion process, with a resulting criterion for the onset of melt distortion in terms of readily evaluated rheological parameters. The predicted occurrence of melt distortion based on this criterion agreed well with observations for the polymers in this study as well as for a variety of other polymers reported in the literature.
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    Masthead (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161001
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    Mechanical properties of biaxially oriented poly(vinyl chloride) (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 638-644 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This report describes the influence, of (a) degree of biaxial orientation, (b) stretching rate, and (c) stretching temperature on the tensile, dynamic mechanical and dielectric properties of non-impact modified PVC. A new parameter designated “planar strain” is used to correlate anisotropic property values with both equal and unequal biaxial stretching in a single two-dimensional plot, thereby providing a direct comparison of the effects of two or more biaxial stretching ratios. It is shown that optimum stretching conditions depend to some extent upon end use and that a 2 × 2 stretch ratio is optimum for impact resistance. The actual property/processing condition relationships exhibit very complicated interactions and are correlated empirically in this study. The dynamic measurements suggest that overall local segmental beta motion is increased after orientation but that the relative chain alignment makes it more difficult to activate this motion.
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    New techniques for mixing viscous reacting liquids. Part II. Electrical-mechanical hybrid mixerPortions of tins paper were presented November 6, 1975 at a symposium sponsored by the MIT-Industry Polymer Processing Program. An abbreviated version of this paper was presented at the 1976 Annual Technical Conference of the Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 672-679 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Based on an understanding of the basic mechanisms and governing laws for liquid mixing, a new concept for increasing the efficiency of laminar mixing is advanced. The new concept is motivated in part by the observation that in laminar flows, the interface between two fluid components tends to line up parallel to the streamlines, leading to decreased mixing efficiency. This decrease in effectiveness can be overcome by simultaneously applying mechanically induced shear forces and electrically induced destabilizing forces (which act on the interfaces) to mix the liquids. Results show a dramatic increase in mixing efficiency with the electrical-mechanical hybrid system. Descriptions of the analytical and experimental work done to characterize the concept and prove its efficacy are presented in detail. Scale-up factors are discussed in terms of dimensionless groups.
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    A critical examination of the prepreg resin flow experimentThis work was conducted while the author was at Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 687-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper takes a critical look at the applicability of the currently accepted Resin Flow Method of prepreg evaluation. The Resin Flow test is generally a high pressure, small dimension lamination experiment which is used to characterize materials processed tit high pressures and large dimensions. Several simple experiments are described which support previously reported theory and provide a basis-for more meaningful comparison of materials based on appropriate scaling via an analytical flow model.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161006
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    Studies on multilayer film coextrusion I. The rheology of flat film coextrusion (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 697-705 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Multilayer flat film coextrusion was studied, both experimentally and theoretically. For the experimental study, a sheet-forming die with a feedblock was designed, and plastic films of three and five layers were coextruded. The die was provided with three pressure transducers in the axial direction in order to determine the pressure gradient in the die, allowing the determination of the reduction in pressure drop when different combinations of two polymer melts were coextruded. Polymers used for coextrusion were: (1) low density polyethylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate; (2) low density-polyethylene and high density polyethylene; (3) low density polyethylene and polystyrene. For the theoretical study, the z-component of the equations of motion for steady fully-developed flow were solved using a power law non-Newtonian model, Comparisons were made between the experimental and the theoretically predicted volumetric flow rates. Predictions of the velocity distributions, shear rate profiles, and shear stress distributions were made as functions of the processing conditions and the rheological properties of the individual polymers concerned.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161008
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    A generalized melt viscosity-temperature dependence for styrene and styrene-acrylonitrile based polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 690-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of the melt flow of polymers on temperature is of both theoretical and commercial importance. A useful representation of the temperature dependence of the shear-dependent viscosity, based on superposition of flow curves at various temperatures, has previously been presented by the author for several olefin polymers. This method is extended in the current work to styrene and styrene-acrylonitrile based polymers. The melt viscosity-temperature dependence of a broad range of styrenic polymers and copolymers, ranging from polystyrene to 82 percent AN styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, with and without rubber inclusions, was investigated. Flow curves at the various temperatures were found to be superimposable, as had earlier been found to be the case for olefin polymers, and a unique quantitative relationship between the superposition shift factors and temperature was found applicable to the entire family of polymers. The resultant energy of activation for viscous flow is in excellent agreement with previously published results for polystyrene Newtonian viscosities, and the magnitude of the shift factors is consistent with a limited set reported for ABS polymers. Independent tests of the derived relationships provided excellent prediction of measured viscosities. Thus, it is considered that a general viscosity-temperature relationship has been defined for this family of polymers, independent of molecular structural detail.
