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  • 1
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    Astronautics (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2009-11-17
    Beschreibung: Principles of rocket engineering, flight dynamics, and trajectories are discussed in this summary of Soviet rocket development and technology. Topics include rocket engine design, propellants, propulsive efficiency, and capabilities required for orbital launch. The design of the RD 107, 108, 119, and 214 rocket engines and their uses in various satellite launches are described. NASA's Saturn 5 and Atlas Agena launch vehicles are used to illustrate the requirements of multistage rockets.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Soviet Aircraft and Rockets (NASA-TT-F-770); p 198-271
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  • 2
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    Skylab: A beginning (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A major goal of Skylab was to learn more about man and his responses to the space environment for missions lasting up to 84 days. A review of Skylab data pertaining to this goal is given.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 408-418
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  • 3
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    A survey of Rocketry and astronautics in Spain (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The entire field of rocketry and astronautics in Spain was studied. Congreve war rockets in military actions were emphasized in the African war, the Cuban campaign and the Spanish Civil War. Rockets in space travel were also summarized along with space science fiction.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 78-101
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  • 4
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    On the works of S. S. Nezhdanovsky in the field of flight based on reactive principles, 1880 - 1895 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The work of a Soviet scientist and inventor of the 19th century, S. S. Nezhdanovsky, is discussed. Investigations in the field of aircraft science and technology are emphasized in relation to Nezhdanovsky's studies of using the jet principle in solving the problem of human flight. Nezhdanovsky dealt with calculations of the speed at which combustion products flow, and considered such problems as fuel feeding into the combustion chamber by means of pumps, and the use of one of the fuel components for cooling the walls of the combustion chamber.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 125-139
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  • 5
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    History of the development of rocket technology and astronautics in Poland (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The development of rocket technology in Poland is outlined. The history cites 13th century use of war rockets in combating Tartars as well as 20th century studies of the future and reality of space flights.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 102-111
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  • 6
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    First works by K. E. Tsiolkovsky and I. V. Meshchersky on rocket dynamics (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A study of rocket dynamics done by K. E. Tsiolkovsky in 1896 is reported. Problems in rectilinear movement of rockets were studied. Calculations were done on velocity efficiency, motion in free space, motion in a homogeneous gravitational field and motion with constant acceleration.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 115-124
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  • 7
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    Evolution of spacecraft attitude control concepts before 1952 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The control of rotational motion of a spacecraft during its free flight regime is traced from pioneer space flight to the year 1952. Essentials of attitude control systems are reviewed and spin stabilization is examined. Other topics include passive stabilization and active closed loop control.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 156-169
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  • 8
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    Guido von Pirquet: Austrian pioneer of astronautics (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The works of Guido von Pirquet, Austrian pioneer of rocketry, were assessed. Major emphasis was given to Pirquet's calculation of the route to Venus which in fact was followed by the first Russian rocket to Venus. Of interest also is Pirquet's valuable construction of a space station and his analysis of interstellar space flight.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 140-155
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  • 9
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    F. Gomez Arias' rocket vehicle project (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Research done by Spanish pioneer rocket scientists in the 19th century was investigated with major emphasis placed on F. Gomez Arias' rocket vehicle project. Arias, considered the world's first designer of rocket propelled, manned aircraft, was interested in solving the problem of space navigation. Major concerns included ascent and direction of heavier-than-airmachines, as well as ascent and direction of balloons.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 176-185
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  • 10
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    Spacecraft-produced neutron fluxes on Skylab (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Estimates of neutron fluxes in different energy ranges are reported for the Skylab spacecraft. Detectors composed of uranium, thorium, and bismuth foils with mica as a fission track recorder, as well as boron foils with cellulose acetate as an alpha-particle recorder, were deployed at different positions in the Orbital Workshop. It was found that the Skylab neutron flux was dominated by high energy (greater than 1 MeV) contributions and that there was no significant time variation in the fluxes. Firm upper limits of 7-15 neutrons/sq cm-sec, depending on the detector location in the spacecraft, were established for fluxes above 1 MeV. Below 1 MeV, the neutron fluxes were about an order of magnitude lower. The neutrons are interpreted as originating from the interactions of leakage protons from the radiation belt with the spacecraft.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: Space Science Instrumentation; 3; Nov. 197
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  • 11
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    NASCAP, a three-dimensional Charging Analyzer Program for complex spacecraft (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A computer code, NASCAP (NASA Charging Analyzer Program), has been developed by Systems, Science and Software under contract to NASA-LeRC to simulate the charging of a complex spacecraft in geosynchronous orbit. The capabilities of the NASCAP code include a fully three-dimensional solution of Poisson's equation about an object having considerable geometrical and material complexity, particle tracking, shadowing in sunlight, calculation of secondary emission, backscatter and photoemission, and graphical output. A model calculation shows how the NASCAP code may be used to improve our understanding of the spacecraft-plasma interaction.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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  • 12
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    Utilization of the vacuum developed in the wake zone of space vehicles in the LDEF class (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Contaminating fluxes from upper atmospheric molecules found in the wake of a typical spacecraft of the Long Duration Exposure Facility class are studied with the aim of determining vacuum levels which may be employed by experiments mounted on the vehicle. A simplified representation for the spacecraft, the velocity-shifted Maxwellian distribution (to evaluate ambient flux which has a velocity sufficient to overtake the spacecraft), and a calculation for the backscattered contribution to the flux density of the wake figure in the study are presented. Results indicate that direct and backscattered fluxes of about 10 to the seventh power molecules per sq cm can be expected in the wake of a spacecraft at 550 km altitude.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 13
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    Prediction and measurement results of radiation damage to CMOS devices on board spacecraft (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Final results from the CMOS Radiation Effects Measurement (CREM) experiment flown on Explorer 55 are presented and discussed, based on about 15 months of observations and measurements. Conclusions are given relating to long-range annealing, effects of operating temperature on semiconductor performance in space, biased and unbiased P-MOS device degradation, unbiased n-channel device performance, changes in device transconductance, and the difference in ionization efficiency between Co-60 gamma rays and 1-Mev Van de Graaff electrons. The performance of devices in a heavily shielded electronic subsystem box within the spacecraft is evaluated and compared. Environment models and computational methods and their impact on device-degradation estimates are being reviewed to determine whether they permit cost-effective design of spacecraft.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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  • 14
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    Orbiting molecular-beam laboratory (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The composition of the atmosphere within the planned orbital envelope of the Space Shuttle and the velocity necessary to maintain a stable orbit within that envelope provide unique conditions for forming a high-purity, moderate energy beam (about 5 eV) of atomic oxygen. At 500 km, for example, atomic oxygen comprises approximately 90% of the atmosphere. Since the mean thermal speed of the ambient atomic oxygen is substantially less than the orbital speed, a high-purity beam can be generated by sweeping through the gas with a series of beam-forming truncated conical shells. Characteristics of the beam, including energy distribution, flux, and purity variation with orbital altitude and methods for lowering the mean energy, are presented. Gas-surface interaction experiments that have been proposed for this laboratory are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 15
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    International Sun-Earth Explorer - A three-spacecraft program (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The International Sun-Earth Explorer (ISEE) is a three-spacecraft system developed by NASA and ESA to study the magnetospheric structure, paying attention to the quantitative mechanism of magnetospheric response to external perturbations, and the structure of its parts. In particular, the nature, structure, motion, and stability of magnetospheric boundaries will be studied, including bow shock, magnetopause, plasmapause, and neutral sheet. Spacecraft ISEE-A and ISEE-B will be launched into the same orbit (of apogee 23 earth radii) but separated by a small, controllable distance, and will make observations from within the magnetosphere. The ISEE-C spacecraft will be launched into a heliocentric orbit (234 earth radii upstream) and will make observations in the solar wind upstream of the earth.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Science; 198; Oct. 14
