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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (1,217)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (871)
  • 1975-1979  (346)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1982  (871)
  • 1976  (346)
Collection
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (871)
  • 1975-1979  (346)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The anatomy of the adult uropodid Fuscouropoda agitans (Arachnida; Acari), with comparative observations on other Acari (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 19-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A thin, compressible, lateral suture and ventral plate overlap permit limited movement of the thick and rigid dorsal and ventral plates of Fuscouropoda agitans. Seven pairs of large dermal glands debouch onto the surface. Trochanteral rotation permits defensive leg adpresion and an insectan type of ambulation. The complex hypopharynx-pedipalpal-coxae has a buccal and cheliceral cavity separated by an atriculated epipharynx. The pharynx is Y-shaped in cross section. Extensive paired salivary glands lie above the very long and dexterous 3-segmented chelicerae, and a large pair of coxal glands debouch on coxae 1. From four blunt-ended tracheae, bundles of unbranching tracheoles extend in specific tracts to all organs. The ventriculus is small with three pairs of large caeca; a tightly packed single layer of digestive cells individually enlarged to absorb-phagocytize and digest the food. A typical mesostigmatid excretory tube is present. A typical acarine synganglion is present; mixed nerves have a basal swelling. A postulated neurosecretory organ arises from the pedipalpal nerve. The oocytes enlarge within funicular stalks from the walls of the small median ovary. A large spermatophore is stored in the seminal vesicle; fertilization occurs during oviposition. A tension hinge partially opens both male and female genital plates; closure effected by muscles acting on very long genital plate apodemes. Within sequentially produced spermatogonial cysts of the testes, meiosis is completely synchronous. A large, multilobed male accessory gland produces a large volume of seminal fluid; a mixture of at least four secretions. The origins and msertions of the body wall, genital organ, digestive tract, mouthpart and leg muscles are listed and illustrated. A comparison of anactinotrichid and actinotrichid mites indicates fundamental and consistent morphological differences in aspects of the cuticle, leg articulations, digestive system, excretory system, reproductive system and coxal glands.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051500103
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  • 2
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    Development of butterfly scales. II. Struts, lattices and surface tension (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 279-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An investigation of the structure of the iridescent scales of the green hairstreak, Callophrys rubi, reveals an internal lattice which is probably cubic close-packed in form. We present a model which explains the formation of the lattice in terms of packing of spheres and surface tension forces and generalize these results to internal structures in other Lepidopteran scales.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051500202
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  • 3
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    Labellar taste organs of Drosophila melanogasterWe wish to acknowledge with appreciation the excellent assistance of Mrs. R. Timberg with the transmission-electronmicroscope preparation and of Mr. T. Arad with the scanning-electron-microscope preparation.Parts of this study were supported by the Israel Commission for Basic Research. (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 327-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are 36 to 42 taste bristles on each half of the labellum of Drosophila melanogaster; most of them are two-pronged with a pouch between them. Some end bluntly with a pore at the tip.Each taste-bristle has two lumina: one is circular, the other crescent-like in cross section. In most bristles four dendrites of chemoreceptor neurons run along the circular lumen. In five to seven taste-bristles only two chemoreceptor neurons are found. A mechanoreceptor neuron sends a dendrite to the base of each taste-bristle.The dendrites are surrounded by four concentrically-arranged sheath cells. The inner cell secretes the cuticular sheath; cells II and III are presumably two trichogens, one secreting the bristle material around the circular lumen, the other around the crescent-like lumen. Cell IV, especially rich in bundles of microtubules, secretes the cuticle of the socket, and corresponds to the tormogen. The neurons have the typical structure found in insect sensilla. In many sensilla one neuron is less electron-dense than the others and may be the water-sensor.On the medial side of the labellum between the pseudotracheae are rows of taste pegs covered by folds. In each peg one chemoreceptor and one mechanoreceptor are found.The number of axons in each labial nerve agrees with the total number of dendrites in all taste organs of each lobe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051500206
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  • 4
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    Masthead (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051500301
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  • 5
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    Blood vascular system of the sea cucumber, Stichopus moebii (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 423-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Stichopus moebii, a sea cucumber, has a closed circulatory system which is unique in its degree of development for the phylum Echinodermata. The gross anatomy, histology and fine structure of the system were studied. Blood vessels consist of a coelomic surface of ciliated epithelium, a layer of muscle and nerve cells, followed by connective tissue and luminal lining of endothelium. Basically the blood vascular system consists of two major vessels running parallel to the gut: the dorsal vessel pumps colorless blood via the vessels within the walls of the intestine into the ventral vessel. There are two specialized areas of the circulation: (1) At the upper small intestine 120 to 150 muscular single-chambered hearts pump blood from the dorsal vessel into a series of intestinal plates. (2) At the lower region of the small intestine the vasculature is associated with the left respiratory tree. Blood passing from the dorsal pulmonary vessel can take two routes to the gut, it either passes through myriads of minute respiratory shunt vessels entangled with the respiratory tree or it passes through a unique follicle network consisting of tiny channels periodically dilated into chambers filled with iron deposits, necrotic cells and developing coelomocytes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051500211
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  • 6
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    Sensory innervation in the rim of the octopus sucker (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 639-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anatomical components of afferent innervation in the rim of the octopus sucker are described. In the sensory epithelium under the smooth cuticle two associated ciliated receptor cell-types (presumably chemosensitive) occur in clusters. A third ciliated receptor cell-type under the toothed cuticle may be a mechanoreceptor. A non-ciliated receptor cell-type of unknown function, under the toothed cuticle, is characterized by a microvillus-lined apical canal containing dense granular material. The axons of the latter two receptors go directly into large nerve tracts which nm through the infundibular muscle and on to the ganglion of the sucker. The axons of the first cell-types terminate on interneurons either in the base of the epithelium or below the epithelium. All the interneurons of the basal region of the epithelium migrate centripetally and develop into encapsulated interneurons. Within the epithelium, fine fibers provide collateral contact among cluster receptors. Collateral interaction among basal and encapsulated interneurons occur in the infundibular plexus. The microanatomy of the rim of the sucker suggests that chemosensory cues are funneled into the interneurons where they are concentrated into integrated signals, while other sensory input is probably sent directly to the ganglia of the sucker and/or arm.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051500304
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  • 7
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    Fine structure of the pyloric region and Malpighian papillae of protura (Insecta Apterygota) (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 727-761 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pyloric region of Eosentomon and Acerentomon (Insecta, Protura) is described. In both species the posterior cells of the midgut carry short microvilli. Beneath the epithelial cells there is a muscular pyloric sphincter for closing the intestinal lumen. Behind the sphincter is a wide pyloric chamber lined by cells with very long microvilli which point anteriorly toward the midgut. These cells regulate the passage of the intestinal contents into the hindgut. Secretions from the Malpighian papillae are emitted into the gut at this level. In Eosentomon three regions (R1, R2 and R3) are visible in the Malpighian papillae, whereas in Acerentomon region R1 is lacking. The R1 region contains secretory cells with elaborate glycoprotein-containing granules. The R2 region is composed of cells somewhat resembling the secretory cells of Malpighian tubules of insects. Presumably R1 and R2 cells emit secretions into the central cavity of each papilla. Cells of R3 form a duct for the secretion. It is suggested that the R2 region represents a basic excretory region, common to Protura, whereas the R1 region, in Eosentomon, may be a specialized area performing supplementary excretory functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051500307
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  • 8
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    Light and electron microscopy of laser microirradiated nucleoli and nucleoplasm in tissue culture cells (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 785-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This manuscript describes in precise detail the ultrastructural alterations produced as a result of laser microirradiation of nucleoli and nucleoplasm of tissue culture cells. Because of the general difficulty of single cell recovery, flat embedding, and serial sectioning, very few studies have ever been conducted on microbeam irradiated cells; yet the use of the microbeam technique has become widespread in functional studies of the nucleus. The results presented here demonstrate two classes of lesion material: small spherical electron dense bodies 0.05-0.02 μm in diameter and a larger, more irregular electron dense material up to 1 μm in length. The occurrence of these different types of lesion materials is described in control irradiated nucleoli and nucleoplasm, irradiated nucleoli and nucleoplasm in quinacrine treated cells, irradiated nucleoli and nucleoplasm in actinomycin D treated cells, and irradiated nucleoli and nucleoplasm in combined actinomycin D and quinacrine treated cells. In all the cells in which actinomycin D was employed, nucleoli were selectively irradiated in either their granular or fibrillar zones. The results of the ultrastructural studies are discussed in light of earlier functional studies.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051500402
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  • 9
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    Function of the digastric muscle in carnivores (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 843-859 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The general form and adaptation of the digastric muscle in carnivores are reviewed and discussed. The digastric muscle differs from the general plan in certain aquatic carnivores and felids. In the pertinent aquatic species the muscle is enlarged. The observations suggest that the enlargement is an adaptation for rapidly opening the jaws against the resistance of water. In felids, the insertion of the muscle is much farther forward than in most other carnivores. The observations suggest that the development of short jaws in felids necessitated a compensatory anterior relocation of the digastric insertion in order to preserve the ability to achieve a large gape.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051500405
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  • 10
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    Integumental organs of unknown function on chelipeds of deep-sea crabs, genus Hypsophrys (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 889-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Homolid crabs (Hypsophrys) from water deeper than 700 m in the Straits of Florida and Arabian Sea have smooth darkened oval spots contrasting with the surrounding roughened integument on inner and outer surfaces of each pincer at the base of the fixed finger. Cuticle is thinner over these spots than over surrounaing tissues. Beneath each spot is an organ composed of two markedly contrasting layers of tissue: (1) an outer, densely staining layer of tightly packed tubules, relatively straight and perpendicular to the overlying surface proximally but progressively convoluted and narrowed distally, finally ending blindly in association with the overlying thinned cuticle; (2) an inner layer of relatively large, eosinophilic, irregular cells with dark nuclei also trending at a right angle to the integument and bulging into the hemal sinus of the hand but separated from it by an epidermal lining. Droplets secreted from the inner layer apparently move into and along the tubules. Similar organs are known in no other crabs. The function is unknown but the structure suggests that they may be photophores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051500407
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  • 11
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    Ultrastructure of the blowfly chemoreceptor sensillum (Phormia regina) (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 763-783 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of a well studied insect chemosensory unit is presented in this report. Two separate lumina are present in this chemosensory unit, the trichogen and sensillar lumina. The fluid within the trichogen lumen exclusively bathes the dendritic terminals, and may be involved with the reception and/or modulation of environmental stimuli. Cytoplasmic extensions of the trichogen cell which line the trichogen lumen may be involved in the production of the cuticular sheath. The sensillar lumen is bordered by the tormogen and a sleeve cell, and is continuous with the unoccupied channel of the setal shaft. Functions for the various cellular components of the blowfly chemoreceptor sensillum are offered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051500308
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  • 12
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    A comparative study of the ultrastructure and mineralogy of calcified land snail eggs (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora)From a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree, Department of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Supported in part by an NSF traineeship through the Department of Zoology. (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 861-887 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study indicates that eggs containing calcium carbonate crystals occur in at least 36 of the 65 known families of the land snails (class Gastropoda: order Stylommatophora). Eggs from 22 of these families were available for examination. The x-ray diffraction data, available for the first time for 21 of these families, shows that these egg shells are all made of calcite only, or of a combination of calcite with smaller amounts of aragonite. All of the snail (body) shells examined were made of aragonite only. This is the first ultrastructural investigation of these egg shells, and it indicates that the eggs exhibit enough structural diversity to allow identification of parental animals to genus, and often to species level solely on the basis of egg shell ultrastructure.All of the calcified eggs may be divided into two groups: (1) partly calcified, with discrete crystals of CaCo3 dispersed in the jelly layer, and (2) heavily calcified, with a hard, brittle egg shell made of fused crystals of CaCO3 much like an avian egg. Both types of calcified eggs occur in oviparous as well as in ovoviviparous snails. Because of the wide distribution of calcified eggs in the Stylommatophora, and because of the occurrence of heavily calcified eggs in ancient families such as Partulidae, Endodontidae, and Zonitidae, the calcified egg is viewed as a primitive land snail trait associated with terrestrial adaptation. The function of the calcified egg shell, in addition to mechanical support of egg contents, is to supply the developing embryo with enough calcium to form the embryonic shell by the time of hatching.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051500406