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    An experimental technique for predicting foam processability and physical propertiesPresented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the A.I.Ch.E. in Los Angeles, California, November, 1975. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 706-711 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermoplastic foam properties and processing stability depend strongly on the ability to obtain the proper rheological properties for the polymer melt at temperatures where the decomposition of a chemical blowing agent may be controlled. An experimental technique has been developed which allows stable processing conditions to be determined for the continuous extrusion of foamed thermoplastics with known foam properties. The technique involves a thermal analysis of the polymer-blowing agent formulation to determine the range of controllable extrusion temperatures. Rheological analysis was carried out using a slit die to establish a relationship between the thermal blowing characteristics of the polymer composition and rheological data which correlate with foam extrudability and the physical properties of the foam. This provides a means of predicting both processability and foam properties which aid in the scale-up to production. The rheological-foam property correlations were confirmed by continuous foam extrusion on a laboratory extruder.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161009
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    The preparation of ultra-high modulus polypropylene films and fibres (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 721-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Following the discovery that linear polyethylene can be drawn to very high draw ratios to produce oriented fibres and films with ultra-high initial moduli, a similar study has been undertaken for polypropylene. In particular, the modulus/draw ratio relationship has been obtained for a range of polymers of different molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. The effects of thermal history and draw temperature were studied, and it was shown that under optimum conditions material with an initial modulus at room temperature of 1.9 × 1010 Nm-2 (205 gdtex, 3 × 106 psi) can be obtained. This value is at least 50 percent greater than those previously recorded for drawn fibres and about one half of the theoretical modulus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161102
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    Equilibrium solubility and permeability of sulfur dioxide in epoxy resin of aliphatic diglycidyl ether (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 6-12 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Equilibrium sorption isotherms were obtained for the sulfur dioxide-epoxy resin of aliphatic diglycidyl ether system over a temperature range of 1° to 45°C. The sorption isotherms indicated the presence of Langmuir sorption due to specific interaction. This is uncommon for rubbery polymers, though similar behavior was also observed previously. Zimm-Lundberg's clustering analysis indicated a slight tendency for clustering of the penetrant molecules at low temperatures and higher activities. The number of Langmuir sites for sorption was found to be independent of temperature. The mobilities of the molecules sorbed in Henry's law mode and the Langmuir mode were found to be approximately equal. Predictions of the permeability values for this system are presented and compared with other data from the literature. The temperature dependence of different sorption parameters is presented and discussed in detail.
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    Tensile yield in poly(4-methyl pentene-1)Presented, in part, at the American Physical Society Meeting in Dallas, Texas, March 1982. (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 13-16 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Uniaxial tension tests to the yield point were performed on a crystalline polymer, poly(4-methyl pentene-1) (PMP) as a function of temperature from 21° to 200°C at a strain rate of 2 min-1. After testing, the specimens showed considerable stress whitening as a result of microvoid formation. Yield energy was found to be a linear function of temperature extrapolating to zero at the melting point (240°C). Thus, the behavior of this crystalline polymer is similar to that of glassy polymers, but with the melting temperature, rather than the glass transition temperature, as the reference point. The ratio of thermal to mechanical energy input to produce yielding is an order of magnitude smaller for PMP than it is for glassy polymers. The ratio of yield stress to Young's modulus is about 0.02, which is typical for polymers. Yield stress is a linear function of log strain rate, which implies that yielding can be described as a segmental flow rate process in which the applied stress biases the activation energy. The activation volume is on the order of 20 monomer unit volumes and increases as the temperature increases. The activation energy is 19 kcal/mol.
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230201
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    Residual stress craze and crack formation in poly(methyl methacrylate)Presented in part at the Fifth International Conference on Deformation, Yield, and Fracture of Polymers, Cambridge, U.K., 1982. (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 211-215 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Samples of poly(methyl methacrylate) with a central circular hole are compressed, and crazes form on or after unloading, provided that the strain attains or exceeds a threshold value ∊t. Crazes induced in air are transformed rapidly to cracks, but environmental crazes are more stable. These residual stress crazes form at the diameter of the hole on a plane perpendicular to the applied stress direction. In contrast, during loading, crazes form on the vertical plane containing the hole axis. Unloading crazes are relatively insensitive to changes in strain rate, whereas loading erazes have a pronounced rate dependence. Environmental residual stress crazing exhibits an apparent rate sensitivity at constant time, but the critical applied strain ∊t is essentially constant, irrespective of rate, if the sample is in contact with the environment for a sufficiently long time to ensure that the minimum ∊t is obtained. Residual stress crazes appear to initiate at the equator of the hole, and the maximum tensile residual strain, indicated by a strain gauge, occurs in this position.