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  • 16
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    An analytical and experimental study for surface heat flux determination (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A numerical method by which data from a single embedded thermocouple can be used to predict the transient thermal environment for both high- and low-conductivity materials is described. The results of an investigation performed to verify the method clearly demonstrate that accurate transient surface heating conditions can be obtained from a thermocouple 1.016 cm from the surface in a low-conductivity material. Space Shuttle Orbiter thermal protection system materials having temperature- and pressure-dependent properties and typical Orbiter entry heating conditions were used to verify the accuracy of the analytical procedure. Analytically generated, as well as experimental, data were used to compare predicted and measured surface temperatures.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 14; Oct. 197
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  • 17
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    Flight to Mercury (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The project development and active flight of the Mariner 10 deep-space probe mission is recounted in detail, with sequential blow-by-blow coverage. Early studies and speculation on the planet Mercury are reviewed, and the spin-orbit coupling and near-synchronous rotation of the planet are described. Use of Venus as a slingshot in a gravity-assist maneuver is described, and Mariner 10 records of Venus are shown. The three encounters of Mariner 10 with Mercury (March 1974, Aug. 1974, March 1975) are described in detail, with purposes, problems, mishaps, and glossy photographs recovered from Mariner 10 data. Information on the planet's magnetosphere, surface topography, inferred internal structure, and IR signature is provided, and the end-of-mission improvised solar-sail experiment is outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 18
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    Status of Goldstone solar energy system study of the first Goldstone energy project (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The results reached by the DSN engineering section and private consultants in the review of the initial plan of the Golstone Energy Project are summarized. The main objectives were in the areas of energy conservation and the application of solar-driven systems for power and hydrogen generation. This summary will provide background data for management planning decisions both to the DSN engineering section and other organizations planning a similar program. The review showed that an add-on solar driven absorption refrigeration unit with its associated changes to the existing system was not cost-effective, having a payback period of 29 years. Similar economically unattractive results were found for both a solar-hydrogen and a wind-hydrogen generation plant. However, cutting the hydrogen generation linkage from this plant improved its economic feasibility.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: The Deep Space Network; p 120-140
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  • 19
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    Germanium-silicon solid solutions (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: An experiment on melting and directional crystallization of an antimony (Sb) doped germanium silicon (GeSi) solid solution was designed for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) to study the possibility of using zero-g conditions for obtaining solid-solution monocrystals with uniformly distributed components. Crystallization in the zero-g environment did not occur under ideal stationary growth and segregation conditions. Crystallization under zero-g conditions revealed the heterogeneous nature of Si and Sb distribution in the cross sections of crystals. The presence of the radial thermal gradient in the multipurpose furnace could be one of the reasons for such Si and Sb distribution. The structure of space-grown crystals correlates with the nature of heterogeneities of Si and Sb distribution in crystals. The type of surface morphology and the contour observed in space-grown crystals were never observed in ground-based crystals and indicate the absence of wetting of the graphitized walls of the ampoule by the melt during melting and crystallization.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (date]; 36 p
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  • 20
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    Surface tension induced convection in encapsulated liquid metals in a microgravity environment. Experiment MA-041 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The experiment was designed to detect possible convection caused by a steplike compositional variation in a liquid metal in a microgravity environment. Wetting and nonwetting ampoules were used to try to determine the extent of the stirring effects if they were present. Since stirring effects can be caused by temperature gradients, the temperature gradients were minimized. Steplike compositional variation was created by pressure bonding a lead-0.05 atom percent gold alloy to pure lead. Two diffusion temperatures (923 K and 723 K) were used; if no stirring effects were present, it was hoped that the liquid diffusion parameters for gold in lead could be obtained. Two identifical experimental arrangements were used to compare the transport mechanisms of gold in liquid lead in unit gravity and microgravity environments.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 87 p
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  • 21
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    Static free-fluid electrophoresis in space (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The weightless environment onboard spacecraft in drifting flight has provided a unique opportunity to do experiments that cannot be done on the ground. High resolution free-fluid electrophoresis of particles proposed in the late 1960s to take advantage of reduced gravity began with brief experiments done during two Apollo flights. The recent Apollo Soyuz Test Project mission had two major experiments that accomplished the separation of viable biological cells. Experiments now are being planned for the Space Shuttle which will attempt to achieve high resolution of the separated species by using zone electrophoresis. These experiments will return a quantity sufficient for laboratory testing and establish the potential of fractionation and purification of biological materials in space.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 22
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    Drop dynamics in space (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Experiments to study the dynamics of liquid drops are being planned to be performed in the weightless environment of Spacelab. The liquids will range from superfluid helium through ordinary liquid to molten metals and glasses. The experiments will be conducted in a chamber now being developed which utilizes the forces and torques produced by acoustic waves excited within the chamber. None of the currently available facilities (drop towers, sounding rockets, or zero-g aircraft flights) can provide a sustained weightless environment, since the resulting zero-g periods are from 3 sec to 5 min. Spaceflight, however, will provide weightlessness for periods of one week, or more, allowing truly laboratory-like experiments to be conducted on free liquid drops and bubbles. In this paper we discuss both the drop dynamics experiments proposed for Spacelab and the acoustic chamber: its operation and current testing for these and other experiments.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 23
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    Quantitative determination of zero-gravity effects on electronic materials processing germanium crystal growth with simultaneous interface demarcation. Experiment MA-060 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Experiment MA-060 was designed to establish the crystal growth and segregation characteristics of a melt in a directional solidification configuration under near zero-g conditions. The interface demarcation technique was incorporated into the experiment since it constitutes a unique tool for recording the morphology of the growth rate throughout solidification, and for establishing an absolute time reference framework for all stages of the solidification process. An extensive study was performed of the germanium crystals grown during the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission. It was found that single crystal growth was achieved and that the interface demarcation functioned successfully. There was no indication that convection driven by thermal or surface tension gradients was present in the melt. The gallium segregation, in the absence of gravity, was found to be fundamentally different in its initial and its subsequent stages from that of the ground-based tests. None of the existing theoretical models for growth and segregation can account for the observed segregation behavior in the absence of gravity.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 65 p
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  • 24
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    Space processing experimental apparatus - A survey (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The processing of materials in a low-g environment was started approximately 10 years ago. This article surveys the apparatus developed during that period. A low-g environment occurs naturally in a free-flying spacecraft (e.g., in manned flights such as Apollo, Skylab, and ASTP); low-g conditions also occur in other free-falling bodies such as sounding rockets and drop tower capsules. Apparatus has been developed for all these craft. Most of the apparatus described serves to melt and resolidify materials in low g; the material may be contained or, by virtue of the environment, freely floating. Other apparatus for separation of intimately mixed components or species is also described. A general conclusion is drawn that the apparatus addresses only a few of the possibilities available, is still at the experimental stage, and is of laboratory scale. It is predicted that processes showing promise will be scaled up to derive economic advantages in the Shuttle era of space flight.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 25
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    The direct observation of solidification as a function of gravity level (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A saturated solution of NH4Cl was solidified on earth at 1 g and in a suborbital rocket flight at .00001 g. In the 1 g experiments, macrosegregation caused by the gravitational acceleration was marked. Nucleation started at the cold walls after which dendrites and dendritic debris were swept into the center of the cuvette by convective fluid flow. Secondary dendrite arms were oriented toward the cold wall. When solidified in low g, only four nuclei grew to form the complete casting. There were no free floating crystals or visible dendrite remelting. The lack of fluid flow allowed symmetrical dendrite growth into the fluid.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Metallurgical Transactions A - Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science; 8A; Jan. 197
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  • 26
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    The Apollo program (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The Apollo program was designed to land men on the moon and return them safely to earth. The Apollo lunar missions were informally divided into series, each series having similar spacecraft configurations, number of experiments, and complexity of tasks. Specific information on these missions is given.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Catalog of Lunar Mission Data; p 55-149
