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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (723)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (717)
  • Organic Chemistry  (659)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (397)
  • AEROSPACE MEDICINE  (279)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (267)
  • Deutschland
  • 1975-1979  (3,043)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1975  (3,043)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Language
Years
  • 1975-1979  (3,043)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
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    Göttinger Bodenkundliche Berichte 37 (1975)
    Universität Göttingen,Abteilung Bodenphysik
    In:  Universität Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: research
    Keywords: Humus ; Bodenanalyse ; Basalt ; Ausgangsgestein ; Braunerde ; Türkei ; Deutschland
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 2
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    Medical care of spacecrews, (Medical care, equipment, and prophylaxis) (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-17
    Description: Treatment and prevention of the physiologic problems of spacecrews are discussed. Preflight procedures, inflight monitoring and medication, and postflight examination are described. Specific factors covered include: medical screening and astronaut selection; health stabilization and exposure prevention; preflight medical examinations and training; biomedical data; medical kits; diagnosis and treatment; and implications of postflight findings.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 3; p 345-371
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  • 3
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    The maturation of lunar dust grains (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-24
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 1; 3 p
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  • 4
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    Bioelectric activity of skeletal muscle under conditions of alternating action of g-Forces and weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: The bioelectric activity of the musculature of animals and man was studied during alternating g-forces and weightlessness. The appropriate conditions were reproduced in flight along a parabolic curve; in this case, weightlessness lasting 25-30 sec alternated with g-forces of about 2 g magnitude. Quite regular changes in the bioelectric activity of various groups of muscles were disclosed under g-forces and in weightlessness. Thus, muscle biopotential amplitudes of 130-180 microvolt in horizontal flight, increased to 190-330 microvolt under g-forces. In the subsequent weightlessness, an abrupt reduction in oscillation voltage was observed and, in a number of cases, phenomena, similar to the picture of bioelectric silence were noted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 239-245
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  • 5
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    Investigation B: Laminar confined coaxial entrance flow with heat generation (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: The results of a parametric study on the entrance flow region in a gas core nuclear reactor are presented. The physical system is modeled as laminar confined, coaxial flow with heat generation in the inner fluid. The governing equations include the boundary layer approximations and the assumptions of only radial radiative transport of energy represented as an energy diffusion term. The Von Mises transformation and a zeta transformation are used to transform the equations into nonlinear nonhomogeneous convective-diffusion equations. A unique combination of forward and backward difference equations which yields accurate results at moderate computational times, is used in the numerical method. Results show that the rapidly accelerating, heat generating inner stream actually shrinks in radius as it expands axially.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Turbulence Coefficients and Stability Studies for the Coaxial Flow or Dissimiliar Fluids; 76 p
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  • 6
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    Motor activity under weightless conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: The material presented on the motor activity under weightless conditions (brief and long) leads to the conclusion that it is not significantly disrupted, if those being examined are secured at the workplaces. Some discoordination of movement, moderately expressed disruption of the precision of reproduction of assigned muscular forces, etc., were observed. Motor disorders decrease significantly in proportion to the length of stay under weightless conditions. This apparently takes place, as a consequence of formation of a new functional system, adequate to the conditions of weightlessness. Tests on intact and labyrinthectomized animals have demonstrated that signaling from the inner ear receptors is superfluous in weightlessness, since it promotes the onset of disruptions in the combined work of the position analyzers.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 245-265
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  • 7
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    Methods of body orientation in space in the absence of support under weightless conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: The experience accumulated in training subjects in methods of body orientation in space indicates the necessity of clear planning of the training process. After theoretical familiarization with the principles of body orientation in space and reviewing training films, practical mastery of the body orientation methods begins with working out of the individual elements on the Zhukovskiy stool. Then, the correctness and sequence of movements are carefully mastered in water, and the motor skills are then reinforced under time deficit conditions, on the vaulting bars, trampolines, and, in the concluding stage of training, the methods of orienting the body in space in weightlessness are worked out in laboratory-aircraft, with and without the spacesuit and with and without a load.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 216-228
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  • 8
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    Astronaut activity in weightlessness and unsupported space (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: For the purpose of study of the performance ability of a human operator in prolonged weightless conditions was studied by the following methods: (1) psychophysiological analysis of certain operations; (2) the dynamic characteristics of a man, included in a model control system, with direct and delayed feedback; (3) evaluation of the singularities of analysis and quality of the working memory, in working with outlines of patterned and random lines; and (4) biomechanical analysis of spatial orientation and motor activity in unsupported space.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 383-429
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  • 9
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    Problem of artificial gravity from the point of view of experimental physiology (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Artificial gravity in spacecraft and orbital stations is considered as prophylactic method for preventing disorders under weightlessness conditions and for readaptation of astronauts to the gravity of earth. The creation of 0.28 to 0.31 g artificial gravity during weightlessness is adequate to orient the human body in space, to preserve movement coordination, as well as to maintain the necessary level of certain physiological indices. This range of artificial weightiness can be reached by various angular accelerations of the satellite rotation as a function of the radius or orientation.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 351-357
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  • 10
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    Prophylaxis of unfavorable effect of weightlessness on the body (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Artificial gravitation is judged to be the most effective universal method of prophylaxis for the negative effects of weightlessness on the human body.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 314-335
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  • 11
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    Means and methods of physical conditioning of man in long space flights (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Methods of prophylaxis for disorders caused predominantly by reduction or absence of hydrostatic blood pressure in weightlessness and in experimental stimulation of it (readjustment of the watersalt metabolism, relative dehydration, disruption of competence of the cardiovascular system with respect to orthostatic loads, etc.), are adequately substantiated. Two theoretically possible approaches to prophylaxis of this type of disorder are examined: The use of methods of simulation of the effect of hydrostatic blood pressure in flight and the decrease in the gravitational redistribution of blood to the lower part of the body in the postflight period. In particular, the method of negative pressure in the lower region of the body gave favorable results. A significant decrease in orthostatic disorders after completion of such experiments was achieved by use of g-suits or other types of special clothing.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 335-351
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  • 12
