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  • Other Sources  (395)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (223)
  • ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 1975-1979  (395)
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  • 1975  (395)
  • 1
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    Pulse distortion and Hilbert transformation in multiply reflected and refracted body waves (1975)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Taipei, Elsevier, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 55-70, pp. TC1002, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Waves ; caustics ; Synthetic seismograms ; Hilbert transform ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Parametrically simple earth models consistent with geophysical data (1975)
    In:  Phys. Earth Plan. Int., Luxembourg, U.S. Geological Survey, vol. 10, no. 24, pp. 12-48, pp. B05309, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Seismology ; Review article ; Velocity depth profile ; PEPI ; Dziewonski
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Acquisition of digital seismological data at the Gräfenberg (GRF) array (1975)
    In:  Veröff. Zentr. Inst. Phys. d. Erde, Berlin, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. E1, no. 31, pp. 63-74, pp. B04310, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic arrays ; Data analysis / ~ processing
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Methods for determining positions of very near earthquakes (1975)
    Zaklad Geofizyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk
    In:  Materialy I Prace, Warszawa, Zaklad Geofizyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 456, pp. 2103, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Location
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    Conversion of Sn to Lg at a continental margin (1975)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Amsterdam, Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. 65, no. 5652, pp. 235-244, pp. L12S09, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Lg-waves ; CRUST ; Shear waves ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 6
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    Theoretical basis of some empirical relations in seismology (1975)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Tokyo, Tokyo University, vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 1073-1096, pp. 2265, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Seismology ; Source parameters ; Source ; Magnitude ; seismic Moment ; BSSA ; FROTH ; (abstract)
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 7
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    Regional Rayleigh wave attenuation in North America (1975)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 4904-4916, pp. L09610, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Attenuation ; Rayleigh waves ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 8
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    Computations of SV-waves in realistic earth models (1975)
    In:  J. Geophys., Würzburg, Physica-Verlag, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 149-172, pp. L24313, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Synthetic seismograms ; Seismology ; Reflectivity ; Mueller ; Muller
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 9
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    Exploitation of seismograph networks (1975)
    Noordhoff
    In:  NATO Advanced Study Institute series, series E, Leiden, Noordhoff, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 681-692, pp. 2371
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic networks ; Detectors
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 10
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    A comparison of power spectral estimates and applications of the maximum entropy method (1975)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research, Jena, Scientific American, vol. 80, no. B9, pp. 619-625, pp. B09309, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Spectrum ; Power spectrum ; Spectral estimation ; Maximum entropy ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 11
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    Orthogonal representation of array-recorded short period P-waves (1975)
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Exploitation of Seismograph Networks, Leiden, The Netherlands, Springer, vol. 1, no. XVI:, pp. 297-310, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic arrays ; Polarization ; Three component data ; High frequency ...
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 12
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    A source theory for complex earthquakes (1975)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Warszawa, Elsevier, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 1385, pp. 2382, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Source ; Seismology ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 13
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    Parametrically simple earth models consistent with geophysical data (1975)
    In:  Phys. Earth Plan. Int., Luxembourg, U.S. Geological Survey, vol. 10, no. 3-4, pp. 12-48, pp. B05309, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Physical properties of rocks ; Seismology ; PEPI ; Dziewonski
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 14
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    Seismic intensities, "size" of earthquakes and related parameters (1975)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Luxembourg, Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 1287-1313, pp. B04203, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Intensity ; Source parameters ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 15
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    A new method for the analysis of multimode surface wave dispersion, applicated to Love wave propagation in the East Pacific (1975)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Tokyo, Terra Scientific Publishing Company, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 323-342, pp. 8010, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Dispersion ; Surface waves ; Love-waves ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Seismology ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 16
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    Fault plane solutions and tectonics of the south Atlantic and Scotia sea (1975)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Tokyo, Terra Scientific Publishing Company, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 1429-1443, pp. 8010, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Tectonics ; Seismology ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 17
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    Variation of source properties: the Inanghua, New Zealand, aftershocks of 1968 (1975)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Bonn, Inst. f. Theoret. Geodäsie, vol. 65, no. 3-5, pp. 261-276, pp. 1056, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake ; Source ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 18
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    Origin of coda waves: source, attenuation and scattering effects (1975)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Tokyo, Inst. f. Theoret. Geodäsie, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 3322-3342
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Source ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 19
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    Wavenumber filtering of microseism with triangular arrays (1975)
    Noordhoff
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Exploitation of seismograph networks, Leiden, Noordhoff, vol. 65, no. XVI:, pp. 205-218, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Filter- ; Seismic arrays ; Wave number analys.