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  • 27
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    The Lunar Orbiter program (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The Luna and Zond series of unmanned U.S.S.R. spacecraft were designed to investigate the moon and its vicinity. Sixteen Luna spacecraft and, six Zond spacecraft have obtained lunar data. These series have included flyby, lunar-orbiting, and soft-landing missions. A variety of experiments were carried out by these spacecraft including studies of magnetism, X-ray and gamma emissions, gravitational anomalies, and chemical composition. Soil samples, near- and farside photography (both color and black and white), and earth-cloud photography were also acquired. Luna 17 and 23, carried automatic roving vehicles (Lunokhod 1 and 2) that traversed portions of the lunar surface. Lunokhod 1 roamed in Mare Imbrium near Sinus Iridum, and Lunokhod 2 roamed in the Crater Le Monnier at the eastern edge of Mare Serenitatis. The Luna 16, 20, and 24 missions soft-landed on the lunar surface, scooped up lunar material, and returned these samples to earth. The photographic samples received are in the form of paper prints. Some publications containing photographs are described.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Catalog of Lunar Mission Data; p 39-51
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  • 28
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    The Surveyor program (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The Surveyor program consisted of seven unmanned lunar missions. Five of these spacecraft, Surveyor 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7, successfully soft-landed on the lunar surface. These missions and the resulting data are discussed. In addition to demonstrating the feasibility of lunar surface landings, the Surveyor missions obtained lunar and cislunar photographs and both scientific and technological information needed for the Apollo manned landing program. Four spacecraft, Surveyor 1, 3, 5, and 6, returned data from selected mare sites for Apollo program support, and Surveyor 7 provided data from a contrasting rugged highland region.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Catalog of Lunar Mission Data; p 19-35
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  • 29
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    Monotectic and syntectic alloys. Experiment MA-044 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The flight test furnace run of the monotectic and syntectic alloys experiment was successfully performed during the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission in July 1975. Examination of the returned sample cartridges and the formal comparative characterization of the low-g and one-g processed samples of lead-zinc and aluminum antimonide were completed. The results for aluminum antimonide show that polycrystalline and multiphased material can be homogenize in space under low-g conditions. Microstructural study on the lead-zinc flight samples shows that complete interdiffusion of lead and zinc had not been achieved, even though the flight data indicated a soak temperature in the miscible region that was 40 K above the published consolute temperature.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 51 p
    Format: text
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  • 30
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    The Missions of the Viking Orbiters (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-11-16
    Beschreibung: A description of the orbiter science instruments is presented and the chronology of the two Viking missions is reviewed. The design of the Viking orbiter spacecraft is discussed, taking into account the propulsion subsystem, the attitude control subsystem, the planetary scan platform, aspects of command processing, problems of instrument operation and data processing, and data quantity limitations. Details concerning the Viking orbits and the visibility of the planet are also considered and the future of the Viking orbiter missions is evaluated. If the orbiters continue to perform well, all the orbiter science investigations will continue to acquire data for another year and perhaps somewhat longer.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; Volume 82; Issue 28; 3971-3983
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  • 31
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    The Viking project (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-11-16
    Beschreibung: The Viking project launched two unmanned spacecraft to Mars in 1975 for scientific exploration with special emphasis on the search for life. Each spacecraft consisted of an orbiter and a lander. The landing sites were finally selected after the spacecraft were in orbit. Thirteen investigations were performed: three mapping experiments from the orbiter, one atmospheric investigation during the lander entry phase, eight experiments on the surface of the planet, and one using the spacecraft radio and radar systems. The experiments on the surface dealt principally with biology, chemistry, geology, and meteorology. Seventy-eight scientists have participated in the 13 teams performing these experiments. This paper is a summary of the project and an introduction to the articles that follow.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; Volume 82; No. 28; 3959-3970
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  • 32
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    New directions in space electronics (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Five new directions in space electronics are defined to yield improvements over present means: automated operations aimed at a tenfold reduction in mission support costs, precision pointing and control, efficient data acquisition to permit the tenfold increase in information collection needed for global coverage, real-time data management, and low-cost data distribution to allow a thousand-fold increase in information availability and space-systems effectiveness. Technological developments and resources for each of the new directions are derived from space-technology and space-theme workshops. One to two order of magnitude improvements in instrument pointing stability will be necessary for Shuttle and planetary payloads of the 1980s. Low-cost user terminals will involve technological addressing both near-term and long-term applications. NASA has reoriented its research and technology-base programs to support the goals represented by the new directions in space electronics. Numerous charts and schematic diagrams supplement the text.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 15; Feb. 197
    Format: text
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  • 33
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    The Luna and Zond programs (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: These series have included flyby, lunar-orbiting, and soft-landing missions. A variety of experiments were carried out by these spacecraft including studies of magnetism, X-ray and gamma ray emissions, gravitational anomalies, and chemical composition. Soil samples, near- and farside photography (both color and black and white), and earth-cloud photography were also acquired.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Catalog of Lunar Mission Data; p 153-164
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  • 34
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    The Ranger program (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Lunar spacecraft missions and the Ranger spacecraft are described. These spacecrafts were designed to achieve lunar impact trajectories and to transmit high resolution photographs of the lunar surface during the final minutes of flight. The television experiments are briefly evaluated.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Catalog of Lunar Mission Data; p 9-12
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  • 35
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    Zero-gravity growth of NaCl-LiF eutectic. Experiment MA-131 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Continuous and discontinuous lithium fluoride fibers embedded in a sodium chloride matrix were produced in space and on earth, respectively. The production of continuous fibers in an eutectic mixture was attributed to the absence of convection current in the liquid during solidification in space. Image transmission and optical transmittance measurements of transverse sections of the space-grown and earth-grown ingots were made with a light microscope and a spectrometer. It was found that better optical properties were obtained from samples grown in space. This was attributed to a better alignment of lithium fluoride fibers along the growth direction.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Apollo-soyuz Test Project; 27 p
    Format: text
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  • 36
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    Crystal growth from the vapor phase. Experiment MA-085 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The positive effects of microgravity on crystal quality and the fundamental properties of the vapor transport reaction were established by analyzing the results of three transport experiments on multicomponent systems performed during the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission. The systems employed were GeSe0.99Te0.01-GeI4(A), GeS0.98Se0.02-GeCl4(B), and GeS-GeCl4-Ar (C). The crystallographic analysis is based on a direct comparison of space and ground-based (prototype) crystals employing X-ray diffraction, microprobe, microscopic, and chemical etching techniques. The results demonstrate a considerable improvement of the space-grown crystals in terms of chemical and crystalline homogeneity, surface morphology, and bulk perfection relative to ground specimens.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 40 p
    Format: text
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  • 37
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    Zero-G processing of magnets. Experiment MA-070 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The magnetic compounds under study, manganese-bismuth (MnBi) copper-cobalt-cerium (Cu,Co)5Ce, are representative of magnetic alloy systems that have the potential for the development of high coercive strength and a high energy product. The samples of 50 at. % bismuth and 50 at. % manganese solidified in the low-g environment demonstrated a substantial improvement in the macroscopic chemical homogeneity. The bismuth/manganese-bismuth directionally solidified eutectic flight samples exhibited marked superior magnetic properties. Intrinsic coercive strengths in excess of 185 Koe have been measured in the low-g processed samples at 77 K. The average value of inductance was improved by 76 percent, and the energy product was improved by 57 percent. Additional results indicate that, in the near-absence of the gravitational body force, contained fluids will assume a lowest energy configuration that differs significantly from that found terrestrially.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 53 p
    Format: text
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  • 38
