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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (1,508)
  • 1995-1999  (132)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (1,376)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1999  (132)
  • 1979  (810)
  • 1976  (566)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1995-1999  (132)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (1,376)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromatography calendar (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 751-751 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240021212
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
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    To the editors (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 698-698 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240021113
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240021201
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
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    The influence of the syringe needle on the precision and accuracy of vaporizing GC injections (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary ; Injection errors by sample discrimination ; Specific sorption within the syringe needle ; Pull back sample insert needle, warm up, inject than ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The discrimination of the high boiling components of a C9 to C44 alkane test mixture in a vaporizing injector (analysed with stream splitting on a capillary column) is mainly due to a selective elution of the sample out of the syringe needle. Different methods of handling the syringe needle are tested. The discrimination is quantitated and correlated with the material left in the needle. The poorest method of injection was found to retain the sample in the needle when the latter is introduced into the vaporizer. The sample should be pulled back into the barrel of the syringe and the needle allowed to warm up in the injector before the sample is transferred into it. The solvent flush technique may be preferred for components sensitive to the hot metal surface of the needle.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020107
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
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    Analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by glass capillary gas chromatography using simultaneous flame ionization and electron capture detection (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 22-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Environmental specific trace analysis ; FID/ECD response ratios for PNA's ; PNA identification evidently improved ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The possibility of simultaneous application of an electron capture (ECD) and a flame ionization detector (FID) connected to a glass capillary column for analyzing polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNA) has been investigated. The ECD/FID ratio is determined for 46 PNA compounds. The ratios vary from 0.02 to 117 with relative standard deviations better than 20 percent determined from 10 replicate analyses. The results suggest that the method may be used for obtaining additional evidence in identifying PNA in environmental samples.Impurities and transformation products in the standard were identified by computerized glass capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Quinones and diones are responsible for the high EC-response determined in some trace components in the standard.An application of the method is shown for PNA from particulates in urban atmospheres.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020108
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The application of flow switching rotary valves in two-dimensional high resolution gas chromatography (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two-dimensional high resolution gas chromatography with small bore glass capillary columns is simplified by use of a single 6-port flow switching rotary valve. The band spreading and tailing normally associated with mechanical valves is overcome by matching the internal valve passage diameters to that of the capillary column, and by minimizing unswept volumes in the fittings. selection of inert valve and transfer line materials effectively ellminates undesirable adsorption phenomena. The high thermal stability of the value permmits it to be mounted directly in the GC oven where it can be actuated externally. With slight modifications either packed or capillary pre-columns may be used for initial saperations. Application of enrichment, solvent removal and heart cutting are described.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020202
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
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    Error propagation in quantitative analyses (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 70-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Statistically correct data treatment in chromatography, GC, LC, TLC ; Quantitative analysis ; Error propagation on peak area measurements and data pair technique ; Peak height evaluation is preferable, precise read out tools needed ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020205
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of diluted solutions of silicone stationary phases during storage (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 69-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Stationary phases, chemical stability in solutions ; SE 30, SE 54 in chloroform or toluene show rapid depolymerization (HCL-, Tetramethylammoniu hydroxide-traces responsible) ; Solutions with decreased molecular weight of silicon phase give decreased film thickness (Hg plug technique) and increased tailing in glass capillary impregnation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020204
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
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    Efficiency of composite vs. conically shaped chromatographic columns (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 63-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chromatography theory ; Elementary principles ; General equations for eff. plates in conically shaped columns ; Conical columns are more efficient than composite ones ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The theory of composite chromatographic columns has been re-examined and general equations relating their efficiency to those of individual columns were derived. The derivations were based on elementary principles without reference to the principle of variance additivity. Derived also, were general equations for the efficiency of columns with continuously varying diameters, HETP and other properties from which formulae for special cases of practical interest were deduced. An example comparing the efficiencies of two columns, one conical and the other composite was given. The calculations show clearly that the conical column is superior in efficiency for the same total length and total retention volume.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020203
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
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    Normal and reverse solvent effects in split injection (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 72-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary ; Split injection problems even at ratios 1:100 and 0.06 ml injection ; Band broadening effects, leading tail caused by reverse solvent effect for early peaks rel. to late solvent peak ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020206
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  • 111
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    Advances in the preparation and evaluation of GC capillary columns (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 303-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Overview, preparation and evaluation techniques ; Quantitation is the least satisfactory aspect of (GC)2 ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation of (glass) capillary columns of high quality is still not without difficulties. Six problems in this context are highlighted. Column material choice(l), glass wall modification(2) and coating(3) are considered to have reached a satisfactory level. Deactivation(4) is still in a state of flux. Quantitation(5) is the least satisfactory aspect of capillary GC. Scope expansion(6) will be helped by the introduction of new phases of high thermal stability and by the adoption of solutions exclusively applicable to capillary GC.Evaluation of (glass) capillary GC columns is a rapidly developing field. Hopefully the number and complexity of test or polarity mixtures will not expand much further and it will be possible to make a clear and generally acceptable choice.The preparation and evaluation of ever-improving capillary columns is important to an ever-widening group of chromatographers. Our opinion on selected topics in this already vast field is summarized in the following overview.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020610
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
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    Kovats indices of monoterpene hydrocarbons on glass capillary columns (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 75-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; KI of monoterpenes ; SE-30, Carbowax 20M ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020208
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  • 113
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    Stationary phases for gas chromatography; chemical stability of polysiloxanes (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 405-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Stationary phases of polysiloxane-type degrade in acidic solution ; Several salt traces affect stability at high temperature NaCl on Duran-5O: no effect at 260°C ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A number of polysiloxanes have been shown to be sensitive to acids when dissolved in chloroform.At 26O°C polysiloxanes were found to degrade under the influence of several compounds used or produced during the preparation of glass capillary columns.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020707
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  • 114
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    Computer reconstructed gas and liquid chromatograms (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 84-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Computerized data presentation in GC, LC ; Chromatogram reconstruction on graphics terminal for optimized data reduction ; Lab. Basic II programme presented allows run in terminal mode and as post analysis procedure ; Automatic parameter selection zoom feature range selection etc. ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper describes a Lab Basic II program which allows the reconstruction of GLC-chromatograms on a Hewlett-Packard 2648A graphics terminal, starting from raw data gathered by the HP-3354A Laboratory Data System. The introduction of a considerable number of automatic parameter selections restricts user's interventions. The program can be run in terminal mode or be recalled as a post-analysis program when working in autocall mode.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020212
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  • 115