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 20
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    On the recent development of continuum mechanics and its application to seismology (1975)
    In:  Gerlands Beitr. Geophys., London, AGU, vol. 84, no. B6, pp. 501-508, pp. B02408, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Review article ; Seismology ; Elasticity ; Elasticity theory of dislocations
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 21
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    Earthquake prediction and public policy. Prepared by the panel on the public policy. Implications of earthquake prediction of the Advisory Committee on Emergency Planning (1975)
    National Academy of Science
    In:  Washington, D. C., National Academy of Science, vol. 15, (ISBN 0-521-81734-X)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake sociological and political aspects
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 22
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    Herdmechanik tektonischer Erdbeben (1975)
    Nauka
    In:  Moscow, Nauka, vol. 54, no. XVI:, pp. 158-164, (ISBN: 3486274473, 2. Auflage 2004, xxiv, 244 Seiten)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Source ; Seismology ; Source ; Mechanics ; of ; Tectonic ; Earthquakes
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 23
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    On the estimation of seismic detection thresholds (1975)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Luxembourg, National Academy of Sciences of the USA, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 1631-1642, pp. B05311, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic networks ; NOISE ; Detectors ; NOR ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 24
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    Three adaptive filters for the detection of body waves, with application to deep seismic soundings (1975)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Roma, Polish Geothermal Association, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 995-1012, pp. B09303, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Filter- ; Detectors ; Body waves ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 25
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    Wide-band seismic recording at the Gräfenberg (GRF)-Station (1975)
    Noordhoff
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Exploitation of Seismograph Networks, NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, Leiden, Noordhoff, vol. 11, no. XVI:, pp. 79-83, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Broad-band ; Seismic arrays ; Data analysis / ~ processing
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 26
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    Seismizitätsstudien im Breich der Peleponnes auf Grund von Präzisionsherdbestimmungen (1975)
    Inst. f. Meteorol. und Geophys., Univ. Frankfurt/Main
    In:  Dissertation, Berichte, Bonn, Inst. f. Meteorol. und Geophys., Univ. Frankfurt/Main, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 29, pp. 31-35, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Location ; Seismicity
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 27
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    Statistical analysis and interpretation of surface wave anelastic attenuation data for the stable interior of North America (1975)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Zagreb, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 1115-1128, pp. L02307, (ISSN 0343-5164)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Statistical investigations ; Surface waves ; Inelastic ; Attenuation ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 28
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    A student's guide to the use of P and S wave data for focal mechanism determination (1975)
    In:  Earthquake Notes, Zagreb, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 29-39, pp. L02307, (ISSN 0343-5164)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; P-waves ; Shear waves ; Source parameters ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Review article ; Handbook of geophysics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 29
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    Electrophoresis of biological materials (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: The selection of biological products was studied for electrophoresis in space. Free flow electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and isotachophoresis are described. The candidates discussed include: immunoglobulins and gamma globulins; isolated islet of langerhans from pancreas; bone marrow; tumor cells; kidney cells, cryoprecipitate; and column separated cultures.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 177-190
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  • 30
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    High purity tungsten targets (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: High purity tungsten, which is used for targets in X-ray tubes was considered for space processing. The demand for X-ray tubes was calculated using the growth rates for dental and medical X-ray machines. It is concluded that the cost benefits are uncertain.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 159-176
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  • 31
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    Costs and benefits of turbine blades (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: The potential demand for space processed turbine blades, and the dollar benefits to be derived from this technology were analyzed. It was found that an adequate demand to justify space processed blades will exist. The cost benefits per blade for replacements in existing aircraft is estimated to be $997.50 per blade, and for new aircraft the savings per blade would be over $21,000.00.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 40-90
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  • 32
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    Crystal study and econometric model (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: An econometric model was developed that can be used to predict demand and supply figures for crystals over a time horizon roughly concurrent with that of NASA's Space Shuttle Program - that is, 1975 through 1990. The model includes an equation to predict the impact on investment in the crystal-growing industry. Actually, two models are presented. The first is a theoretical model which follows rather strictly the standard theoretical economic concepts involved in supply and demand analysis, and a modified version of the model was developed which, though not quite as theoretically sound, was testable utilizing existing data sources.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 191-233
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  • 33