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    Space Shuttle's orbital environment (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Variations with the solar cycle of chemical composition, density and temperature of the orbital environment of the Space Shuttle are reviewed; micrometeoroid fluxes, ionizing radiation, photon fluxes and cosmic ray bombardment to which the Shuttle will be subjected are also mentioned. In addition, gases arising from offgassing and outgassing of contaminants (at about 300 K) from the Shuttle are considered, and particulates ejected during rocket firings or from the leakage of pressurized vessels (i.e., the cabin) are taken into account.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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  • 39
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    Lunar resources and their utilization (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper reviews the physical and chemical characteristics of lunar surface materials noting the thickness of the regolith, grain size distribution, regolith petrography, and the chemical composition of the regolith. A comprehensive design of a processing system for the production of structural metals, oxygen, silicon, glass, and ceramic materials is presented. Specifications regarding the location of the processing plant, and its mass, volume, and power requirements are reviewed.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 40
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    Learning to build large structures in space (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper examines some of the key technologies and forms of construction know-how that will have to be developed and tested for eventual application to building large structures in space. Construction of a shuttle-tended space construction/demonstration platform would comprehensively demonstrate large structure technology, develop construction capability, and furnish a construction platform for a variety of operational large structures. Completion of this platform would lead to demonstrations of the Satellite Power System (SPS) concept, including microwave transmission, fabrication of 20-m-deep beams, conductor installation, rotary joint installation, and solar blanket installation.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 15; Dec. 197
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  • 41
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    An entree for large space antennas (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Some of the possible areas of application for large antennas placed in space are discussed, and some initial design concepts for various antenna proposals are described. Applications include rural mobile communications, an orbiting deep space relay station, submillimeter radio astronomy, and multispectral radiometry of earth surface features. As a first step in developing the needed technology, a deployable 30-m antenna with 1-mm surface accuracy is proposed. Flight experience with such an antenna system would enable validation of performance prediction models. The 30-m-diam mesh deployable-defurlable antenna experiment would be carried out with the shuttle.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 15; Dec. 197
    Format: text
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  • 42
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    Methods of shield analysis for protection against electrons in space (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: It is anticipated that many future manned space operations will be radiation limited and that laminated wall structures and the use of new materials will be required to reduce radiation exposure. Methods for electron shield analysis are reviewed in light of anticipated needs in the space program. The most general method is still the Monte Carlo method, which is of limited usefulness for shield analysis due to excessive computer requirements. Methods based on energy deposition coefficients or energy transmission and reflection factors are quite accurate, but are currently limited to aluminum shield material. Analytical methods based on Mar's approximation for the electron transmission factor are relatively general and computer efficient but seriously underestimate shield requirements. A correction to methods using Mar's approximate transmission factor is derived herein and results in a slightly conservative estimate of shield requirements. Techniques for laminated shield design are still lacking.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: Nuclear Technology; 35; Aug. 197
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  • 43
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    Proceedings of the Spacecraft Charging Technology Conference: Executive Summary (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Aerospace environments are reviewed in reference to spacecraft charging. Modelling, a theoretical scheme which can be used to describe the structure of the sheath around the spacecraft and to calculate the charging currents within, is discussed. Materials characterization is considered for experimental determination of the behavior of typical spacecraft materials when exposed to simulated geomagnetic substorm conditions. Materials development is also examined for controlling and minimizing spacecraft charging or at least for distributing the charge in an equipotential manner, using electrical conductive surfaces for materials exposed to space environment.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Proc. of the Spacecraft Charging Technol. Conf.; p 9-20
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  • 44
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    Spacecraft Charging Technology Conference, P 78-2, overview (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Spacecraft charging technology is presented, including specifications and design. Mission objectives for launching the SAMSO 402 spacecraft are given to determine and analyze payload requirements. Engineering payloads, energy range of particle detectors, and orbital parameters are represented in graphical form.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Proc. of the Spacecraft Charging Technol. Conf.; p 25-32
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  • 45
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    The development of rocket technology and space research in Poland (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: A history of rocketry in Poland from the 14th century to present times is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 2; p 135-151
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  • 46
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    European tests on materials outgassing (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: With a view to international coordination of spacecraft materials, a number of European firms and institutes performed outgassing tests on identical materials at 125 C in high vacuum. The outgassing data obtained with the different types of equipment is presented and both the results and the critical parameters are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Ninth Conf. on Space Simulation; p 309-325
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  • 47
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    Cancellation of residual spacecraft accelerations for zero-G space physics experiments (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: The Drop Dynamics Module houses an acoustic positioning system which counteracts the effects of small accelerations of a spacecraft and thus allows long-term study of free-floating materials such as liquid drops. The acoustic positioning system provides an acoustic 'well' in the center of the experiment chamber. Data collection is by cinematographic photography. The module subsystems are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Ninth Conf. on Space Simulation; p 365-373
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  • 48
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    Origins of astronautics in Switzerland (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Swiss contributions to astronautics are recounted. Scientists mentioned include: Bernoulli and Euler for their early theoretical contributions; the balloonist, Auguste Piccard; J. Ackeret, for his contributions to the study of aerodynamics; the rocket propulsion pioneer, Josef Stemmer; and the Swiss space scientists, Eugster, Stettbacker, Zwicky, and Schurch.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 2; p 123-133
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  • 49
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    Countdown to space exploration: A memoir of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1944 - 1958 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Projects of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory leading to and including development of the Sargent guided missiles are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 2; p 385-421
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  • 50
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    America's first long-range-missile and space exploration program: The ORDCIT project of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1943 - 1946: A memoir (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Research and achievements of the wartime Jet Propulsion Laboratory are outlined. Accomplishments included development of the solid-propellant Private A and private R rockets and the liquid-propellant nitric acid-aniline WAC Corporal rocket.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 2; p 339-383
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  • 51
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    Testing of typical spacecraft materials in a simulated substorm environment (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: The test specimens were spacecraft paints, silvered Teflon, thermal blankets, and solar array segments. The samples, ranging in size from 300 to 1000 sq cm were exposed to monoenergetic electron energies from 2 to 20 keV at a current density of 1 NA/sq cm. The samples generally behaved as capacitors with strong voltage gradient at their edges. The charging characteristics of the silvered Teflon, Kapton, and solar cell covers were controlled by the secondary emission characteristics. Insulators that did not discharge were the spacecraft paints and the quartz fiber cloth thermal blanket sample. All other samples did experience discharges when the surface voltage reached -8 to -16kV. The discharges were photographed. The breakdown voltage for each sample was determined and the average energy lost in the discharge was computed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: Proc. of the Spacecraft Charging Technol. Conf.; p 431-457
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  • 52
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    Space processing on Skylab and ASTP (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: The Skylab and Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) missions provided the opportunity the influence of micro-gravity on the processing of various materials. The results of physical and engineering experiments in metallurgy, fluids handling and crystal growth on two space missions are discussed. The majority of the experiments concern the solidification of alloys, semiconductors, and composite materials or basic liquid-liquid and solid-liquid interactions necessary to understand complex processing. Potential advantages of space processing to several materials disciplines are identified.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Bioprocessing in Space; p 53-66
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  • 53