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  • 13
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    A brachial glycogen body in the spinal cord of the domestic chicken (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When cervical segments 14 to 15 of the chicken spinal cord are cut transversely and studied by routine histological and histochemical methods, an onion-shaped region, filled with thread-like fibers, if seen to surround the ependymal cells of the central canal and to be bounded laterally by the neural elements of the spinal gray matter. This area is negative for succinic dehydrogenase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and cholinesterase activity, but very strongly periodic acid-Schiff positive. Diastase controls show the positive material to be glycogen. Parasagittal sections through this cervical region and into the upper thoracic cord, show the glycogen-rich region to extend longitudinally throughout the region. Because of its location and histochemical characterization, which, He similar to that of the ventral portion of the glycogen body, the term brachial glycogen budy is proposed for this structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051480103
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  • 14
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    Structure of anterior dorsal ventricular ridge in snakes (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anterior dorsal ventricular ridge (ADVR) is a major subcortical; telencephalic nucleus in snakes, Its structure was studied in Nissl, Golgi, and electron microscopic lrerarations in several species of snakes. Neurons in ADVR form a homogeneous population. They have large nuclei, scattered cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum in their cytoplasm, and bear dendrites from all portions of their somata. The dendrites have a moderate covering of pedunculated spines. Clusters of two to five cells with touching somata can be seen in Nissl, Golgi, and electron microscopic preparations. The area of apposition may contain a series of specialized junctions which resemble gap junctions. Three populations of axons can be identified in rapid Golgi preparations of snake ADVR. Type 1 axons course from the lateral forebrain bundle and bear small varicosities about 1 μ long. Type 2 axons arise from ADVR neurons and bear large varicosities about 5 μ. long. The origin of the very thin type 3 axons is not known; they bear small varicosities about 1 μ. long. The majority of axon terminals in ADVR are small (1 μ. to 2 μ long), contain round synaptic vesicles, and form asymmetric active zones. This type of axon terminates on dendritic spines and shafts and on somata. A small percentage of terminals are large, 5 μ in length, contain round synaptic vesicles, and form asymmetric active zones. This type of axon terminates only on dendritic spines. A small percentage of terminals are small, contain pleomorphic synaptic vesicles, and form symmetric active zones. This type of axon terminates on dendritic shafts and on somata.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051480102
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  • 15
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    The development and replacement of teeth in viviparous caecilians (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 33-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Tooth development and replacement in fetal and adult viviparous caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) are described and analyzed according to current theories of tooth succession. The fetal dentition differs from that of the adult in morphology, position, and function. Teeth are used by fetuses to scrape the oviducal epithelium, thus stimulating the secretion of a nutrient substance. Fetal dentitions vary in morphology and position in different species. The ontogeny of teeth of several species is described and the patterns of addition of loci and of replacement are analyzed, Loci are added both posteriorly along the jaw and between existing loci as the jaw grows prior to ossification; subsequently addition is restricted to the posterior part of the jaw. Tooth replacement is alternate. The several rows and patches of teeth are the result of retention of replacement series on the dentigerous elements. Tooth development and replacement in a series of juveniles and adults of different sizes in a single species are also considered. Post-fetal patterns of development and replacement are similar to those seen in larvae and adults of oviparous species. Variation in numbers of teeth and proportions of teeth at particular stages occurs ontogenetically and among individuals of the same size, though proportions occur in a similar pattern throughout the series. The general pattern of tooth replacement in fetuses and adults can be explained by either Edmund's Zahnreihen theory or by Osborn's Tooth Family theory, but replacement in fetal tooth patches and the fetal-adult dentitional transition are explained by neither.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051480104
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  • 16
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    Masthead (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051480201
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  • 17
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    Electron microscope studies of spermatogenesis in Branchiobdella pentodonta whitman (Annelida, oligochaeta) (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 65-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In Brallchiobdella pentodonta Whitman meiosis begins in follicles containing 16 spermatogonia. In each follicle the spermatogonia are connected by cytoplasmic bridges to a central anuclear cytoplasmic mass or cytophorus. They develop synchronously. Synaptonemal complexes are present in the primary spermatocytes. Spermatids contain a large globoid paranuclear body consisting of an acrosomal granule and coiled tubules which evidently receive the contents of the acrosomal granule and are considered the acrosome carrier. The spermatids separate from the cytophorus only when differentiation is completed.The ripe spermatozoon is relatively long. It has anteriorly the coiled tubules, followed by the nucleus, the mitochondrial sphere and the distal centriole from which the flagellum originates, A coiled ribbon-like structure encloses the flagellum along its entire length while a manchette of microtubules surrounds all the other structures of the sperm.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051480105
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  • 18
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    The pectoral anatomy of selected ostariophysi I. The characiniformes (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 89-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The muscles and bones of the pectoral fin of Serrasalmus nattereri, the piranha, resemble those of generalized, lower teleosts with specializations related to a body shape adapted for high-speed carnivory; the pectoral fins being highly mobile with strong ligaments to the rays. The presence of two occipital nerves appears primitive, while the emergence of the subclavian artery within the branchial cavity, as in Gasteropelecus sternicla, appears specialized. The muscles and bones of the latter fish, a fresh-water flying fish, are specialized for self-propelled, aerial flight in the fusion of the right and left girdles greatly expanded for insertions of complex appendicular (flight) muscles, and in the consolidation of the rays and radials into one functional unit moving vertically in flight though contraction of vertical, massive ventral flight muscles. The bony pectoral anatomy of Electrophorus electricus, the electric eel, is specialized in having a mobile joint between the primary girdle and the cleithrum, the former being suspended vertically from the cleithrum by ligaments. The proximal radials and rays are very numerous and vertically aligned. The cleithrum is shaped to accommodate the extensive sternohyoid and pharyngocleithral muscles. The sheet-like appendicular muscles extend beyond the special joint and control its movement. The deeper muscles do not cross this joint. The arterial system is specialized in lacking a deep brachial artery.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051480106
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  • 19
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    Fine structure of the triturating devices in pumps of the food Aphelocheirus and typical naucoridae (heteroptera) (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 1-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cibarial food pumps of aquatic Heteroptera contain specialized epipharyngeal triturating devices. In the Naucoridae, striated bands and transverse plates triturate particles against the underlying hypopharynx. Anterior to them lie a pair of oblique folds which play an accessory role. The gross morphology of these devices is very similar in representatives of five genera of typical Naucoridae (Ambrysus, Pelocoris, Limnocoris, Cataractocoris, Cryphocricos) and differs from that of the atypical genus Aphelocheirus.The scanning electron microscope reveals additional differences between Aphelocheirus and the typical genera as well as variations, among the latter, which are not visible with the stereoscopic microscope. The oblique folds of the typical Naucoridae are well developed and contain processes for trapping particles; in three genera the region posterior to the folds is also modified. In Aphelocheirus only the latter region appears to trap particles, and the oblique folds are smooth and weakly developed. The striated bands of all genera bear ventral ridges arranged into transverse zones with precise patterns. The fourzoned bands of Aphelocheirus have a very different pattern than the two-zoned bands of the other genera. Among the latter, Cryphocricos has a simpler pattern of ridges than the other typical Naucoridae. The ventral surfaces of the transverse plates are highly modified in Aphelocheirus and less so in the other genera; those of Cryphocricos differ from those of the other Naucoridae.The fine structure of the cibarial epipharynx supports the views of some systematists that (1) Aphelocheirus should be placed in the monogeneric Family Aphelocheiridae rather than in the Naucoridae, (2) Cryphocricos represents a different subfamily than the other four typical Naucoridae, and (3) Cataractocoris belongs in the same subfamily as Ambrysus rather than with Cfyphocricos.
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    Collagen deposition on a preformed grid (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 53-71 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Appearance of collagen fibrils in the cuticle was seen by electron microscopy to be preceded by fonnation of a finely filamentous matrix material. At first, the fine filaments of the matrix are unorganized. However, signs of orthogonal ordering soon appear in the most superficial portion of the cuticle, and subsequently appear more basally and closer to the underlying epidermis. Meanwhile, fibrils of different staining properties and identifiable as collagen begin to be deposited in the superficial portion of the cuticle, the same region which first showed organized fine filaments. Then, like the fine filaments before them, the collagen fibrils polymerize more basally. Collagen appears to polymerize on the preformed skeleton of fine filaments as though the fine filaments caused the collagen to assemble. Neither the polymerization nor ordering of collagen fibrils seems to require direct cellular intervention but occur first in that portion of the cuticle which is furthest away from the underlying epidermis. The fine filaments may be self ordering, extracellular macromolecules which in turn determine the polymerization of collagen fibrils.
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    Masthead (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051490201
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    Genesis and structure of the so-called “balbiani body” or “yolk nucleus” in the oocyte of dugesia dorotocephala (turbellaria, tricladida) (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 265-277 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Oogenesis of the fresh-water triclad Dugesia dorotocephala has been studied by electron microscopical methods, with particular regard to the genesis and composition of the so-called “Balbiani body.” Its origin is clearly recognizable in young oocytes where the few mitochondria present seem to gather at the level of the perinuclear ooplasm. Here they surround dense masses of finely granular, fibrillar material probably coming from the nucleus. During the previtelloge ic period, mitochondria rapidly increase in number while the dense masses progressively dissolve.In the vitellogenic oocytes the Balbiani body shows its final configuration: it appears as a large area (up to 15-20 pm in diameter) consisting of innumerable densely packed mitochondria, some smooth vesicles and free ribosomes. This aggregate of cytoplasmic organelles remains unmodified in the mature oocytes.The function of the “Balbiani body” of D. dorotocephala is as yet unclear; it can only be asserted that it is not correlated with yolk production in which the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex are involved.
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    The response of transplants of cultured fetal mouse ovaries in kidneys of ovariectomized adult mice (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 421-435 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Whole ovaries from 16-day fetal mice were cultured for 6 to 20 days and then transplanted to the kidneys of ovariectomized adult mice where they remained for one to four weeks. After three weeks in the host's kidneys, many follicles developed within the transplants and became vesiculated. Many of the oocytes within these follicles had formed the first metaphase spindle of meiosis and several had completed the first polar body. Host mice bearing transplants that contained vesiculated follicles showed uterine stimulation and keratinization of their vaginae. However, ovaries that had been in culture for more than ten days before transplantation showed a limited response to the gonadotropins and never matured sufficiently to stimulate the host's reproductive tract. No ovulations occurred in any of the transplants.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710301
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    Electron microscopy of the leucocytes of the typhlosole in ammocoetes, with special attention to the antibody- producing cells (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 87-100 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In an attempt to determine the role in the immune responses of the typhlosole, a hematopoietic tissue along the ventral wall of the larval lamprey Lampetra reissneri, scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations were made on ammocoetes hyperimmunized with sheep red blood cells. Besides including the cells of the erythrocyte series, this tissue also contained the following leucocytes forming an amorphous parenchyma: the cells of the granulocyte series, the most predominant cell type, possessing a markedly lobed nucleus and membrane-bounded granules of various sizes; the macrophages possessing primary and secondary lysosomes and long lamellipodia on the cell surface; the lymphocytes of a large nucleocytoplasmic ratio with a number of long, spiky microvilli, constituting a major type of rosette-forming (antigen-binding) cells; and the plasma cells possessing highly extended cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticula that are characteristic of the higher vertebrates. The immunoperoxidase technique, which employs rabbit antibodies against lamprey immunoglobulin, proved that these plasma cells do contain immunoglobulin. These results strongly indicate that the typhlosole of the larval lamprey, besides functioning as a hematopoietic tissue, is actively involved in the antibody responses. It is also stressed that the plasma cell occurs in the most primitive vertebrates as an immunologically competent cell.
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    Limb regenerative capacity of four species of Japanese frogs of the families hylidae and ranidae (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 129-135 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The regenerative capacity of limbs was investigated by amputation of limbs at the zeugopodium in postmetamorphic froglets and adults of various sizes in four species of Japanese frogs, all of which showed some regeneration at these ages. In Hyla arborea japonica and Rana brevipoda porosa most young froglets regenerated their limbs well; however, the rate of regeneration decreased with the age of amputation, and the limb became nonregenerative in adults. Limbs of adults in Rana rugosa and R. japonica, on the other hand, exhibited good regeneration. All of the regenerates in the four species were heteromorphic, consisting histologically of well-developed cartilaginous rods surronded by connective tissue and skin. Limited development of muscle was appartment in regenerates of the three ranid species. The relations between body size, innervation of limbs, and regenerative capacity are discussed.