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    Turbine blade processing (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: Space processing of directionally solidified eutectic-alloy type turbine blades is envisioned as a simple remelt operations in which precast blades are remelted in a preformed mold. Process systems based on induction melting, continuous resistance furnaces, and batch resistance furnaces were evaluated. The batch resistance furnace type process using a multiblade mold is considered to offer the best possibility for turbine blade processing.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 91-158
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  • 34
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    Mutual assistance in space (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Operating principles, system functions, and technological problems associated with developing compatible spacecraft, station approach, and docking facilities between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. are reported. Two designs, the probe cone and the androgynous docking device are examined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Mod. Achievements of Cosmonautics (NASA-TT-F-16221); p 20-38
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  • 35
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    Summary and recommendations (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: An economic analysis using econometric and cost benefit analysis techniques was performed to determine the feasibility of space processing of certain products. The overall objectives of the analysis were (1) to determine specific products or processes uniquely connected with space manufacturing, (2) to select a specific product or process from each of the areas of semiconductors, metals, and biochemicals, and (3) to determine the overall price/cost structure of each product or process considered. The economic elements of the analysis involved a generalized decision making format for analyzing space manufacturing, a comparative cost study of the selected processes in space vs. earth manufacturing, and a supply and demand study of the economic relationships of one of the manufacturing processes. Space processing concepts were explored. The first involved the use of the shuttle as the factory with all operations performed during individual flights. The second concept involved a permanent unmanned space factory which would be launched separately. The shuttle in this case would be used only for maintenance and refurbishment. Finally, some consideration was given to a permanent manned space factory.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 234-251
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  • 36
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    Economic analysis of materials processing in space: Introduction (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: Space processing concepts investigated included an unmanned space factory, and a permanently launched factory. Product lines chosen for analysis were: (1) turbine blades, (2) tungsten targets for X-ray machines, (3) 1 sub G subclass separation by electrophoresis, and (4) high-price exotic crystals. The turbine blade, and 1 sub G products are considered promising candidates.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 1-7
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  • 37
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    Man in space - A time for perspective (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Factors affecting crew performances in long-term space flights are examined with emphasis on the Space Shuttle-Spacelab program. Biomedical investigations carried out during four Skylab missions indicate that initially rapid changes in certain physiological parameters, notably in cardiovascular response and red-blood-cell levels, lead to an adapted condition. Calcium loss remains a potential problem. Space Shuttle environmental control and life-support systems are described together with technology facilitating performance of mission objectives in a weightless environment. It is concluded that crew requirements are within the physical and psychological capability of astronauts, but the extent to which nonastronaut personnel will be able to participate without extensive training and pre-conditioning remains to be determined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 38
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    Origin of cosmic rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Based on recent observations of the galactic gas and gamma ray distributions, the galactic cosmic ray distribution is deduced. This distribution is identical to that of supernova remnants (within experimental error), strongly supporting the hypothesis that most observed cosmic rays are produced by supernovas in our own galaxy. The average age of the cosmic ray sources is suggested, from the character of their distribution, to be about 30 million years.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 35; July 21
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  • 39
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    High-energy galactic gamma radiation from cosmic rays concentrated in spiral arms (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A model for the emission of high-energy (exceeding 100 Mev) gamma-rays from the galactic disk has been developed and compared with recent SAS-2 observations. In the calculation, it is assumed that (1) the high energy galactic gamma-rays result primarily from the interaction of cosmic rays with galactic matter, (2) the cosmic-ray density is proportional to the matter density on the scale of galactic arms, and (3) the matter in the Galaxy is distributed in a spiral pattern consistent with density-wave theory and experimental data on the matter distribution that is available, including the 21-cm H I line emission, continuum emission from H II regions, and data currently being used to estimate the H2 density. The calculated galactic-longitude distribution of gamma rays is in good agreement with the SAS-2 observations in relative shape and absolute flux. As a corollary, the nonuniform cosmic-ray distribution of this model tends to support the galactic origin of the fraction of cosmic rays which is important in the production of high-energy photons. Modifications of the basic model show that the gamma-ray flux is relatively sensitive to large variations of the assumed distribution of molecular hydrogen in the Galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 199; July 1
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  • 40
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    Observations of cosmic gamma-ray bursts with IMP-7 - Evidence for a single spectrum (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectral observations of nine recent cosmic gamma-ray bursts are reported. The average photon number spectra of all nine events are each consistent with a 150-keV exponential from 100 keV to about 400 keV, and a power law of index -2.5 from 400 keV to 1100 keV. The observations also indicate an event rate of 16 in 1972 and 1973, or 8 plus or minus 2 per year, higher than the 5 plus or minus 1 per year initially reported. This corresponds to an approximately 40 percent lower effective intensity threshold, attained by using more sensitive detectors in multiple-satellite coincidence.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 196; Feb. 15