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    An active nutation damper for spacecraft (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: An active nutation damping device, consisting of an angular accelerometer, a dc-motor-driven flywheel, and associated electronics, developed for spacecraft use is described. This damping system was used on the LAGEOS spacecraft to control nutation buildup during the long coast period (approximately 75 minutes) after the third stage separation. The damper package was evaluated and proven on a three-axis gas-bearing simulator that duplicated the LAGEOS spacecraft critical flight dynamics. In addition, a failure analysis of the damper assembly was performed. Performance of the damper during the LAGEOS flight has confirmed the preflight evaluation and analysis.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: The 11th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 133-145
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  • 54
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    From Wallops Island to Project Mercury, 1945 - 1958: A memoir (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Research is described which was conducted at the Wallops Island Missile Range (operated by the old National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics). These early beginnings are shown to be the base from which the Mercury Project evolved.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 2; p 445-474
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  • 55
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    Comparative analysis of the designs and implementation of vehicles based on reactive propulsion proposed during the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Examination of the presently known historical scientific literature related to the problem of reactive flight indicates that considerable attention had already been given to the idea of reactive propulsion in the nineteenth century; about thirty designs for reaction flying vehicles were proposed during this period. However, the authors of a majority of the designs limited themselves only to a presentation of a diagram of the engine or an account of the principle of its operation, giving neither plans for its structural development nor precise calculations of the amount of energy required for accomplishing reaction flight. None of these authors considered the reaction flying vehicle as an object of variable mass, their choice of energy sources was extremely random, and the theory of the flight of reaction flying vehicles remained completely undeveloped. Early rocket designs of Nezhdanovsky, Ganswindt, Goddard, Tsiolkovsky, and others are examined and the evolution of liquid-propellant rocket engines, solid-propellant rocket engines, and jet aircraft engines is reviewed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics Vol. 2; p 3-24
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  • 56
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    Space Station Systems Analysis Study. Volume 2: Program options, book 1, parts 1 and 2 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Program options are defined and requirements are determined for integrating crew, mass, volume, and electrical power for a space construction base which incorporates the space shuttle external tanks. Orbits, stabilization, flight control hardware, as well as modules and aids for orbital assembly and servicing are considered. The effectiveness of various program options for life science and radio astronomy missions, for the solar terrestrial observatory, and for public service platforms is assessed. Technology development items are identified and costs are estimated.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA-CR-161927 , NAS 1.26:161927 , NSS-SS-RP014-VOL-2-BK-1-PT-1/2
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  • 57
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    Space Station Systems Analysis Study. Volume 1: Executive summary, part 1 and 2 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The elements of space station programs required to support an operational base theme, a space laboratory theme, and advanced missions relatable to public needs/national interests are defined. Missions satisfying the foregoing requirements are identified, program scenarios/options are established. System options are evaluated for a selected number of program options. Subsystem analysis and programmatic comparisons are performed for selected primary concepts.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA-CR-161590 , NAS 1.26:161590 , NSS-SS-RP014-VOL-1-PT-1/2
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  • 58
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    Space Station Systems Analysis Study. Volume 2: Program review report (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Major growth options for tended and manned space stations in LEO and GEO are examined including increased orbiter augmentation and habitation requirements. Approaches for providing power supplies, construction aids needed to assemble support platforms, transportation system constraints, and the hardware required for various missions categories are defined. Subsystem requirements are analyzed for structure; flight control; power generation and storage; avionic; life support systems; personnel provisions; and environmental control. Tradeoffs are considered.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA-CR-161231 , NAS 1.26:161231 , NSS-SS-RP016-VOL-2
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  • 59
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    IUE/IRA system description (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The IUE/IRA rate sensor system designed to meet the requirements of the International Ultraviolet Explorer spacecraft mission is described. The system consists of the sensor unit containing six rate sensor modules and the electronic control unit containing the rate sensor support electronics and the command/control circuitry. The inertial reference assembly formed by the combined units will provide spacecraft rate information for use in the stabilization and control system. The system is described in terms of functional description, operation redundancy performance, mechanical interface, and electrical interface. Test data obtained from the flight unit are summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA-CR-166652
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 60
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    An interstellar precursor mission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A mission out of the planetary system, with launch about the year 2000, could provide valuable scientific data as well as test some of the technology for a later mission to another star. Primary scientific objectives for the precursor mission concern characteristics of the heliopause, the interstellar medium, stellar distances (by parallax measurements), low energy cosmic rays, interplanetary gas distribution, and mass of the solar system. Secondary objectives include investigation of Pluto. Candidate science instruments are suggested. Individual spacecraft systems for the mission were considered, technology requirements and problem areas noted, and a number of recommendations made for technology study and advanced development. The most critical technology needs include attainment of 50-yr spacecraft lifetime and development of a long-life NEP system.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-CR-156152 , JPL-PUB-77-70
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 61
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    Benefit evaluation of space processing of biological materials (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A rational analytical basis for the evaluation of potential benefits of space processing of biological materials is described. A preliminary evaluation of three candidate space processed biological materials was accomplished. Materials investigated were human lymphocytes, urokinase, and Beta cells. Separation of lymphocyte groups was considered in order to improve the matching of donors and recipients for kidney transplantation, while urokinase was examined in regard to treatment of thromboembolic diseases. Separation of Beta cells was studied since it could provide a highly effective means for the treatment of juvenile-onset diabetes.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-CR-151625 , ECON-77-271-2
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  • 62
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    Apollo-Soyuz test project. Volume 1: Astronomy, earth atmosphere and gravity field, life sciences, and materials processing (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The joint U.S.-USSR experiments and the U.S. conducted unilateral experiments performed during the Apollo Soyuz Test Project are described. Scientific concepts and experiment design and operation are discussed along with scientific results of postflight analysis.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-SP-412
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 63
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    Post Viking planetary protection requirements study (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Past planetary quarantine requirements were reviewed in the light of present Viking data to determine the steps necessary to prevent contamination of the Martian surface on future missions. The currently used term planetary protection reflects a broader scope of understanding of the problems involved. Various methods of preventing contamination are discussed in relation to proposed projects, specifically the 1984 Rover Mission.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA-CR-155585
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 64
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    Instrument pointing system applicability and orbiter stabilization for EVAL missions. Application studies (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Related aspect of the Earth Viewing Applications Laboratory (EVAL) shuttle missions were investigated. The applicability of the gimballed Instrument Pointing System (IPS) to EVAL missions by comparing the IPS capabilities with the EVAL requirements was evaluated, and a means of stabilizing the shuttle orbiter attitude in earth viewing orientations for prolonged periods without use of the orbiter gas reaction control system was assessed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA-CR-156662 , TRW-14897-6011-RU-00
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 65
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    Dual-spin attitude control for outer planet missions (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The applicability of dual-spin technology to a Jupiter orbiter with probe mission was investigated. Basic mission and system level attitude control requirements were established and preliminary mechanization and control concepts developed. A comprehensive 18-degree-of-freedom digital simulation was utilized extensively to establish control laws, study dynamic interactions, and determined key sensitivities. Fundamental system/subsystem constraints were identified, and the applicability of dual-spin technology to a Jupiter orbiter with probe mission was validated.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA-CR-155425 , JPL-PUB-77-74
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 66
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    Voyager electronic parts radiation program, volume 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The Voyager spacecraft is subject to radiation from external natural space, from radioisotope thermoelectric generators and heater units, and from the internal environment where penetrating electrons generate surface ionization effects in semiconductor devices. Methods for radiation hardening and tests for radiation sensitivity are described. Results of characterization testing and sample screening of over 200 semiconductor devices in a radiation environment are summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA-CR-155534 , JPL-PUB-77-41-VOL-1
