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  • Rat  (11)
  • pheromone  (10)
  • Inversion
  • Springer  (21)
  • 3
  • Wiley
  • 1975-1979  (21)
  • 1975  (21)
Collection
Publisher
  • Springer  (21)
  • 3
  • Wiley
Years
  • 1975-1979  (21)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 55 (1975), S. 53-55 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Rubratoxine B ; Mitochondria ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The in vitro effect of rubratoxin B on the electron transport system of rat liver mitochondria was investigated. This mycotoxin depressed oxygen consumption in ADP-lacking mitochondria and in ADP-coupled mitochondria, using succinate or β-hydroxybutyrate as substrats. Rubratoxin B is neither an oxidative-phosphorylation inhibitor nor uncoupling agent. Its effect is compared with aflatoxin B1.
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  • 2
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    Journal of chemical ecology 1 (1975), S. 101-113 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: pheromone ; inhibition ; Scolytidae ; Ips ; pini ; paraconfusus ; ipsenol ; linalool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The bark beetles,Ips pini andI. paraconfusus, are not cross-attractive in the field although they attack the same host material at the same time. Logs containing the pheromone-producing sex (males) of both species side by side attract significantly fewer beetles of each species than do males of either species alone. Ipsenol, a component of the maleI. paraconfusus pheromone, duplicates the activity of maleI. paraconfusus in inhibiting the response ofI. pini to maleI. pini. Linalool from maleI. pini also reduces the catch ofI. paraconfusus in response to maleI. paraconfusus. Simultaneous production of a specific attractant pheromone and an interspecific chemical inhibitor favors exclusive use of the host substrate by the first arriving species.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Populations of axonal granules ; Electron microscopy, morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Fortsetzung einer früheren Arbeit wurde die Eminentia mediana von männlichen und weiblichen Ratten, sowie die trächtiger und durstender Tiere auf die Fragestellung hin untersucht, ob 1. die Eminentia mediana der erste Ort ist, wo die beiden Neurohormone Oxytocin und Vasopressin freigesetzt werden, und 2. ob sich die Axone in der externen Schicht der Eminentia mediana aufgrund der mittleren Durchmesser ihrer Granula in verschiedene Populationen differenzieren lassen. Bei männlichen und weiblichen Kontrolltieren haben die Oxytocin-bzw. Vasopressin-granula in der Eminentia mediana bereits ihre endgültige Größe erreicht; ihr mittlerer Durchmesser ändert sich nicht mehr wesentlich bis zum Hypophysenhinterlappen. Allerdings gibt der unterschiedliche prozentuale Anteil beider Populationen in der Eminentia mediana, in Zusammenhang mit den früher bestimmten Werten für die jeweiligen Kerne und die Neurohypophyse, Hinweise auf gewisse Unterschiede im turnover beider Hormone bei männlichen und weiblichen Tieren. Bei graviden und durstenden Ratten findet sich eine scheinbare Abnahme der Granula Durchmesser in den oxytocin-bzw. vasopressinführenden Axonen. In Verbindung mit sehr charakteristischen morphologischen Befunden, besonders bei langdurstenden Tieren, sprechen die morphometrischen Ergebnisse dafür, daß in der Eminentia mediana bereits Neurohormon freigesetzt wird, wenn eine schnelle Deckung des peripheren Bedarfes notwendig ist. Die Axone mit Granula, die kleiner sind als 115 nm, lassen sich in der internen Schicht der Eminentia mediana aufgrund der mittleren Durchmesser ihrer Granula in vier Populationen aufteilen. Ihre mittleren Granula-Durchmesser liegen bei etwa 84 nm, 96 nm, 103 nm und 110 nm. Dieselben vier Populationen finden sich sowohl in der Zona palisadica als auch in der perikapillären Schicht der Eminentia mediana. Im Unterschied zur Zona interna findet sich aber in diesen beiden Schichten noch eine fünfte Population von Axonen mit einem mittleren Granula-Durchmesser von etwa 70–75 nm. Der mengenmäßige Anteil dieser fünf Populationen aber ist unterschiedlich in der Zona palisadica und in der perikapillären Schicht einerseits und in den verschiedenen Tiergruppen andererseits. Einige morphologische Befunde an den Tanycyten werden im Zusammenhang mit der neueren Literatur diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In connection with previous studies (Krisch, 1974), a morphologic analysis of the median eminence of male, female, pregnant, and thirsting rats has been made, in order to evaluate: 1. whether the median eminence is an additional area where oxytocin and vasopressin may be released from neurosecretory axons in the zona interna; 2. whether it is possible to distinguish different populations of axons according to the mean diameters of their granules in the external zone of the median eminence. In the zona interna of the male and the female control animals, the