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  • 41
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    Man's future in space (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Studies evaluating potential operational and commercial uses of space are being conducted, taking into account astronomy, astrophysics, manned bases and laboratories in earth orbit, space colonization, terrestrial communications, space processing and manufacturing, interstellar probes, planetary exploration, and the use of space for terrestrial energy supply. The present status in the exploration of the solar system is examined, giving attention to Jupiter, Venus, Mars, and Mercury. A brief outline of the development of human colonies on Mars is presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Spaceflight; 17; Mar. 197
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  • 42
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    Time bases, discretes, and interrupts (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effort performed to assure proper flight program handling of time bases, discretes, and interrupts was discussed. The following time bases are used as key mission events: guidance reference release, liftoff, S-1B low level sensors dry, S-1B outboard engines cutoff, S-IVB cutoff, and S-IVB de-orbit DCS command. The five discrete outputs in the discrete output register were verified for proper setting. Each discrete input is honored in the proper time frame by forcing each discrete in the following intervals: before the discrete is enabled, after the discrete has been detected, and after the discrete has been disabled. As an assurance that an interrupt is honored only in the proper time frames, each interrupt was forced during the following intervals: prior to the specified enable time, after the interrupt has been honored, after the interrupt has been disabled.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Program Verification Doc. for the ASTP Flight Program; 10 p
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  • 43
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    Planning and operating experiments S-183 on the three skylab missions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: CNES Technol. of Sci. Space Expt.,; p 119-134
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  • 44
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    Materials processing in space - New challenges for industry (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A summary is presented of NASA's activity in materials research in zero-g. Very simple experiments to determine the effects of zero-g upon solidification processes, upon heat flow, convection and mass transport, and upon the separation of biological cells were conducted during three Apollo flights. The investigations were continued in a series of experiments conducted on Skylab. The experiments provided data on a wide range of space-processing topics. The various tests and the results obtained in them are discussed. Attention is also given to experiments planned for the Apollo-Soyuz experiment, studies to be conducted with the aid of sounding rockets, and an evaluation of the possibilities provided by space processing for industry.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 13; May 1975
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  • 45
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    Molecular fluxes from a spacecraft measured with quartz microbalances (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique has been developed to obtain a characterization of the self-generated environment of a spacecraft and its variation with time, angular position, and distance. The density, pressure, outgassing flux, total weight loss, and other important parameters were obtained from data provided by two mass measuring crystal microbalances, mounted back to back, at a distance of 1 m from the spacecraft equivalent surface. The strongest source appeared to be caused by a material diffusion process which produced a directional density at 1 m distance of about 160 billion molecules per cu cm after 1 h in vacuum and decayed to 1.6 billion molecules per cu cm after 200 h. Self-contamination of the spacecraft was equivalent to that which occurs in a 300-km altitude orbit.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 46
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    Mirroring in the Fokker-Planck coefficient for cosmic-ray pitch-angle scattering in homogeneous magnetic turbulence (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Fokker-Planck coefficient for pitch-angle scattering, appropriate for cosmic rays in homogeneous stationary magnetic turbulence is computed without making any specific assumptions concerning the statistical symmetries of the random field. The Fokker-Planck coefficient obtained can be used to compute the parallel diffusion coefficient for high-energy cosmic rays propagating in the presence of strong turbulence, or for low-energy cosmic rays in the presence of weak turbulence. Because of the generality of magnetic turbulence allowed for in the analysis, special interplanetary magnetic field features, such as discontinuities or particular wave modes, can be included rigorously.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 195; Feb. 1
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  • 47
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    Primary gamma-rays (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Within our Galaxy, cosmic rays can reveal their presence in interstellar space and probably in source regions by their interactions with interstellar matter which lead to gamma-rays with a very characteristic energy spectrum. From the study of the intensity of the high energy gamma radiation as a function of galactic longitude, it is already clear that cosmic rays are almost certainly not uniformly distributed in the Galaxy and are not concentrated in the center of the Galaxy. The galactic cosmic rays appear to be tied to galactic structural features, presumably by the galactic magnetic fields which are in turn held by the matter in the arm segments and the clouds. On the extra-galactic scale, it is now possible to say that cosmic rays are probably not at the density seen near the earth.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 48
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    Reference systems and transformations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The verification accomplished to assure correct computation of the many geometrical relationships between the several coordinate systems and transformation matrices defined for the Saturn 1B mission was discussed. This is accomplished by demonstrating the following: (1) the program has the ability to correctly establish the initial vector coordinate system from external input data for use as a reference, (2) the program logic is capable of properly executing the calculations necessary to transform vectorial parameters from one coordinate system to another, and (3) the presettings used for vector component calculations are valid.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Program Verification Doc. for the ASTP Flight Program; 3 p