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    Functional morphology of the head of the inertial suction feeding butterflyfish, Chaetodon miliaris (perciformes, chaetodontidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 283-312 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure and mechanism involved in jaw movements are described for an inertial high-speed suction feeding fish, Chaetodon miliaris. Jaw biomechanics were studied by (1) manipulation of live and fresh-killed specimens, (2) electrical muscle stimulation of anesthetized live specimens, (3) connective tissue severance experiments of fresh-killed and live anesthetized specimens, and (4) cine photography of live unimpaired and surgically impaired specimens.Three couplings appear to be involved in jaw opening: a levator operculi-opercular-interopercular-mandible coupling; and epaxial complex and/or hypaxial/sternohyoideus complex-hyoid apparatus-uncontracted protractor hyoideus-mandible coupling. Jaw opening, protrusion, closing of the protruded mouth, and jaw retraction occur in 60-110 msec. Jaw protrusion coincides with mandible depression during opening of the mouth. Closure of the protruded mouth is apparently the result of contractions of pars A1 and A2 of the adductor mandibulae muscle. Pars A3 and Aw may induce retraction of the jaws in the closed-protruded state. Jaw closure in the retracted, nonprotruded state may involve all branches of the adductor mandibulae.The importance of these findings is discussed in light of previous studies as are some proposed functions of jaw protrusion in this species.
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    Arterial retia related to supply of the central nervous system in two small toothed whales- narwhal (Monodon monoceros) an beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 41-56 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have studied the comparative anatomy of arterial plexuses (retia mirabilia) related to supply of the central nervous system in two closely related species of toothed whales - narwhal (Monodon monoceros) and beluga Delphinaterus leucas). In both species, retia originate from major vessels in the neck, thorax, and lumbar regions, then extend into the neural canal and cranium to supply the spinal cord and brain. The system generally consists of arteries embedded in á matrix of fatty connective tissue. Constituent vessels are only occasionally reated to veins or venous sinuses. Though retial anatomy is similar in the two species, there are two related features that appear species specific: (1) amount of retia originating from the supreme intercostal arteries and (2) thoracic retial size. Both are larger in the narwhal, as are values for hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration, which, in this study, we use as indices of diving ability. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the retia are in some way linked to diving ability. The nature of this link is not known; however, we discuss our results in the context of the most popular hyotheses of retial function.
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    Transformations of osteoclast phenotype in ia rats cured of congenital osteopetrosis (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 141-147 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The reduced bone resorption characteristic of osteopetrosis is accompanied in the incisors-absent (ia) rat mutation by a significant increase in osteoclasts of inactive (mutant) phenotype. Restoration of bone resorption in ia rats by transfer of spleen cells from normal littermates is preceded by a transformation of osteoclasts from mutant to normal phenotype.In this investigation the proportions of osteoclasts of normal phenotype have been determined by light microscopy in untreated ia and normal rats and in ia rats treated with various cell populations from normal rats. Significant increases in numbers of osteoclasts of normal phenotype were seen in the mutant skeleton soon after cell treatments that eventually restored bone resorption and cured the disease. No changes in osteoclast phenotype were seen after cell transfers that did not cure the disease.These data establish transformation of osteoclast phenotype as an early event in the recovery from osteopetrosis and suggest that determination of osteoclast phenotype is a reliable predictor of the success of normal cell populations to restore bone resorption in this mutation.
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    Cytological characterization of the germinal line during testicular differentiation in the lizard Liolaemus gravenhorsti (gray) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 169-184 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gross morphology, histology, and ultrastructure of Liolaemus gravenhorsti gonads prior to and after differntiation are described. Special emphasis has been given to characterization and changes of the germ cell line throughout intrauterine development and 3 days postpartum.During the pregonadal stage, the primordial germ cell migrates toward gonadal rudiments by way of the mesenchyme. These cells can easily be identified by their great size, voluminous and lobulated nucleus, great quantities of yolk platelets, microtubules, and numerous lipid inclusions. In the undifferentiated gonad, the germ cells (type 1 gonocytes) have an ovoid or spherical shape and autodigestion of yolk platelets, great development of Golgi complex, and mitochondrial aggregation, though fewer liposomes, pseudopodes, and microtubules were noted. Concomitantly with the beginning of mitosis, a third type of germ cell appears, the type 2 gonocytes, which are smaller, with poorly defined membranous systems in various degrees of involution. The seminiferous cords are organized when somatic cells of the medullar portion of the gonad surround type 1 gonocytes. Germinal cells are centrally localized in the cords. Near birth many gonocytes migrate toward the basal lamina of cords and differentiate into spherical prespermatogonia, with few organoids. Sertoli cells eparate them from the basal lamina. In advanced pregnancy, Leyding cells become numerous with morphology typical of androgen-producing cells.
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    A forebrain atlas and stereotaxic technique for the lizard, Anolis carolinensis (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 217-236 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A forebrain atlas and stereotaxic neurosurgical techniques were developed for use in anatomical and behavioral experiments on the green anolis lizard (Anolis carolinensis). Green anoles are convenient and robust experimental subjects with a rich behavioral repertoire, the social components of which are partly under hormonal control.The technique and atlas were devised to conduct neuroethological investigations of the effect of lesions on species-typical display behavior. The atlas consists of 12 transverse sections from an average size adult male. The figures (4-15) are based on Nissl material and supplemented with fiber-stained material from adjacent sections. They appear at the end of the article. Limitations on the accuracy of stereotaxic coordinates are discussed and tables of correlative nomenclature for principal telencephalic and diencephalic nuclei are provided.
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    Structure and cytochemistry of the silk glands of the mygalomorph spider Antrodiaetus unicolor (araneae, antrodiaetidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 269-274 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dissection and a variety of absorption and fluorescent cytochemical methods have demonstrated that Antrodiaetus unicolor females have only one type of silk gland and spigot and, consequently, the simplest silk production system of any spider yet investigated histochemically. The small spherical to pear-shaped glands are grouped into four clusters, each cluster serving one of the four spinnerets. The spigots are long, slender, and slightly bent distally. Although all gland cells are structurally similar, each gland simultaneously produces two different secretory products, the secretion of the distal hemisphere being rich in basic protein and sulfhydryl groups, and the proximal hemisphere secretion being an acidic protein containing a high concentration of histochemically demonstrable C-terminal carboxyl groups. The two products remain segregated as they pass through the duct, where the acidic protein forms a thin outer layer around a core of basic protein. It is suggested that this segregation may persist in the silk strand after it exits from the spigot and that the outer acidic protein may be an adhesive agent.
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    Evolution of the vestibulolateral lobe of the cerebellum in electroreceptive and nonelectroreceptive teleosts (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 335-348 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The organization of the vestibulolateral lobe of the cerebellum is described in electroreceptive and closely related nonelectroreceptive teleost fishes. The vestibulolateral lobe includes an eminentia granularis and a lobus caudalis. The eminentia granularis is a lateral line-recipient, granule cell zone which in weakly electric fish (i.e., electroreceptive fish with an electric organ) has anterior and posterior divisions associated respectively with a mechanoreceptive medial medullary nucles and an electroreceptive lateral line lobe. A lobus caudalis includes a separate granule cell zone - the pars medialis, a molecular layer, and large Purkinje-like cells. Compared with weakly electric mormyrids, the pars medialis is hypertrophied in weakly electric gymnotoids and electroreceptive silurids. However, the pars medialis is also hypertrophied in nonelectroreceptive teleosts, suggesting it is a granule cell zone not associated with electroreception and perhaps the lateral line system.
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    Ultrastrucuture of the fat body of the reproductive pair in higher termites (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 313-322 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the fat body of the higher termite king and queen has been studied both in species with (Macrotermes bellicosus, M. subhyalinus) and without (Cubitermes fungifaber) tracheal rosettes. There is a very pronounced sexual dimorphism. The adipocytes of the queen are highly specialized for protein synthesis and secretion; they store only a small quantity of reserves. The adipocytes of the king are not specialized in protein synthesis, but accumulate large amounts of reserve substances. The previously proposed different functions of the termite queen's fat body are discussed; it appears to be mainly concerned with vitellogenesis.
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    The ovary of Fundulus heteroclitus (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, together with dissection and light microscopy, have produced heretofore unavailable structural detail of the ovary of Fundulus heteroclitus. Structural and functional interrelationships among developing follicles and other histological elements, particularly as they might relate to vascularization of follicles, oocyte development, and ovulation, are described and discussed. Mature eggs, ovulated into the ovarian lumen, accumulate in the posterior “ovisac” region of the ovary prior to oviposition. This “ovisac” region is thin-walled and apparently nongerminal. The temporary retention of ovulated eggs permits cyclical oviposition even though oogenesis and ovulation are asynchronous. The histological differences between the ovisac and the anterior ovigerous of the ovary are described. The lumenal epithelium of the ovisac displays a localized population of unusual cells with long cytoplasmic extensions. The ultrastructure of these cells suggests that they might function in the transport of ovulated eggs into the oviduct and/or in secreting the substance (“jelly”) which forms the surface coat of extruded eggs.
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    Setiferous structures of male coleoptera (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 43-72 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A scanning electron microscopy study was made of the male setiferous sex patches and analogous structures in 11 families of Coleoptera (Anthribidae, Bruchidae, Ciidae, Cleridae, Coccinellidae, Dermestidae, Leiodidae, Ptinidae, Staphylinidae, Tenebrionidae, and Ostomatidae). These secondary sexual characters appear to have several features in common including relatively long, often ridged, setae, cuticular ducts (frequently cribriform pore plates), and the production of a secretion. It is suggested that these structures may all be concerned with the production, release, and dissemination of pheromones.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730201
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    Synganglial and neurosecretory morphology of female Ornithodoros parkeri (cooley) (acari: Argasidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 159-177 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Single esophageal and paired cheliceral, palpal, pedal (I-IV), and opisthosomal nerves enter the synganglion and form specific neuropilar ganglia. The ganglia are integrated by a complex series of commissures and connectives. Eighteen paraldehyde-fuchsin-positive neurosecretory regions, which vary greatly in size and amount of granular neurosecretory material, are each associated (one or more) with neuropilar ganglia. Presumably transport of neurosecretory materials to target tissues occurs through axonal pathways, perineurial-neural lamella associations, and the neurohemal retrocerebral organ complex.
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    Further observations on the fine structure of the infracerebral gland in Nereis (Annelida; Polychaeta)  -  C2 and C3 cells; centripetal and centrifugal fibersSupported by Research Grant B/SR 9636, from the Science Research Council, U.K. (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 1-17 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The infracerebral gland of Nereis is made up of three types of cells. C1 cells are hypertrophied pericapsular elements, whereas C2 and C3 cells have the morphological and cytological features of neurosecretory neurons. C2 and C3 cells give rise to centripetal “proximal processes” which extend into the brain through the midventral pocket formed by delamination of the brain capsule. Their “distal processes” terminate within the gland or its immediate vicinity. “Centrifugal fibers” arise from nerve cells located within the brain and appear to synapse upon the proximal processes of C2 cells in the region of the midventral pocket and in the ventral region of the brain. The cytology of C2 and C3 cells suggests that they are the source of distinct peptide hormones.
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    The effect of exercise on the growth of mitochondria and myofibrils in the flight muscles of the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 321-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Exercise affects the growth of the dorsal longitudinal flight muscles in the tsetse fly. Examination of electron micrographs of flight muscles taken from flies subjected to enforced exercise, “ormal” exercise and no exercise reveals that both mitochondrial and myofibrillar fractions of the muscles are stimulated to grow at a faster rate by enforced exercise but that the mitochondria respond more rapidly.
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    The cytology of the testaceous rhizopod Lesquereusia spiralis (Ehrenberg) Penard. I. Ultrastructure and shell formation (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 343-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ultrastructure and shell formation in the testaceous ameba, Lesquereusia spiralis, were investigated with both scanning and transmission electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. The nucleus, surrounded by a fibrous lamina, contains multiple nucleoli. The cytoplasm, containing a well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum, also contains remnants of starch granules in stages of digestion. Spherical aggregates of ribosome-like particles may be seen. Golgi complexes seem to produce both a nonordered fibrous material and an electron dense vesicle. Only the latter appears to bleb off from the Golgi complex. X-ray microanalysis demonstration of silicon in Golgi vesicles and in some dense vesicles suggests that the fibrous component of the cisternae may take up and concentrate silica to form the electron-dense component of the vesicles. Membrane-bound siliceous crystals are often seen adjacent to the Golgi, suggesting either a Golgi origin or platelet formation in vesicles after release from the Golgi complex. Both electron-dense bodies and siliceous platelets are released from the cell by a process similar to apocrine secretion and may be seen outside the cell in route to the shell during shell morphogenesis. Shell development involves fusion of electron-dense bodies to form a matrix, positioning of siliceous platelets in this matrix parallel to the shell surface, and development of a system of matrix chambers. A particulate glycoconjugate is released to the shell surface upon rupture of the matrix chamber.