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    Head-to-head polymers 27: Thermal degradation of head-to-head polyisobutylene (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 226-229 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Head-to-head polyisobutylene degrades at a maximum rate at 320°C, a temperature about 65°C lower than head-to-tail polyisobutylene. Under our conditions, head-to-tail (the regular polyisobutylene) degrades (as do many other disubstituted vinyl monomers) to a high yield of the monomer isobutylene. Surprisingly, head-to-head polyisobutylene also degraded, primarily to isobutylene. Liquid, low-molecular compounds, probably dimers, were also obtained from head-to-tail and head-to-head polyisobutylene. A mechanism of this degradation is proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230412
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230501
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    A low-energy solvent separation method (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 230-237 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents a new low-energy method to separate solvents from polymers. The method is based upon the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), a phenomenon exhibited by all nonpolar polymer-solvent systems. Three key issues concerning this new separation method are discussed for the specific system of high cis polybutadiene in a commercial grade n-hexane. The first issue, energy cost, is greatly reduced from present commercial separation processes by avoiding the liquid-vapor phase transition for more than half of the solvent. The predicted energy cost for the new method (not including inefficiencies) is about 15 percent of the present energy cost (including inefficiencies). The second issue, recycling of the dilute phase with terminator, is shown not to be a serious problem, and a solution is suggested based upon available methods. The third issue discussed, and perhaps the most difficult, is the physical separation of the two phases. This is solved by inducing spinodal decomposition, which leads to rapid gravity separation. Several alternative separation scenarios based upon this idea are presented at the end of the article.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230413
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230601
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    Design of two-stage extractor screws (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 299-305 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A basis for design of two-stage extractor screws is developed with special focus on determining optimum design of the final pumping section in order to maximize pressure-generating capability. Departure from the conventional square-pitch helix angle of 17.7° appears justified in this section of the screw where pressure-development capability is critical to successful performance. Optimization can produce gains of 5 to 30 percent in pressure (or in corresponding length reductions), the exact benefits depending on the non-Newtonian behavior of the melt and on the optimization strategy selected.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230603
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    Properties of polyisobutylene-polyurethane block copolymers: I. Macroglycols from ozonolysis of isobutylene-isoprene copolymer (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 337-349 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The properties of a series of polyisobutylene (PIB) based polyurethanes were studied and compared to those reported in the literature for polyether, polyester, and polybutadiene-based polyurethanes. Good phase separation was reflected in the invariance of the soft segment Tn with increasing hard segment content. Increasing hard segment content resulted in larger domains, higher modulus and lower ultimate elongation. The modulus above the soft segment Tn was higher than that previously reported for polyurethanes of similar hard segment contant; improved phase separation and short contour lengths of the PIB chains were cited as possible causes of this behavior. Stress-strain data indicated a change from isolated to interconnected domain morphology with incerasing hard segment contant. Generally similar trends were seen for all types of urethanes. The overall properties of polybutadiene polyurethanes were closest to those of the polyisobutylene polyurethanes studied. The properties of both of these systems were suggested to suffer from significant synthesis problems in urethane formation due to the incompatibility of the nonpolar hydrocarbon soft segment and the polar diol chain extender. Preliminary environmental tests indicated that polyisobutylene based materials exhibit improved hydrolytic stability and reduced moisture permeability compared to polyether and polyester polyurethanes and greater oxidative stability compared to polybutadiene based materials.
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    Vulcanization shrinkage of rubber articles with rigid armoring parts (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 350-353 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper discusses the shrinkage characteristics of armored (reinforced) rubber articles for two types of boundary conditions: (a) cases where the armoring material is neither flexible nor thermoexpansive, and (b) cases where the armoring material has a finite thermal expansion between room and vulcanization temperature. A quantiative analysis of shrinkage strains and stresses is developed for the two boundary conditions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230609
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    An observation on the han-villamizar critical pressure concept in thermoplastic foams (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 354-355 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This note draws together the Han-Villamizar experimental observations on the critical pressure at which gas bubbles became visible in flowing thermoplastic melts and a simple method of predicting the equilibrium pressure based on gas solubility. It is shown that the observed pressure is 40 to 75 percent of the calculated pressure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230610
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    Dynamic mechanical studies of thermal aging in poly(vinyl chloride) (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 390-393 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of thermal aging on the dynamic mechanical properties of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC) are examined in the glass transition (Tg) and β transition (Tβ) regions. PVC, when quenched through Tg and then annealed at 40°C, exhibits a sub-Tg peak in the loss modulus function. The position of the peak moves to higher temperatures with increasing annealing time. The effect is analogous to sub-Tg endothermic peaks previously observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A sub-Tβ peak in the tan δ or the loss modulus functions can be produced by quenching through Tβ. The effect of heating rate on the sub-Tβ peak is explored.
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    Effects of strain rate and temperature upon tensile properties of acetal copolymers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 216-221 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The strength and elongation to break of an acetal copolymer were measured at four elongation rates, from 0.2 to 20 in./min, at temperatures from 239 K to 339 K. Both strength and elongation results could be reduced to master curves by means of time-temperature superposition. The temperature dependence of the shift factors was given by an equation of the WLF form, with parameters close to those found for most amorphous polymers, at a reference temperature equal to the γ-transition temperature of the polymer. Extrapolation to much higher testing rates and to much slower creep rates was satisfactory. Similar but less extensive tests were run on two other samples with different molecular weights. The yield stress was independent of molecular weight, but elongation increased with increasing molecular weight at all conditions.
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    The specification of orientation and its development in polymer processing (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 247-256 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A critical review of the specification of orientation and its development in polymer-processing operations is presented. Orientation may in general be specified by orientation distribution functions, but is most conveniently expressed in terms of orientation factors which are second moments of the distribution. The Hermans orientation factor represents polymer-chain orientation for systems with fiber symmetry (uniaxial orientation) and the Hermans-Stein orientation factors express uniaxial orientation for each of the crystallographic axes of crystalline polymers. Biaxial orientation is, however, developed in tubular film extrusion, blowmolding and, indeed, all processing operations other than fiber formation. Orientation factors developed previously by the authors express biaxial orientation in terms of the angles between the machine and transverse directions and the polymer chain axis or crystallographic axes. In flowing polymer melts, the Rheo-Optical Law, which relates birefringence and stress, represents a relationship between polymer-chain orientation and stress. In vitrified polymeric glasses (e.g. polystyrene), the orientation factors are related linearly to the stress field at vitrification. This has been shown experimentally for melt spinning and tubular film extrusion. The results of studies of blowmolding and injection molding are consistent with this. The crystalline orientation factors have also been found to be determined by the stress field at solidification in melt spinning and tubular film extrusion.