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    Effect of weightlessness on mineral saturation of bone tissue (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: X-ray photometry of bone density established dynamic changes in mineral saturation of bone tissues for Soyuz spacecraft and Salyut orbital station crews. Calcaneus optical bone densities in all crew members fell below initial values; an increase in spacecrew exposure time to weightlessness conditions also increased the degree of decalcification. Demineralization under weightlessness conditions took place at a higher rate than under hypodynamia.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 208-215
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  • 13
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    Urea, sugar, nonesterified fatty acid and cholesterol content of the blood in prolonged weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Biochemical blood composition studies on astronauts during weightlessness flight simulation tests and during actual space flights showed some disturbances of metabolic processes. Increases in blood sugar, fatty acid and cholesterol, and urea content are noted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 196-207
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  • 14
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    Condition of cardiovascular systems of astronauts during flight of Soyuz orbital station (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Extensive studies of blood circulation functions during manned space flight demonstrated a pronounced tendency toward an increase in minute volume of the blood and a decrease in pulse wave propagation rate. Individual blood circulation indices had large amplitude fluctuations. Physical work loads caused slow recovery of heart rate, arterial pressure and minute blood volume.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 147-173
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  • 15
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    Some results of biomedical studies carried out in the Gemini and Apollo programs (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Biomedical changes in Gemini and Apollo astronauts indicate physiological shifts in the majority of organs and systems of the body during space flight. Weightlessness conditions affected body weight, blood circulation, hematological indices, metabolisms, etc. Prophylactic measures to minimize the various physiological and psychological effects constitute activity and rest cycles, supplementary potassium addition to space food, artificial gravity, etc.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 429-482
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  • 16
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    Some results of medical studies of Voskhod 2 spacecraft crew members (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Clinical and psychological examinations of the astronauts before, during and after space flight established fluctuations in heart rate, blood circulation, metabolism and sensorimotor reactions that disappeared completely one month after flight.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 116-128
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  • 17
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    Vestibular reactions of astronauts during flight in Voskhod spacecraft (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: It is shown that differing human vestibular resistances to weightlessness stress are connected with the nonuniform initial sensitivity of the vestibular apparatus, as well as with different lengths of vestibular training. However, intensive vestibular training of persons with a moderate degree of sensitivity of the vestibular analyzer does not ensure vestibular stability under weightlessness conditions.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 91-98
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  • 18
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    Space form of motionsickness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Spacesickness under weightlessness conditions is explained mainly by disruption of the activity of the functional system perceiving space and participating in carrying out the balancing function, consisting, in particular, of the vestibular, proprioceptive, interoceptive, visual and cutaneomechanical analyzers. It can be assumed that, under specific conditions, Coriolis acceleration also is a cause of spacesickness. Adaptation is possible by formation of a new functional system which is adequate to the new mechanical conditions of weightlessness. Selection, training, creation of optimum conditions in the spacecraft cabin, medicinal, and technical improvement of spacecraft play an important role in prophylaxis of the space form of seasickness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 82-91
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  • 19
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    Static-kinetic reactions of man under conditions of brief weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Physical characteristics of human responses to weightlessness simulation during parabolic flights establish body immobilization and visual illusions as the most manifest causes of sensory distrubances. Repeated brief weightlessness exposures gradually decreased expressions of static-kinetic disorders.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 76-81
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  • 20
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    Reactions of astronauts under weightless conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Experimental data show that weightlessness conditions lasting 5 days or more (18-25) do not produce significant disturbances in physical reactions of astronauts, with the exception of some singularities in functioning of the cardiovascular system: A reduction in heart rate and somewhat large fluctuations in the physiological indicators of cutaneogalvanic reactions.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 15-32
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  • 21
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    Physiological mechanisms of the effect of weightlessness on the body (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Experimental data show that physiological reactions observed under weightlessness conditions are caused by: (1) The direct effect of weightlessness, as a consequence of decrease (""disappearance'') of the weight of body tissues and organs; and (2) the mediated effect of weightlessness, as a result of changes in the functional state of the central nervous system and the cooperative work of the analyzers. The human body adopts to weightless conditions under the prolonged effects of it. In this case, four periods can be distinguished: The first period, a transitional process lasting from 1 to 24 hours; second period, initial adaptation to conditions of weightlessness and readjustment of all functional systems of the body; the third period, adaptation to the unusual mechanical conditions of the external environment, lasting from 3 to 8 days and more; and the fourth period, the stage of possible imbalance of the functions and the systems of some astronauts, as a result of the prolonged effect of weightlessness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 32-40
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  • 22
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    Perception of time under conditions of brief weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Results of experiments under conditions of brief weightlessness confirmed the theoretical concepts of the dependence of time perception on the emotional state of a man. The time test, together with other methods, can be used to precisely define the emotional state of subjects in stress situations.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 71-76
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  • 23
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    Physiological problems of weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: A brief review of the compensatory-adjusting body changes observed during and after human exposure to prolonged spaceflight is given. Pathological disturbances caused by increased functional hypokinesia and weightlessness loads affect the cardiovascular system, the nervous and hormonal systems, and the state of the skeletal musculo apparatus.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 1-15
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  • 24
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    Respiration, respiratory metabolism and energy consumption under weightless conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Changes in the physiological indices of respiration, respiratory metabolism and energy consumption in spacecrews under weightlessness conditions manifest themselves in increased metabolic rates, higher pulmonary ventilation volume, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide elimination, energy consumption levels in proportion to reduction in neuroemotional and psychic stress, adaptation to weightlessness and work-rest cycles, and finally in a relative stabilization of metabolic processes due to hemodynamic shifts.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 174-195
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  • 25
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    Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared rays (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Sources of infrared, visible and ultraviolet radiation are discussed, and important associated biological and psychophysiological effects are described. The problem of protection from excessively high or low levels of radiant energy in these spectral regions is considered and optimal levels are suggested.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 453-472
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  • 26