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  • 49
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    General verification description (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A brief general description of the ASTP flight program verification was presented. The total program verification effort assures the accuracy and adequacy of the LVDC flight program and verifies that the final program meets mission requirements and conforms to program documentation. The flight program's functional requirements to integrate the guidance and control system with the launch vehicle sequencing system are verified directly by analysis of many special logic checks designed for this purpose and indirectly by the correct overall program response to nominal and numerous perturbed conditions. Verification of the interaction of function requirements is accomplished on every case run during the verification effort.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Program Verification Doc. for the ASTP Flight Program; 3 p
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  • 50
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    Theory of fluctuations of extended air showers (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Monte Carlo method was used to calculate the probability distribution functions of shower characteristics for primary protons at sea level. The calculation was based on the following model of the elementary event: the interaction paths are 90 g/sq cm for nucleons and 120 g/sq cm for pions. The nonelasticity coefficient for nucleons is uniformly distributed between 0.1 and 0.9, and for pions it is equal to 1. Isobaric pions are taken into account. The spectra of secondary particles were determined using Cocconi's approximation formula. The calculation for the nuclei was carried out on the assumption of a breakup of the nucleus into component nucleons. The mean number of particles and the variances of the distributions for electrons when the number of muons was fixed, and for muons when the number of electrons was fixed, were calculated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 394-397
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  • 51
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    Determination of coupling coefficients at various zenith angles of the basis of the cosmic ray azimuth effect (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The value of EW asymmetry and coupling coefficients at different zenith angles were measured by means of a double coincidence crossed telescope which gives an opportunity to measure simultaneously the intensity of the cosmic ray hard component at zenith angles from 0 to 84 deg in opposite azimuths. The advantages of determining the coupling coefficients by the cosmic ray azimuth effect as compared to their measurement by the latitudinal effect are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 380-384
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  • 52
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    Study of cosmic ray motion in cosmic space near the earth (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data are presented on experimental installations developed in the cosmic ray variations laboratory in Kazgu (Alma-Ata). Various experiments on modelling the interaction of plasma with the geomagnetic field as well as the plasma distribution in quiet and disturbed fields are described. The characteristics of the meson supertelescope using scintillators (effective area, 10 sq m) for vertical alignments designed to study microvariations of the cosmic rays and their interrelation with magnetospheric fluctuations and the study of solar wind parameters are given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 372-379
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  • 53
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    Distortion of the altitude dependence and energy spectrum of the neutron component near the earth's surface (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The results of the altitude distribution of slow (cadmium difference) and fast (supercadmium) neutrons from 2000 m down to sea level are given. The neutron energy spectrum is calculated by the cadmium ratio.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 361-365
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  • 54
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    Measurement of spectra and neutron fluxes on artificial earth satellites from the Cosmos series (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In 1966-1967 measurements were carried out at the altitudes of 200 to 400 km to determine the spectra and fluxes of fast neutrons inside the hermetically sealed artificial earth satellites of the Cosmos series. The detectors used were nuclear emulsions of the B9 and BR types and an emulsion of the P9 type, filled with Li and P. Spectra and fluxes of neutrons in the range of energies from thermal energies to 10 MeV are presented. Neutron doses are also estimated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 252-255
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  • 55
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    The possibility of using superconductive systems in the analysis of the composition of cosmic rays (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The experimental results on the use of superconductive systems onboard of spacecraft are described. To ensure low temperatures in the cryostat under weightlessness, helium was used at a pressure above the critical pressure. In flight, the temperature was controlled at six points, while the pressure and intensity of the magnetic field were controlled in the solenoids. The methodical test proved it possible to mount special installations on satellites, with extensive magnetic fields based on superconductive alloys, and particularly, low weights and low power consumption magnetic analyzers.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 256-260
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  • 56
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    Measurement of proton spectra on satellites from the Cosmos series of artificial satellites (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In 1966-1967 measurements were performed at altitudes from 200 to 400 km to determine the fluxes and spectra of protons by means of nuclear emulsions of the BR-2 and Ya-2 types. The proton spectra within the range up to 8 BeV are presented. The spectra obtained are the basis for estimating radiation hazards.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 247-251
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  • 57
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    The study of cosmic rays on the proton artificial earth satellite (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Investigations were carried out with the space stations of the Proton series to study the physics of cosmic rays. The SEZ-13 device for the search of particles with a fractional electrical charge and the SEZ-11 device for the measurement of high energy electrons were mounted on the Proton-3 satellite. The mode of action of the SEZ-11 device differed from that of the SEZ-12 device used in the Proton-1 and Proton-2 satellites for similar purposes. Some of the results that were obtained are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 227-246