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    Super strong polymers in planar directions (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 266-270 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel approach for producing multiaxially oriented polymers with ultrahigh mechanical properties in more than one direction is discussed. According to the approach, which is adaptable to conventional commercial processes, the polymer is processed in a contained geometry at a temperature near to but below the isotropic crystalline melting point under curvilinear flow conditions generated by the combined effects of a compressive force and a rotational force perpendicular to the compressive force. The process is demonstrated with thermoplastic and thermotropic polymers using simple torsional flow. The general features of the process and the properties of the multiaxially oriented polymers are discussed in view of the different flow conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230506
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    Thermal conductivity of plastic foams (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 293-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple equation enabling the prediction of the thermal conductivity of plastic foams, without the aid of adjustable parameters, is proposed. The equation is based on a recurrent method, previously developed, that showed reasonable agreement with experimental results. Ways of decreasing the thermal radiation contribution are shown. In particular, the influence of cell size, radiation transmission through solid membranes, and low-emissivity boundary surfaces are analyzed. Errors involved in steady techniques of measuring the thermal conductivity associated with radiation are discussed.
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    The length of a transfer unit (LTU) for polymer devolatilization processes in screw extruders (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 323-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we introduce the concept of the length of a transfer unit (LTU) for polymer devolatilization and show that the LTU is an appropriate measure of the effectiveness of the process unit in which the devolatilization operation is conducted. The utility of the concept is demonstrated for the case when the process unit is a twin screw extruder for which values of the LTU were determined from experimentally measured values of devolatilization rates. Values of the LTU were found to depend solely on the fluid mechanics in the extruder as expected and were in good agreement with the predictions of a theoretical expression developed for the system that was studied. Finally, we discuss the implications of the LTU concept in relation to the engineering design and analysis of polymer devolatilization processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230606
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    Studies on whitening phenomena induced by some non-solvents on highly oriented glassy polymers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 328-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Whitening phenomena, characterized by optically opaque regions when a highly oriented glassy polymer is immersed in some liquids, were investigated as a function of temperature, extent of molecular orientation, different solvent and molecular weight, using oriented polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) obtained by hot-stretching and cold drawn polycarbonate (PC). Whitened PMMA is highly porous resembling foamed plastics and shows the same Tg as in unwhitened PMMA, while whitened PC is denser with much smaller pores and exhibits melting behavior characteristic of solvent-induced crystallinity. Whitening progresses with a sharp boundary between whitened and unwhitened layers, which advanced at a constant velocity. This feature is similar to Case II transport. However, whitening differs from Case II sorption in that it only occurs in highly oriented polymers in contact with liquids of negligible sorption. Activation enthalpy of 44.1 and 39.7 kcal/mol has been found in a certain temperature range for PMMA/N-methyl formamide (N-MF) and PC/di-isopropyl amine (DIPA) respectively. At a given temperature, a higher extent of orientation leads to faster whitening process. Entropy correlation theory, in which the decrease in the configurational entropy (ΔSc) due to orientation is assumed to approximate an inerease in the activation entropy, was employed to correlate the dependency of the whitening rate on orientation. For hotstretched PMMA, where ΔSc is proportionl to \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ (\alpha ^2 + 2/\alpha - 3) $\end{document} since affine deformation applies, a good correlation is observed. For cold drawn PC, correlation was poor, probably because ΔSc cannot be expressed to be proportational to \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ (\alpha ^2 + 2/\alpha - 3) $\end{document}. In PMMA, when the molecular weight is in the same order as the average molecular weight between entanglements, the orientation and the whitening rate are both lower than higher molecular weight speciments. This may be due to a smaller number of chain entanglements and consequent chain slippage. In PMMA, whitening induced liquids seem to have a solubility parameter somewhat greater (2.5 ∼ 5.0) than that of PMMA. For PC, no consistent tendency is found.
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    Polyurethane-poly(methyl methacrylate) interpenetrating polymer networks: Some mechanical properties (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 394-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical behavior of polyurethane-poly(methyl methacrylate) interpenetrating polymer networks (PUR/PAc IPN's) was investigated. Stress-strain and impact resistance measurements were made on IPN's with a variable PUR content. The effect of the degree of crosslinking of each network on the mechanical properties was also studied. It appears that only the ultimate elongation varies largely upon changing the crosslink degree. The results are interpreted in terms of the contribution of each network to the mechanical behavior, but also by the interpenetration of both components and by the phase continuity of the PAc network.
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    Plane strain fracture toughness of polyethylene pipe materials (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 404-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The plane strain fracture toughness of medium density polyethylene pipe materials has been investigated over a range of test temperatures and rates. Conditions are defined under which valid fracture toughness values can be obtained; at higher temperatures the material is notch-insensitive. Fracture surface morphology is described, and features are compared with predictions from the Dugdale model. The toughness derives from a band of fibrillar, drawn morphology associated with crack initiation or slow growth. The plane strain fracture toughness correlates with percent crystallinity according to the same relationship whether the crystallinity is varied by thermal treatment, comonomer content, or molecular weight.