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    A stereological analysis of the ultrastructure of the lungs of wild mice living at low and high altitude (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 359-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Stereological analysis of the ultrastructural composition of the pulmonary alveolo-capillary region of mice living at sea level compared with that of the same species (Phyllotis darwini) genetically adapted to life at 4,660 m reveals a trend at high altitude towards a greater volume percentage of tissue components. On a weight-specific basis, non-circulating tissue occupies a significantly greater volume in high-altitude mice, but air space and capillary contents are not correspondingly greater. Since the arithmetic mean thickness of the tissue layers and of the air-blood barrier are the same in the two altitudinal groups, the average alveolus must have a smaller volume in the high-altitude mice.Epithelial, endothelial, and erythrocyte surface areas per gram body weight are significantly greater in the high-altitude mice.Nuclear counts indicate that the larger lungs of mice adapted to high altitude are due to larger Pneumocyte I and II and endothelial cells rather than to an increase in the number of these cells. Hematocrits measured within the pulmonary capillaries in the two altitudinal groups were equal.An heretofore unrecognized feature of possible adaptive value is the surface/volume ratio of erythrocytes, which is similar for erythrocytes in alveolar space of mice at low and high altitudes but within lung capillaries is 14.7% greater at high altitude.
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    The neck region of the spermatozoon of Discus rotundatus (Müller) (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 299-305 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The neck region of the mature spermatozoon of Discus rotundatus is described. No evidence for a centriole or centriolar derivative is obtained. Nine striated coarse fibres and the two central fibres of the axoneme extend into the base of the implantation fossa. The axonemal doublet system is disrupted in the neck region. There are two fibrous accessory structures located between the central doublet and the striated coarse fibres.
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    Early chick neuroretinal responses following direct exposure to methotrexate (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 307-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Explants of 4.5-day-old chick embryonic neuroretinas with mesenchyme were exposed to Methotrexate (MTX) in medium 199 with embryo extract. Proliferative responses of the cultured neuroretinas were followed radioautographically by administration of 3H-thymidine to the cultures. The DNA synthetic, mitotic and pyknotic responses of the ventricular cells of the neuroretina were followed over a 16-hour period. The responses observed suggested that MTX caused a synchronization of the ventricular cells in the pre-mitotic phases with no direct inhibition of mitosis. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to MTX resulted in the accumulation of labeled pyknotic cells, indicating a decline in the regenerative capacity of the proliferative ventricular cells.
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    Stage specific larval, pupal, and adult cuticles in the tracheal system of Sarcophaga bullata (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 369-397 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Successive tracheal cuticles of the dorsal longitudinal trunks are studied with the electron microscope. Minor differences seen at the light microscope level are seen as major qualitative and quantitative ones at the ultrastructural level. The larval and pupal cuticles are secreted by similar epithelial cells; these possess large polytene chromosomes. Cell division and possibly cell replacement occur prior to adult cuticle secretion. The findings are discussed in terms of cell specificity, intra- and inter-cellular pattern formation. This simple epithelium, the individual cells of which are capable of producing different cuticles, is interesting since the system is also shown to be responsive to hormone application.
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    Effects of incubation temperatures on sexual differentiation in the turtle, Chelydra serpentina (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 453-461 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eggs of the common snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina, were incubated at constant temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C, At hatching, the oviducts were absent or incomplete in males; the testes were differentiated. In females at hatching, the oviduct was intact hut in some cases the gonad retained bisexual characteristics. Three months after hatching, the ovary was differentiated and contained follicles. Eggs incubated at 20°C and at 30°C developed into females in 100% of the cases. At 26°C, 99% of the individuals were males; at 24°C, 100% were males. More males than females developed at incubation temperatures of 22°C and 28°C.
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    Studies on the asexual reproduction in the polystyelid ascidian, Polyzoa vesiculiphora TokiokaContributions from the Shimoda Marine Biological Station, No. 300.The cost of this research has been partly defrayed from the Scientific Research Expenditures of the Department of Education of Japan and the Asahi Press. (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 607-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: New blastozooids of Polyzoa vesiculiphora, the polysytelid ascidian are produced by pallial budding of three types depending on the method of “isolated bud” formation; stolonic, planktonic and intermediate types. Differences among each type of bud are attributed to behavior of test-vessels composing a part of the bud. Isolated buds produced by each type are essentially equal in terms of their internal structures and their subsequent fate, and develop independently of their parent zooids. New test-vessels originate directly from the epidermis of a “prefunctional zooid,” while the test-vessels derived from the parent zooid finally disintegrate. The new test-vessels extended with branching under the ventral side of a “functional zooid,” ascend to the lateral side of it and participate in bud formation. Budding regions exist in three dimensions on the lateral wall of the mantle of the functional zooid, especially the right posterior part. During the life cycle of one functional zooid, the stolonic type buds appear at early and/or aged stages. Appearances of the stolonic type buds in early stages tend to repress those of the planktonic types. The number of planktonic type buds formed on a functional zooid at the same time is many more than that of the stolonic type. Such budding features are discussed from the viewpoint of behavior of the test-vessel system.
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    Masthead (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051500401
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    The anatomy of the parotoid gland in Bufonidae with some histochemical findingsSupported in part by Grant N.I.H. GM 00459-15. II. Bufo alvarius (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 137-159 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gross and microscopic anatomy of the venom producing parotoid glands of Bufo alvarius has been studied by light and electron microscopy. Histochemical reactions for the presence of venom constituents and of components in biochemical pathways in the synthesis and release of venom were performed. The gland is composed of numerous lobules. Each lobule is an individual unit with a lumen surrounded by a double cell layer. Microvilli of the outer layer interdigitate with microvilli of the inner layer. Cells of the outer layer resemble smooth muscle cells, are rich in adenosine triphosphatase and glucose6-phosphatase, and contain numerous pinocytotic vesicles, glycogen granules and various organelles, These organelles include “crystalloids” of what seem to be highly organized agranular reticulum. These outer layer cells probably function in some aspects of venom synthesis, active cellular transport and contraction in the discharge of the secretory product. The inner cell layer demonstrates a positive chromaffin reaction, contains steroid material, various organelles, some pinocytotic vesicles and glycogen granules, and appears devoid of a plasmalemma on its inner surface. This layer is probably involved in venom formation and release via an apocrine type of secretion.Bufo alvarius parotoid gland shows significant morphological and histochemical differences from that of B. marinus and more nearly resembles a typical steroid producing organ.
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    Cell division and tissue repair following localized damage to the mammalian lung (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 177-184 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Small local wounds on the surface of the mouse lung, produced by cauterization, healed by a typical reparative process involving c1 migration and increased cell division in alveolar and bronchial tissues. The local cell division response closely resembled the compensatory cell division response in the same organ which follows unilateral pnemnonectomy or unilateral collapse of the lung: initially there was an increase in the rate of DNA synthesis followed by an increased rate of entry into mitosis, both of these functions returning to normal levels within a few days. It is therefore suggested that both types of response are governed by a single regulatory mechanism. The results do not support the view that the rate of cell division is regulated by systemically-circulating mitotic control factors and it is proposed that changes in the cell division rate, both in the reparative and in the compensatory types of response, are determined by local alterations ill the concentration of regulatory metabolites.The magnitude of the cell division response was much greater in bronchial than in alveolar tissue. a result which is consistent with the view that new alveolar tissue may be produced by the proliferation and differentiation of bronchial cells.
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    Budding by Oozooids in the Polystyelid Ascidian Metandrocarpa Taylori Huntsman (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 161-176 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Larvae of the stolidobranch ascidian Metandrocarpa taylori molt a thin sheath upon settling, then metamorphose and radiate a larval complement of vascular ampullae upon the substrate. These ampullae thereafter regress, “rest” in a reduced condition for several weeks, and then regrow into the oozooids definitive array of vascular ampullae in accompaniment to the development of the oozooidal vascular nest of test-vessels. Pallial buds emerge some four months after the larva settles; the oozooid has by then grown to a length of at least 2 mm and its vascular nest is surrounded by at least 16 vascular ampullae. Oozooids bud one to five buds (mean, 2.6) in a rather short period of blastogenic vigor, then persist in the colony. Late buds are frequently aborted. Buds appear anywhere around the basal margin of the oozooid, but more often on the left than the right and more often posteriorly than anteriorly. As other studies have observed with blastozooids, this study notes an integration of budding and the disposition of the elements of the test-vessel system of oozooids. Buds emerge oriented tangentially to the parental basal margin at the bud-site, then often rotate to point their anterior ends away from the parent. No larvae metamorphosed into oozooids with situs inuersus uiscerurn, but in this study two oozooids extruded blastozooids showing this anomaly; these blastozooids budded reversed zooids in turn, so that entire clonal lines showed the anomaly.
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    Histological and histochemical comparisons of muscle spindles in three hind limb muscles of the guinea pigThis work was supported by USPHS Grants NS 10497, NS 62927 and NS 10423. (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 185-191 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Guinea pig soleus, medial gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis muscles were compared for spindle density and distribution, number of intrafusal fibers per spindle and histochemical appearance of the axial bundle. A total of 326 spindles was used in the comparisons. Spindle density was over four times greater in the soleus than in either the medial gastrocnemius or vastus lateralis. In the soleus the spindles were distributed at random, but in the other two muscles no spindles were found in those fascicles in which fast-twitch glycolytic extrafusal fibers predominated. The average number of intrafusal fibers per spindle varied by less than 5% between the three kinds of muscles. About 80% of all spindles located had four intrafusal fibers, two of the nuclear bag type and two of the nuclear chain type. The histochemical appearance of the axial bundle was the same in each kind of muscle. Based on intensities of the myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase reaction product at polar regions nuclear bag fibers were separable into two histochemical groups; nuclear chain fibers were of only one histochemical type.
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    Ultrastructure of the cement gland of Xenopus laevis (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 193-207 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: To establish a morphological baseline for experimental studies of differentiation using the cement gland as a model, the following observations are added to those on record. The elongated cells of Xenopus laevis cement glands have an internal organization displaying five distinct zones differing in structure and specialized function. The apical zone contains packed secretion vesicles apparently belonging to two different types. The transit zone appears to be devoid of major biosynthetic activity and contains secretion vesicles migrating toward the surface. The zone of biosynthesis is typically organized in concentric regions. The very elongated nucleus lies in the next zone. Finally, the storage zone is characterized by lipid droplets and yolk platelets.Only quantitative differences are observed between cells of young and mature cement glands. Though all cells have the same general organization they may probably be divided into two subtypes according to the structure of their cytoplasm. The epithelial cells surrounding the gland differ according to their position along lateral or basal borders.
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    The fine structure of the sperm of a holothurian and an ophiuroid (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 209-225 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the mature sperm of the holothurian, Cucumaria miniata, and the ophiuroid, Ophiopholis aculeata, is described with particular reference to their acrosomal and centriolar satellite complexes, and compared to the sperm of other echinoderms.In Cucumaria, the acrosome is in the form of a diffuse acrosomal vesicle. It is unusual in that it apparently lacks an acrosomal membrane. A membrane separating the acrosomal vesicle from the periacrosomal material may not be equivalent to a typical inner acrosomal membrane. In Ophiopholis, the acrosome is dense, with some internal substructure, and is enclosed by a complete acrosomal membrane. In both species, the acrosome is partially surrounded by an amorphous periacrosomal mass. There is a notable absence of a subacrosomal depression and associated structures as found in other echinoderm sperm.The centriolar satellite complex (CSC) is essentially identical in both species. A reconstruction of the CSC is presented. The CSC consists of nine satellites radiating angularly from the distal centriole, each bifurcating at a dense node before inserting on a marginal ring containing circumferential microtubules. The ring is probably a cytoskeletal element. Immediately below the satellites are nine Y-shaped connectives. connecting each of the axonemal alpha doublets to the flagellar membrane.
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    Fine structure of the dorsal bristle complex and pellicle of EuplotesThe research reported here was supported by a Developmental Biology Training Grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD.00152.04) to J. J. Ruffolo, NSF Grant GB.24901 to N. E. Williams, and NSF Grant GB 32408X to J. Frankel. (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 469-487 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the dorsal bristle complex and pellicle of non-developing Euplotes eurystomus is described in detail by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The bristle-pit unit is a highly differentiated complex of organelles. The bristle complex is composed of a pair of kinetosomes (basal bodies) joined by a connective. The anterior kinetosome bears the bristle cilium, which contains a polarized network of particles (“lasiosomes”). The posterior kinetosome bears a very short, knob-like “condylocilium,” and has an associated striated fiber. Accessory ribbons of microtubules are also associated with the kinetosome couplets. Parasomal sacs, a septum connecting the bristle cilium to the anterior wall of the pit, core granules of the kinetosomes, and large membranous ampules are described. The organization of the bristle complex bears many similarities to the somatic ciliature of other ciliates. The pellicle of Euplotes is composed of a continucus outer cell membrane subtended by membranous alveoli, which contain a “fibrous mat.” Two sheets of subpellicular microtubules (longitudinal and transverse) are located just beneath the alveoli. The “epiplasm” seen in some other ciliates is apparently absent in Euplotes. The texture of the cell surface is a pattern of folds or rugae composed of the outer cell membrane and the upper membrane of the alveolus. The pattern of rugae probably defines the “silverline-system” of light microscopy.