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    Angular velocities, angular accelerations, and coriolis accelerations (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Weightlessness, rotating environment, and mathematical analysis of Coriolis acceleration is described for man's biological effective force environments. Effects on the vestibular system are summarized, including the end organs, functional neurology, and input-output relations. Ground-based studies in preparation for space missions are examined, including functional tests, provocative tests, adaptive capacity tests, simulation studies, and antimotion sickness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 247-304
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  • 27
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    Impact accelerations (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The degree to which impact acceleration is an important factor in space flight environments depends primarily upon the technology of capsule landing deceleration and the weight permissible for the associated hardware: parachutes or deceleration rockets, inflatable air bags, or other impact attenuation systems. The problem most specific to space medicine is the potential change of impact tolerance due to reduced bone mass and muscle strength caused by prolonged weightlessness and physical inactivity. Impact hazards, tolerance limits, and human impact tolerance related to space missions are described.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 214-246
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  • 28
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    Endocrine, electrolyte, and fluid volume changes associated with Apollo missions (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The endocrine and metabolic results obtained before and after the Apollo missions and the results of the limited in-flight sampling are summarized and discussed. The studies were designed to evaluate the biochemical changes in the returning Apollo crewmembers, and the areas studied included balance of fluids and electrolytes, regulation of calcium metabolism, adaptation to the environment, and regulation of metabolic processes.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 163-184
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  • 29
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    Flight crew health stabilization program (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The flight crew health stabilization program was developed to minimize or eliminate the possibility of adverse alterations in the health of flight crews during immediate preflight, flight, and postflight periods. The elements of the program, which include clinical medicine, immunology, exposure prevention, and epidemiological surveillance, are discussed briefly. No crewmember illness was reported for the missions for which the program was in effect.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 141-149
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  • 30
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    Extravehicular mobility unit (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) consisted of a highly mobile, anthropomorphic pressure vessel and a portable life support system. The EMU used for the first lunar landing is described along with the changes made in the EMU design during the program to incorporate the results of experience and to provide new capabilities. The performance of the EMU is discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 545-569
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  • 31
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    The Apollo 17 pocket mouse experiment (Biocore) (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Results are presented of the Biocore experiment which attempted to assess the degree to which exposure to cosmic ray particle radiation might present a risk to astronauts. Pocket mice, with plastic dosimeters implanted beneath the scalp were flown in a sealed canister. The objective was to determine whether microscopically visible lesions attributable to particle radiation, could be found in brain, eye, and other tissues in these animals. The need for further study is demonstrated.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 381-403
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  • 32
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    Hematology and immunology studies (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The hematology and immunology program conducted in support of the Apollo missions was designed to acquire specific laboratory data relative to the assessment of the health status of the astronauts prior to their commitment to space flight. A second objective was to detect and identify any alterations in the normal functions of the immunohematologic systems which could be attributed to space flight exposure, and to evaluate the significance of these changes relative to man's continuing participation in space flight missions. Specific changes observed during the Gemini Program formed the basis for the major portion of the hematology-immunology test schedule. Additional measurements were included when their contribution to the overall interpretation of the flight data base became apparent.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 197-226
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  • 33
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    Metabolism and heat dissipation during Apollo EVA periods (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The extravehicular activity life support equipment, suit temperature control, metabolic rate measurement methods, and energy production are discussed. The Apollo crewmen were able to perform planned extravehicular activities and to extend them to the maximum time allowable without medical problems. The metabolic rates experienced during the lunar surface extravehicular activities were lower than conservative premission estimates. A manually controlled liquid cooling garment was effectively used to minimize fatigue and water loss from sweating during lunar surface extravehicular activities. Gas cooling was adequate during the short zero-g extravehicular activities performed from the command module. The prediction of EVA workloads became more reliable as inflight data was accumulated. The prediction of the average metabolic cost of an EVA was more reliable than the cost of an individual short-term task.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 115-128
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  • 34
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    Biologic guidelines for future space research (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Biological experiments conducted onboard balloons, rockets, and spacecraft are described. The effects of aerospace environments on microorganisms, plants, and invertebrate animals were examined.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 707-739
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  • 35
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    Descent and landing of spacecrews and survival in an unpopulated area (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Medical and physiologic experience gained in space flight programs of the U.S. and U.S.S.R. is described in relation to acceleration forces in the final phases of manned space flight. Application of this knowledge to future programs, survival in the postlanding period, and survival provisions currently made for spacecrews are discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 3; p 372-394
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    Bioinstrumentation (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The Apollo bioinstrumentation system (BIS) and related hardware is described. The BIS requirements evolved as a continuation and refinement of medical monitoring systems utilized throughout the Mercury and Gemini programs. The BIS provided physiological data to ground-based medical personnel for operational inflight safety monitoring, for inflight medical experiments; and for ground-based operations safety monitoring. The overall performance of the BIS is evaluated.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 485-493
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    Quarantine testing and biocharacterization of lunar materials (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Quarantine testing was conducted to ensure the safety of all life on earth. The plants and animals which were exposed to lunar material were carefully observed for prolonged periods to determine if any mutation or changes in growing characteristics and behavior occurred. The quarantine testing was terminated after the Apollo 14 flight when it became apparent that previously returned lunar material contained no potentially harmful agents. Further biological experimentation with the lunar material was conducted to determine its chemical, physical, and nutritional qualities.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 425-434
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    The role of toxicology in the Apollo space program (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Some of the major considerations are presented which governed the formation and application of the toxicology program employed in support of the Apollo program. The overriding concern of the program was the safety of crews exposed to trace contaminant gases for extended periods of time. The materials screening program employed, in conjunction with a well designed spacecraft environmental control system, helped to attain the goals set forth for the Apollo program. The knowledge gained from working with the toxicity problems and the identification of compounds in the space cabin atmosphere are of importance for continued efforts in manned space flight. Tabular data of spacecraft contaminants are presented.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 151-159