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    Versatile derivatization reactions with 4-lodobutaneboronic and 2,4-dichlorobenzeneboronic acidsDetermination of Bifunctional Compounds, Part V. For Part IV see ref. 3 (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 77-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Derivative Formation ; 2,4-Dichlorobenzeneboronic acid ; 4-Iodobutaneboronic acid ; On-column, pre-column reaction ; Extractive derivatization ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020209
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  • 116
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    Masthead (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020801
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  • 117
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    Comparison of log k′  -  solvent composition relationships in thinlayer and column chromatography for systems of the type: Silanized silica  -  water + methanol (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 88-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, HPLC, HPTLC ; HPTLC as pilot technique for HPLC in reversed phase analysis, RP18/RP 2 tested ; log K'-plots linear to H2O/Methanol solvent mixtures ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Relationships between log k' values of polynuclear hydrocarbons and composition of water/methanol mixtures were determined for HPTLC on RP-18 silica and for HPLC using RP-2 silica. In spite of differences in the adsorbents used, a good correlation between HPLC and TLC parameters was found. In the TLC experiments, a sandwich tank with a modified solvent distributor was used.It has been reported that thin-layer chromatography is a good technique for the preliminary optimization of column chromatographic separations [1-5]. So far, the comparison of TLC and HPLC has been mainly restricted to silica as the adsorbent. Since TLC plates precoated with silanized adsorbents recently became commercially available, it seemed interesting to compare the chromatographic parameters obtained for the “reversed phase” systems with the two techniques (see also ref. 6).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020213
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  • 118
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    High resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometric characterization of urinary metabolites of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in man (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 558-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography / electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) / mass spectrometry ; N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide ; Characterization of urinary metabolites of DEET in man ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies of the pharmacology and toxicology of the popular insect repellant, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), have largely been done in animal models using radioactive tracing without the structural elucidation of its metabolites.This paper describes a high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique and reports the results of the preliminary characterization of the metabolites of DEET in the urine of a 30-year-old man who had been exposed to DEET contained in a commercial product. The metabolites were extracted and separated with an OV-101 glass capillary column, 30 m × 0.3 mm, and mass spectrometric elucidations were carried out with both Electron Impact (EI) and Chemical Ionization-Methane (MCI) modes.Oxidation of the benzylic moiety and hydroxylation of the sidechain of DEET molecules appeared to be the predominate routes of metabolism in man. The artifacts were also proposed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020904
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  • 119
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    Apparatus and technique for preparation of high performance support and packings for gas chromatography (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 577-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; support and packing production technique and device ; drying, removal of fines, silanization, solution coating, total evaporation ; in one system ; normal transport results in partial mechanical partlkel damage, causing tailing, decomposition on uncoated surfaces ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020908
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  • 120
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    The determination of peak purity in HPLC by factor analysis of scanned absorption spectra (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 197-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Absorption spectra ; Absorbance ratioing ; Factor analysis ; Principal components analysis ; Peak homogeneity ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020412
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  • 121
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    Separation of amniotic fluid phospholipids by one-dimensional TLC (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 199-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography, TLC ; Phosolipid separation, L/S ratio determination ; Quantitation above 100 ng, optimized ; Cupric acetate-phosphoric reagent superior to 3 other reagents ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020413
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  • 122
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    Instrument and product news (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020414
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  • 123
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    Summaries (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 210-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020502
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  • 124
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    Vapor-phase sampling (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 221-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary ; Vapor-phase sampling ; Sample preparation, extraction by carbon dioxide under high pressure, Freon 12 ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two new sample preparation procedures that produce solvent-free extracts especially suitable for use with high resolution GC are described. One is based on Soxhlet extraction in a pressurized container that permits the use of liquid carbon dioxide as the extractant; the other utilizes refluxing difluorodichloro-methane (Freon 12) to isolate entrained volatiles from gas streams.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020505
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  • 125
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    A sampling system using sample vials for high-temperature isothermal capillary gas chromatography (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 216-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, at 25O°C ; Sampling via precolumn enrichment ; Precolumn backflush, reinjection after trapping the volatiles ; Rejection of non-volatiles ; Automation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel sampling system for isothermal capillary gas chromatography of medium- or low-volatility mixtures is described and test results are reported using flame ionization detection. The system features a loading and positioning chamber for glass vials which can carry a dilute sample in up to 0.2 ml of a volatile solvent. The output from the glass vaporization chamber is trapped onto a packed precolumn operated in the backflush mode. The analytes are further transferred over a wall-coated capillary trap prior to isothermal capillary GLC. Repeat-cycle operation of the sampling system requires 10 channels of a processor for time control over 5 solenoid valves and 3 static heaters. Preliminary results with long-chain n-alkanes in the submicrogram range showed no unwanted effects. The principal claim of the system is an improved rejection of non-volatiles.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020504
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  • 126
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    Thin-layer adsorption chromatography with mixed mobile phases. 1. Characterization of chromatographic systems showing energetic heterogeneity of adsorbent surfaces with regard to admolecules of solvents and solutes (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 236-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography, TLC ; Adsorption chromatography ; TLC with mixed mobile phases ; Heterogeneity effects in adsorption chromatography ; Equations for Rm in TLC with mixed mobile phases ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thin-layer adsorption chromatography with a multicomponent mobile phase is discussed. A new equation for predicting RM-values in TLC with mixed mobile phases using the RM-ValUeS obtained for pure solvents is proposed. This equation takes into account effects of energetic heterogeneity of the adsorbent surface with regard to adsorbed molecules of solvents and solutes. Experimental verification of this equation is presented for RM-data obtained by TLC using a binary mobile phase.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020508
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  • 127
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    Increased thermostability of non-polar wall-coated open tubular columns (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 249-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Deactivation stable up to 35O°C ; High temperature phase ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method of deactivating the inner surface of glass capillary columns is described, which can be used at 350°C without detoriation. A non-polar liquid phase was prepared from a commercially available liquid phase which, when coated on a glass surface, can withstand temperatures of 325°C for isothermal analysis and 350°C for temperature-programmed analysis.After deactivation, the column was coated using the static coating method. Then it was conditioned, tested and kept for 48 hours at 35O°C before being used for the analysis of a mixture of chlorinated pesticides.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020512
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  • 128
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    Preconcentration of samples in sandwich tanks for continuous thin-layer chromatography (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 259-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer Chromatography, TLC ; Improvement of sampling by preconcentration ; Tenfold enrichment (and more) possible by using a sandwich tank principle in continuous mode technique ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is demonstrated that horizontai sandwich tank with two cover plates can be used to preconcentrate sample solutions. Narrow sharply-defined starting zones are obtained just outside the smaller cover plate when the series of spots of the sample solution are applied on the thin layer and predeveloped with a volatile solvent. After evaporation of the solvent, the whole area of the TLC-plate is covered with two plates and developed with a suitable solvent.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020518
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    Lausanne Symposium (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 270-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020523