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 67
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    Error analysis for relay type satellite-aided search and rescue systems (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: An analysis was made of the errors in the determination of the position of an emergency transmitter in a satellite aided search and rescue system. The satellite was assumed to be at a height of 820 km in a near circular near polar orbit. Short data spans of four minutes or less were used. The error sources considered were measurement noise, transmitter frequency drift, ionospheric effects and error in the assumed height of the transmitter. The errors were calculated for several different transmitter positions, data rates and data spans. The only transmitter frequency used was 406 MHz, but the results can be scaled to different frequencies. In a typical case, in which four Doppler measurements were taken over a span of two minutes, the position error was about 1.2 km.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-TM-78050
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 68
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    Conceptual design for spacelab two-phase flow experiments (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: KC-135 aircraft tests confirmed the gravity sensitivity of two phase flow correlations. The prime component of the apparatus is a 1.5 cm dia by 90 cm fused quartz tube test section selected for visual observation. The water-cabin air system with water recycle was a clear choice for a flow regime-pressure drop test since it was used satisfactorily on KC-135 tests. Freon-11 with either overboard dump or with liquid-recycle will be used for the heat transfer test. The two experiments use common hardware. The experimental plan covers 120 data points in six hours with mass velocities from 10 to 640 kg/sec-sq m and qualities 0.01 to 0.64. The apparatus with pump, separator, storage tank and controls is mounted in a double spacelab rack. Supporting hardware, procedures, measured variables and program costs are defined.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-CR-135327 , CASD-NAS-77-025
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 69
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    Entry dynamics of space shuttle orbiter with lateral-directional stability and control uncertainties at supersonic and hypersonic speeds (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A six-degree-of-freedom simulation analysis was conducted to examine the effects of the lateral-directional static aerodynamic stability and control uncertainties on the performance of the automatic (no manual inputs) entry-guidance and control systems of the space shuttle orbiter. To establish the acceptable boundaries of the uncertainties, the static aerodynamic characteristics were varied either by applying a multiplier to the aerodynamic parameter or by adding an increment. Control-system modifications were identified that decrease the sensitivity to off-nominal aerodynamics. With these modifications, the acceptable aerodynamic boundaries were determined.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA-TP-1011 , L-11112
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  • 70
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    Development of the engineering design integration (EDIN) system: A computer aided design development (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The EDIN (Engineering Design Integration) System which provides a collection of hardware and software, enabling the engineer to perform man-in-the-loop interactive evaluation of aerospace vehicle concepts, was considered. Study efforts were concentrated in the following areas: (1) integration of hardware with the Univac Exec 8 System; (2) development of interactive software for the EDIN System; (3) upgrading of the EDIN technology module library to an interactive status; (4) verification of the soundness of the developing EDIN System; (5) support of NASA in design analysis studies using the EDIN System; (6) provide training and documentation in the use of the EDIN System; and (7) provide an implementation plan for the next phase of development and recommendations for meeting long range objectives.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA-CR-151568 , TN-1977-810
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 71
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    Mixing of two liquid metals on spar payload due to spin-up and spin-down (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Unexpected results from SPAR experiments, directed at obtaining fine dispersions of metal systems that in a 1-g environment tend to segregate very rapidly, were considered. The physical processes occurring in fluid samples, such as the SPAR samples before solidification, were shown to be insufficient to produce a well mixed liquid by the time solidification was initiated. This would result in solidified samples with the type of segregation noted in the SPAR samples. Experimental evidence and analytical arguments are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-TM-78144
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 72
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    Assess 2: Spacelab simulation. Executive summary (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: An Airborne Science/Spacelab Experiments System Simulation (ASSESS II) mission, was conducted with the CV-990 airborne laboratory in May 1977. The project studied the full range of Spacelab-type activities including management interactions, experiment selection and funding, hardware development, payload integration and checkout, mission specialist and payload specialist selection and training, mission control center payload operations control center arrangements and interactions, real time interaction during flight between principal investigators and the flight crew, and retrieval of scientific flight data. ESA established an integration and coordination center for the ESA portion of the payload as planned for Spacelab. A strongly realistic Spacelab mission was conducted on the CV-990 aircraft. U.S. and ESA scientific experiments were integrated into a payload and flown over a 10 day period, with the payload flight crew fully-confined to represent a Spacelab mission. Specific conclusions for Spacelab planning are presented along with a brief explanation of each.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-TM-78444 , A-7229 , ESA-SL(77)1
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  • 73
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    In-space production of large space systems from extraterrestrial materials: A program implementation model (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A program implementation model is presented which covers the in-space construction of certain large space systems from extraterrestrial materials. The model includes descriptions of major program elements and subelements and their operational requirements and technology readiness requirements. It provides a structure for future analysis and development.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-TM-78143
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 74
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    Long-term prospects for developments in space: A scenario approach (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Long-term plans for future NASA programs are reported, and some of the following topics are discussed in detail: (1) systematic formulation of space scenarios; (2) the basic international context; (3) potential 21st century space developments; (4) space vehicle developments; and (5) future exploration.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-CR-156837 , HI-2638-RR
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  • 75
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    Coronagraphic technique to infer the nature of the Skylab particulate environment (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Photographs taken with the High Altitude Observatory's White Light Coronagraph (Skylab experiment S052) are shown to contain information on the sizes and velocities of contaminant particulates around Skylab. Sizes as small as 5 micron (radius) are derived for particles as far away as 200 m from the spacecraft. The random error in the size derivation is about 30%, and no particle larger than 120 micron was observed. Transverse velocities are determined to within 0.08 m/sec and radial velocities to within 9 m/sec. The S052 data bank contains about 3500 contaminated frames from which the nature of the Skylab environment can be inferred.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 16; June 197
    Format: text
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  • 76
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    Life science payloads planning study (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Preferred approaches and procedures were defined for integrating the space shuttle life sciences payload from experiment solicitation through final data dissemination at mission completion. The payloads operations plan was refined and expended to include current information. The NASA-JSC facility accommodations were assessed, and modifications recommended to improve payload processing capability. Standard format worksheets were developed to permit rapid location of experiment requirements and a Spacelab mission handbook was developed to assist potential life sciences investigators at academic, industrial, health research, and NASA centers. Practical, cost effective methods were determined for accommodating various categories of live specimens during all mission phases.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-CR-151550 , MDC-G7234
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 77
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    Publications of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1976 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The formalized technical reporting, released January through December 1975, that resulted from scientific and engineering work performed, or managed, by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is described and indexed. The following classes of publications are included: (1) technical reports; (2) technical memorandums; (3) articles from bi-monthly Deep Space Network (DSN) progress report; (4) special publications; and (5) articles published in the open literature. The publications are indexed by: (1) author, (2) subject, and (3) publication type and number. A descriptive entry appears under the name of each author of each publication; an abstract is included with the entry for the primary (first-listed) author. Unless designated otherwise, all publications listed are unclassified.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-CR-155226 , JPL-BIBL-39-18
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  • 78
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    Forecast of space shuttle flight requirements for launch of commercial communications satellites (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The number of communication satellites required over the next 25 years to support domestic and regional communication systems for telephony, telegraphy and other low speed data; video teleconferencing, new data services, direct TV broadcasting; INTELSAT; and maritime and aeronautical services was estimated to determine the number of space shuttle flights necessary for orbital launching.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-TM-79512
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 79