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    Radiation protection and instrumentation (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Radiation was found not to be an operational problem during the Apollo program. Doses received by the crewmen of Apollo missions 7 through 17 were small because no major solar-particle events occurred during those missions. One small event was detected by a radiation sensor outside the Apollo 12 spacecraft, but no increase in radiation dose to the crewmen inside the spacecraft was detected. Radiation protection for the Apollo program was focused on both the peculiarities of the natural space radiation environment and the increased prevalence of manmade radiation sources on the ground and onboard the spacecraft. Radiation-exposure risks to crewmen were assessed and balanced against mission gain to determine mission constraints. Operational radiation evaluation required specially designed radiation detection systems onboard the spacecraft in addition to the use of satellite data, solar observatory support, and other liaison. Control and management of radioactive sources and radiation-generating equipment was important in minimizing radiation exposure of ground-support personnel, researchers, and the Apollo flight and backup crewmen.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 105-113
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    Apollo command and service module and lunar module environmental control systems (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The environmental control systems and system requirements of the Apollo command service module and the lunar module are described. The overall performance of both systems during the Apollo program is discussed. Other topics covered include: dust control, EVA provisions, Apollo 13 emergency, component redundancy, modular construction, and subatmospheric design.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 517-543
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    Waste management system (1975)
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    Description: The function of the waste management system was to control the disposition of solid and liquid wastes and waste stowage gases. The waste management system consisting of a urine subsystem and a fecal subsystem is described in detail and its overall performance is evaluated. Recommendations for improvement are given.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 469-484
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    Clinical aspects of crew health (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Medical procedures and findings for Apollo astronauts in the preflight, inflight, and postflight phases of the Apollo missions are described in detail. Preflight medical examinations, inflight monitoring and medications, crew illnesses, and clinical findings are summarized.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 43-81
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    Environmental factors (1975)
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    Description: The selection of an Apollo spacecraft atmosphere was based on the establishment of an acceptable range of atmospheric composition and pressure, the establishment of acceptable carbon dioxide levels, thermal comfort criteria, and acceleration and impact limits. The prime design requirements in a spacecraft system are minimum weight, volume, power usage, reliability, ease of maintenance, environmental compatibility, integration with other systems, and crew compatibility. The selection considerations are reviewed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 129-139
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    Microbiological investigations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The crew microbiology program was conducted to evaluate lunar contamination, to detect potentially pathogenic microoganisms, to identify medically important microorganisms recovered from ill crewmen, to aid in diagnosis and treatment, and to collect microbiological data that would aid in elucidating the response of the crew microbial autoflora to the space flight environment and in evaluating the resultant effect on the crewmember. Microbiological sampling of selected sites in the command module was initiated in support of the quarantine program. During lunar quarantine missions, microbial screening was accomplished for all support personnel to be isolated with the returning crewman. Virology support for the Apollo project consisted of characterization of the viral and mycoplasma flora of the crewmembers and performance of viral serology for crewmembers, crew contacts, and key mission personnel. Procedures and results are discussed in detail.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 83-103
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    Astronaut activity (1975)
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    Description: Human factors pertinent to the design and operation of spacecraft are considered. The geometric characteristics of spacecraft that define the degree and type of confinement imposed on the crew and the character of equipment management and housekeeping necessary for hygiene, comfort and safety are discussed. The controls and displays of various spacecraft are described to indicate the degree to which crew functions become integral to functions of the total spacecraft. The contributions of the crew to system reliability and performance are summarized and the increasing significance of the crew's role in scientific observation and experimentation is noted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 600-636
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    Weightlessness (1975)
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    Description: Significance of gravitation forces in regulating homeostasis is discussed, along with weightlessness effects on humans and a state of reduced weight (subgravity), such as on the moon. Biomedical effects of weightlessness adaptation to zero G and readaptation to terrestrial gravitation are described for the nervous system, cardiovascular system, metabolism, and musculoskeletal system. Reactions caused primarly by: (1) changes in the afferent nervous system, (2) lack of hydrostatic blood pressure, (3) lack of weight on the musculoskeletal system, and (4) exposure limits derived from the effects of prolonged weightlessness on humans are reviewed. Protection of humans from adverse effects of weightlessness is considered; Skylab missions are also summarized.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 305-354
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    Ionizing radiation (1975)
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    Description: The biological effects of ionizing radiation encountered in space are considered. Biological experiments conducted in space and some experiences of astronauts during space flight are described. The effects of various levels of radiation exposure and the determination of permissible dosages are discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 473-531
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    Radio-frequency and microwave energies, magnetic and electric fields (1975)
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    Description: The biological effects of radio frequency, including microwave, radiation are considered. Effects on body temperature, the eye, reproductive systems, internal organs, blood cells, the cardiovascular system, and the central nervous system are included. Generalized effects of electric and magnetic fields are also discussed. Experimentation with animals and clinical studies on humans are cited, and possible mechanisms of the effects observed are suggested.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 409-452
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    Principles of gravitational biology (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Physical principles of gravitation are enumerated, including gravitational and inertial forces, weight and mass, weightlessness, size and scale effects, scale limits of gravitational effects, and gravity as biogenic factor. Statocysts, otolithic organs of vertebrates, gravity reception in plants, and clinostat studies for gravitation orientation are reviewed. Chronic acceleration is also studied, as well as physiology of hyper and hypodynamic fields. Responses of animals to a decreased acceleration field are examined, considering postural changes, work capacity, growth, and physiologic deadaptation.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 129-162
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    Prolonged linear and radial accelerations (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Overall acceleration effects on the body and man's resistance to it are presented, including endurance limits, acceleration tolerances, and aftereffects. These effects on individual body systems are described for: (1) cardiovascular system, (2) respiratory system, (3) vision, (4) central nervous system, (5) endocrine glands, (6) gastrointestinal tract, and (7) renal system. Work capacity effects are also noted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 163-213
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    Physiology of the sensory sphere under spaceflight conditions (1975)
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    Description: Information regarding the influence on sensory perception of certain space flight factors, including weightlessness, acceleration, and vibration, is presented. Several illusions which occur under these conditions are described. The results of ground based experiments are also discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 571-599
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    Biological and physiological rhythms (1975)
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    Description: Circadian rhythms, particularly that of sleep and wakefulness, are discussed. The sleep-wakefulness experiences of astronauts during several space missions are described, and predictions are made for future space activities, including Mars missions, interstellar flight, and life on permanent space stations.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 535-570