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  • 58
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    A study of cosmic rays on the artificial moon satellites Luna-11 and Luna-12 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In the period from the end of August 1966 to January 1967 the primary cosmic radiation fluxes beyond the terrestrial magnetosphere were measured by means of the equipment mounted on the satellites Luna-11 and Luna-12. The altitude dependence of cosmic rays near the lunar surface as well as the intensity of protons and electrons of solar origin in the moon's vicinity were determined. The correlation of proton intensity with the parameters characterizing the solar and geomagnetic activities and the specific features of the angular distribution of the proton flux as revealed during measurements are given. Data on electron fluxes studied on September 1 and 8, 1966, when short term increases in the electron intensity were observed are included.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 206-226
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  • 59
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    Calculations of the cosmic ray modulation in interplanetary space taking into account the possible dependence of the transport travel for the scattering of the particles and of the velocity of the solar winds on the angles they make with the helioequator plane: The case of isotropic diffusion (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The modulation of galactic cosmic rays is studied by the magnetic heterogeneities stream on the assumption that the diffusion coefficient is reduced whereas the solar wind velocity is increased with the growth of the angle between the sun's rotation axis and the direction of solar plasma motion. The stationary plane problem of isotropic diffusion is solved as it applies to two cases: (1) with due account of particle retardation by the antiphermium mechanism; and (2) without an account of the above mechanism. This problem is solved by the grid method in the polar coordinate system. The results of the calculations are followed by a discussion of the method of solution and of the errors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 170-205
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  • 60
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    Comparison of the results of simultaneous cosmic ray measurements in the stratosphere at the Olenia and Apatity stations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The results of regular measurements of the cosmic ray intensity in the stratosphere obtained by high latitudinal stations during September-December 1966 are compared. The present paper estimates the agreement between the results obtained by closely located stations by means of various radiosondes. The assumption about the substantial contribution of auroral X-ray radiation to the fluctuation of the radiosonde counting rate at high altitudes is confirmed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 138-141
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  • 61
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    The cosmic ray burst on 28 January 1967 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The solar cosmic ray flare which took place on January 28, 1967, is analyzed. Energy responses and the diffusion coefficient are determined. Periodic variations of the cosmic rays with an amplitude of 0.10 to 0.20% and a period of 35 to 40 min are discovered during the decrease phase of the flare.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 120-124
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  • 62
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    Solar activity and cosmic rays in the period 1963-1965 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The interrelation between the intensity of cosmic rays and various indices of solar activity during January 1963 to June 1965 is studied.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 112-119
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  • 63
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    The relation between the chemical composition of solar cosmic rays and the duration spectrum of radiosplashes (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The comparison of durations of the centimeter and meter components of the radiosplashes corresponding to the chromospheric flares with the known chemical composition of the radiated nuclei has shown a greater duration of the centimeter component for the splashes wherein protons are dominating, and vice versa. A conclusion is made about the interrelation of heavy nucleus emission and the processes which occur in the upper layers of the solar corona.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 106-111
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  • 64
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    Energy spectrum of galactic electrons in the energy range 2 x 10 to the 10 power - 2 x 10 to the 11th power eV (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: New experimental data on the energy spectrum of galactic electrons up to the energies approximately 2 x 10 to the 11th power eV were obtained in the summer of 1967 by a scintillation telescope lifted to the stratosphere at 32 km. The geometrical factor of the telescope was 1200 sq cm steradians, i.e., three times as great as the geometrical factor of previously employed installations. The results confirm previous measurements.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 102-105
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  • 65
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    Theory of cosmic ray variations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The initial anisotropic and isotropic spaces of solar cosmic ray spreading in interplanetary space are compared with the results of direct observations in the region adjacent to the earth's orbit and with the results of explorations of the eleven-year and twenty-seven-day variations of the cosmic rays in more distant regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NA; p 1-101
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  • 66
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    Mission operations and data systems (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A communications system for performing the basic functions of mission operations, orbit and attitude determination, and data processing is described. A block diagram is provided to show the relationships of these functions with the spacecraft in orbit and the experiments to be conducted on board the spacecraft. Specific areas of application are discussed as follows: (1) software operating systems for the ATS-F satellite testing and ground support, (2) inversion of the RAE-1 satellite (Explorer 38 satellite) in orbit, (3) ALSEP differential Doppler tracking, (4) minitrack calibration using satellite data, (5) angles-only orbit extraction, and (6) image processing system performance prediction and product quality evaluation techniques. Block diagrams of the various systems are provided to show the steps involved in the operations.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci. and Technol.; p 290-319