oxytocin-and vasopressin-containing granules have already reached their final diameters, i.e. their size remains constant until they reach and are stored in the neurohypophysis. However, the relative proportions of these populations in the fibre layer of the median eminence indicate certain differences between male and female animals, concerning the turnover of oxytocin and vasopressin. In pregnant, as well as in thirsting animals, there is an apparent decrease of the mean granule diameters in oxytocin and vasopressin-containing axons. In particular in the latter group, ballooned axons in the fibre layer of the median eminence, containing disintegrating granules, tubular structures filled with electron dense material, and fine-flocculent material in the axoplasm, together with the morphometric results, support our concept that in case of highly increased peripheral demand the contents of the mature, large granules are released into the axoplasm of the fibre layer in the median eminence. In addition, axons containing granules smaller than 115 nm may be classified into four populations with mean diameters of 84 nm, 96 nm, 103 nm, and 110 nm. The same populations are found in the palisade zone of the median eminence as well as in the pericapillary zone, but in contrast to the zona interna there is a fifth population of axons containing very small granules with a mean diameter of about 70–75 nm. The relative proportions of these five populations differ between the zona palisadica and the pericapillary zone on the one hand and between the experimental groups on the other hand. Some morphological findings concerning the tanycytes are discussed with respect to previously published data.
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  • 4
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 447-456 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Salivary glands ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of pilocarpine and food uptake on the rate of incorporation of [3H]-leucine in vivo was measured by means of quantitative radioautography in three exocrine cells of the rat: the acinar and the granular duct cells of the submandibular and the acinar cells of the parotid gland. The three cell types react differently. The submandibular acinar cells showed a decrease in incorporation rate after pilocarpine administration but not after feeding. The incorporation rate of the granular duct cells of the submandibular gland remains constant after both stimulations. The acinar cells of the parotid gland show an increase in incorporation rate of [3H]-leucine in response to both. The contrast between the submandibular and the parotid gland could also be demonstrated radiobiochemically, the results reflecting the incorporation rates of the acinar cells of both glands, giving no information on the contribution of other cell types. The decrease in incorporation rate of the submandibular gland acinar cells is accompanied by a shift of polyribosomes towards monomers.
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  • 5
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 457-466 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Salivary glands ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After stimulation of the protein secretion by pilocarpine or feeding the rate of incorporation of [3H]-leucine increases in the acinar cells of the parotid gland of the rat while the secretory cells of the submandibular gland show a moderate decrease (Kuijper et al., 1975b). Since the rate of labelled amino acid incorporation depends on the specific radioactivity of the amino acid used, which is not easy to determine in vivo, experiments in vitro were performed to get an idea of the influence of this factor on the measured changes in [3H]-leucine incorporation. In vitro both cell types showed a more pronounced but essentially identical reaction as in vivo. Since in these experiments the specific radioactivity of the extracellular leucine is the same whether fragments of stimulated or unstimulated glands incorporate the radioactive amino acid, the increase of incorporation in the parotid and the decrease in the submandibular cells cannot be ascribed to differences in specific radioactivity of leucine, unless the intracellular leucine pool should show great differences between secreting and non-secreting cells. However, in vitro the submandibular gland cells under both conditions appear to use the extracellular leucine for their protein synthesis (or a small compartmentalized pool in rapid exchange with the extracellular pool). In the parotid cells the whole intracellular pool showed such a rapid exchange with the extracellular one that for practical reasons one may say that these cells, too, rely on the extracellular specific radioactivity of leucine in their protein synthesis. We conclude that the rat parotid gland cells show a rapid and substantial increase of protein synthesis after stimulation of their enzyme secretion, while the submandibular gland cells do not.