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    Cortical morphogenesis during the cell division cycle in Euplotes: An integrated study using light optical, scanning electron and transnlission electron microscopyThe research reported here was supported in part by a Developmental Biology Training Grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-00152-04) to J. J. Ruffolo. NSF Grant GB-24901 to N. E. Williams, and NSF Grant GB-32408X to J. Frankel. (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 489-527 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hypotrichs are among the most complex ciliates in terms of morphology and development. To study the fine structure of cortical morphogenesis associated with cell division in Euplotes eurystomus, three different methods of observation were employed: light microscopy of protargol-stained specimens, scanning electron microscopy of cells prepared by critical point drying, and transmission electron microscopy of sectioned material. Observations on the stages of morphogenesis give much new information about cortical development, particularly about proliferation and aggregation of kinetosomes (basal bodies), ciliary outgrowth, the topography of morphogenesis, cirrus resorption, and growth of the pellicle. During the formation of new cirrus the process of kinetosome proliferation is atypical, i.e., groups of prokinetosomes are seen oriented at random and, in some cases, prokinetosomes apparently are formed at a distance from nearby young kinetosomes. That the new cirri develop in surface grooves, the grooves elongate into “tracks,” and (in some cases) grooves are partitioned into separate tracks suggests that the grooves play a role in the orderly migration of the new cirri on the cell surface. Conspicuous morphogcnctic changes in the cell surface involve local growth of the pellicle. The process of pellicle growth apparently involves two basic steps: (a) growth of the outer cell membrane to form “bare regions,” and (b) formation of alveoli in the bare regions. Alveolar sheets are formed by fusion of alveolus precursor particles. Cirrus resorption is sequential over several stages of development, and old cirri are resorbed as the new cirri impinge on them. As the old cirri regress, both in situ resorption and retraction of axonemes into the cytoplasm occur.
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    Collagenous and other organizations in mature annelid cuticle and epidermis (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 33-51 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mature annelid cuticle contains orthogonally oriented collagen in a matrix capped superficially by a dense epicuticle with external corpuscles. The underlying epidermis is a simple columnar epithelium with two major cell types, mucous-secreting cells which secrete through channels in the cuticle to the exterior of the worm, and “supportive” cells which presumably produce and increase the cuticle by secreting into it.The structures of supportive cells, previously interpreted as specialized for establishing interfibrillar collagen order, are revealed by glutaraldehyde fixation as common cellular components without the qualities deemed useful to align collagen. Cell processes which penetrate and sometimes pass completely through the cuticle are not stable, not in geometric order, and lack cilia-like structure. Cilia, unlike the ubiquitous cellular processes, are highly restricted to regions of the epidermis with specialized functions. Cellular control, or other control, of collagen fibrillogenesis remains unestablished.
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    The early embryology of Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 121-137 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Early embryogenesis is described for the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata Howardi Barber, at 24 ± 1°C. During the first four hours following oviposition, the maturation divisions and syngamy are completed. Morphological changes in the second polar body accompany syngamy. Cleavage divisions and energid migration occur during the fourth to the tenth hour. The vitellophags, which appear during cleavage divisions, are distinguished from the blastema-bound nuclei by having smaller, more densely staining nuclei. After completion of a uniform blastoderm (11-14 hour), cell division ceases until the completion of the germ band and the formation of the embryonic membranes (22 hour). This species has a pattern of amnion formation that is different from most Coleoptera but is shared with a few other chrysomelids, some Isoptera, and some Odonata.
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    Neuronal pathways from the dorsal acelli of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 105-119 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each ocellar nerve in the house cricket Acheta domesticus contains giant nerve fibers of 10-15 μ diameter, characterized in Golgi Cox preparations by a single row of short collaterals which runs along nearly the entire length of a fiber. Numerous long collaterals are given off by thin fibers in the ocellar nerve; medium-size fibers give off relatively few collaterals.The lateral ocellar tracts extend posteriorly through the dorsal protocerebrum, crossing the protocerebral bridge dorsally. The smaller median ocellar tract runs more ventrally through the pars intercerebralis; posterior to the bridge its fibers turn out toward the lateral nerves. Golgi and cobalt preparations reveal branching of giant and mediu_-size ocellar fibers posterior to the bridge at two levels, forming bilateral regions of ocellar neuropile. No ocellar processes appear to be given off to the corpora pedunculata, centra! body, nervi corporis cardiaci, antenna! lobes, or circumesophageal connectives; it is uncertain whether ocellar collaterals extend into the protocerebral bridge or optic lobes. Cell bodies of giant and medium-sized fibers are located in the pars intercerebralis.
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    Morphology of the gills of larval and parasitic adult sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 73-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The general morphology of the gills is similar in larval (ammocoetes) and parasitic adult sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, despite different methods of ventilation necessitated by their feeding habits.The gill lamellae are supported by randomly-distributed pillar cells which enclose blood spaces and collagen columns. The distribution of these cells in lampreys is different from that of higher fishes and it may be inefficient for respiratory exchange. The presence of cytoplasmic microfilaments suggests that these cells have the ability to reduce the lamellar blood spaces through contraction. Marginal channels at the tips of the lamellae are lined only by endothelial cells.The thickness of the water-blood pathway in lampreys falls within the range described for higher fishes, with the most efficient gas exchange likely occurring at the lamellar tips where only a single layer of epithelial cells is present. The abrupt increase in height of the epithelium near the lamellar bases in adults, compared to the gradual transition in height along the lamellae in ammocoetes, is perhaps reflective of higher oxygen requirements during the parasitic stage. The consistent appearance of wide, lateral intercellular spaces within the respiratory epithelium of lampreys indicates possible involvement of these spaces in transport.Mucous secretion appears to be an important function of the superficial platelet cells in ammocoetes. “Mitochondria-rich” and “mitochondria-poor” superficial cells are observed in both ammocoetes and adults, with the mitochondria-rich cells more prevalent toward the lamellar bases. The possibility that at least some of these cells may be involved in absorption is discussed. Mitochondria-rich cells in the interlamellar region are morphologically different in ammocoetes and adults but all possess an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and hence resemble “chloride cells” of higher fishes. The similarity of these cells in the parasitic adult lamprey to chloride cells of marine fishes may reflect the potential of the adult lamprey to osmoregulate in salt water. A scarcity of these cells in ammocoetes and their resemblance to chloride cells in freshwater fishes may reflect the restriction of larval lampreys to a freshwater habitat.
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    The nature and development of sex attractant specificity in cockroaches of the genus Periplaneta. I. Sexual dimorphism in the distribution of antennal sense organs in five species (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 139-157 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sexual dimorphism in the distribution of antennal sense organs is common among adults of the genus Periplaneta. In three out of the four strains of Periplaneta americana examined, adult males had more contact chemoreceptors than females. In the fourth strain of P. americana and in P. australasiae, P. brunnea, P. fuliginosa, and P. japonica, no statistically supportable sexual dimorphism of contact chemoreceptors was found. However, in all strains and species of Periplaneta examined, sexual dimorphism was found in the total number and/or density of olfactory sensilla. Male adults had nearly twice as many olfactory sensilla as female adults. These observations are consistent with the behavioral observation that males within the genus Periplaneta rely on the reception of an airborne pheromone for the initiation of courtship behavior. In P. americana, where sexual dimorphism was found in the contact chemoreceptors, contact stimuli release the full wing raising display and presentation in males during courtship.
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    Ultrastructure of the main excretory duct of the cat submandibular gland (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 183-197 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The main excretory ducts (MED's) from the submandibular gland of adult cats were examined by electron microscopy. The ducts consisted of a pseudostratified epithelial lining surrounded by abundant connective tissue and numerous, small, longitudinally-oriented blood vessels. The taller epithelial cells were closely coherent, without the luminal clefts between adjacent cells that are characteristic of rat MED's. In the cat, these cells lacked basal membrane specialization, but showed considerable lateral interdigitation. Some microvilli were present on the apical surface. In a'few rare cells, the luminal surface bore cilia of typical appearance. The smaller, pyramidal basal cells had irregular basal surfaces that gave rise to one or more long cytoplasmic processes. The basal surface of the pyramidal cells was studded with hemidesmosomes. The cytoplasm contained abundant tonofilaments, which sometimes aggregated in prominent perinuclear bundles. Occasional goblet cells were present in the duct wall.MED's perfused either in situ or in a perfusion chamber with Locke's solution also were studied. Even after perfusion of 160 minutes duration, the ultrastructure of the ductal epithelium showed remarkably few alterations. The MED model system thus remains stable long enough to carry out physiological experiments which may produce ultrastructural alterations.
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    The structure and formation of the byssus attachment plaque in Mytilus (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 199-221 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The byssus attachment plaque and the tissues responsible for its formation were studied in M. califomianus by light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that the plaque consists of at least three phases which ultrastructurally resemble three secretions considered to be collagen, mucoid material and polyphenol. The mucoid and polyphenol appear to mix as a colloidal suspension in which the latter is the continuous phase and forms the definitive bonding surface. Plaque collagen represents an extension of thread material into the cementing substance.Stimulated secretion within the ducts and distal depression of the mussel's foot shows a continuum of increasing heterogeneity from the inner toward the outer regions. This reflects the distribution of exocrine cell apices wherein exocytosis of polyphenol granules predominate deeply, mucous granules superficially and collagen granules in between.It is proposed that the morphology of the plaque conforms to theoretical physical-chemical requirements for adhesion under water.
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    The cranial arteries of turtles and their evolutionary significance (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 159-182 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this paper the cranial arteries, cranial arterial foramina, and bony canals of the Cheloniidae, Chelydridae, Pelomedusidae, and Chelidae are described in detail. From skull studies and published material, the general cranial arterial patterns of all the turtle families can be inferred. Sea turtles, the Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae, possess both a large stapedial artery and a large artery supplying the orbit, which is possibly similar to the primitive cranial arterial pattern for turtles. From a primitive pattern in which stapedial and palatine arteries supply the orbit, the Chelydridae and Testudinidae retained a large stapedial artery and reduced the palatine artery, while the Kinosternidae and Dermatemydidae developed a large palatine artery and reduced the stapedial artery. The Trionychidae and probably the Carettochelyidae evolved a complex arterial pattern in which the stapedial artery was reduced somewhat and the pseudopalatine artery was substituted for the palatine artery. Pleurodires in general retained a large stapedial artery and reduced or eliminated the palatine artery. The Podocneminae, including the Madagascar species, developed a highly modified carotid canal, which is found in no other turtle group. The facts which have been presented should aid in fossil skull studies and in understanding the evolutionary background of recent turtles.
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    Masthead (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051490301
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    Laser microbeam irradiation of rat kangaroo cells (PTK2) following selective sensitization with bromodeoxyuridine and ethidium bromide (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 327-337 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ethidium bromide (l0 μg/ml) and bromodeoxyuridine (25 μg/ml) were used to sensitize selective cell organelles to visible wavelengths of an argon ion Her (488 and 514 nanometers). Ethidium bromide was shown to be salabtlve In sensitizing nucleoli, chromosomes, and the centriolar region of PTK2 cells to the laser microbeam. Similarly, BrDU sensitized chromosomes to the microbeam irradiation. The lesions produced on the chromosomes when either agent was used appeared as a phase paling of the irradiated segment. Nucleolar lesions also appeared as a phase paling, and the centriolar region alteration appeared either as a phase paling or a phase darkening.
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    Rosette glands in the gills of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. II. Premolt ductule reformation: Replacement of ciliary processes by cytoplasmic processes in relation to gland maturation (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 69-77 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The events associated with premolt reformation of the cuticularized ductule in the underdeveloped (immature) branchial rosette glands, which are common in the gills of small (14-18 mm, total length) grass shrimp, are described and contrasted with the events of ductule reformation in the fully developed (mature) resette glands most common in larger shrimp. In immature rosette glands, two ciliary processes emerge from each of the component secretory cells and ascend into the basal luminal region of the old ductule. Subsequently a new ductule is formed around the old ductule, and the ciliary processes disappear, either because of degeneration or retraction. The transitory ciliary processes appear to prevent the old ductule from collapsing during the formation of a new ductule. Such transitory ciliary processes, however, are not found in association with premolt ductule reformation in the mature rosette glands; in their place are seen a number of microvilli-like cytoplasmic processes, which emanate from the apices of the secretory cells and from the channels of the central cell. These cytoplasmic processes in mature glands, like the ciliary processes in immature glands, are transitory and appear to prevent the collapse of the old ductule.Cytoplasmic processes comparable to those in mature glands, but relatively few in number and originating only from the secretory cells, are seen together with ciliary processes in some immature glands. The relative abundance of cytoplasmic processes in the mature glands, coupled with the observation that transitory ciliary processes occur in immature glands but not in mature glands, suggests that, during glandular maturation, transitory ciliary processes are replaced by transitory cytoplasmic processes.