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    Solar sail-solar electric technology readiness and transfer assessment (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A method of conducting a technology readiness assessment was developed. It uses existing OAST technology readiness and risk criteria to define a technology readiness factor that considers both the required gain in technology readiness level to achieved technology readiness plus the degree of effort associated with achieving the gain. The results indicate that Solar Electric Propulsion is preferred based on technology readiness criteria. Both Solar Sail and Solar Electric Propulsion have a high level of transfer potential for future NASA missions, and each has considerable technology spillover for non-NASA applications.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-CR-157239 , REPT-709-01-CR , WGRC-77-4764
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 80
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    Research Study to Identify Technology Requirements for Advanced Earth-Orbital Transportation Systems, Dual-Mode Propulsion (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The results of a study of dual mode propulsion concepts applied to advanced earth orbital transportation systems using reuseable single stage to orbit vehicle concepts were summarized. Both series burn and parallel burn modes of propulsion were analyzed for vertical takeoff, horizontal landing vehicles based on accelerated technology goals. A major study objective was to assess the merits of dual mode main propulsion concepts compared to single mode concepts for carrying payloads of Space Shuttle type to orbit.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-CR-156928 , MCR-77-010
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 81
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    Transonic high Reynolds number stability and control characteristics of a 0.015-scale remotely controlled elevon model (44-0) of the space shuttle orbiter tested in calspan 8-foot TWT (LA70) (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Transonic Wind Tunnel tests were run on a .015 scale model of the space shuttle orbiter vehicle in the 8-foot transonic wind tunnel. Purpose of the test program was to obtain basic shuttle aerodynamic data through a full range of elevon and aileron deflections, verification of data obtained at other facilities, and effects of Reynolds number. Tests were performed at Mach numbers from .35 to 1.20 and Reynolds numbers from 3,500,000 to 8,200,000 per foot. The high Reynolds number conditions (nominal 8,000,000/foot) were obtained using the ejector augmentation system. Angle of attack was varied from -2 to +20 degrees at sideslip angles of -2, 0, and +2 degrees. Sideslip was varied from -6 to +8 degrees at constant angles of attack from 0 to +20 degrees. Aileron settings were varied from -5 to +10 degrees at elevon deflections of -10, 0, and +10 degrees. Fixed aileron settings of 0 and 2 degrees in combination with various fixed elevon settings between -20 and +5 degrees were also run at varying angles of attack.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA-CR-147624 , DMS-DR-2269
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  • 82
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    Design of satellite flexibility experiments (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A preliminary study has been completed to begin development of a flight experiment to measure spacecraft control/flexible structure interaction. The work reported consists of two phases: identification of appropriate structural parameters which can be associated with flexibility phenomena, and suggestions for the development of an experiment for a satellite configuration typical of near-future vehicles which are sensitive to such effects. Recommendations are made with respect to the type of data to be collected and instrumentation associated with these data. The approach consists of developing the equations of motion for a vehicle possessing a flexible solar array, then linearizing about some nominal motion of the craft. A set of solutions are assumed for array deflection using a continuous normal mode method and important parameters are exposed. Inflight and ground based measurements are distinguished. Interrelationships between these parameters, measurement techniques, and input requirements are discussed which assure minimization of special vehicle maneuvers and optimization of data to be obtained during the normal flight sequence.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: Acta Astronautica; 4; Mar
    Format: text
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  • 83
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    Mining the Apollo and Amor asteroids (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Earth-approaching asteroids could provide raw materials for space manufacturing. For certain asteroids the total energy per unit mass for the transfer of asteroidal resources to a manufacturing site in high earth orbit is comparable to that for lunar materials. For logistical reasons the cost may be many times less. Optical studies suggest that these asteroids have compositions corresponding to those of carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites, with some containing large quantities of iron and nickel; other are thought to contain carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen, elements that appear to be lacking on the moon. The prospect that several new candidate asteroids will be discovered over the next few years increases the likelihood that a variety of asteroidal resource materials can be retrieved on low-energy missions.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Science; 197; July 22
    Format: text
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  • 84
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    Formulation of consumables management models: Consumables analysis/crew simulator interface requirements (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Consumables analysis/crew training simulator interface requirements were defined. Two aspects were investigated: consumables analysis support techniques to crew training simulator for advanced spacecraft programs, and the applicability of the above techniques to the crew training simulator for the space shuttle program in particular.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-CR-151334 , TRW-26821-H015-RO-00
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 85
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    Experimental subsonic drag properties of the space shuttle orbiter TPS tiles (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The drag characteristics of the space shuttle orbiter thermal protection system (TPS) tiles were studied experimentally in subsonic flow. Full-scale tiles were mounted to a 3.05 x 3.5 m test board in four configurations plus a completely smooth case. Pressure gradients were produced by tilting the board relative to the freestream. The drags due to steps, slots, and gaps between the tiles were evaluated at various orientations, pressure gradients, and Reynolds numbers. Results showed that the contribution of gaps and slots were minor compared to those of typical steps. The results for skin friction did not correlate as a fully rough surface. Thus, the surface area of the TPS tiles was sufficient to allow smooth-wall Reynolds number effects even though the steps between tiles could double the skin friction.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 14; Mar. 197
    Format: text
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  • 86
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    Improved catalysts by low-G processing (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The advantages of space for manufacturing more perfect microcrystalline morphologies and structures will be investigated. Production of smaller silver and palladium crystals with enhanced catalytic properties is discussed. The elimination of convection accompanying electrodeposition of fine metallic powders at high overvoltages in a low gravity environment is outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-CR-150377 , LMSC-HREC-FR-D084883
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  • 87
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    Program Documentation for Elapsed Time to Oxygen and Hydrogen Caution and Warning System for Captive/active 1 and 3 Flights (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: High pressure gas storage simulation runs were made to compute the elapsed time from T-O disconnect (transfer to onboard reactant) to the caution and warning pressures for the primary oxygen (O2) and hydrogen (H2) systems of Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 101. The simulation runs were made for approach and landing test flights Captive/Active 1 and Captive/Active 3.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA-CR-151339 , LEC-10443 , JSC-12618
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 88
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    The dynamics and optimal control of spinning spacecraft and movable telescoping appendages, part A (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The problem of optimal control with a minimum time criterion as applied to a single boom system for achieving two axis control is discussed. The special case where the initial conditions are such that the system can be driven to the equilibrium state with only a single switching maneuver in the bang-bang optimal sequence is analyzed. The system responses are presented. Application of the linear regulator problem for the optimal control of the telescoping system is extended to consider the effects of measurement and plant noises. The noise uncertainties are included with an application of the estimator - Kalman filter problem. Different schemes for measuring the components of the angular velocity are considered. Analytical results are obtained for special cases, and numerical results are presented for the general case.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA-CR-152692
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 89
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    Space Settlements: A Design Study (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Nineteen professors of engineering, physical science, social science, and architecture, three volunteers, six students, a technical director, and two co-directors worked for ten weeks to construct a convincing picture of how people might permanently sustain life in space on a large scale, and to design a system for the colonization of space. Because the idea of colonizing space has awakened strong public interest, the document presented is written to be understood by the educated public and specialists in other fields. It also includes considerable background material. A table of units and conversion factors is included to aid the reader in interpreting the units of the metric system used in the report.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-SP-413 , LC-76-600068
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 90
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    Thermal performance of a modularized replaceable multilayer insulation system for a cryogenic stage (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A rugged modularized MLI system for a 2.23-meter-diameter (87.6-in.-diam) liquid hydrogen tank was designed, fabricated, and tested under simulated near-earth and deep-space environments. The two blankets of the system were each composed of 17 double-aluminized Mylar radiation shields separated by silk net. The unit area weight of the installed system was 1.54 kg/sqm (0.32 lb/sq ft). The overall average heat transferred into the insulated tank was 22.7 and 0.98 watts (77.4 and 3.3 Btu/hr) during simulated near-earth and deep-space testing, respectively. The near-earth result was only 2.6 times that predicted for an undisturbed insulation system (i.e., no seams or penetrations). Tests indicate that this insulation concept could be useful for a cryogenic space tug or orbit transfer vehicle application.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: NASA-TN-D-8282 , E-8809