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  • 6
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 435-446 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Salivary glands ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In untreated, fasting animals the cells of the serous demilunes of the sublingual gland incorporate [3H]-leucine at a higher rate than any other of the 5 main cell types of the 3 major salivary glands. The acinar cells of the submandibular and the mucous cells of the sublingual gland show intermediate values, while the cells of the granular ducts of the submandibular and the acini of the parotid gland have a low rate of incorporation. In fasting animals extrusion of newly synthesized protein starts early in the cells of the serous demilunes. It starts between 4 and 7 hrs after [3H]-leucine injection in the acinar cells of the submandibular gland, while the other cell types did not lose substantial amounts of labelled (glyco)protein within 7 hrs. The secretion of protein is stimulated by the cholinergic drug pilocarpine in all but one of the 5 types of salivary gland cells studied. The acinar cells of the submandibular gland react strongly, the granular duct cells less strongly. Still less are the reactions of the acinar cells of the parotid and of the mucous cells of the sublingual gland. The cells of the serous demilunes of the latter appear to be insensible to pilocarpine. The effect of food uptake on secretion does not differ from pilocarpine stimulation, with one exception: the acinar cells of the parotid gland react more strongly on food uptake than on cholinergic stimulation.
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  • 7
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 249-262 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Superior cervical ganglion ; Rat ; Catecholamines ; p-Chlorophenylalanine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ganglion cells and paraganglionic (PG) cells in the developing rat superior cervical ganglion were studied following postnatal treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) for 5 to 8 days. Litter mates, injected with saline solution, served as controls. Ganglion cells of control animals were differentiated ultrastructurally according to L. Eränkö (1972 a) into late sympathicoblasts and young sympathetic nerve cells. In both maturation stages treatment with pCPA caused marked swelling of mitochondria, concomitant with minor changes of other cell organelles. Parallel to the ultrastructural alterations, fluorescence microscopy and cytophotometry revealed a slight diminution of diffuse fluorescence intensity in sympathetic neurons as the expression of a mainly extragranular amine depletion. In distinction from ganglion blocking agents the alterations are regarded as a general toxic effect of pCPA upon maturing sympathetic neurons, which secondarily influences catecholamine storage sites. Following treatment with pCPA, in PG-cells an alteration of mitochondria was scarcely to recognize. Specific granules were distinctly decreased in number, in some cases to an almost complete degree. Concordant to ultrastructural observations a marked diminution of fluorescence intensity was demonstrable in SIF-cells. In addition in these elements the fluorescence spectrum shifted towards the green field. Fluorescence cytophotometric evaluations confirmed the optical impression. Provided, that PG-cells, demonstrated with electron microscopy, are identical with SIF-cells in fluorescence microscopy, the results are discussed on the basis of a specific decrease of primary catecholamines due to an enzyme inhibition involved in catecholamine synthesis.
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  • 8
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    Cell & tissue research 161 (1975), S. 183-191 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Pituitary ; Rat ; Localization of 3H-dexamethasone ; Radioautography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The central nervous system and the pituitary of adrenalectomized male rats injected with 3H-dexamethasone were examined by radioautography. At 1 hr after the injection, radioactivity concentration was high in the medial basal hypothalamus, the pituitary and the pineal gland. In the hypothalamus, radioactive material was found to be selectively concentrated in neurons in the ventral part of nucleus arcuatus and in the infundibular region. In the anterior pituitary, a large proportion of cells showed silver grains both in the cytoplasm and over the cell nuclei. However, in a small number of cells, the radioactive material was associated with the cell nuclei. Less radioactivity was present in the intermediate and posterior lobes. The pineal gland contained more silver grains than did other regions of the brain. The results obtained in the present study suggest essentially an action of dexamethasone in the medial basal hypothalamus and at the level of the pituitary.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 158 (1975), S. 281-283 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glycocalyx ; Urinary bladder ; Ruthenium red ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Earlier statements to the contrary, the present study demonstrates the presence of a cell surface coat (glycocalyx) on the luminal plasma membrane of the super ficial transitional epithelial cells lining the urinary bladder of male Buffalo rats. This coat was demonstrated with ruthenium red, an electron dense stain, which revealed a surface layer, 60–80 Å thick, separated from the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane by an electron lucent layer, approximately 30 Å thick. The structure of the glycocalyx was not affected by 12 weeks of treatment with dibutylnitrosamine, a known bladder carcinogen.