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  • 67
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    Superconducting magnets for space flight (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The operating principle and application of superconducting magnetic spectrometers for cosmic ray analysis are described. Magnetic spectrometer experiments are thought to be possible in the areas of charge composition and its possible energy dependence, isotopic separation up to several GeV/n, electrons and positrons energy spectra, galactic secondary antiprotons, searches for primordial antimatter, searches for substructure in energy spectra, and gamma ray astronomy. Operational problems associated with the magnets are discussed, and a possible shuttle payload is also described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Res. Goals for Cosmic-Ray Astrophys. in the 1980's; p 91-96
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  • 68
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    Observations of low energy gamma-ray bursts with SAS-2 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present paper reports on the low-energy gamma-ray bursts observed by the plastic scintillator anticoincidence dome of the Small Astronomy Satellite-2 (SAS-2) gamma-ray telescope. SAS-2 detected two events observed by other satellites and discovered one which was subsequently confirmed by other satellite observations. Two events seen by other satellites were not detected by SAS-2, probably due to earth occultation. The event detection threshold for SAS-2 was almost two orders of magnitude lower than that of the Vela satellites.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 255; May 15
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  • 69
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    Cosmic-ray composition measurements with high-energy ionization spectrometers (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Element abundances of cosmic rays for elements Li through Si with energy above 0.8 GeV/amu were measured on a balloon-borne instrument containing a total absorption ionization spectrometer. Statistical techniques were used to analyze the five measurements of each particle to determine its charge and energy. The technique allows a determination of systematic errors to be made. Corrections for Landau fluctuations, spark-chamber inefficiency, and background particles were included. Comparison with other published results is made. There are differences in the shapes of the differential spectra determined from measurements using different techniques, and our intensities still lie somewhat below those of other workers.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 12
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  • 70
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    Cosmic ray antiproton and positron production in the interstellar medium (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: We have calculated the energy spectra of cosmic ray secondary antiprotons and positrons using the latest available data on inclusive reactions. Using the measured positron spectrum, we have found that the amount of matter traversed by the cosmic rays in the few GeV region to be 4.7 (+ or - 1.5) g/sq cm of interstellar hydrogen. The computed antiproton to proton ratio is about .0004 for energies 5-10 GeV. This is sufficient to make observations of antiprotons feasible from balloon flights. We have also pointed out the type of information that can be obtained if accurate information of the spectra of these two components becomes available.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 37; Oct. 197
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  • 71
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    Interpretation of the pulsed gamma-ray emission from Vela (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A model is proposed for the Vela pulsar in which the radio emission originates near the surface of the neutron star while the pulsed gamma-ray emission is produced by synchrotron radiation near the speed-of-light cylinder. This model can explain the energy flux, double pulse structure, and phase shift (with respect to the radio) of the gamma-ray emission, and offers approximate quantitative predictions for other X- and gamma-ray fluxes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Nov. 1
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  • 72
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    The energy spectrum of cosmic ray electrons between 10 and 1000 GeV (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements made by the Bombay Group on the fluxes of cosmic ray electrons in the energy range 10-1000 GeV have been compared with those of other workers in the same energy domain with a view to understand the present confused situation on the existing observations at these high energies. Such an analysis clearly brings out the current situation in its true perspective and highlights the care and emphasis to be placed on future experimentation in this important field.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 36; Aug. 197
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  • 73
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    A measurement of cosmic-ray positron and negatron spectra between 50 and 800 MV (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A balloon-borne spark chamber magnetic spectrometer has been used to measure the spectra of cosmic-ray positrons and negatrons at energies between 50 and 800 MV. The data reported here were obtained during two flights from Fort Churchill, Manitoba, in July 1972. The present results indicate that the dominance of negatrons from primary sources, found in earlier experiments above 200 MV, extends down to at least 50 MV. Solar modulation of the positron component is found to be consistent with that of the total electron spectrum, assuming that the positron component is entirely attributable to collisions between cosmic-ray nuclei and the interstellar gas.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; June 1
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  • 74
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    Apollo-Soyuz US-USSR joint mission results (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The technical and nontechnical objectives of the Apollo-Soyuz mission are briefly considered. The mission demonstrated that Americans and Russians can work together to perform a very complex operation, including rendezvous in space, docking, and the conduction of joint experiments. Certain difficulties which had to be overcome were partly related to differences concerning the role of the astronaut in the basic alignment and docking procedures for space vehicles. Attention is also given to the experiments conducted during the mission and the approach used to overcome the language barrier.