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    Properties of phenolic fiber-reinforced polymers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 776-778 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fibers made of phenol formaldehyde are relatively new to the market place and are currently manufactured in Japan. They have certain characteristics which make them attractive as a reinforcement for rubber, thermoplastics, and thermosets. This paper will discuss the properties of molded polypropylene thermoplastics as a function of fiber weight percent and surface treatment. It is shown that the elevated temperature properties are improved without sacrifice of low-temperature brittleness.
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    Phase relationships of rigid rod polymer/flexible coil polymer/solvent ternary systems (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 789-791 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Phase diagrams of two types of rigid rod polymer/flexible coil polymer/methanesulfonic acid (MSA) ternary systems were determined by polarized optical microscopy at ambient conditions. The rigid rod polymer is a wholly aromatic high temperature resistant (no measurable Tg) poly (p-phenylenebenzobisthiazole) (PPBT). One of the flexible coil polymers is a wholly aromatic high temperature resistant poly (2,5′(6′) benzimidazole) (ABPBI), the other is a thermoplastic poly[2,2′ -(1-4-phenylene)-6,6′ -bis (3-phenyl-quinoxaline)] (PPQ) with Tg of 359°C. The solvent is methane-sulfonic acid (MSA). The experimentally determined critical concentration points, Ccr, are in excellent agreement with Flory's recent theory. Total phase segregation between the polymer pair in ternary solution was predicted and observed at C 〉 Ccr. Different decomposition mechanisms of phase separation were observed as a function of concentration.
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    Injection molding of thermotropic liquid crystal polymers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 792-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermotropic liquid crystal polymers consist of rod-like molecules and are often called “self reinforcing thermoplastics.” Their rheological behaviors as well as orientation development during processing are often very similar to those of short fiber-filled composites. Without reinforcement, the polymer shows superior mechanical properties to conventional glass fiber-reinforced engineering resins. The orientation distribution in the crosssection as well as flow patterns in the molded thermotropic polymers are clearly visible to the naked eye due to color differences. This makes it particularly convenient to study the orientation distribution as well as the flow patterns of packing, back flow, jetting, flow instabilities, and weld line formation in injection molding. This paper discusses physical properties of a typical ther motropic polymer and their relationship to mold filling process in the injection molding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231409
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    Effect of a diamine additive on the structure-property relationships of rim polyurethane elastomers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 816-819 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Structural and mechanical data have been compared for reaction injection molding (RIM) polyurethanes prepared from uretonimine-modified diphenylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate (MDI), ethylene glycol (EG), and a polyol (a polyether; Mn ≃ 5000), in order to investigate the effect of addition of a small amount of a polyetherdiamine (PEDA; Mn ≃ 400) to the reaction mixture, A series of specimens containing 18 parts and 30 parts EG, with and without the diamine additive, were examined both as-prepared and after thermal annealing. The specimens were compared in terms of their x-ray crystallinity, elongation, flexural modulus, impact strength, and heat-sag behavior. All of the specimens showed evidence for crystalline hard segments, which are more abundant in the series containing 30 parts EG. The crystallinity is lowest in the as-prepared specimens without the PEDA additive, and is increased by annealing for 1 hour at 120°C. The as-prepared specimen with additive has a hard segment crystallinity similar to that of the annealed specimen without additive. These results correlate with the mechanical property data, which improve as a result of annealing and/or the use of a PEDA additive. It is argued that the use of the polyetherdiamine enhances the phase separation and facilitates hard segment crystallization, leading to better heat-sag behavior. It is significant that the unannealed/with PEDA and annealed/without PEDA specimens have similar properties. Use of PEDA additive improves the green strength and impact strength of molded parts.
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231601
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    Deformation studies of polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether) blends by mechanical-vibrational spectroscopy (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 861-868 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have analyzed the deformation behavior of compatible and incompatible polystyrene (PS) and poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) blends by a combination of mechanical and vibrational spectroscopy. Macroscopic properties and segmental orientation were found to be sensitive to molecular weight, strain rate, and temperature of measurement above the glass-transition temperature. Considerably different orientation functions were found for the PS and PVME components. For the experiments carried out above the Tg of the blends, the deformation behavior measured was consistent with expectations of a rubbery network.
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    Thermal, mechanical, and rheological behavior of blends of ultrahigh and normal-molecular-weight linear polyethylenes (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 888-894 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Physical Blends of ultrahigh-molecular-weight linear polyethylene (UHMW LPE) and normal-molecular-weight linear polyethylene (NMW LPE) have been evaluated in terms of melt flow rate, tensile stress-strain behavior, heat of fusion, melting temperature, and crystallinity. The behavior of the blends is intermediate between that of the parent polymers; no synergistic effects are observed. The addition of small quantities of NMW LPE does not improve the flow behavior of UHMW LPE sufficiently to render it amenable to conventional melt processing.