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    The use of glass capillary columns for the analysis of polar natural products (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 378-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Glass capillaries for low volatile polar natural products analysis ; Application to N-TFA-dipeptide, TMS-ribose, TMS-manno-samin, peptide sequence analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two published procedures for glass capillary column production are applied to produce capillaries for chromatography of polar natural compounds. Soda lime glass capillaries, after leaching with aqueous HCL, are either treated with colloidal silicic acid or with barium carbonate and coated with either Silar 7CP or SE 52. A test mixture as well as polar carbohydrate and peptide mixtures are chromatographed on the different columns and their chromatographic properties are evaluated. Combined capillary gas chromatography-electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry are used for identification of the peptide sequence.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020622
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    Sample capacity in open tubular and micro-packed columns for GC (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 444-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Micropacked columns ; Sample capacity under comparable conditions forty times larger than in capillaries ; Equations given ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Equations have been derived from which the maximum sample size which may be loaded on a column without significantly affecting the performance may be calculated. It is shown that micro-packed columns can handle a sample which is as much as forty times larger than that which can be loaded onto wall-coated open tubular columns with comparable conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020714
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    Chromatographic peak broadening with a lab-made splitter: Reproducibility and accuracy studies (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 481-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Splitting conditions for quantitative sampling investigated ; Injection amount and temperature should remain constant ; Standard deviation below 1% ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sample inlet splitters are used in capillary column gas chromatography. We have investigated the sample band broadening in the splitter and studied reproducibility and accuracy in quantitative analysis using a simple lab-made splitter. It was found that the results were dependent upon the operating conditions such as split ratio, splitter temperature, glass wool plug, injected sample volume and solvent.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020719
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    Profiles of volatile metabolites in biological fluids using capillary columns (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 423-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, nickel ; „Transevaporator“ into packed pre-column as sampling technique prior capillary described ; Application to volatile metabolite body fluid analysis for early detection of disease ; Serum and human breast milk as examples ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nickel capillary columns coated with moderately polarstationary phases such as Witconol can be used for the separation of the organic volatile fraction from biological fluids. A “transevaporator” sampling technique for the collection of the organic volatiles on glass beads from as little as 5 to 500 μl of biological fluids (e.g. urine, serum, amniotic fluid, breast milk, saliva, etc.) is described. The organic volatiles are thermally desorbed from the glass beads into a short precolumn cooled in liquid nitrogen, which overcomes the problems associated with sample introduction onto narrow-bore capillary columns. The application of the full analytical technique to problems associated with the early detection of disease is illustrated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 134
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    Multiple short pass glass capillary gas chromatography (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 441-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Methodological and instrumental solution of the recirculation problem ; In-line miniature switching valves used ; Column length optimization possible ; Over 3500 theoretical plates per second generated ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A multiple repass system, utilizing an in-line switching valve and suitable for use with small-bore glass open tubular columns, is described. The advantages of the system, which include higher OPGV, large plate numbers and optimization of column “length”, are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020713
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    Analysis of nitrosamines by GC2 with a photoionization detector (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 475-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Photoionization detector (PID) ; Detection limit 50 to 100 pg nitrosamines at 10.2 eV ; Nitrosamine analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of a photoionization detector (PID) coupled to a glass capillary gas chromatography (GC2) separation system for the detection of carcinogenic nitrosamines was investigated. The components analyzed gave a linear response with a lower detection limit of 50 to 100 pg with the 10.2 eV ionization source. No detector response was obtained with an ionization energy of 9.5 eV.Chromatography of meat extracts indicated their complex molecular composition. Simple liquid chromatographic cleaning procedures significantly decreased the complexity of these samples, but not sufficiently for the accurate quantition of nitrosamine components.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Determination of the glass transition temperature of polystyrene, poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(methyl methacrylate) using gas chromatography (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 512-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Packed columns ; Glass transition temperatures of 3 polymers ; Polystyrene ; Poly(vinyl chloride) ; Poly(methyl methacrylate) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The glass transition temperatures, Tg, of polystyrene, poly (vinyl chloride) and poly(methyI methacrylate) have been determined from gas chromatographic measurements using n-hexane, n-heptane, meta-xylene and para-xylene solvents. The glass transition temperatures were detected on the z-shaped retention diagrams which were produced from the plot of the logarithm of the specific retention volumes of the above-mentioned solvents against the reciprocal of temperature, i.e. log Vgº vs. 1/T. The glass transition temperature is specified by the temperature where the slope of log Vgº vs. 1/T changes abruptly. The observed glass transition temperature of polystyrene produced by this technique was found to be in good agreement with those produced by other techniques such as the differential scanning colorimeter.The industrial importance of the glass transition temperature, Tg, might be due to the dramatic changes in the physical properties of the polymer, such as hardness and elasticity, which take place in the vicinity of this temperature. However, perfectly crystalline polymers do not exhibit glass transitions, because their chains are incorporated in regions of three-dimensional order, called crystallites. Completely amorphous polymers and semi-crystalline polymers usually exhibit both glass transition and melting.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020805
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    Thin-layer adsorption chromatography with mixed mobile phases. 2. Effects of solute-solvent interactions and energetic heterogeneity of surfaces with regard to admolecules in TLC (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 524-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography, TLC ; TLC with mixed mobile phases ; Heterogeneity effects in TLC ; Solute-solvent interactions in TLC ; Adsorption chromatography ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the Part 1 of this series a new equation for determining the Rm values in TLC with mixed mobile phases was proposed and examined by using the parameter m, which is a measure of energetic heterogeneity of the adsorbent surface with regard to the adsorbing molecules (admolecules).The numerical values of m, evaluated for 13 chromatographic systems, have been compared with that of the Ościk's parameter A, which characterizes solute-solvent interactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020807
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    Optimization of the photoionization detector for use with capillary columns (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 536-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Photoionization detector ; Detector cell volume contribution to band broadening ; Flow rate effects on volumetric-based peak variance ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020813
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    Summaries (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 549-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020902
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    Pressure and flow changes in vaporizing GC injectors during injections and their impact on split ratio and discrimination of sample components (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 563-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography, capillary ; sampling, sample discrimination, split ratio ; many factors influencing real amount sampled ; external calibration to be replaced by inner standard technique ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of pressure changes in the vaporizing GC injectors on the split ratio is investigated. It is shown that the true split ratio depends on a number of parameters and may strongly differ from the split ratio expected from the flows set before injection. Quantitation with split injection based on external standards has to be carried out very carefully (or should be replaced by the method with internal standard). The split ratio may strongly change during the splitting of the sample. There are a number of mechanisms causing some sample components to be retarded and hence to be split by a different ratio. The split injector is a device which still requires further development.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020905
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    An improved fluidizer for the preparation of gas chromatographic column packings (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 580-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; support and packing production device ; drying, removal of fines, solution coatig, total evaporation ; principal virtue of the system: solvent can be recovered ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020910
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    Summaries (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 597-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240021002