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 49-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic ganglia ; Pelvic plexus ; SIF cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To further evaluate the role of autonomic ganglia in the regulation of pelvic visceral activity, the neural elements in the major pelvic ganglion of the male rat have been studied with histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. The principal findings are that the ganglion is composed of cholinergic and adrenergic ganglion cells as well as small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells. Polarity in the ganglion is indicated by clustering of small ganglion cells which stain intensely for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) along the pelvic nerve while larger cells, with weak to moderate AChE activity, collect near small branches of the hypogastric nerve. Some cholinergic ganglion cells are enclosed by a plexus of adrenergic terminals. SIF cells appear to be in contact with both cholinergic and adrenergic cells, although many of the fluorescent beads around adrenergic neurons may be short dendrites of ganglion cells, rather than processes of SIF cells. Two types of SIF cells may be distinguished on the basis of size and morphology of their granulated vesicles. Afferent synapses of the cholinergic type were common on SIF cells of the large granule and small granule type. Portions of SIF cells with large granules occur within the capsule of ganglion cells. Contacts seen here were interpreted as efferent synapses from SIF cells to the dendrites of ganglion cells.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 377-380 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin-neurophysin neurons ; Suprachiasmatic nuclei ; Immunoenzyme histochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immuno-enzyme histochemical investigations on the hypothalamus of the normal rat showed (1) that the Suprachiasmatic nuclei produce vasopressin; (2) that it is highly probable that these nuclei do not produce oxytocin. From the present and previous investigations it may be concluded that the Suprachiasmatic neurons produce a vasopressin-neurophysin complex.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Rat ; L-dopa ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The uptake of L-dopa into the cells of the adenohypophysis of the rat was studied during the postnatal development and at adult age using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method (FIF). The cells taking up L-dopa were classified by Alcian blue-PAS-Orange G staining. The correlation between the cells taking up L-dopa and those containing tryptophyl-peptide was estimated during the postnatal period and in adult rats. The cells containing tryptophyl-peptide were demonstrated using fluorescence induced by treatment with combined formaldehyde and acetyl chloride vapour. The following observations were made: 1) Great majority of the cells taking up L-dopa did not contain tryptophyl-peptide. Thus the accumulation of L-dopa into the cells of pars distalis is not due to accumulation of L-dopa into the cells by the same transport mechanism as the amino acids for tryptophyl-peptide. 2) Of the cells taking up L-dopa in the adult rats 96% were chromophobes, 2.0% acidophilic cells (somatotrophs and cells producing prolactin), 0.9% R-mucoid cells (corticotrophs), and 1.2% S1- and S2-mucoid cells (gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs). At 10 and 25 days' age the relative numbers of the cells taking up L-dopa were about the same. 3) Pretreatment with nialamide caused only a slight increase in the number of the cells taking up L-dopa. The decrease in the number of the cells uptaking L-dopa of the pars distalis, which takes place after 5 weeks' age is thus not caused by the increased MAO-activity. 4) Strongly chromophilic cells did not take up L-dopa. At the light of our results it seems evident that L-dopa is taken up by the chromophobic cells when these differentiate into chromophilic cells. The accumulation of L-dopa may be a sign of an active transport of amino acids into the cells. The accumulation of L-dopa into the chromophobic stellate and follicular cells may reflect their metabolic activity. These cells probably have an important role in the production of the hormones of the pars distalis.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: ticks ; ixodid ticks ; pheromone ; Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ; Rhipicephalus pulchellus ; phenol ; cresol ; 2,6-dichlorophenol ; salicylaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts of femaleRhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann andR. pulchellus Neumann, vectors or potential vectors of East Coast fever, have yielded phenol andp-cresol. The same phenols have been found in five additional species of hard ticks, three of which also contained 2,6-dichlorophenol. Salicylaldehyde appeared as another phenolic component in four of these species. On the basis of this information- and of the rather limited literature available, it appears that ixodid ticks may generally utilize simple phenols as attractants. Behavioral observations suggest a role of the phenols in the meeting of the sexes.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: synthesis ; cis-10-tetradecenyl acetate (I) ; Archips semiferanus ; oak leaf roller ; sex attractant ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The major sex attractant of the oak leaf roller (Archips semiferanus Walker),cis-10-tetradecenyl acetate (I), was synthesized in 55–62% overall yield by a highly economical route from inexpensive azelaic acid (II).
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Stegobium paniceum ; pheromone ; sex attractant ; drugstore beetle ; insect behavior ; stored-product insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females ofStegobium paniceum (L.) produce a sex pheromone that causes an excitation and attraction of the males. Male response was highest 5–12 days after adult emergence. Pheromone titer of unmated females increased steadily after 1 day, reached a plateau after 5 days, and continued until at least 14 days. Mature males showed a threshold responsiveness of 3 × 10−7 μg pheromone. The pheromone titer per female ranged from 50 to 200 ng. On the basis of a high-resolution mass spectrum the empirical formula of the pure isolated pheromone molecule was determined to be C13H20O3. The pheromone was further defined by its Chromatographic behavior and spectroscopic properties.