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    Methods of investigation in space biology and medicine, transmission of biomedical data (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Methods for in-flight monitoring of the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, vestibular system, central nervous system, and the musculoskeletal systems are described. Methods of data analysis are also discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 668-706
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    Combined effect of flight factors (1975)
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    Description: The effects of various combinations of space flight stresses are discussed. Included are weightlessness, acceleration, vibration, ionizing radiation, hypoxia, and ambient temperature. The problem of constructing mathematical models to describe the dynamics of biological systems, including those to analyze and predict adaptation and restoration processes following combined stresses, is also considered.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 639-667
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    Thermal exchanges and temperature stress (1975)
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    Description: Thermal comfort during space flight is discussed. Heat production of man during space flight and wear loss as a mean of dissipating heat are described. Water cooled garments are also considered, along with tolerance for extreme heat and body heat storage. Models of human temperature regulation are presented in the form of documented FORTRAN programs.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 94-126
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    Earth-type planets (Mercury, Venus, and Mars) (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Spacecraft- and Earth-based studies on the physical nature of the planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars are reported. Charts and graphs are presented on planetary surface properties, rotational parameters, atmospheric compositions, and astronomical characteristics.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 1; p 133-196
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    Potable water supply (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The history and evolution of the Apollo potable water system is reviewed. Its operation in the space environment and in the spacecraft is described. Its performance is evaluated. The Apollo potable water system satisfied the dual purpose of providing metabolic water for the crewmen and water for spacecraft cooling.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 495-515
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    Apollo light flash investigations (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The visual phenomenon of light flashes resulting from high energy, heavy cosmic rays penetrating the command module structure and crewmembers' eyes is investigated. Light flash events observed during dedicated sessions on Apollo 15, 16, 17 are described along with a Monte Carlo simulation of the exposure of an astronaut to cosmic radiation during a mission. Results of the Apollo Light Flash Moving Emulsion Detector experiment developed for Apollo 16 and 17 to obtain a direct record of incident cosmic ray particles are correlated with crewmembers' reports of light flashes.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 355-365
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    Apollo flight crew cardiovascular evaluations (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The results of the lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and passive stand tests are presented, and the efficacy of the experimental antihypotensive garments is evaluated. Results of the tests are presented in tabular form. Postflight orthostatic evaluations during the Apollo program indicate that reduction in orthostatic tolerance is a consequence of space flight exposure. Heart rate, the most reliable index, was increased, while systolic and pulse pressures were decreased during immediate postflight evaluations using lower body negative pressure and passive standing as the orthostatic stress. Elevation in resting heart rate was a less frequent finding. There was considerable variability in the magnitude of these changes between individual crewmembers and in the persistence of the changes over subsequent postflight evaluations. Postflight changes in leg volume during LBNP were equal to or less than those seen during preflight baseline evaluations. Body weight, resting calf girth, supine leg volume, and cardiothoracic ratios were all diminished immediately postflight, and return to preflight values was not complete within the postflight testing time frame.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 227-264
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    Nutritional studies (1975)
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    Description: Detailed metabolic studies were conducted of the Apollo 16 and Apollo 17 flight crews, and the results are presented in tabular form. Intake and absorption data are also included. Apollo nutrient intakes were found to be characteristically hypocaloric. Estimates of body composition changes from metabolic balance data, from preflight and postflight weights and volumes, and from total body water and potassium provide no evidence for diminished caloric requirements during a flight. As observed during the Gemini Program and during periods of bed rest, measurements of bone density and metabolic balance confirm a tendency toward loss of skeletal tissue in weightlessness. No evidence exists that any inflight metabolic anomaly, including hypokalemia, was induced by marginal or deficient nutrient intakes. In general, the Apollo crewmen were well nourished and exhibited normal gastroenterological functions, although appetite was somewhat diminished and the organoleptic response to food was somewhat modified during flight.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 277-302
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    Skeletal response (1975)
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    Description: The effect of weightlessness on bone mineral content during prolonged space flight was investigated. The mineral content changes which occurred during Apollo 14, 15, and 16 as measured by photon absorptiometry techniques are presented and compared. Bed rest served as an experimental model to assess the bone mineral changes, and to determine what remedial measures might be used to stem the tide of bone mineral loss. It is concluded that loss of mineral from bone due to the state of weightlessness is comparable to that observed in bed rest subjects.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 303-322
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    Noise and vibration (1975)
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    Description: The characteristics of acoustic energy and protection of humans from noise during space flight are described. Vibration characteristic factors are also discussed, including the variety of vibration, systems and resonance, spacecraft operations, biodynamics, physiological and psychological effects, and subjective reactions. The criteria and limits for human exposure are cited.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 355-405
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    Toxicology of the air in closed spaces (1975)
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    Description: Sources and identification of contaminants in artificial gas atmospheres are discussed. They include biological sources (microflora and man), materials, processes, aerosols, and malfunctions. Acute or chronic toxicity may result from spacecraft air contamination. Air quality standards are presented in tabular form.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 65-93
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    Apollo food technology (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Large improvements and advances in space food systems achieved during the Apollo food program are discussed. Modifications of the Apollo food system were directed primarily toward improving delivery of adequate nutrition to the astronaut. Individual food items and flight menus were modified as nutritional countermeasures to the effects of weightlessness. Unique food items were developed, including some that provided nutritional completeness, high acceptability, and ready-to-eat, shelf-stable convenience. Specialized food packages were also developed. The Apollo program experience clearly showed that future space food systems will require well-directed efforts to achieve the optimum potential of food systems in support of the physiological and psychological well-being of astronauts and crews.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 437-468
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    Biostack: A study of the biological effects on HZE galactic cosmic radiation (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The Biostack experiment designed to study the effect of individual heavy nucleii of the cosmic radiation environment upon biological systems during actual space flight is described. In each Biostack, several thousand biological objects were hit by an HZE particle. The response of the biological objects was studied. Results are discussed in terms of sensitivity to the hit.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 343-354
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    The Apollo 16 microbial response to space environment experiment (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The effect was evaluated of a particular space flight on the survival rate of nine different species. Although a reasonable variety of organisms (viruses, yeasts, filamentous fungi, bacteria, and an invertebrate) were tested under several different conditions, no statistically valid differences could be detected in the survival of flight samples when compared to corresponding ground-based controls. In general, these evaluations were based on multiple observations of from ten to thirty replicates of up to one million cells each. While the results conflict with those of certain other space flight investigations, it is observed that the conditions of a particular space flight cannot be exactly duplicated, and therefore results from different flights are not directly comparable.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 367-380