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    The preparation of thick-film glass capillary columns (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 613-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography, capillary, glass ; 5 mikrometer quartz powder roughening layer fused onto boro silicate glass during drawing process ; Complete procedure given reproducible preparation of stable thick film capillaries ; Static impregnation with 1.5% (w/v) rubber solutions possible ; Very low column bleed, ideal for GC-MS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A detailed method for the routine preparation of glass capillary columns is presented. The method consists of coating a glass tube with quartz powder prior to pulling the tube into a capillary. The inner surface of the capillary consists of an even distribution of quartz particles fused to the walls. This surface has been found readily deactivated by standard procedures and ideal for the preparation of thick-film glass capillary columns. The method has been thoroughly tested in two independent laboratories to ensure that the procedures described are reproducible.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240021006
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    Effects of the porous structure of particles on selectivity in liquid chromatographic systems (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 654-660 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography ; Heterogeneity of particle structure ; Significant deviations from law of additivity in mixed phases increasing temperature reduces heterogeneity effects ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects produced in liquid-solid chromatography by the heterogeneity of adsorbent particles on the behaviour of a number of substances were studied. As adsorbent silica gels were used which varied a)In specific surface area and pore size,b)In the diameter of particles of the same microporous structure.A second series of experiments was conducted at various temperatures.The dependences which were based on measurements of equivalent retention volumes were found to deviate somewhat from those theoretically predicted. However, they confirm and supplement some previous observations [l-5] according to which mass transport may be effected by only a portion of the packing particles if their porous structure is adequately heterogeneous. These observations are in contrast with views expressed by some authors [6, 7] who maintain that differences in mass transport resistance may only result in peak deformation.It has also been demonstrated that the effects of the heterogeneity of particle structure in liquid chromatographic systems can be reduced by increasing the temperature.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Glass capillary GC/MS of butter triglycerides (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 675-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Triglycerides ; GC/MS of triglycerides ; Capillary, glass ; All-glass GC/MS interface ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240021109
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    The identification of tricyclic neuroleptics and sulphonamides by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 623-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography, HPTLC ; Tricyclic Neuroleptics, Sulphonamides ; Circulare technique in adsorption and reversed phase mode ; 12 samples simultaneous within less than 2 minutes ; Precise and highly reproducible Rf and k-data for structure determination ; Advantages shown not only for drug analysis in forensic and toxicological labs ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Circular high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) has been used to differentiate a series of twelve tricyclic neuroleptics, using both normal phase and reverse phase procedures. The use of normal phase systems also allows the resolution of geometric isomers of chlorprothixene, clopenthixol and flupenthixol. Thirteen sulphonamides and Trirnethoprim may also be distinguished using HPTLC.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    Chromatography calendar (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 641-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240021017
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    Letters to the editor (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 641-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240021018
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    Tube deformation during the packing of columns for preparative HPLC (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 667-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Preparative HPLC ; Tube deformation ; Column breathing effect ; Homogeneity of the packed column bed ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240021105
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    HPTLC of phospholipid mixtures containing phosphatidylglycerol (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 671-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography, HPTLC separation of Phosphatidylglycerol, Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phospholipids ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240021107
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    ABT Concept. Measuring, checking, and optimizing separation capability and column utilization in GC and HPLC (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 679-686 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240021111
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    Micropipette sampling onto glass capillary columns (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 715-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Sample introduction ; Direct manual operation at the capillary inlet ; Micro pipette is coupled onto cold separation capillary ; PTFE connection used ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240021204
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    Automated glass capillary gas chromatographic analysis of PCB and organochlorine pesticide residues in agricultural productsPresented at the XXXI International Symposium on crop Protection in Gent (Belgium). May 1979. (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 723-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Separation of polychloro biphenyls ; Separation of organochlorine pesticides ; Splitless automated injection ; Residue level ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Complicated PCB mixtures can be separated in individual compounds using glass capillary gas chromatography, (GC)2. Depending on extraction and clean-up procedure it is also possible to separate and determine organochlorine pesticides at the same time.This (GC)2 technique can be used to determine the contents of individual chlorinated biphenyls in milk products and animal feedstuffs and in the analysis of complicated extracts of soil and vegetable material.Practical aspects concerning connection of the capillary, automatic splitless injection, repeatability of the retention time, quality of the column with respect to separation and adsorption and degradation of DDT are discussed.The detection of individual chlorinated biphenyls is possible at the ppb level in fats and vegetable materials, using an extraction and clean-up procedure, based on saponification of the sample.Preliminary results for milk, obtained from several areas, are shown.
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    The use of platinum-iridium for connecting or interfacing capillary columns in gas chromatography (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 2 (1979), S. 746-748 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Pt/Ir tubing ; Interfacing and coupling of columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240021210
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    Composition and Microstructure Determination of the Syndiotactic Copolymer of para-Methylstyrene and Styrene by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 11-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Pyrolysis gas chromatography ; microstructure determination ; syndiotactic copolymers ; styrenes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The composition and microstructure of syndiotactic para-methylstyrene/styrene copolymer was determined by a pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC) method. This method uses the styrene and para-methylstyrene monomer peak intensities to determine the styrene and para-methylstyrene composition in the copolymer. The number average sequence length of styrene was calculated by using the triad peak intensities. Because of the low concentration of para-methylstyrene in the copolymer, the number average sequence length of para-methylstyrene was determined with formulas that incorporate the copolymer composition and the number average sequence length of styrene. The distribution of para-methylstyrene defined by the terms “percent of single units” and “percent of desired distribution” was calculated by the number average sequence of para-methylstyrene. This method has been tested with copolymers containing up to 24 mole% of para-methylstyrene. The composition results from Py-GC of para-methylstyrene and styrene copolymers used in this study were in excellent agreement with 1H-NMR results.
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    Superior ECD Performance through Design and Application (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 24-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; ECD ; Micro-ECD ; GC detector ; organochlorine pesticides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A new ECD, the HP 6890 Series Micro-ECD, was designed to address inherent deficiencies in classical electron capture detectors (ECD), especially with respect to sensitivity, linearity, dynamic range, and ruggedness. Several novel technologies were incorporated in the totally new design and were refined through practical testing and user feedback. Validation of the micro-ECD performance was accomplished through side-by-side testing of the Micro-ECD with previous ECDs following US EPA Contract Laboratory Program methods for pesticides and PCBs. In addition, extensive interviews were conducted with early users of the Micro-ECD who also had experience with other designs running a variety of ECD methods. The design and resulting performance improvements are described.
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    Experimentation with Chiral CE: The Application of Two Chiral Selectors and Partial Filling with Chiral Selector (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; chiral separation ; negatively charged chiral selectors ; capillary filling methods ; dual systems ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Data on the use of two chiral selectors, namely 18-crown-6 tetracarboxylic acid and a negatively charged cyclodextrin derivative (sulfated-β-cyclodextrin or carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin), in the same background electrolyte are presented. The use of such dual systems has a considerable influence on the resolution, as illustrated for the separation of tryptophan derivatives. Reduction of the consumption of chiral selector without significant loss in resolution was obtained by only partly filling the capillary and applying a run buffer without selector. This is illustrated for the chiral separation of tryptophan hydroxamate and the diastereomeric and enantiomeric separation of the dipeptide α/b-AspPhe-OMe.