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    Two sperm types in the spermatozeugmata of Tubifex tubifex (annelida, oligochaeta) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 123-136 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermatozeugmata (sperm bundles lacking a distinct wall) from the spermathecae of Tubifex tubifex are composed of two different zones: an internal axial cylinder containing conventional spermatozoa and an external cortex composed of modified spermatozoa, tightly packed together. The conventional spermatozoa conform to the classical clitellate scheme: very long and thin with a complex acrosome, a filiform nucleus, small mitochondria, and a flagellum with Y links and β glycogen granules as accessory structures. The modified spermatozoa show “empty” acrosomes, degenerating nuclei, and tails which contain γ glycogen granules. The tails are helically wound around the spermatozeugma and are connected to each other by junctional complexes. The tips of the cortical tails are free and move with a metachronal wave. The presence of two sperm types in tubificids is discussed and a protective function for the modified cortical spermatozoa is proposed.
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    Development of the embryonic chick phagocytic system: Intraembryonic erythrophagocytosis induced by phenylhydrazine (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 183-194 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The intraembryonic reticuloendothelial response to phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia was studied embryonic chicks (days 13-16) by light and electron microscopy and histochemical and biochemical assays for acid phosphatase. Phenylhydrazine was given on day 13 and tissue taken at 2, 5, and 10 h and at 1, 2, and 3 days after injections. The response varied in the three major reticuloendothelial organs. The spleen first demonstrated an increase in erythrophagocytosis that was accompanied by increased acid phosphatase levels. Erythrophagocytosis occurred primarily in the red pulp resulting in increased numbers of macrophages, increased size of macrophages, and retention of erythrocytes, which together combined to enlarge the spleens. By 2 days after phenylhydrazine injection, greatly enlarged macrophages began to migrate into the venous system, where some erythrophagocytosis continued to occur. The liver was also a major erythroclastic organ in which Kupffer cells became increasingly erythrophagocytic. However, erythrophagocytosis began later than in the spleen, and as measured by acid phosphatase levels, the liver was not as effective in removing damaged erythroid cells. Marrow erythrophagocytosis was only slightly enhanced; however, the marrow responded by increasing its production of red blood cells. Thus, the intraembryonic reticuloendothelial organs of the embryonic chick responded to phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia in much the same manner as might be expected of the adult bird.
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    The structure of the chambered nautilus siphuncle: The siphuncular epithelium (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 5-22 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The siphuncle of the chambered nautilus (Nautilus macromphalus) is composed of a layer of columnar epithelial cells resting on a vascularized connective tissue base. The siphuncular epithelium taken from chambers that have not yet begun to be emptied of cameral liquid has a dense apical brush border. The great number of apical cell junctions (zonula adherens) compared to the number of nuclei suggests extensive interdigitation of these cells. The perinuclear cytoplasm of these preemptying cells is rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum. The siphuncular epithelium of both emptying and “old” siphuncle (which has already completed emptying its chamber) both show little rough endoplasmic reticulum but do contain extensive systems of mitochondria-lined infoldings of the basolateral plasma membranes. Active transport of NaCl into the extracellular space of this tubular system probably entrains the water transport involved in the chamber-emptying process. Both emptying and old siphuncular epithelium also show large basal infoldings (canaliculi) continuous with the hemocoel, which appear to be filled with hemocyanin. The apical cell junctions of emptying and old siphuncular epithelium contain septate desmosomes that may help to prevent back-flow of cameral liquid into the chambers.
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    Rosette glands in the gills of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. I. Comparative morphology, cyclical activity, and innervation (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 41-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two types of exocrine rosette glands (called type A and type B), located in the gill axes of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, are described. The type A glands are embedded within the longitudinal median septum of the gill axes, whereas the type B glands typically project into the efferent hemolymph channels of the gill axes. Although both glands have certain common characteristics (i.e., a variable number of radially arranged secretory cells, a central intercalary cell, and a canal cell that forms the cuticular ductule leading to the branchial surface), they differ in the following respects. The type B gland is innervated, but the type A gland is not; axonal processes, containing both granular (ca. 900-1300 Å) and agranular (ca. 450-640 Å) vesicles, occur at a juncture between adjacent secretory cells and the central cell of the type B gland. The secretory cells of type A and type B glands differ in their synthetic potential and membrane specializations. These differences are more pronounced in well-developed, mature glands, most frequently encountered in larger (24-28 mm, total length) grass shrimp, than in the underdeveloped, immature glands that are most abundant in smaller (14-18 mm, total length) grass shrimp. Thus, in mature glands, the secretory cells of the type A rosette glands are characterized by extensive RER, abundant Golgi, and numerous secretory granules, whereas the secretory cells of the type B gland are characterized by extensively infolded and interdigitated basal plasmalemmas and by the presence of numerous mitochondria. In general, both types of glands exhibit increased secretory activity soon after ecdysis. The central and canal cells in both glands seem to have a role in the modification of the secreted materials. The possible functions assigned to the type A gland and the type B gland include phenol-oxidase secretion and osmoregulation, respectively.
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    Transformation of the intestinal epithelium of the larval anadromous sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus L. during metamorphosis (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 89-117 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The events in the transformation of the intestine of the larval lamprey into the adult intestine were followed through the seven (1-7) stages of metamorphosis in anadromous Petromyzon marinus L. Light and electron-microscope observations demonstrated that the processes of degeneration, differentiation, and proliferation are involved in the transformation. In the anterior intestine, degeneration of cells and the extrusion of others into the lumen results in the disappearance of secretory (zymogen) cells and the decline in numbers of endocrine and ciliated cells. Larval absorptive cells, with a prominent brush border, are believed to dedifferentiate into unspecialized columnar cells with few microvilli. Degeneration and removal of cells occurs by both autophagy and heterography and cells extruded into the lumen in the anterior intestine are phagocytosed by epithelial cells of the posterior intestine. The loss of epithelial cells during transformation results in the folding and degradation of parts of the basal lamina and in an extensive widening of the lateral intercellular spaces in all parts of the intestine. As metamorphosis is a nontrophic period of the lamprey life cycle, the possible morphological effects of starvation on the intestinal epithelium are discussed.The development of longitudinal folds is a consequence of the events of metamorphic transformation of the intestinal mucosa. Although an interaction between the epithelium and the underlying tissues is believed to be importent, the actual mechanism of fold development is unknown.The intestinal epithelium of adult lampreys develops from surviving cells of the larval (primary) epithelium. Unlike the situation in amphibians, there does not appear to be a group (nest) of undifferentiated larval cells which differentiate into the adult (secondary) epithelium. Instead, in lampreys, columnar cells that persist through the degradative processes seem to be the source of absorptive and ciliated cells and probably are responsible for mucous and secretory cells.Preliminary observations indicate that the intestinal epithelium of feeding adults is specialized into an anterior region which liberates a secretion, absorbs lipid, and possesses the machinery for ion transport. A posterior region absorbs lipid, secretes mucus, and likely is involved in some protein absorption.
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    The organization of the octavolateralis area in actinopterygian fishes: A new interpretation (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 159-181 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The octavolateralis area of actinopterygian fishes can be subdivided into a dorsal lateralis area composed of first-order lateral line nuclei, and a ventral octavus area composed of nuclei receiving first-order input from the eighth nerve. Three patterns of organization of the lateralis area are recognized in the present study. The organization of this area in polypteriforms and chondrosteans is similar to that in chondrichthyans. On the basis of recent studies in chondrichthyans (McCready and Boord, '76; Boord and Campbell, '77; Bodznick and Northcutt, '80), it is hypothesized that this pattern reflects the subdivision of the lateral line system into mechanoreceptive and electroreceptive portions. As petromyzontid agnathans also share this pattern of organization, it is hypothesized that they are elecroreceptive. The lateralis area of holosteans and nonelectroreceptive teleosts exhibits a second organizational pattern that is hypothesized to reflect the loss of the electroreceptive portion of the lateral line system; it is suggested that electroreception was lost sometime between the chondrostean and teleostean radiations. Each group of electroreceptive teleosts is believed to have evolved electroreception independently (Bullock, '74), a situation that is reflected centrally by a third organizational pattern within the lateralis area, which is distinctly different from that of early radiations of electroreceptive fishes.The octavus area of actinopterygians exhibits two patterns of organization-that of polypteriforms, chondrosteans, and holosteans, and that of teleosts. The functional significance of these patterns has yet to be elucidated.
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    Differentiation of Acmaea digitalis oocytes with special reference to lipid-endoplasmic reticulum-annulate lamellae-polyribosome relationships (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 225-243 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During initial stages of oogenesis, many nucleoli are adpressed to the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. Small nucleolar fragments appear to traverse the pores of the nuclear envelope and accumulate in the perinuclear ooplasm as fibrogranular bodies. Mitochondria become closely associated with some of the fibrogranular bodies. In addition to ribosomes and polyribosomes that are present in small oocytes, lamellae of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER) increase greatly in number during early stages of differentiation. Some individual lamellae are attached at their ends to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. Many parallel lamellae of rER are then encountered as well as numerous circular profiles consisting of concentric loops of rER. Soon after the differentiation of the extensive system of rER, lipid droplets or spheres appear in the ooplasm and they are initially surrounded by many circular, concentric lamellae of rER. Initially, the number of concentric lamellae of rER surrounding a lipid droplet may vary from less than a dozen to more than two dozen. During middle and late phases of vitellogenesis, most of the lipid spheres that comprise the most numerous and significant component of the yolk are surrounded by only one or two concentric lamellae of rER (in some cases the lamellae are part rough-surfaced and part smooth-surfaced). In addition, annulate lamellae are then observed to be associated with a portion of the lipid droplet surface. The number of annulate lamellae that extend focally from the lipid sphere distally into the cytoplasm is variable; often two or three to more than a dozen lamellae. Small granules, many of which range from 6 to 12 nm and thin fibrils (approximately 2-3 nm in width) may be associated with the annulate lamellae. In addition, polyribosomes frequently appear to be continuous with the pore-associated material of the annulate lamellae. The ends of some annulate lamellae may extend as lamellae of the rER. The morphologic relationships and relationships and variations observed between the lipid droplets, rER, annulate lamellae, and polyribosomes during lipidogenesis in this oocyte are interpreted to support a recent hypothesis (Kessel, 1981a,b) that the pores of annulate lamellae may be involved in some manner with the processing of ribosomal subunits or precursors into functioning polyribosomes, and that their appearance in specific association with the surface of many lipid spheres and rER in the oocyte late in vitellogenesis may be related to the formation of additional functional polyribosomes necessary to complete the final synthesis of many lipid droplets that are present in the ooplasm of the full-grown oocyte.
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    Types of neurons and synaptic connections at hypostome-tentacle junctions in Hydra (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 119-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using transmission electron microscopy of thin sections we have examined neuronal concentrations at hypostome-tentacle junctions in Hydra littoralis. A total of 194 ganglion cells were counted in 587 serial thin sections of a single hypostome-tentacle junction. We found two distinct types of ganglion cells: those with and those lacking stereocilia. The majority of the neurons observed lacked stereocilia; in a single hypostome-tentacle junction only 37% of the ganglion cells possessed a kinocilium surrounded by rodlike stereocilia. Most of the ganglion cells (55%) were clustered together in the oral or upper epidermis of the hypostome-tentacle junction: Nineteen percent were in the lateral and 26% in the aboral or lower epidermis. The two types of ganglion cells did not differ significantly in their distribution. Both types of ganglion cell had synaptic contacts with other neurons and with epitheliomuscular cells. More than 85% of the neuroneuronal and 61% of the neuroepitheliomuscular cell synapses were located in the oral epidermis of a hypostome-tentacle junction. In addition, two-way chemical synapses and a gap junction between neurons were observed at hypostome-tentacle junctions. Our morphological evidence of synaptic connectivity in neuronal clusters at hypostome-tentacle junctions suggests that primitive ganglia are present in Hydra.