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    Apollo flight crew vestibular assessment (1975)
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    Description: Vestibular function in the weightless state of space flight is examined. Due to the lack of a systematic program to assess quantitatively the effects of space flight on crew vestibular function the analysis is based on qualitative information derived from motion sickness histories and subjective reporting by individual astronauts on the type and magnitude of vestibular disturbances experienced during and following their missions. It is concluded that the increased mobility afforded by the larger volume of the Apollo CM/LM resulted in a higher incidence of vestibular disturbances in the Apollo Program and that it is difficult to predict the likelihood of inflight vestibular problems. Quantitative examination of the effects of weightlessness on the vestibular function is recommended.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 323-340
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    Exercise response (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The bicycle ergometer and a graded stress protocol were used to conduct exercise stress tests for the Apollo project. The graded exercise tests permitted a progressive evaluation of physiological control system response and provided a better understanding of safe stress limits; heart rate was used for determining stress levels. During each test, workload, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory gas exchange (oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and minute volume) measurements were made. The results are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 265-275
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    Clinical biochemistry (1975)
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    Description: The objectives of the biochemical studies conducted for the Apollo program were (1) to provide routine laboratory data for assessment of preflight crew physical status and for postflight comparisons; (2) to detect clinical or pathological abnormalities which might have required remedial action preflight; (3) to discover as early as possible any infectious disease process during the postflight quarantine periods following certain missions; and (4) to obtain fundamental medical knowledge relative to man's adjustment to and return from the space flight environment. The accumulated data presented suggest that these requirements were met by the program described. All changes ascribed to the space flight environment were subtle, whereas clinically significant changes were consistent with infrequent illnesses unrelated to the space flight exposure.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 185-196
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    Lunakhod-2: Preliminary research results (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results from the Lunakhod 2 experiment on the surface property variations and relief structure of lunar craters are presented. Tectonic fractures, iron composition of lunar rocks, magnetic measurements, lunar sky brightness, and corpuscular radiation of the lunar body were studied.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Mod. Achievements of Cosmonautics (NASA-TT-F-16221); p 39-50
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  • 71
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    Lunakhod-2 in Lemonnier crater (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A study of surface properties of the Lemonnier Crater by Lunakhod 2 is summarized. Special efforts were made to determine the variations of physical-chemical properties of the lunar surface as a function of the selenological-morphological structure in the transition zone of a mare region to the highlands. Studies were also made of the local magnetic situation, physical-mechanical properties of the soil, and the optical properties of the surface.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Mod. Achievements of Cosmonautics (NASA-TT-F-16221); p 5-19
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  • 72
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    Training of astronauts in laboratory-aircraft under weightless conditions for work in space (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Analyses of occupational activities of astronauts in laboratory-aircraft flights simulating weightlessness conditions permit the development of training methods and optimization of the interaction of man with various spacecraft designs.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 357-365
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  • 73
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    Pathophysiological analysis of the effect of weightlessness on the body (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: A general scheme of pathogenesis of the effect of weightlessness on the human body is constructed that considers a shift of body fluids, decrease and change in afferent impulses, and metabolic changes in muscle and bony tissues.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 265-314
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  • 74
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    Motor activity of astronauts in unsupported state (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: The performance quality of movements away and approaches to an airlock by astronauts was tested during parabolic flights for weightlessness simulation. Coordination of movement, orientation and performance capacity of the astronauts were not singificantly disrupted. Observed physiological shifts are characterized by an increase in pulse and respiration rate and an increase in arterial pressure under g-forces, a gradual decrease in these indices during repeated stays in weightlessness or during the prolonged effect of it, by a reduction of the length of postrotational nystagmus and counterrotation illusions under weightless conditions.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 228-239
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  • 75
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    Basic results of medical examinations of Soyuz spacecraft crew members (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Weightlessness, hypokinesia and intense activity of crew members caused changes in human physiological functions during prolonged space flight as expressed in unusual diurnal rhythms. Microclimate, radiation and the nervous emotional state were not of significance in emergence of human body response reactions.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 128-147
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  • 76
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    Blood circulation under weightless conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Biomedical data obtained on men and animals during weightlessness conditions establish instabilities in pulse rate and blood circulation that smooth out in proportion to adaptation to the weightless condition. The unusual slowness of recovery of pulse rate to initial values after space flight stress is attributed to biological simulation of hormonal shifts and discharge of humoral substances into the blood that prevent a rapid recovery of some biological indicators to initial values.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 99-116
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  • 77
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    Reactions of animals and people under conditions of brief weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: It has been shown that under brief weightlessness sensory reactions arise in a number of people, mainly those under these conditions for the first time, in the form of spatial and visual illusions, motor excitation, in which tonic and motor components can be distinguished, and vestibular-vegetative disturbances (nausea, vomiting, etc.). In repeated flights with creation of weightlessness, a decrease in the extent of expression and, then, disappearance of these reactions occurred in a significant majority of those studied. Experiments in weightlessness with the vision cut off and with the absence of vestibular functions in the subjects confirm the hypothesis that spatial conceptions of people in weightlessness depend on predominance of gravireceptor or visual afferent signals under these conditions.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 41-71
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  • 78
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    Preservation of human performance capacity under prolonged space flight conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Prophylactic measures directed toward preservation of health and maintenance of the performance ability of a man during prolonged space flight stress center on the selection of optimum work and rest cycles, physical exercises, the use of pharmacological agents, conditioning of the cardiovascular apparatus, etc. A specially selected set of hormone and pharmacological preparations is recommended to stimulate hemopoiesis.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 365-383
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  • 79