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    Determination of Free Diterpenes in Green and Roasted Coffees (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 43-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Green and roasted coffee ; diterpenes ; cafestol ; kahweol ; 16-O-methylcafestol ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The three coffee diterpenes cafestol, kahweol, and 16-O-methylcafestol are mostly esterified with fatty acids. Little has been published about the diterpenes occurring in the free form. By means of gel permeation chromatography on Bio Beads S-X3, it is now possible to simultaneously analyze and quantify the small amounts of these compounds by RP-HPLC. In this way, free kahweol was first proved to be an ingredient of Robusta coffee. Various Arabica and Robusta coffees - both green and roasted - were investigated. Free diterpenes were found in green coffees in amounts below 200 mg/kg dry matter. In comparison to the respective total diterpene content determined by the same HPLC method after saponification of the coffee oil, the proportion of free diterpenes ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 %. During the roasting process, the three uncombined diterpenes behaved similarly: free 16-O-methylcafestol, cafestol as well as kahweol were degraded with increasing roasting temperature.
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    Optimization through Factorial Planning of the Use of Ethanol : Water as a Mobile Phase for Reversed Phase HPLC (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 52-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Ethanol ; mobile phase ; factorial planning ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Levels of Organotin Compounds in Burbot (Lota Lota) from Norwegian Lakes (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Fresh water systems ; burbot ; organotin compounds ; speciation analysis ; GC-AED ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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    RP-HPLC and GC-MS Techniques for the Quantitative Analysis of Substituted 1,2,4-Trioxanes and their Thermolysis Products in Solution (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 67-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: RP-HPLC ; GC-MS ; trioxanes ; thermolysis products ; quantitative analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    A Robust Thermal Modulator for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Multidimensional Gas Chromatography ; orthogonal separations ; GC×GC ; comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography ; characterization of gasoline ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---In comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC), two capillary columns are connected in series through an interface known as a “thermal modulator”. This device transforms effluent from the first capillary column into a series of sharp injection-like chemical pulses suitable for high-speed chromatography on the second column. Dramatic increases in the resolving power, sensitivity, and speed of the gas chromatograph result. This paper describes the development of a robust and reliable thermal modulator for GC×GC.
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    Effect of Mobile Phase Components on the Separation of Polypeptides Using Carbon Dioxide-Based Mobile Phases (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 74-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Polypeptides ; subcritical fluid chromatography ; supercritical fluid chromatography ; carbon dioxide ; additives ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The effect of mobile phase modifier and additive on the chromatographic properties of various small polypeptides was explored under subcritical conditions. A polymeric column was used to separate various enkephalin analogs, bradykinin, and oxytocin using a carbon dioxide-based mobile phase with either an ethanol or a 2-methoxyethanol modifier. The role of the modifier was found to be secondary to that of the mobile phase additive. As progressively stronger acidic mobile phase additives were used, the peak profiles of the various polypeptides improved and retention decreased. Heptadecafluorooctanesulfonic acid was found to be the most useful additive for these types of solutes under near-critical conditions, while the potassium salt of heptadecafluorooctanesulfonic acid failed to elute any of the polypeptides. At low temperatures, pressure gradients with a carbon dioxide/ethanol/heptadecafluorooctanesulfonic acid ternary mobile phase produced reasonably good peak profiles with the polymeric column.
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    γ(δ)-Thionolactones - Enantioselective Capillary GC and Sensory Characteristics of Enantiomers (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 89-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Enantioselective gas chromatography ; heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin ; heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin ; γ(δ)-thionolactones ; olfactometry ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The even numbered γ(δ)-thionolactones (C6-C12) were investigated, using heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)- and heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin as chiral stationary phases in capillary gas chromatography. The odor characteristics of γ(δ)-thionolactone enantiomers were investigated by enantioselective gas chromatography/olfactometry.
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    Programmable Temperature Vaporizer (PTV) Applied to the Triglyceride Analysis of Milk Fat (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 93-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; PTV and on-column injectors ; milk fat triglycerides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The PTV (Programmable Temperature Vaporizer) is a split/splitless injector which allows the sample to be introduced at a relatively low temperature, thus affording accurate and reproducible sampling. After injection the PTV is rapidly heated to transfer the vaporized components into the capillary column. This type of injector has proved to be an efficient tool for the evaluation of fatty acids, essential oils, and pesticides in food analysis. In this work the suitability of PTV for the analysis of milk fat purity by the Official EU method was evaluated. This method is based on the gas chromatographic determination of triglycerides only according to their total number of carbon atoms followed by the application of formulae deriving from multiple linear regressions. The analysis is currently carried out with a packed column or a short capillary column and an on-column injection system. Several samples of pure milk fat and mixtures of milk fat with foreign fat were analyzed with the same capillary column and by using both PTV and on-column injection systems. The results show that the gas chromatographic profile obtained by PTV is comparable with that obtained by the on-column injector, while repeatability and reproducibility data meet the requirements indicated in the Official Method. Therefore, this study demonstrates that it is possible to use the PTV instead of the on-column injector to determine the purity of milk fat with this method.
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    Study of the Linear Range in HPLC Analyses with UV Detection: Methodology and Experimental Application to the Influence of the Analyte UV Spectrum (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 217-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; UV detection ; linear range ; method validation ; Beer-Lambert law ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Determination of the linear range is one of the main concerns in validation of an HPLC analysis method. It is particularly important since single point calibration will be then used routinely. We proposed an iterative methodology to handle this problem. The idea was, at each step, to test statistically whether the following point belonged to the same regression line. The methodology was then used to evaluate quantitatively the effect on linear range of a shift in detection wavelength or of the detector bandwidth. Although experimental results were globally in accordance with spectroscopic theory, magnitudes observed were rather large. So the linear range could vary by a factor of over 2 with changes in conditions that remained within the range of current practical values. Changes in detection wavelength were limited to about fifteen nm around λmax and the detector used was considered to be representative of modern high-performance UV detectors. The question of how to take consequences in method validation into account was raised. The solution proposed recommended that the validation was undertaken in conditions as close as possible to those where the method would be conducted routinely. This means with the same instrumentation and on the product of interest for analyses.
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    Equilibrium-Sorptive Enrichment: A Novel Technique for Trace Analysis in Air (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 231-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Trace analysis ; air samples ; BTX ; equilibrium-sorptive enrichment ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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    Theoretical Design Considerations for Multi-capillary Columns in Fast Gas Chromatography (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 119-122 
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    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Fast gas chromatography ; multi-capillary column ; band broadening ; simulation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    GC-MS Determination of Kava-Pyrones in Alpinia zerumbet Leaves (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 129-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC-MS ; kava pyrones ; Alpinia zerumbet ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    On-Line Coupling of Separation Techniques to NMR (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 135-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chromatographic separation techniques ; High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) ; Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) ; Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) ; Capillary HPLC ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy ; hyphenation of chromatography with NMR spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The hyphenation of chromatographic separation techniques with NMR spectroscopy is one of the most powerful and time-saving methods for the separation and structural elucidation of unknown compounds and molecular compositions of mixtures. Most of the routinely used NMR flow-cells have detection volumes between 40-180 μL for conventional separations with analytical columns, and the newest designs employ detection volumes in the order of 200 nL for capillary separations. The low flow rates used in capillary chromatography permit the use of deuterated solvents. Unequivocal structural assignment of unknown chromatographic peaks is possible by two-dimensional stopped-flow capillary HPLC-NMR experiments.