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  • 16
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    Journal of chemical ecology 1 (1975), S. 125-131 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: deer ; mammals ; odor preference ; odor specificity ; olfactory discrimination ; pheromone ; sexual isolation ; social odor ; tarsal scent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two subspecies of deer, black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) and Rocky Mountain mule deer (O. h. hemionus) were exposed to the tarsal scents of both subspecies in a social setting. The scent was sprayed on one individual in a group. The responses, consisting of sniffing, licking, and following, were stronger to each subspecies' own tarsal scent. This discrimination may be important for sexual isolation in areas where the ranges of the two species overlap.
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  • 17
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    Journal of chemical ecology 1 (1975), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: aggregation attractant ; pheromone ; Scolytus multistriatus ; attraction termination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The attractiveness of European elm bark beetle virgin females boring in elm logs declined within two days after the introduction of males. However, in the laboratory and in the field the number of beetles attracted to female-infested bolts was not depressed by the presence of separate logs infested with males or both sexes. It is concluded that the decline in attractiveness following cohabitation of the sexes results from termination of the production of attractant pheromone by mated females rather than the production of antiattractants by either sex.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Phthorimaea operculella ; potato tuberworm ; pheromone ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone was obtained from extracts of adult virgin female abdomens of the potato tuberworm,Phthorimaea operculella. A biological assay method was devised to test males for optimal responsiveness to the pheromone under varying conditions. Chemical analyses of pheromone extracts were initiated using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: stable fly ; Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) ; pheromone ; sex pheromone ; C31carbon chain ; C33carbon chain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cuticular rinses of the female stable fly,Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), contained saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons that incited the male fly to attempt couplation. These compounds present in GLC trappings of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction showing highest biological activity were mono- and dimethyl-substituted hentria- and tritriacontanes. Active trappings from the unsaturated hydrocarbon fraction contained (Z)-9-hentriacontene, (Z)-9-tritriacontene, and methyl-branched hentria- and tritriacontenes.
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  • 20
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    Journal of chemical ecology 1 (1975), S. 399-412 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: butterfly ; sesquiterpene ; scent scales ; mating behavior ; Lycaeides argyrognomon ; nonanal ; hexadecyl acetate ; torreyoi ; δ-cadinol ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Habitats ofLycaeides argyrognomon Bgstr. are described. The most ritualized courtship comprises: male approaching, male fluttering around, female mate refusal posture, female escape flight, sexual chase, female alighting, male fluttering around, female receptive posture, parallel position, male abdomen-bending, male attaching and copulatory position. Field experiments have shown that the refusal posture of mated females is released by odors from the male wings. In unfertilized females this behavior is inhibited by male odor signals. In SEM pictures of the androconial scales of dried specimen, holes and fissures in the upper scale lamella were found. Experiments with models indicate the existence of behavior-releasing odors from the female wings though the females lack scent scales comparable to those of the males. The female scents provoke the whole terminal sequence of the male courtship behavior when combined with a suitable visual object. The volatile material has been analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Wings of males were found to contain nonanal, hexadecyl acetate, and a cyclic sesquiterpene alcohol, tentatively identified as torreyol (δ-cadinol).
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  • 21
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    Journal of chemical ecology 1 (1975), S. 195-202 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: face fly ; Musca autumnalis De Geer ; pheromone ; sex pheromone ; behavioral bioassay ; (Z)-14-nonacosene ; (Z)-13-nonacosene ; (Z)-13-heptacosene ; mating strike
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Components of a sex pheromone that cause male face flies to strike at females were found to be the straight-chain monoalkenes (Z)-14-nonacosene, (Z)-13-nonacosene, and (Z)-13-heptacosene. Although these compounds were found in the extracts of both sexes, extracts from sexually mature males contained a much higher proportion of nonacosane and heptacosane, which attenuated the activity of the active monoalkenes. The monoalkenes were readily synthesized by a Wittig reaction modified by the use of hexamethylphosphoric triamide as a cosolvent with tetrahydrofuran to produce a product containing 94–96% (Z) isomer.
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