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    Failure of rubber-modified plastic liners (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 560-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to analyze the failure phenomenon of plastic liners in freezers and refrigerators the mechanical properties of the freon blown polyurethane (PU) foam insulator material and the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic liner are determined. The properties considered essential for this problem are the elastic modulus, the tensile strength and the fracture toughness over the temperature range -40 to 20°C. By laminating a layer of the polyurethane foam to the ABS liner and depending on the test temperature brittle to semi-brittle fractures are promoted and the maximum load fracture toughness of the liner material is reduced. The reduction is more severe for notched bend than for single-edge notched tension specimens. Based on these mechanical properties plausible reasons for liner fractures are discussed.
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    Determination of time independent component of the complex modulus during cure of thermosetting systems (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 586-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A recent development suggests an approach to measure the equilibrium modulus through an impulse method. This paper is to report an attempt to apply such methods in measuring the changes of the equilibrium modulus of a thermosetting system during isothermal cures. Dynamic modulus changes were also measured and the results were correlated with that from the impulse method. At two different temperatures of cure, the equilibrium modulus values measured were very similar when the dynamic measurements showed tan δ = 1. At this point, it is not certain if the measured modulus is the real time independent portion of the elastic modulus, or contains the long relaxation time constant portion of the relaxation spectrum which appears to be pseudo-time independent at the time scale and the instrumental sensitivity of the present experimental set-up. This paper demonstrates the ease with which the impulse technique can be applied and suggests possible limitations or refinements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231010
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    Melt flow of polymer blends (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 602-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The production of polymer blends increases at a rate of about 13 percent/y. Most of the commercial blends are multiphase systems of complex morphology, determined by the thermodynamic properties of the components and the rheology. Since the diffusion rates are relatively low, the blends are seldom at equilibrium. In most cases, the blend products have properties imposed by the morphology, created by a particular combination of the thermal and deformational history. There are three main reasons for studying the melt flow of blends: optimization of the processing conditions, search for the appropriate means to generate the desired morphology, and the interest in the basic study of the rheology of these complex systems.In this paper the results published during the last five years are reviewed. The data for polymer blends are compared with those obtained for simpler model systems: liquid mixtures, emulsions, and polymer blends. From the rheological point of view, the blends are divided into three groups: those where viscosity shows positive deviation from the log-additivity rule, PDB, those where the opposite effect is observed, NDB, and the remaining mixed-behavior systems, PNDB. To PDB belong the miscible blends and those with strong inter-domain interactions. To NDB belong those where the interactions are weak. To PNDB belong the blends in which there is a concentration-dependent transition of structure. The shear dependent properties of blends are also discussed.
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    Engineering and molding properties of poly(vinyl chloride), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and polyester blends (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 627-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer blends with varying amounts of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polyester have been developed to produce parts with highly flexible, good impact strength, and flame retardant hinge properties. In the present work, the rheological and dynamic mechanical properties are balanced by changing the blend formulations. It is shown that blends morphology and rheology have greater impact on the dimensional stability and delamination at the surface of the molded hinge parts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231107
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    A comparison of miscible binary blend interaction parameters measured by different methods (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 676-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Miscible blends of the polyhydroxy ether of bisphenol-A, Phenoxy, with a series of aliphatic polyesters were studied using melting point depression analysis and sorption to obtain the Flory-Huggins polymer-polymer interaction parameter, B. The B values obtained from these measurements were found to agree well in sign, magnitude, and variation with ester repeat structure and to also agree well with B values measured calorimetrically for mixtures of low molecular weight compounds with structures which are analogous to those of the polymers. These comparisons suggest that the same mechanisms are responsible for the exothermic heats of mixing measured directly for the analog compounds and indirectly for the miscible polymer blends. For this general system, evidence is provided which suggests that hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxyl group on Phenoxy and the ester moiety is probably responsible for the exothermic interactions and polymer blend miscibility observed.
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    A survey of dual phase continuity and miscibility in interpenetrating polymer networks, making use of selective decrosslinking and dissolution of one component: Poly(n-butyl acrylate)/polystyrene (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 693-696 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A sequential interpenetrating polymer network, IPN, may be defined as a combination of two polymers in network form, at least one of which was polymerized or crosslinked in the presence of the other. Two major problems of interest to sequential IPN's relate to phase continuity and extent of mixing within each phase. A first attempt to define the molar volume of a network is made in terms of the molar volume of the polymer between crosslinks. This permits a thermodynamic calculation of the changes in molecular mixing expected as a function of crosslink density. The experimental system was poly(n-butyl acrylate)/polystyrene IPN's, where the PnBA was crosslinked with acrylic acid anhydride. This last may be selectively hydrolyzed, forming a semi-IPN, and then the PnBA can be extracted. Scanning electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy were carried out at each stage.