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    Enhanced Resolution of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers by Tandem-Column Silver-Ion High Performance Liquid Chromatography (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 144-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) ; silver-ion high performance liquid chromatography (Ag+-HPLC) ; cheese ; analysis ; silver-ion chromatography ; tandem-column Ag+-HPLC ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A commercial mixture of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, reportedly consisting of six components, was recently resolved into 12 peaks attributed to CLA isomers using silver-ion high performance liquid chromatography (Ag+-HPLC). In this study, the coupling of two analytical silver-ion high performance liquid chromatography columns (tandem-column Ag+-HPLC) in series led to the enhanced resolution of CLA isomers. Many CLA isomers were baseline resolved and the pair 18 : 2 8,10 c/t and 18 : 2 7,9 c/t found in cheese products, was resolved for the first time. In this work, a similar commercial CLA mixture was separated into 16 peaks, while CLA isomers from cheese also gave rise to 16 peaks. As expected, the CLA isomers were separated into three geometric groups in the order trans,trans, cis/trans, and cis,cis. Semi-preparative Ag+-HPLC, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy of the dimethyloxazoline derivatives, was used to confirm the identity of the newly resolved positional CLA isomers. The double bond configuration of CLA isomers was established by gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Two minor t,t CLA isomers found in cheese, presumably 18 : 2 t6t8 and 18 : 2 t13t15, were also separated. The CLA isomeric composition of 16 commercial cheese products was determined.
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    The Importance of Solvent Venting to Reduce Memory Effects with On-Line LC-GC-AED (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 159-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Multi-dimensional chromatography ; LC-GC ; AED ; memory effects ; fossil fuel ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Conventional operation of the GC Atomic Emission Detector (AED) system involves backflushing of the microwave induced plasma (MIP) during the elution of small volumes of solvent from the GC column. When performing multi-dimensional, on-line LC-GC-AED, significantly larger solvent volumes are introduced into the system and must subsequently be removed. Thus solvent venting procedures are required and the backflushing of the plasma must be extended to facilitate solvent but not solute removal. This study demonstrates the significance of memory effects imparted upon the MIP of the AED if solvent venting is incomplete. Comparison of conventional GC-AED and multi-dimensional LC-GC-AED is made with respect to a fossil fuel sample.
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    Multiresidue Analysis of Phenylurea Herbicides in Environmental and Drinking Water by Capillary Electrophoresis (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) ; solid phase extraction (SPE) ; phenylurea(s) ; herbicide(s) ; monuron ; linuron ; diuron ; isoproturon ; monolinuron ; drinking water ; environmental water ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The present paper describes the application of capillary electrophoresis in the micellar mode to the separation and quantitative determination of five phenylurea herbicides, viz. monuron, linuron, diuron, isoproturon, and monolinuron, in water samples. Using uncoated fused silica capillary and phosphate-borate buffer (pH 7.0) containing SDS, the five pesticides are resolved in less than 15 min and quantitatively determined by an ultraviolet detector at 244 nm. Method optimization and validation parameters are presented. Good linearity and repeatability were observed for all the compounds studied (correlation coefficients 0.999). The feasibility of the method developed was tested by simultaneous determination of these herbicides in environmental and drinking water samples at the minimum residue levels (MRLs) (0.1 μg/L) after solid-phase extraction (SPE) preconcentration procedure.
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    Solid Phase Microextraction and GC-MIP-AED for the Speciation Analysis of Organomercury Compounds (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 181-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; microwave induced emission spectrometry ; speciation ; mercury ; SPME, headspace SPME ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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    At-Line Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled to Capillary Electrophoresis: Determination of Amphoteric Compounds in Biological Samples (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; interfacing ; sample treatment ; serum ; solid-phase extraction ; sulfonamides ; urine ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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    Analysis of Mixtures of Fatty Acid Esters by Chromarod Chromatography/Flame Ionization Detection (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 191-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: TLC/FID ; simple and double migration ; triangle of solvent selectivity ; lipochemical media ; fatty acid esters ; esterification ; transesterification ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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    Determination of 1,4-Dioxane in Toluene by Gas Chromatography (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; flame ionization detection ; solvent effects ; aqueous injection ; toluene analysis ; dioxane ; sample preparation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A gas chromatographic method is presented for determining from 1 to 100 μg/mL of 1,4-dioxane in toluene with purities ranging from commercial to high-purity grades. This method relies on extracting 1,4-dioxane from toluene into water. The water extract is analyzed for 1,4-dioxane content by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection and a capillary column coated with a bonded polyethylene glycol stationary phase. Splitless injection is used to achieve a 1 μg/mL detection limit. Purging extracts with nitrogen after an initial analysis is suggested as an extract clean-up procedure and as a means to confirm the identification of 1,4-dioxane. However, for absolute identification of dioxane, gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy should be considered.
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    Flow Rate and Velocity of Ideal Gas in a Capillary Column with Uniform Permeability (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 213-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Average velocity ; characteristic parameters ; flow rate ; high pressure drop ; low pressure drop ; outlet velocity ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: When the column pressure drop is high, the average velocity of a carrier gas is proportional to the square root of the outlet velocity and the flow rate. Characteristic velocity, flow rate and pressure - the boundary conditions between low and high pressure drop regions - are introduced. Previously derived equations for average velocity vs. outlet velocity were modified to include the flow rate and to become more suitable for the separate studies of the low and high pressure drop regions.
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    Determination of Green and Black Tea Composition by Capillary Electrophoresis (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 225-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Green tea ; black tea ; composition ; stability ; capillary electrophoresis ; MEKC ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract
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    High Speed Cryogenic Modulation - A Technology Enabling Comprehensive Multidimensional Gas Chromatography (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 235-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Cryogenic modulation ; LMCS ; GC×GC ; multidimensional GC ; comprehensive gas chromatography ; petroleum analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract
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    Heptakis(6-O-ethyl-2,3-O-pentyl)-β-cyclodextrin: A New Chiral Stationary Phases for Capillary GC (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 242-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Enantioselective gas chromatography ; 6-O-ethyl-2,3-O-pentyl-β-cyclodextrin ; essential oils ; carboxylic acids ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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    Determination of Amitraz in Cattle Dipping Baths by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 247-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: High performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) ; Amitraz ; cattle dipping bath ; pesticide ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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    On-Line Coupled Liquid Chromatography - Gas Chromatography in the Analysis of Process Samples (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 261-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: On-line coupled LC-GC ; normal phase liquid chromatography ; process samples ; oxygenated compounds ; partially concurrent solvent evaporation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Normal phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography was used with on-column interfacing and partially concurrent solvent evaporation in the analysis of process samples. Samples were taken from reaction mixtures, where the solvent was toluene. The analytes were oxygenated compounds: methyl isobutyrate, methyl methacrylate, methyl α-formyl isobutyrate, and methyl β-formyl isobutyrate. The analytes were transferred from LC to GC using back-flush with a solvent mixture of pentane and diethyl ether. Linearity, repeatability, and transfer efficiency were determined for the method. The method was applied in the determination of the analytes of two different process samples. The results were in good agreement with results obtained by the gas chromatographic method currently in use for the analysis of the process samples.