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 91
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    Effects of scaled heatshield tile misalignment on Orbiter boundary-layer transition (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The article addresses the problem of assessing the sensitivity of the heat transfer rate of a Space Orbiter windward surface and boundary-layer transition data to surface features, or 'roughness elements', characteristic of randomly misaligned heat shield tiles. Selected heat shield tiles were precision-formed on the surface of a 0.0175-scale Orbiter model. Selective electroless plating and selective electrochemical etching techniques were employed. Effects of roughness on the location of boundary-layer transition were markedly influenced by the wall-to-total temperature ratios, according to wind-tunnel test results.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 14; Oct. 197
    Format: text
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  • 92
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    Round-trip mission requirements for Asteroids 1976 AA and 1973 EC (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: The feasibility of manned or unmanned missions to two recently discovered asteroids is assessed. Characteristics of a likely target for a round-trip exploratory excursion include: a period close to one year; and an orbit that is nearly circular and nearly coplanar with the ecliptic. Mass requirements and optimal times of launch are investigated for unmanned and manned missions to Asteroids 1976 AA and 1973 EC (recently numbered 1943); 365-day round-trip trajectories in the first half of the 1990s are proposed. However, since neither of the two targets considered entirely fulfills all the necessary orbital characteristics, neither can offer the opportunity for a fast low-energy round-trip mission; nevertheless, other minor planets crossing earth's orbit may be found to meet the requirements.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Icarus; 31; Aug. 197
    Format: text
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  • 93
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    Space Fabrication Demonstration System (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Progress in the development of a beam builder to be deployed by space shuttle for assembly of large structures in space is reported. The thermal coating for the structural truss was selected and the detail truss design and analysis completed. Data acquired during verification of the design of the basic 'building block' truss are included as well as design layouts for various fabrication facility subsystems.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: NASA-CR-161706 , NSS-SFDS-LR013 , QPR-2
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 94
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    Active control of electric potential of spacecraft (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Techniques are discussed for controlling the potential of a spacecraft by means of devices which release appropriate charged particles from the spacecraft to the environment. Attention is given to electron emitters, ion emitters, a basic electron emitter arrangement, techniques for sensing electric field or potential, and flight experiments on active potential control. It is recommended to avoid differential charging on spacecraft surfaces because it can severely affect the efficacy of emitters. Discharging the frame of a spacecraft with dielectric surfaces involves the risk of stressing the dielectric material excessively. The spacecraft should, therefore, be provided with grounded conductive surfaces. It is pointed out that particles released by control systems can return to the spacecraft.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: International Symposium on Space Technology and Science; May 16, 1977 - May 20, 1977; Tokyo; Japan
    Format: text
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  • 95
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    A hybrid technique for spacecraft attitude interpolation with arbitrary attitude data gaps (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: An algorithm for obtaining sufficiently accurate estimates of a system parameter Y, given a data record of the parameter in which at arbitrary times no direct observations of Y exist, and describing the variance of these estimates, is proposed. The method provides estimates at all requested times, and the variance of the estimates is maintained as close to the variance of directly measured data as the quality of input information will allow. Three classes of information are used: (1) the measured data record of Y and the statistical extension of this record into time intervals of no direct measurement, obtained by a modification of standard autocorrelation techniques; (2) an a priori indicator of the behavior of Y; and (3) one or more indirect indicators of Y based on observation of other system parameters. The application of the algorithm to the SEASAT-A attitude determination under conditions of sensor field-of-view limitations and sun occultations is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: Annual Pittsburgh Conference; Apr 21, 1977 - Apr 22, 1977; Pittsburgh, PA
    Format: text
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  • 96
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    Composite pressure vessels for the Space Shuttle Orbiter (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: During the development of the Space Shuttle Orbiter propulsion and environmental control subsystems it was recognized that use of composite pressure vessels with load sharing liners could provide significant weight savings for high pressure gas containment. A program is described which was undertaken to assess the utility for orbiter applications of titanium 6Al-4V and Inconel 718 liners overwrapped with Kevlar fibers. Vessel characteristics, design features and test results are presented along with brief descriptions of processes and nondestructive evaluation techniques. The resolutions of anomalies and development of design are also presented. Fracture control as applied to the orbiter composite vessels is briefly discussed. Five of the seven titanium lined vessels in the program experienced premature cyclic failures. These failures were shown to be primarily due to metallurgical anomalies rather than an inherent composite design problem. A nonfragmentary leakage mode of failure was demonstrated at operating pressures. The composite designs will be approximately 25 percent lighter than their all metal counterparts.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: Energy Technology Conference; Sep 18, 1977 - Sep 23, 1977; Houston, TX
    Format: text
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  • 97
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    Demandite, lunar materials and space industrialization (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Terrestrial industry consumes a wide range of elements in producing the outputs which support and make industrial societies possible. 'Demandite' is a conceptual or synthetic molecule which is composed of the weight fractions of the major elements consumed by industry. Demandite needed for mature industrial activities in space will differ from the terrestrial composition because solar energy must replace hydrocarbon-energy, lunar and asteroidal bulk compositions are different from mineral deposits on the earth, and the major bulk processing in space will be the creation of radiation shielding for human habitats to provide real estate in space complete with water, atmosphere and life-stock elements. Demandite cost may be dominated by earth to deep space transport cost of minor elemental constituents depleted in the lunar soils unless careful attention is given to substitution of materials, searches of the moon (polar regions) and asteroids for the depleted elements, and continuing lowering of earth to deep space transport costs.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Materialart: Conference on Space manufacturing facilities II - Space colonies; May 09, 1977 - May 12, 1977; Princeton, NJ
    Format: text
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  • 98
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    Experimental studies of the Space Shuttle payload acoustic environment (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Two series of experiments were conducted to reduce the uncertainties concerning the Space Shuttle payload bay acoustic environment. Tests using a one-fifth scale model showed large changes in level below 125 Hz with the introduction of typical payloads. The changes were associated with particular acoustic modal behavior and were sensitive to the type of acoustic excitation. Another series of experiments evaluated the noise reduction of the first orbiter vehicle (OV-101). The results showed consistently greater noise reduction for grazing excitation than for diffuse excitation. The results were extrapolated to OV-102 using mass law relations and acceleration measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: SAE PAPER 770973 , Aerospace Meeting; Nov 14, 1977 - Nov 17, 1977; Los Angeles, CA
    Format: text
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  • 99
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    Application of perturbation methods to improve analytical model correlation with test data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A linear perturbation method developed by White (1972) to improve the correlation between analytical models and experimental data is applied to modeling of the Viking Propulsion Subsystem (VPS), flown successfully as part of the Viking Spacecraft launch of 1975. Analytical models and modal test data developed for the VPS are employed in the application; a set of mathematically generated data and a corresponding perturbed analytical model, representative of actual flight hardware, are also subjected to the White method. It is found that the linear perturbation method does not yield a single unique improved model.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: SAE PAPER 770959 , Aerospace Meeting; Nov 14, 1977 - Nov 17, 1977; Los Angeles, CA
    Format: text
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  • 100
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    Toroidal tank evaluation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The reported study had been conducted to determine the feasibility of developing toroidal tanks for an auxiliary propulsion system that could be integrated into a Pioneer spin-stabilized spacecraft. The system evaluated consisted of two toroidal tanks equipped with surface tension devices. One tank is intended for nitrogen tetroxide, the other for monomethylhydrazine. The study included the definition of a propellant acquisition system concept that could satisfy the requirements of a spinning tank. It was found that an oxidizer tank spin rate of 76 rpm and a fuel tank spin rate of 110 rpm would be required to produce liquid loss from the acquisition system during spacecraft operation. An investigation showed that toroidal tanks can be fabricated with present technology using either titanium or aluminum alloys. The preferred material would be titanium because of its significantly higher strength.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Materialart: Annual Conference; May 09, 1977 - May 12, 1977; San Diego, CA
    Format: text
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