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    Viscoelastic properties of polyamic acid solutions - precursors of polyimides (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 713-718 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rheology of polyamic acid (PAA) solutions, precursors of polyimides used in microelectronic device applications, has been investigated by dynamic (oscillatory) shear flow measurements. Frequency dependent storage and loss moduli and dynamic viscosity were measured in the frequency range 10-1 to 103 rad/s at 23°C. The storage modulus G′ (ω) and loss modulus G″ (ω) exhibited quadratic and linear dependence in frequency at low frequencies respectively, the viscoelastic fluid behavior commonly predicted for polymer solutions from many molecular theories. At high frequencies both dynamic moduli become proportional to ω2/3. The results show that PAA solutions are very high loss viscoelastic fluids, judging from the loss tangent values which far exceed unity. It is suggested that dynamic viscoelastic properties could be used to monitor the degree of imidization since there is a gradual change from viscoelastic fluids to soft viscoelastic solids to hard viscoelastic solids as PAA is converted to polyimides. Onset of non-Newtonian flow as shown on the frequency dependent dynamic viscosity was in the range 30 to 200 rad/s. The viscoelastic constants, zero-shear rate viscosity ηo and steady-state compliance Je0, where also determined from the dynamic data and compared to previous steady shear flow results.
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231401
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    Thermal and rheological properties of blends of polystyrene and thermotropic liquid crystals (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 779-783 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rheological and thermal properties of composites of polystyrene (PS) and two liquid crystalline low-molecular-weight additives have been studied. Both additives act as plasticizers as evidenced by decreases in the glass transition and the melt viscosity. In addition both are miscible with PS over a broad range of concentrations. Partial phase diagrams of the two systems are presented and discussed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231406
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    Solution processing and properties of molecular composite fibers and films (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 784-788 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental studies of fiber wet-spinning and solution processing of films of molecular composites are presented. The rigid rod polymer was poly (p-phenylenebenzobisthiazole) (PPBT) and the flexible polymers were poly (2,5(6′)-benzimidazole) (ABPBI) and poly (2,5(6′)-benzothiazole) (ABPBT). Effects of the flexible polymer molecular entanglements in solution on the processing are discussed. These fibers and films have very high modulus and strength, which improve upon heat treatment. The uniaxial modulus of highly oriented molecular composites follows the linear rule of mixtures.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231407
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  • 85
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    High modulus/high strength polyethylene obtained by high-pressure injection molding (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 869-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Increasing the nominal injection pressure up to 500 MP a improves the mechanical properties (modulus and strength) of injection-molded high-molecular-weight high-density polyethylene substantially. By a proper combination of barrel and mold temperature, the modulus of the molded parts (test bars) may be increased at least eight times compared to parts molded at 100 MPa. This improvement is partly due to the formation of high-strength crystalline modifications of the polyethylene induced by flow and pressure. The extent to which these structure modifications occur in the samples molded at various conditions has been determined by thermal analysis (DTA). When increasing the thickness of the samples, a sharp reduction of the modulus and strength was observed, even though the concentration of the crystalline high-strength phase was higher. An explanation of this effect in terms of the relaxation of the tie-molecules connecting the crystallites is suggested.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231603
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  • 86
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    Rebound test to measure the strength of polymeric materials (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 902-906 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this work it is shown that rebound experiments, carried out at low blow impact and by means of instrumented pendula, can be described in terms of the equation for a freely oscillating linear viscoelastic body with added mass. The experimental and calculated load-time curves are in very good agreement when the behavior of the material is linear viscoelastic; the assumptions made (transitory time shorter than rebound time, and negligible mechanical friction) are thus proved to be reasonable. The rebound test, which can be carried out on unnotched or notched specimens, allows one to obtain quickly and easily relevant material properties such as Young modulus or compliance, stored and dissipated energies, and the upper linear elastic limit at a testing speed not too far from that of impact testing.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231608
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  • 87
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    Profile modification of resist patterns in optical lithography (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 925-930 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is described to modify profiles of resist patterns in novolac and diazo-oxide containing systems. After patterning of the resist, two successive uniform flood exposures are given, one with deep UV (254 nm) at water-free conditions and the next with near UV (λ 〉 300 nm) at normal atmospheric conditions. The profile which results after development is vertical, concave or overhanging depending on flood exposure conditions and development processing. As the method includes a flood near UV exposure at atmospheric conditions the imagewise exposure energy can be reduced to approximately 35 percent of the normal value. Furthermore it gives also the possibility of using the resist as a deep UV resist. Another important implication is that standing wave effects are completely eliminated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231702
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  • 88
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230101
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  • 89
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    New techniques for the characterization of orientation in semicrystalline polymer moldings (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 257-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes new techniques for evaluating orientation in polymer moldings. Injection moldings of isotactic polypropylene, a semicrystalline polymer, have been used to demonstrate the analytical procedures.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230504
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  • 90
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    Parameter design model for corrugated tubing (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is of interest to produce plastic corrugated tubing as strong as possible with a minimum amount of material. Simultaneously, the tubing has to resist stretching, and maintain flexibility for transport purposes. To find the optimum profile geometry, two mathematical models were employed. One model was used to calculate the strength of the tubing per unit length and a second model was used to predict the elongation of corrugated tubing for a given load. Data was then generated for different profile configurations, and plotted for an optimum design procedure. The results showed that, while the wall thickness can be varied during production, the most critical parameter is the corrugation depth. The corrugation depth is fixed by the moldblock design, and the data presented can be used to obtain an optimum geometry.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230508
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  • 91