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  • 184
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    Determination of the Critical Micelle Concentration of Cationic Surfactants by Capillary Electrophoresis (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Critical micelle concentration ; cationic surfactant ; capillary electrophoresis ; tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide ; dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The determination of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of cationic surfactants by capillary electrophoresis was demonstrated. In this study, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DoTAB) were selected as cationic surfactants and propazine was chosen as test solute. In the evolution of the effective electrophoretic mobility of propazine as a function of surfactant concentration, a dramatic change in slope at a particular concentration is a good indication of the CMC of this surfactant. The CMC values determined experimentally were further confirmed by a curve-fitting approach. Simulation of the electrophoretic mobility curves as a function of surfactant concentration in both micellar electrokinetic chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis using cationic surfactants as an electrolyte modifier was performed for propazine, and the intersection of these two mobility curves allowed us to precisely predict the CMC of the surfactant. The CMC values determined for TTAB and DoTAB are 1.6 ± 0.1 and 11.0 ± 0.1 mM, respectively, in the case of an electrolytic solution consisting of 70 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.0. Moreover, the applicability of the electroosmotic mobility as a parameter for the determination of the CMC was examined.
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  • 185
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    A Unified Sample Preparation System for Extraction of Various Analyte/Matrix Combinations (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 271-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid extraction ; enhanced solvent extraction ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A supercritical fluid extraction/enhanced solvent extraction system (SFE/ESE) was used to remove polar and non-polar analytes from various matrices. Extraction of environmental pollutants from soil, additives from low density polyethylene, sulfa drugs from animal tissue, and drug from tablet was performed using both SFE and ESE. Results showed that a single instrumental system can be used to perform both ESE with organic solvents and SFE with carbon dioxide-based fluids. Each method has its own unique advantages and applications. The ability to carry out both solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction with one system has obvious economical advantages.
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  • 186
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    An Improved Interface for Coupling Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Applied to the Analysis of Explosives (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 279-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Solid phase microextraction (SPME) ; SPME/HPLC interface ; C-8 refocusing unit ; explosives analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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  • 187
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    Analysis of the Naturally Occurring Pesticide Rotenone by Capillary Gas Chromatography (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 294-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; capillary ; fused silica ; rotenone ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract
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  • 188
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    Isolation of Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorobiphenyls upon Deproteinization of a Serum Sample by HPLC with Restricted-Access Reversed-Phase Packing Materials (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 287-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Deproteinization ; polychlorobiphenyls ; polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins ; restricted-access reversed-phase packings ; sample preparation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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  • 189
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    Determination of Trichothecene Toxin (T2 Mycotoxin) in Aqueous Sample with Solid Phase Microextraction Technique Followed by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 424-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Mycotoxin ; T2 ; solid phase microextraction ; GC/FID ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 190
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    Preparation of On-Column Frits in Packed Fused Silica Capillaries by Sol-Gel Technology (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 438-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrochromatography ; micro-HPLC ; preparation of on-column frits ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Existing methods for preparing frits in packed fused silica capillaries as used for electrochromatography and micro HPLC are not applicable to all silica based packing materials and involve a high thermal stress for both the stationary phase and the fused silica tubing including the polyimide coating. A new procedure for the production of such on-column frits under mild conditions by a sol-gel type reaction of polydimethoxysiloxane (PDMOS) is described in this paper. Reaction conditions were established for optimum mechanical stability and high permeability of the frits. Frits produced in this manner showed no noticeable effect on the overall efficiency.
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  • 191
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    Application of Temperature and Applied Voltage Programming in Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 443-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography ; temperature programming ; applied voltage programming ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Temperature and voltage programming modes were utilized to optimize selectivity and increase the eluting rate of strongly retained compounds in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Separations obtained by applying temperature, voltage, and a simultaneous combination of temperature and voltage gradient in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography were compared with separations performed under isothermal and constant voltage conditions. A complete separation of all the constituents of the test mixture was only achieved in the temperature programming run and in a combination of temperature and voltage programming modes. Simultaneous variations of column temperature and applied voltage during a separation run, yielded a 30% reduction in the total analysis time when compared to a temperature gradient alone. Temperature programming and voltage programming modes may be the gradient methods of choice because of the considerable technical difficulties involved in performing linear solvent gradient elution in micellar electrokinetic chromatography.
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  • 192
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    Fast Temperature Programming in Gas Chromatography using Resistive Heating (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 459-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Fast gas chromatography ; gas chromatography ; resistive heating ; organophosphorus pesticides ; PAHs ; triazines ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The features of a resistive-heated capillary column for fast temperature-programmed gas chromatography (GC) have been evaluated. Experiments were carried out using a commercial available EZ Flash GC, an assembly which can be used to upgrade existing gas chromatographs. The capillary column is placed inside a metal tube which can be heated, and cooled, much more rapidly than any conventional GC oven. The EZ Flash assembly can generate temperature ramps up to 1200°/min and can be cooled down from 300 to 50°C in 30 s. Samples were injected via a conventional split/splitless injector and transferred to the GC column. The combination of a short column (5 m×0.25 mm i. d.), a high gas flow rate (up to 10 mL/min), and fast temperature programmes typically decreased analysis times from 30 min to about 2.5 min. Both the split and splitless injection mode could be used. With n-alkanes as test analytes, the standard deviations of the retention times with respect to the peak width were less than 15% (n = 7). First results on RSDs of peak areas of less than 3% for all but one n-alkane indicate that the technique can also be used for quantification. The combined use of a short GC column and fast temperature gradients does cause some loss of separation efficiency, but the approach is ideally suited for fast screening as illustrated for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organophosphorus pesticides, and triazine herbicides as test compounds. Total analysis times - which included injection, separation, and equilibration to initial conditions - were typically less than 3 min.
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  • 193
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    Determination of Deuterated Phenylalanine and Tyrosine in Egg Protein by GCQ (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 465-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Amino acid ; stable isotope ; GC-MS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---In order to study protein digestibility by means of noninvasive tracer techniques (stable isotopes), a representative oral tracer, i.e. a stable isotope labeled protein, is needed. Therefore, egg white containing L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and L-[ring-2H4]tyrosine was prepared. The aim of this study was to measure the isotopic enrichment of the labeled amino acids in the egg white. The use of a standard GC-MS, based on ion trap technology was found to be a reliable technique. The enrichment of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and L-[ring-2H4]tyrosine, expressed in Molar Percent (MP) amounted to 23.2 MP and 2.8 MP respectively.