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    Abnormal development of vertebrae in paralyzed chick embryos (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 179-184 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ventral bars, cartilaginous projections from the ventral aspect of the synsacrum that contact and form a joint with the ilium, were found in all normal chick embryos of age E9 and older. Bars were absent in a number of embryos which had been paralyzed from age E4 by the use of the acetylcholine receptor blocker α-bungarotoxin. They were also absent in some embryos that had been paralyzed between ages E4 and E10 but allowed to move thereafter. The bars, already formed, remained present in a third group of embryos in which paralysis was initiated at age E10. Apparently, normal embryonic movements induce the formation of bars. In support of this conclusion is the observation that two of three embryos which had had their hindlimb buds amputated at age E3 lacked bars. In these embryos with amputations, the ilium was present at least in part, but the forces exerted on the region where the bars develop would have been greatly reduced because of the lack of hind limb musculature. It is concluded that the bars, which form part of the iliosynsacral joint, are induced epigenetically by normal embryonic movements.
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    Development of the crayfish retina: A light and electron microscopic study (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 101-118 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the crayfish retina was examined in embryos and first, second and third instars with both and light and electron microscope. Light microscopic observations indicate that differentiation begins at the posterior portion of the optic disc and progresses in an anterior direction. Development of screening pigment, dioptric elements, and rhabdoms all parallel this posterior to anterior gradient in the retina. Tracer studies in early embryos reveal that the retina is separated from the proximal neuropil regions by a distinct vascular space. This observation suggests that the source of new cells for the retina may not be the more proximal cell proliferation zone as previously indicated. It is proposed that mitotic activity within the retina and/or differentiation of cells from the anterior surface layer of the eye may be sources for addition of new cells to the retina. Proto-ommatidial clusters of seven retinula cells occur very early at the posterior region of the embryonic retina. Initially the receptor cells extend throughout the entire thickness of the retina, but later they withdraw from beneath the cornea to occupy only the proximal portion of the retina. Microvilli of the rhabdom arise from the centrally opposed membranes of the retinula cells in each cell cluster. Each new microvillus contains a core of fine filaments which extend out into the cytoplasm at its base. As development of the microvilli continues, the core filaments appear to be lost or altered, but the cytoplasmic bundles at the base of the microvilli persist.
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    A model for comparison of masticatory effectiveness in primates (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 139-149 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A model is presented to express how effectively animals increase the exposed surface area of their food by chewing. It includes a coefficient of masticatory effectiveness (E) the value of which increases with effectiveness of exposing new food surface area with each chew. Humans and other species of primates differ significantly in their values of E; among the nonhuman primates studies, Lemur catta has a higher coefficient than Lemur fulvus, and both have higher coefficients than either Varecia variegatus or Galago crassicaudatus argentatus. The differences among the coefficients to these prosimians are correlated with variations in specific features of the molar morphology.Of six lower molar shearing crests considered, the relative length of the post-metacristid correlates most highly with the coefficient of masticatory effectiveness for the prosimian species. Also, among comparable-sized prosimians, E correlates significantly with the absolute postmetacristid length. Both these findings indicate that the relative size of molar shearing crests is related significantly to how effectively an animal chews its food. There are also implications for an adaptation to a high-fiber diet.
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    A structural analysis of the freshly extruded spermatophore from the lobster, Homarus americanus (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 193-207 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Freshly extruded spermatophores from the lobster, Homarus americanus, were examined using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The tubular spermatophore is trifoil in shape with two lobes tapered laterally from a third lobe situated ventrally. It is comprised of sperm surrounded by three acellular investments: (1) a primary spermatophore layer, (2) an intermediate layer, and (3) an outer bounding layer. The sperm are packed into a continuous tube contained largely within the ventral lobe and are embedded in a matrix of moderate electron density. The primary spermatophore layer is uniformly thick around the sperm mass and contains at its peripheral margins both ring structures and crystals in an amorphous matrix. The intermediate layer is thicker dorsally than ventrally. Dense granules dominate the ventral half of the intermediate layer while inclusions populate the dorsal half; both react positively to the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) technique. The innermost portion of the outer bounding layer is composed of parallel fibrils; a flocculent material is present peripherally. This flocculent substance is presumed to impart stickiness to freshly extruded spermatophores. These observations provide a basis for the future understanding of the mechanisms involved in long-term storage of sperm in spermatophores.
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    The early embryonic development of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis lssiki (lepidoptera, micropterygidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 259-269 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper describes the early embryonic development of Neomicropteryx nipponensis from oviposition to the formation of the inner layer. Newly laid eggs are covered with many hygroscopic, gelatinous masses. The chorion is composed of a porous, spongy exochorion of variable thickness and of a thin endochorion. The eggs have a very thin periplasm and contain large amounts of yolk made of proteid and fatty yolk droplets. The processes of maturation division, fertilization, and cleavage are similar to those commonly found in lepidopteran eggs. The blastoderm of Neomicropteryx is very thin in comparison with that of other lepidopteran eggs. The small circular germ disk is formed on the ventral egg surface. It then invaginates deeply into the yolk to form a sac-shaped germ rudiment. The formation of the germ rudiment and of the embryonic membranes resembles that of swift moths, Endoclita (suborder Monotrysia) and of the caddisfly, Stenopsyche (Trichoptera), but differs from that of ditrysian Lepidoptera. As in other lepidopteran insects, the formation of the inner layer begins after completion of the germ band, which has a bilobed protocephalon and a slender protocorm. Unlike the situation in most lepidopteran eggs, yolk segmentation does not occur in N. nipponensis. During formation of the germ band, hydropyle cells are formed in the dorso-posterior region of the serosa; these are here reported for the first time in the eggs of holometabolan insects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720302
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    Development and metamorphosis of the feeding apparatus of the stone crab, Menippe mercenaria (brachyura, xanthidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 299-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Analysis of the feeding apparatus of the stone crab, Menippe mercenaria (Brachyura, Xanthidae), has demonstrated that substantial internal and external morphological alterations occur at metamorphosis and suggests that the mastication of food shifts from the mandibles to the gastric mill at that time. These changes correspond to the changes in environment and diet that take place at metamorphosis, when the previously planktotrophic larvae begin benthic life.A detailed account of the structure and development of the mandibles is presented. The mandibles of all zoeal stages are similar: The incisor process has a series of teeth and denticles and the prominent molar process appears to be well adapted for grinding food. Megalopal mandibles are transitional but have the form that is typical of all subsequent stages: The expanded incisor process is rounded and toothless and the molar process is less prominent and has lost its grinding denticles. The cardiac stomach of the zoeal stages has no gastric mill; the medial and lateral teeth of the mill first appear in the megalopa.A very simple procedure is described for preparing larval mandibles for scanning electron microscopy using the molted exoskeletons from larval rearing experiments.
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    The sensory systems and feeding behavior of leafhoppers. I. The aster leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons stål (homoptera, cicadellidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 361-379 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the sensilla, and other structures, within the stylets and precibarium of Macrosteles fascifrons were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Precibarium is a new term, defined here, for the canal that precedes the cibarium inside the leafhopper head. Within the precibarium are found 20 chemosensilla and a previously undescribed structure, the precibarial valve. Twelve mechanosensilla, three in each stylet, are found within the maxillary and mandibular stylets. The relationship between all of these structures and feeding by the insect is detailed in a feeding mechanism hypothesis. It is concluded that leafhoppers (and probably all homopterans) utilize the precibarial chemosensilla alone for gustatory discrimination, the stylet sensilla for proprioception, and the precibarial valve for regulation of fluid uptake and compartmentalization of the sensilla.
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    Histological and enzyme histochemical studies on the nephrons of the freshwater fishes, Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 29-33 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nephrons of carp (Cyprinus carpio) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) were examined histologically and also histochemically for enzymes. In both species the distal and collecting tubules have much wider lumens than do the other renal tubules; thus urine probably flows more slowly in these larger tubules. Enzyme histochemistry shows that epithelium of the neck and proximal and intermediate tubules respires anaerobically. whereas that of the distal and collecting tubules respires aerobically. The distribution of Na-K-ATPase in the distal and collecting tubules indicates that they also transport sodium actively. The slow flow of urine and the energy produced by aerobic metabolism probably increase the efficiency of active transport.
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    Ultrastructural localization of glucose-6-phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the vaginal epithelium of rat (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of ovarian hormones on the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the vaginal epithelium was studied in immature and ovariectomized rats, using ultracytochemical techniques. Comparative studies were done on normal rats at the luteal phase and on day 14 of pregnancy.Various vaginal cells show different degrees of response to progesterone and diethylstilbestrol (DES) with regard to glucose-6-phosphatase activity. Intense glucose-6-phosphatase activity was observed in the cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum (rER), Golgi saccules and vesicles, and nuclear envelope of both basal cells and stromal cells of progesterone treated rats, whereas in the basal cells and stromal cells of DES-treated and control animals the enzyme was totally lacking. Detectable glucose-6-phosphatase activity was also observed, however, in the rER cisternae and Golgic complex of keratohyalin-secreting squamous intermediate cells of the vaginal epithelium of DES-treated rats. Alkaline phosphatase was observed in the plasma membranes of various cell types of vaginal epithelium in the normal, progesterone-, and DES-treated rats, Alkaline phosphatase was also found on the limiting membranes of secretory granules of mucocytes in animals at the luteal phase and during pregnancy. DES and progesterone in the doses used did not affect alkaline phosphatase activity in the rat vagina. Overall, progesterone enhances glucose-6-phosphatase activity in basal cells of the rat vagina prior to completion of mucification. Alkaline phosphatase was found in all cells involved in mucin secretion.
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    Morphology and distribution of chromaffin cells in the adrenal gland of cordylidae (Reptilia, Sauria): A comparative study (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 79-88 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of the adrenaline and noradrenaline chromaffin cells in the adrenal glands of 10 members of the family Cordylidae have been examined. In the genus Gerrhosaurus, all the catecholamine cells lie on the surface of the adrenal gland, forming a continuous envelope of one or two layers of cells that mainly contain noradrenaline (NA). In the genus Platysaurus, the chromaffin envelope is intermittent. There are relatively large tracts of interspersed interrenal tissue containing some adrenaline cells (A). Islets of chromaffin cells are scattered between these interrenal tracts. In the genus Pseudocordylus and the genus Cordylus, the superficial chromaffin cells tend to gather into a multilayered dorsal mass, containing mainly NA cells. Inside the interrenal parenchyma, there are always numerous chromaffin islets, containing mainly A cells.
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    Morphometric studies on tenuissimus muscle spindles in the cat (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 137-150 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Muscle spindles were studied histochemically in serial transverse sections of 42 cat tenussimus muscle specimens. Staining for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase was employed to identify nuclear bag1, nuclear bag2, and nuclear chain intrafusal muscle fibers. The nuclear chain fibers were further subdivided into three categories according to their polar length and the intensity of their staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase. A total of 430 spindle poles were surveyed. The mean spindle content of bag1, bag2, and chain fibers was established. The mean polar length of intrafusal fibers as well as that of the intracapsular and extracapsular spindle regions was determined. A cholinesterase (ChE) staining technique was used to demonstrate the termination sites of motor axons along intrafusal fibers. Two types of circumscribed ChE deposits, the “rim” and the “plate,” occurred on the fibers. The nuclear chain fibers usually carried both the ChE rims and plates, while most nuclear bag fibers displayed only the plates. The ChE plates were assessed in term of their appearance, staining intensity, length, and location along the fibers. The mean number of ChE plates found along the fibers was established for each of the various intrafusal fiber types.These histochemical observations are discussed with regard to the current concepts of cat spindle morphology and motor innervation. The results suggest a degree of predictability in the spindle fiber content and in the distribution of motor nerve terminals along intrafusal muscle fibers, at least in the tenuissimus muscle.
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    An ultrastructural analysis of isolated basement membranes in the acellular renal cortex: A comparative study of human and laboratory animals (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 195-211 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Freshly harvested kidneys from New Zealand white rabbits, Sprague-Dawley white rats, rhesus monkeys, and transplant-quality human kidneys were used in this study. Minced renal cortical tissue blocks (〈2 mm3) were treated with 1 mM EDTA, 3% Triton X-100, 0.025% DNAse, and 4% sodium deoxycholate in an effort to remove all cellular elements and leave the extracellular matrix (ECM) intact. These preparations showed remarkable structural preservation and all components of the ECM, including basement membranes (BMs), maintained their in vivo histoarchitectural relationships. By light microscopy, at least four major BM types were recognizable, including Bowman's capsular BM (BCBM), tubular BM (TBM), glomerular BM (GBM), and peritubular capillary BM (PTCBM). Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that, despite the lack of supporting interstitium, GBMs in human, monkey, and rat (and rabbit to a lesser degree) exhibit intrinsic structural rigidity such that their convoluted spheroidal shapes are maintained following cell removal. Transmission electron microscopy showed that major BM types are morphologically heterogeneous and vary markedly within and between species. Randomized measurements showed that isolated BM thicknesses (lamina densa only) compared favorably with those reported in cellular preparations. Mean thicknesses of GBMs were within normal ranges in all species with or without power transformations to reduce right-sided skew of distribution curves. In all species, thickness of BCBM 〉 TBM 〉 GGBM 〉 PTCBM. The striking morphologic heterogeneity of major BM types demonstrated in the acellular renal cortex is not surprising in view of recent biochemical analyses that show that BMs derived from different sources are compositionally disparate. We conclude that BMs should be evaluated and characterized individually and that morphologic definition of isolated BMs is necessary prior to further analysis.