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    Physical properties of high-pressure ethylene vinylacetate copolymers and their saponified derivatives (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 306-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The physical properties of high-pressure ethylene vinylacetate (EVA) copolymers having an average melt index of 8.5 g/10 min and a mol% of VA less than 20 are studied. A comparison is made with the properties of their saponified derivatives, the ethylene vinylalcohol (EVAl) co- and ethylene vinylalcohol vinylacetate (EVAlVA) terpolymers. A melt-index effect is noted. Density, thermal, and mechanical properties of EVA copolymers are determined by the degree of crystallinity, which depends on the mol% VA and on the degree of alkyl shortchain branches. EVAlVA terpolymer properties depend on the residual mol% VA. EVAl copolymers proved to have some properties similar to low-density polyethylene. The hydrogen-bonding effect via hydroxyl groups was negligible for this level of vinylalcohol incorporation.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230604
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  • 92
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230701
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  • 93
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    Laminar mixing of polymeric liquids; a brief review and recent theoretical developments (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 357-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This work concerns itself with laminar mixing of viscous liquids. The primary focus is on mechanical mixing of immiscible fluids but mixing of diffusing and reacting fluids is also briefly considered. Operations such as thermal homogenization and reactive mixing usually not treated in the context of laminar mixing are also included here. The emphasis is on mixing of polymeric liquids and on basic experimentation and theory. Dispersion of solids, mechanisms of demixing (such as gradient coagulation), properties of mixtures, and the description of mixing equipment are not considered. There are no substantial reviews covering developments of theory and applications in laminar mixing in terms of a fundamental unifying theory and analyses relating operating variables to mixing quality. This review, although an attempt in this direction, is not self sufficient and cannot stand alone without recourse to the indicated references. The reader is assumed to have some familiarity with the literature on mixing. Thus, basic concepts are not explained but merely reviewed. Emphasis is given to recent theoretical developments; application examples are provided. The objective here is to condense results from several diverse sources, to present and extend recent developments, to point out the relation of the subject to seemingly unrelated work, and to suggest areas for further research.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230702
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    Introductory remarks (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 649-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231202
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  • 95
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    Hydrogen bonding in polymer systems (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 669-675 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The importance of hydrogen bonding interactions in promoting polymer miscibility has been the subject of much recent investigation. In this study, we address the question of the effect of molecular size and geometry on the intensity of the hydrogen bonding interaction. To this end, the interaction of the functional group in various molecules with a variety of acid and base polymer matrices has been monitored using infrared spectroscopy. The “probes” used in this study each contained only one functional group per molecule to prevent intra-molecular association. The probes were acetone, di-n-hexyl ketone, 10-nonadecanone, cyclohexanone, cyclododecanone, isopropanol, 4-decanol, 10-nonadecanol, cyclohexanol, and cyclododecanol. The interactions of the base probes with poly-(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidine fluoride), phenoxy, poly(styrene-co-allyl alcohol), and a variety of cellulosic polymers were studied. Acid probe interactions were measured in poly(pivalolactone), poly(butanediol-1,4-terephthalate), poly-(acetal), poly(∊-caprolactone), poly(vinyl methyl ether), poly(4-methoxy styrene) and poly(ethylene oxide). The effect of the presumably inert poly(styrene) and ethylene-propylene rubber matrices on the probe's functional group was studied for comparison.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231206
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231301
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  • 97
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    Bulk copolymerization of styrene-acrylic esters: Some analysis and design considerations (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 719-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A common framework for the analysis of styrene-acrylic ester systems has been developed by analyzing the pertinent kinetic information. This is shown to lead to a well defined strategy for the design of copolymerization reactors especially in the industrially relevant high conversion region. The existence of stable steady states and its influence on the system parameters has been illustrated for the case of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). A novel strategy of a CSTR operated with a recycle is proposed. This is shown to lead to an operation in the unique steady state with the added advantage of a high conversion and uniform copolymer composition. This would seem to be the first such analysis in the high conversion region.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231306
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  • 98
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    Fiber fracture in reinforced thermoplastic processing (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 743-749 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The length reduction of reinforcing fibers in short-fiber reinforced plastics during processing has been studied experimentally. It has been shown that fiber volume fraction, initial length, and initial state of dispersion have little effect on the final fiber length. In dilute suspension theory based on shearing flow conditions and fiber properties the flow stresses are found to be compatible with the experimental results and results which are found in the literature.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231309
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  • 99
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    Dynamics of ion beam modification of polymer films (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 931-934 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thin polymer films were irradiated in a high vacuum environment with energetic (∼2 MeV) ions. The emitted molecular species were studied with a quadrupole mass spectrometer during bombardment. The emitted species are predominantly small molecules. The efficiency of emission depends strongly upon the electronic energy loss of the incident ions in the film and, hence, upon the velocity and atomic number of the incident ion. The emission efficiency of all species decreases with increasing damage in the film. By pulsing the ion beam, the time dependence of irradiation induced emission of molecular species from the films has been studied. Emission delays of hundreds of milliseconds are observed in some cases. These delays are found to depend upon the emitted species as well as the host film and seem to be associated with diffusion of the species in the films.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231703
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  • 100
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    Submicron patterns in substituted polystyrene resists by focused-ion-beam lithography (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 941-946 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Submicron lines in negative working, substituted polystyrene resists by focused-ion-beam lithography were demonstrated. These features were transferred into an underlying molybdenum layer by plasma etching using the resist as an etch mask, with the minimum continuous line having a width of 0.20 μm.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231705
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