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  • 194
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    Development of a Methodology for the Identification of Volatiles in Industrial Adhesive Formulations by GC/MS with Manual Headspace Sampling (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 477-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Adhesives ; GC/MS ; headspace analysis ; poly(vinyl acetate) ; volatile organic compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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  • 195
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    High Resolution Separation of Non-Polar Lipid Classes by HPLC-ELSD Using Alumina as Stationary Phase (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 483-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; alumina ; evaporative light-scattering detection ; non-polar lipids ; wax esters ; sterol esters ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---This study describes the performance and capacity of alumina as stationary phase in an HPLC-ELSD (evaporative light-scattering detection) method optimized for the separation of the non-polar lipid classes hydrocarbons, wax esters, sterol esters, triacylglycerols, and sterols, including quantitative determination of these lipid classes in natural samples. By using gradient elution and constant equilibration times between injections, highly reproducible separations of triacontane, stearyl oleate, and cholesterol oleate were accomplished with a binary mobile phase system. Phase A contained 0.5% tetrahydrofuran in hexane and phase B 20% isopropanol and 20% tetrahydrofuran in hexane. The same system was also used to determine the non-polar lipid classes in a zooplankton sample, the major lipid class being wax esters, followed by triacylglycerols, sterol esters, sterols, and hydrocarbons. Substantial amounts of an unknown compound, possibly acylated glyceryl ethers, were also found. The equilibration time of alumina was relatively slow compared to a polyvinyl alcohol stationary phase used earlier by the authors and calibration curves for different lipid classes were more uniform and linear with alumina.
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  • 196
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    Prediction of Migration Times of Organic Ions in Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 495-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: CZE ; mobility ratio ; migration time prediction ; mathematical model ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The electrophoretic mobility ratio (R value) of any two ions is constant and independent of the capillary type and electrophoretic conditions if their electrical charges and hydration radii are constant. The use of strong acid salts and quaternary ammonium salts is therefore proposed for the determination of R values. Such analytes are called markers. The following determinations can be carried out: (i) the determination of the migration time corresponding to the electroosmotic flow (EOF) in any capillary under any electrophoretic condition by measuring the migration times of two markers in the condition studied (useful when the EOF is weak); (ii) the determination of the migration time of an analyte in any capillary by knowing the migration time of the markers in the capillary studied. If the pH is changed and the ionization of the analyte is pH dependent, the resulting migration time for the analyte can be calculated. The constancy of the mobility ratios of seven markers was checked experimentally at eight different pH values (between pH 3 and 10), at three temperatures, and for two buffer concentrations. The predicted and experimental migration times were also compared in two different types of capillaries.
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  • 197
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    Possibilities and Limitations of Fast Temperature Programming as a Route towards Fast GC (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 509-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Fast GC ; fast temperature programming ; resistive heating techniques ; short columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---One possible way to speed up a gas chromatographic analysis is the application of fast temperature programming by using resistive heating techniques. With this heating technique programming rates up to 20° per second can be reached. A relative standard deviation of retention times better than 0.2% is obtained. Using fast temperature programming the analysis-times of a mineral oil sample, an industrial oligomer sample, and toxic compounds in diesel fuel have been reduced 5 to 20 times, compared to a standard temperature programmed analysis. In most cases resistive heating cannot be applied to reduce the analysis time of a complex sample. The use of fast temperature programming is preferable to the use of short columns and columns operated at above-optimum carrier gas velocities.
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  • 198
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    Trace Determination of Organic Compounds in Water by Direct Enrichment in Multichannel Thick Film Silicone Rubber Traps with Capillary Gas Chromatography (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 521-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Multichannel silicone trap ; water analysis ; flow rate ; methanol ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The application of Multichannel Silicone Rubber Traps for the direct analysis of organic compounds in water was studied. The optimum collection flow rate for a 10 mL sample was found to be ca. 150 μL·min-1. The effect of methanol on the retention power of the trap was evaluated. The addition of a methanol fraction of up to 40% to the water standards did not show any loss in collection efficiency. It was shown that the extraction of organic compounds from water with the multichannel trap is uncomplicated, i. e. methanol is not required to achieve accurate analyses, concentration of the sample onto the trap is by gravity flow, and excess water remaining in the multichannel trap after water extraction is removed by centrifugation. With the use of the multichannel silicone rubber trap a wide boiling point range of compounds were analyzed from aqueous samples at levels of 1-4 μg·L-1.
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    Improved Procedure for Single DB-XLB Column GC-MS-SIM Quantitation of PCB Congener Distributions and Characterization of Two Different Preparations Sold as “Aroclor 1254” (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 533-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chlorobiphenyl congeners ; Aroclor 1254 ; DB-XLB phase ; GC-MS-SIM ; PCB 126 ; toxic equivalency ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Complete PCB congener distributions in a panel of Aroclor mixtures were previously obtained by combining data from several HRGC systems. In that study quantitation of minor components may have been unreliable due to single level calibration against high levels of individual congener standards. Two lots of Aroclor 1254 had markedly different congener distributions. In this study, the design and performance of a congener-specific PCB analysis method employing GC-MS-SIM detection of congeners separated on a DB-XLB capillary column are discussed. Quantitation is carried out against a 6-level inclusive standard curve of a mixture of 144 congeners found in Aroclors. A separate procedure to measure trace levels of PCB 126 in Aroclors using the same system, combined with levels initially acquired for other congeners, facilitates estimation of TEQ values (Toxic Equivalencies of the PCB mixtures to 2,3,7,8-TCDD). PCB congener profiles of 15 Aroclor 1254 mixtures are presented. These profiles show that the less common, high TEQ variety of Aroclor 1254 was manufactured by an atypical, two-stage chlorination process that was apparently used during the final 1% of Aroclor 1254 production (ca. 1974-1976).
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  • 200
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    Functionalized Polymeric Sorbents for Solid-Phase Extraction of Polar Pollutants (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 547-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Water analysis ; polar pollutants ; solid-phase extraction ; chemically-modified polymeric resins ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---This study assesses how the physical characteristics of styrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) resins affect the extent to which they are modified when they are functionalized, and how they affect recoveries in on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) of some polar phenolic compounds, pesticides, and metabolites from water samples which were analyzed by liquid chromatography and UV detection. For this purpose, three commercial PS-DVB resins with different physical characteristics (Amberchrom GC-161m and two different PLRP-S resins) were chemically modified by placing a hydrophilic group, an o-carboxybenzoyl moiety, on their surface; although the physical characteristics are different, the extent of modification did not vary significantly. The results from the SPE process with each sorbent were related to their physical and chemical properties. The polymers with higher surface area provided better recoveries. Moreover, the recoveries for these analytes were better with the chemically-modified polymers due to the higher polarity of these sorbents. The best recovery values were with the sorbent obtained from the chemical modification of Amberchrom GC-161m, the commercial sorbent with higher surface area. For instance, in the analysis of 50 mL of a sample of 2 μg L-1, the recovery of phenol was 40% with Amberchrom GC-161m and 65% with the chemically-modified Amberchrom GC-161m.
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