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    Transport and emplacement of crater and basin deposits (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Material is ejected from impact craters in ballastic trajectories; it impacts first near the crater rim and then at progressively greater ranges. Ejecta from craters smaller than approximately 1 km are laid predominantly on top of the surrounding surface. With increasing crater size, more and more surrounding surface will be penetrated by secondary cratering action, and these preexisting materials will be mixed with primary crater ejecta. Ejecta from large craters, and especially basin-forming events, not only excavate preexisting local materials, but also are capable of moving large amounts of material away from the crater. Thus mixing and lateral transport give rise to continuous deposits that contain materials from within and outside the primary crater. As a consequence, ejecta of basins and large highland craters have eroded and mixed highland materials throughout geologic time and deposited them in depressions inside and between older crater structures.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 80
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    Distribution effectiveness for space radiation dosimetry (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A simplified risk basis and a theory of hematological response are presented and applied to the problem of dosimetry in the manned space program. Unlike previous studies, the current work incorporates radiation exposure distribution effects into its definition of dose equivalent. The fractional cell lethality model for prediction of hematological response is integral in the analysis.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Health Physics; 28; June 197
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  • 81
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    Planetary geology (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The solar system is considered along with the significance of meteorites as samples of the universe, the origin of planets, and earth's-eye view of the moon, previews of the lunar surface, aspects of impact cratering, lunar igneous processes, the mapping of the moon, the exploration of the moon in connection with the Apollo lunar landings, and the scientific payoff from the lunar samples. Studies of Mars, Venus, and the planets beyond are discussed, taking into account the Mariner Mars program, the Mariner orbiting mission, missions to Venus, the Mariner flight to Mercury, and the Pioneer missions. Attention is also given to the origin of the moon, implications of the moon's thermal history, similarities and differences in planetary evolution, and the role of internal energy in planetary development.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 82
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    Empirical correlations for heat transfer and flow friction characteristics of rectangular offset-fin plate-fin heat exchangers (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 83
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    Inviscid interpenetration of two streams with unequal total pressures (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A theory is proposed for analyzing the inviscid interpretation of two streams in the case when the difference in total pressure between the streams is relatively small. A stream is considered which discharges from a nozzle or reservoir into a partially moving and partially stationary environment in such a way that the flows leave the solid boundaries in a tangential direction where the two streams first interact. The problem is solved by expanding in a small parameter related to the difference in total pressure between the streams, the zeroth-order solution is obtained by classical methods, and a technique similar to that employed in thin-airfoil theory is used to transfer the first-order boundary conditions to the zeroth-order boundary. A procedure is developed to transform the problem into one that can be solved by standard techniques of the theory of sectionally analytic functions. Solutions are obtained for flows with and without free streamlines, and the general theory is applied to several specific flow configurations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 70; Aug. 12
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  • 84
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    Petrology of lunar soils (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper summarizes the physical and petrographic characteristics of the finer-grained fractions (less than 1 cm) of lunar regolith soil in Apollo and Luna samples. Lunar soils are poorly sorted and consist mostly of lithic and mineral debris derived by impact comminution of the underlying bedrock and glass particles formed by impact melting. Agglutinates constitute an important soil component and are key factors in the genetic history of lunar soil. Some models concerning the development of lunar regolith based on soil studies are examined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; Aug. 197
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  • 85
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    On the origin of ultraviolet constrasts on Venus (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Models for the origin of the contrasts in the ultraviolet images of Venus are examined in an attempt to determine the physical differences between light and dark regions fundamental to a clear understanding of the apparent cloud motions. To evaluate the meaning of the wavelength dependence of the contrasts, an improved determination of the spherical albedo curve for Venus in the 0.225-1.06 micron range is made by fitting appropriate theoretical models to the observations of monochromatic magnitudes as a function of phase angle. It is shown that, because of differences between the spectral dependences of spherical albedo and contrasts, at least one major absorber other than the one causing the contrasts is almost certainly required. Several classes of models are compatible with present observational evidence. The contrasts and the absorption associated with them may in fact be occurring below, within or above the main visible cloud layer, and thus an unambiguous interpretation of the apparent cloud motions is not possible.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 86
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    Interpretation of the variation of polarization over the disk of Venus (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The polarization of reflected sunlight is computed for model atmospheres of Venus as a function of location on the apparent planetary disk. The calculations are for both homogeneous and layered models, as required to investigate the vertical distribution of particles. The results are compared with available observations. It is shown that the Rayleigh scattering observed in the polarization of Venus originates primarily from within the visible clouds, rather than from above the clouds. The visible 'clouds' are actually a very diffuse hazy region, and this visible-cloud layer extends at least up to the level where the pressure is of the order of 10 mb. The results indicate that the atmosphere behaves more nearly as the so-called 'homogeneous model' than as the 'reflecting-layer model'. However, there is some indication in the data that the turbidity increases with depth into the atmosphere. This conclusion receives stronger support from a comparison of particle number densities obtained from the polarization data with the number densities obtained from other observations which refer on the average to higher and lower levels in the atmosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; June 197
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  • 87
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    Polar symmetric flow of a viscous compressible atmosphere - An application to Mars (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The atmosphere is assumed to be driven by a polar symmetric temperature field. The surface pressure gradient exhibits a latitudinal dependence opposite that of the depth-averaged temperature. The magnitude of the gradient is dependent upon the depth of the boundary layer, which depends upon the eddy viscosity, the boundary conditions imposed at the surface, and upon the temperature lapse rate. Using a temperature model for Mars based on Mariner 9 infrared spectral data with a 30% increase in the depth-averaged temperature from the winter pole to the subsolar point, the increase in surface pressure from the subsolar point to the winter pole was calculated as a function of eddy viscosity with no-slip conditions imposed at the surface. The meridional cellular flow rate is correlated with the eddy viscosity, causing a complete overturning of the atmosphere in tens of days for an eddy viscosity of .1 billion sq cm/sec and in hundreds of days for 1 million sq cm/sec. The implication of this overturning in the dust storm observed during the early part of the Mariner 9 mission is discussed briefly.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; Jan. 197
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  • 88
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    Extinct radioactivities - Trapped residuals of presolar grains (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The xenon anomalies trapped in meteorites and the moon may have first been trapped in circumstellar grains formed in or outside of postexplosive stars. In that case, the initial solar nebula need not have contained most of their radioactive progenitors, and this would necessitate major revision of the history of solar system formation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 89
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    A determination of the lunar moment of inertia (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An estimate of the second zonal coefficient of the spherical-harmonic representation of the lunar gravitational field has been obtained from an analysis of particular orbital-element variations of the Explorer 35 and Explorer 49 spacecraft. Data from these spacecraft were used because the orbital configurations resulted in variations of the longitude of periapse and node which were, to first order, dependent only on the even zonal harmonics. The data time span for each satellite was extremely long: 2138 days for Explorer 35 and 230 days for Explorer 49. The value of the harmonic coefficient is determined and used to obtain a value of the lunar moment of inertia.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Aug. 197