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    Morphology of the aedeagal gland of the male mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor L.) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 259-281 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The aedeagal gland of male Tenebrio molitor consists of numerous acini containing several secretory units (organules) of three epithelial cells in series. The distal cortical cell and intermediate cell are secretory cells. Secretory products are passed into microvilli-lined extracellular reservoirs. From these storage areas products flow through minute canaliculi and into the efferent ductule. Canaliculi, cuticular trabeculae, and fibrillar material are characteristic features of the efferent ductules within the extracellular reservoirs of secretory cells. After passing from the secretory cells, the efferent ductule penetrates the basal ductule cell. The thin epicuticle that comprises the wall of the ductule is confluent with the epicuticle of the cuticular sheath forming the wall of the genital pocket. Secretory products flow from the cortical cell ductule into the intermediate cell and eventually empty into the genital pocket. A chemical reaction apparently takes place in the intermediate cell ductule, resulting in a frothy secretion product. When released from the ductule, this frothy product forms a foam-like layer that coats the inner wall of the genital pocket. Ultrastructural and probable functional aspects of this gland are described and discussed.
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    Structure and evolution of tetraodontoid teeth: An autoradiographic study (pisces, Tetraodontiformes) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 283-292 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: For years teeth of tetraodontoid fishes generally have been considered coalescent even though “coalescence,” which also is found in fishes of other families, has never been well defined. This paper deals with some aspects of coalescence of the teeth in tetraodontoids and attempts to define this condition. The sites of osteodentinogenesis and the mechanisms by which hard tissues are formed, reabsorbed, and abraded during feeding were analyzed from semiserial decalcified sections and from ground sections, as well as from autoradiographs of the premaxilla and dentary bones of Sphoeroides greeleyi. The observations reported here, taken together with other data we have obtained on members of the Tetraodontoidei, permit clear definitions of “tooth” and “supporting bone,” and consequently the structural meaning of coalescence. From these data we hypothesize how coalesced masticatory structures may have evolved in this group.
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    Announcement (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 365-365 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710309
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    Mastication in the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus (reptilia: Rhynchocephalia): Structure and activity of the motor system (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 321-353 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The masticatory pattern of Sphenodon punctatus, the sole remaining rhynchocephalian, now restricted to islands off the coast of New Zealand, has been analyzed by detailed anatomy, cinematography, cinefluoroscopy, and electromyography. Food reduction consists of a closing, crushing bite followed by a propalineal sliding of the dentary row between the maxillary and palatine ones. The large, fleshy tongue can be protruded to pick up small prey, and also plays a major role in prey manipulation. The rotational closing movement of the jaw, supporting the basic crushing movement, is induced by the main adductor musculature. It is followed by a propalineal anterior displacement relying heavily on the action of the M. pterygoideus. The fiber lengths of the several muscles reflect the extent of shortening. The most obvious modification appears in the M. pterygoideus, which contains a central slip of pinnately arranged short fibers that act a period different from that of the rest of the muscle; their action increases the power during the terminal portion of the propalineal phase. This also allows the animal to use its short teeth in an effective shearing bite that cuts fragments off large prey.The action of single cusped dentary teeth acting between the maxillary and palatine tooth rows provides a translational crushing-cutting action that may be an analog of the mammalian molar pattern. However, this strictly fore-aft slide does not incorporate capacity for later development of lateral movement.
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    Architecture of the hind limb muscles of cats: Functional significance (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 185-195 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Force, velocity, and displacement properties of a muscle are determined in large part by its architectural design. The relative effect of muscle architecture on these physiological variables was studied by determining muscle weight, fiber length, average sarcomere length, and approximate angle of pinnation for 24 cat hind limb muscles. Muscle lengths ranged from 28.3 to 144 mm, whereas fiber lengths ranged from 8.4 to 105.5 mm. Generally, fiber to muscle length ratios were similar throughout a muscle. Estimated angles of pinnation of muscle fibers varied from 0 to 21° with most having an angle of less than 10°. The cross-sectional area of the knee extensors was similar to the knee flexors (16.43 vs. 16.83 cm2) whereas the cross-sectional area of the ankle extensors was more than six times greater than the ankle flexors (18.59 vs. 2.83 cm2). There was a 6.7-fold difference in the maximal force between muscles, when normalized to a constant weight, that could be attributed to architectural features. Rations of wet weight to predicted maximal tetanic tension for each muscle and group were calculated to compare the relative priority of muscle force versus muscle length-velocity for a given mass of muscle. These ratios varied from 0.4 to 4.84. The ratios suggest that velocity and/or displacement is a priority for the hamstrings, whereas force is a priority for the quadriceps and lower leg muscles. As much as a 12.6-fold difference in maximal velocity between muscles can be attributed to differences in fiber lengths. This can be compared to approximately a 2.5-fold difference in maximal velocity reported to occur as a result of biochemical (intrinsic) differences.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730206
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    Ultrastructural aspects of mechano- and chemoreceptors in Branchiobdella pentodonta (annelida, oligochaeta) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 237-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The surface receptors in Branchiobdella pentodonta consist of “sense buttons” prevalent on the prostomium, isolated sense cells all along the body of the animal, and free nerve endings. The “sense buttons” are uni- and multiciliated neurosensitive elements and supporting cells together with mucus glandular processes and muscle fibers. In the neurosensitive elements the cilia are always surrounded by cytoplasmic extroversion. The cytoplasm of the apical zone has abundant small dense granules, mitochondria, bands of tonofilaments, and microtubules. The cilium of uniciliated elements originates from three short roots. The highly vacuolated support cells surround the neurosensitive elements, separating them from each other. The “sense buttons” appear to be mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors, and the isolated sense cells tactile mechanoreceptors, as are the free nerve endings. The surface receptors are compared with those of other Oligochaeta and Hirudinea.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730210
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    The cellular basis of the aggressive acrorhagial response of sea anemones (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 259-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Some sea anemones possess structures called acrorhagi at the base of the tentacles. The acrorhagi are utilized solely for aggression. Acrorhagial aggression involves very exquisite intra- and interspecific recognition. This study examined acrorhagi and putative acrorhagial analogues or homologues in four species of sea anemone. The morphology and ultrastructure of tentacles, pseudoacrorhagi, column vesicles, and verrucae (adhesive column vesicles) differed from that of acrorhagi. Coral capitate tentacles and acrorhagi have different surface morphology, nematocysts, and functions. Besed on morphology, acrorhagi seem more likely to be homologous to tentacles than to verrucae.Acrorhagial nematocyst discharge and ectodermal peeling, the culmination of the response, were shown to require prior acrorhagial expansion in Anthopleura krebsi and Bunodosoma cavernata. A mechanical mechanism is suggested where- by distention of the acrorhagus opens a ciliary pit on the nematocyte surface and exposes the pit wall and microvilli, which may contain the chemoreceptors for the peeling process, including nematocyst discharge. A similar system may also be responsible for changing the threshold of nematocyst discharge in sea anemone tentacles. A case of possible neurosecretion in an anthozoan was also shown in this study.
    Additional Material: 35 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730303
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051740101
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    The ultrastructure of spermatogenesis in Labidocera aestiva (copepoda: Calanoida) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of spermatogenesis is described for the marine calanoid copepod Labidocera aestiva. The mature spermatozoon is a slightly flattened, disc-shaped cell without a flagellum or an acrosome.Primary spermatocytes in first meiotic prophase are characterized by large nuclei showing progressive condensation of chromatin. The cytoplasm contains free ribosomes, numerous mitochondria, cytoplasmic vesicles, centrioles, and perinuclear nuage. Densely staining cisternae are associated with the nuage of pachytene and diplotene primary spermatocytes. This association may represent the temporary differentiation of an acrosome. Synaptonemal polycomplexes are frequently present in the nuclei of zygotene, pachytene, and diplotene primary spermatocytes. Many of the intercellular bridges which join the germ cells throughout spermatogenesis appear occluded by systems of transverse membranous cisternae. After the second meiotic telophase, spermatids are incorporated into nongerminal accessory cells that may facilitate the release of spermatids from the testis and regulate the rate of spermatogenesis by phagocytosis.During spermiogenesis the mitochondria become closely applied to the nuclear envelope, the nuclear envelope fragments and forms an elaborate membrane complex, a pentalaminar plasma membrane develops, and electron-dense material accumulates on the inner and outer surfaces of the plasma membrane in the mature spermatozoon.
    Additional Material: 29 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051740102
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    Hamster nasal glands: Their structure, sialic acid content, and vulnerability to actinomycin D (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 79-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study examines the structure of mucosal glands in the walls of the hamster maxillary recess, compares the histochemical appearance of nasal glands to their sialic acid content, and determines the vulnerability of nasal glands to actinomycin toxicity. Observations were made on plastic-embedded tissue with light and transmission electron microscopes. Determinations of total sialic acid in mucosal samples were conducted with thiobarbituric acid. Experimental hamsters were administered 0.2 μg of actinomycin D (IP)/gm body weight/day for five days. Types of granules present in the lateral nasal gland (LNG) and glands of the maxillary recess (MRGs) include: 2.0 μm lightly basophilic, lightly electron-dense granules and 1.5 μm strongly basophilic, electron-dense granules in the same acinar cell type in both the LNG and MRGs; 1.5 μm metachromatic granules in some acinar cells of the LNG; 1.0 μm moderately electron-dense granules in cells of MRG ducts; and 0.7 μm electrondense granules in cells of LNG intercalated ducts. Acid glycoproteins, demonstrable by histochemistry, are present in the LNG but not in the MRGs. However, the total sialic acid content of tissues from MRG tissue is greater than that of other tissues measured. A minor number of LNG acini, those with metachromatic granules, have branching basal cytoplasmic projections. Many dark cells are present in striated ducts of the LNG. Histological alteration due to actinomycin-D toxicity, conspicuous in parotid salivary parenchyma, is greater in MRG than in LNG tissue.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051740107
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    The structure of the head kidney in the mudskipper, Periophthalmus koelreuteri (pallas) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 121-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The head kidneys of adult Periophthalamus koelreuteri contain many functional glomerular nephorns which on the basis of this histochemical study, are indistinguishable from those of the typical opistonephros of marine teleosts. The anterior lobes resemble, in location and in the presence of intertubular erythropoeitic tissue, the pronephros in other species. The single nephron found there, however, does not differ significantly from the other nephrons of the head kidney. It is suggested, therefore, that the nephrons of the head kidney in this species are opisthonephric in origin.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051740109
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    A comparative immunocytochemical investigation of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) in the eyestalks of some decapod crustacea (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The eyestalk of the astacideans Orconects limosus, Nephrops norvegicus, and Homarus gammarus, and the palinuran Palinurus vulgaris, was examined with an antiserum raised against purified crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) of the astacidean species Astacus leptodactylus. A distinct immunopositive reaction occurs in a group of neurosecretory cells in the medulla terminalis ganglionic X-organ (MTGX), in the MTGX-sinus gland tractus, and in a considerable part of the sinus gland. The immunoreactive sites in the eyestalk of the investigated species correspond to the site of production, storage, and release of the CHH. Preliminary investigations with this antiserum also indicate that a positive immunoreaction can be obtained in the eyestalk of other decapod crustaceans, for example, of the brachyuran Macropipus puber and the caridean Palaemon serratus.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051740205
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    Structure of the shell from eggs of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 197-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Shells from eggs of the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) are 0.2 mm thick and are composed of a layer of calcite and a multi-layered, fibrous shell membrane. Most of the calcareous layer is composed of roughly circular columns of crystalline material that extend deep into the shell membrane. The crystalline matrix of the columns is interwoven with fibers of the shell membrane except near the outer surface of the eggshell, where the calcareous material is more compact. Overlying the columns is a granular layer composed of blocks of crystalline material of random size, shape, and orientation. Disruption of this granular layer, perhaps through swelling of the eggs or as a result of environmental factors, gives the outer surface of the eggshell a coarse, weathered appearance. Removal of the calcareous material with a decalcifying agent shows that the outer surface of the shell membrane is composed of a meshwork of small fibers bound together by an amorphous matrix. No matrix was observed in inner layers of the shell membrane, and the fibers of these inner layers are arranged somewhat more regularly than the outer fibers. No structure comparable to the central cores of avian and certain chelonian eggs was observed in eggshells of the tuatara.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051740208
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