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  • 90
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    Thicknesses of some lunar mare basalt flows and ejecta blankets based on chemical kinetic data (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 39; Aug. 197
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  • 91
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    Mineralogy, petrology, and geochemistry of the lunar samples (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The geochemistry of the bulk moon is considered, taking into account the large-scale chemical view of the lunar surface which has been obtained with the aid of three remote sensing experiments utilizing X-ray fluorescence, a gamma-ray spectrometer, and visible and near infrared reflectance measurements. Attention is also given to the regolith, the mare basins, and the lunar highlands and crust.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; July 197
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  • 92
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    Radiation exchange for a system with partially transmitting wall (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An approach is presented for applying the net radiation method developed by Siegel and Howell (1972) and Sparrow and Cess (1966) to systems involving opaque and partially transmitting walls. The results obtained from the basic equations for various values of plate emissivities and temperatures are presented in graphs. Attention is given to the window temperature relative to the temperature of the hot wall and the heat transferred relative to that transferred without the window.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Letters in Heat and Mass Transfer; 2; Mar
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  • 93
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    Mars gravity field based on a short-arc technique (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The magnitudes of 92 surface mass points at designated locations were estimated from the radio tracking data of the Mariner Mars 1971 (M9) orbiter. This result is the first mass point model of a global field. The derived surface mass distribution correlates positively with the visible topography. The Hellas basin contains a mass deficiency, in contrast to some of the lunar basins which contain mass excesses. The Mars gravity field represented by the four parameters of an optimally located mass point (superimposed on an oblate spheroid) has third- and fourth-degree harmonics comparable to those of the complete model.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; July 10
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  • 94
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    An analytical model of the Jovian magnetosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Using Euler potentials, we construct a class of axisymmetric magnetic field models that exhibit the general features of the dayside Jovian field as observed by Pioneers 10 and 11. The particular model used for illustration contains a distended, disk-like field along the equator, a blunt, earth-like magnetosphere boundary, and the possibility of multiple trapping regions along a field line. The self-consistent ring current is calculated, together with representative drift periods for energetic particles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; July 197
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  • 95
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    The magnetic field of Mercury. I (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An updated analysis and interpretation are presented of the magnetic field observations obtained during the Mariner 10 encounter with the planet Mercury on March 29, 1974. The combination of data relating to position of the detached bow shock wave and magnetopause and the geometry and magnitude of the magnetic field within the magnetosphere-like region surrounding Mercury lead to the conclusion that an internal planetary field exists with dipole moment approximately 5.1 times 10 to the 22nd G per cu cm. The dipole axis has a polarity sense similar to that of earth and is tilted 7 deg from the normal to Mercury's orbital plane. The magnetic field observations reveal a significant distortion of the modest Hermean field by the solar wind flow and the formation of a magnetic tail and neutral sheet which begins close to the planet on the night side. Presently, an active dynamo mechanism in the planetary interior appears to be favored in the interpretation of the field origin.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; July 1
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  • 96
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    Earth as an intense planetary radio source - Similarities to Jupiter and Saturn (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations from spacecraft have revealed naturally occurring radio emission emanating from two regions near earth. The characteristics of these two sources suggest a correlation with areas of known electron precipitation. The possibility of a similar production mechanism for observed nonthermal radio emissions from other planetary magnetospheres permits the polar magnetic field strengths of Jupiter and Saturn to be predicted.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 189; July 25
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  • 97
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    Derivation and application of the reciprocity relations for radiative transfer with internal illumination (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A Green's function formulation is used to derive basic reciprocity relations for planar radiative transfer in a general medium with internal illumination. Reciprocity (or functional symmetry) allows an explicit and generalized development of the equivalence between source and probability functions. Assuming similar symmetry in three-dimensional space, a general relationship is derived between planar-source intensity and point-source total directional energy. These quantities are expressed in terms of standard (universal) functions associated with the planar medium, while all results are derived from the differential equation of radiative transfer.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 15; Sept
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  • 98
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    Skylab experiment M-171 'Metabolic Activity' - Results of the first manned mission (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The experiment was performed to ascertain whether man's ability to perform mechanical work would be altered as a result of exposure to the weightless environment. Skylab II crewmen were exercised on a bicycle ergometer at loads approximating 25%, 50%, and 75% of their maximum oxygen uptake while their physiological responses were monitored. The results of these tests indicate that the crewmen had no significant decrement in their response to exercise during their exposure to zero gravity. Immediately postflight, however, all crewmen demonstrated an inability to perform the programmed exercise with the same metabolic effectiveness as they did both preflight and inflight. The most significant changes were elevated heart rates for the same work load and oxygen consumption (decreased oxygen pulse), decreased stroke volume, and decreased cardiac output at the same oxygen consumption level. It is apparent that the changes occurred inflight, but did not manifest themselves until the crewmen attempted to readapt to the 1-G environment.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 99
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    Saturn radio emission near 1 MHz (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Radio emissions from the direction of Saturn are analyzed which were observed by IMP-6 at 15 frequencies between 375 and 2200 kHz from April 1971 to October 1972. The radio bursts are identified in the IMP-6 data by a phase analysis of the spin-modulated signal from the spacecraft's dipole antenna, and approximately 12 storms are isolated whose occurrence corresponded to times when the spacecraft had an unobstructed view in the direction of Saturn. The spectral character of the radiation is found to be analogous to that of Jupiter, and a power-spectral analysis of the storm occurrence times indicates a weak periodicity for some of the observing frequencies. The Saturnian emission most similar to Jupiter's decametric emission is found to be strongest at 1100 kHz with a bandwidth of about 1000 kHz. A secondary spectral peak may exist at 400 kHz, which is similar to that observed for Earth and Jupiter. The detection of this nonthermal radio emission is shown to be the first direct evidence for the existence of a Saturnian magnetic field containing energetic particles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; June 1
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  • 100
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    Weightlessness - A case history (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review of the average bodily systems functioning aboard Skylab II after 20 days of weightlessness is presented. Condition of eyes, ears, nose and throat, gastrointestinal tract, vestibular organs, cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system, sleep, general appearance, skin, abdomen, and extremities is summarized. The general health of the crewmen is good, although there are some slight anomalies, such as weight loss, dry skin, nasal speech, and paresthesia of the soles of the feet.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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