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  • 75
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    ATS-6 - Experiment summary (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A general overview is given of experiment planning and implementation for the ATS-6. Included in the review are discussions of project office activities, experiment selection, spacecraft implementation, ground terminal implementation, the operations control center, and the information processing division. A table is included summarizing the various experiments among which are communications, scientific and technological experiments.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-11; Nov. 197
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  • 76
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    Recent observations of cosmic gamma-ray bursts (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper summarizes current knowledge of cosmic gamma ray bursts obtained from recent spaceborne observations. Three facts lie at the basis of interpreting gamma ray burst observations: (1) all measured event differential energy spectra appear to be alike, (2) there is no evidence that the event integral size spectrum departs from a -1.5 power law, and (3) the temporal structures of most events are consistent with a continuous flutter down to at least 30 msec throughout the event histories. Event-average spectra of 9 bursts observed with IMP-7 are presented, and the Vela size spectrum is compared with IMP-7 points, SAS-2 events, and balloon experiment limits.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 77
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    Measurement of the fluxes of galactic cosmic-ray H-2 and He-3 in 1972-1973 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper reports measurements of the fluxes of cosmic-ray H-2 and He-3 during 1972-1973, carried out by instruments on board the IMP-7 and Pioneer 10 spacecraft. Energy spectra are generally consistent with a positive slope of unity, as would be expected for modulated secondary components. A self-consistent data set is proposed spanning the period from 1965 to 1973 wherein all spectra have the same kinematic behavior. The measured spectra for 1972-1973 are compared with calculated interstellar spectra, and it is concluded that only very broad limits can be placed on the amount of modulation. Ratios of the form H-2/He-4 and He-3/He-4 are examined and compared with calculated values based on an assumed exponential path-length distribution for galactic propagation. It is concluded that unless extreme assumptions are made about the modulation (e.g., no energy loss), it is impossible to reconcile the simple theory and observation. A nearby source is apparently required to supply enough low-energy He-4 to account for the low values of the H-2/He-4 and He-3/He-4 ratios. The possible relationship between this source and the recently discovered enhancements of cosmic-ray N and O is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 202; Dec. 15
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  • 78
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    Space colonies and energy supply to the earth (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is pointed out that a space manufacturing facility may be economically more effective than alternative industries on the earth for the construction of products which are to be used in geosynchronous or higher orbits. The suggestion is made to construct solar power stations at a space colony and relocate them in geosynchronous orbit to supply energy to the earth. Attention is given to energy problems and approaches for solving them, taking into account environmental effects and economic factors. Economic aspects of space manufacturing are discussed in some detail.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Science; 190; Dec. 5
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  • 79
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    The light curve of a transient X-ray source (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Ariel-5 satellite has monitored the X-ray light curve of A1524-62 almost continuously from 40 days prior to maximum light until its disappearance below the effective experimental sensitivity. The source exhibited maximum light on Dec. 4, 1974, at a level of 0.9 the apparent magnitude of the Crab Nebula in the energy band 3-6 keV. Although similar to previously reported transient sources with a decay time constant of about 2 months, the source exhibited an extended, variable preflare on-state of about 1 month at a level of greater than 0.1 maximum light. The four bright (greater than 0.2 of the Crab Nebula) transient sources observed during the first half-year of Ariel-5 operation are indicative of a galactic disk distribution, a luminosity at maximum in excess of 10 to the 37-th power ergs/sec, a frequency of occurrence which may be as high as 100/yr, and a median decay time which is less than 1 month.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Nov. 1
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  • 80
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    Apparent relationship between solar sector boundaries and 300-millibar vorticity: Possible explanation in terms of upward propagation of planetary-scale waves (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The correlations between the solar sectors and large-scale atmospheric vorticity in the lower atmosphere reported earlier are of interest since the solar-sector data appear to be independent of any terrestrial influences. It is shown that even these solar data may be affected by geomagnetic properties; a method for removing such influences is suggested.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 163-165
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  • 81
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    Time of Apollo (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In the year 1961, President John F. Kennedy set forth the task that...'This nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely tio Earth'. The decade is over and the task has been accomplished. Project Apollo has been achieved. This video documentary is a tribute to the historical accomplishments of the Apollo program.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-110488 , NONP-NASA-VT-95-39133
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  • 82
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    Modulation of low-energy cosmic rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The relation between the diffusion coefficient of cosmic rays in the solar wind and the power spectrum of interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations, established in recent theories, is tested directly for low energy protons (below 80 MeV). In addition, an attempt is made to determine whether the particles are scattered by magnetic field discontinuities or by fluctuations between discontinuities. Predictions of a perturbation solution of the Fokker-Planck equation are compared with observations of the cosmic ray radial gradient. It is found that at energies between 40 and 80 MeV, galactic cosmic ray protons respond to changes in the predicted diffusion coefficients (i.e., the relationship under consideration holds at these low energies). The relation between changes in the proton flux and modulation parameters is best when the contribution of discontinuities is subtracted, which means that scattering is caused by fluctuations between discontinuities. There appears to be no distinct relation between changes in the modulation parameters and changes in the intensity of 20 to 40 MeV protons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 83
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    Cosmic-ray streaming and anisotropies (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper is concerned with the differential current densities and anisotropies that exist in the interplanetary cosmic-ray gas, and in particular with a correct formulation and simple interpretation of the momentum equation that describes these on a local basis. Two examples of the use of this equation in the interpretation of previous data are given. It is demonstrated that in interplanetary space, the electric-field drifts and convective flow parallel to the magnetic field of cosmic-ray particles combine as a simple convective flow with the solar wind, and that there exist diffusive currents and transverse gradient drift currents. Thus direct reference to the interplanetary electric-field drifts is eliminated, and the study of steady-state and transient cosmic-ray anisotropies is both more systematic and simpler.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 32; Jan. 197
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  • 84
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    The spectrum of cosmic electrons with energies between 6 and 100 GeV (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are presented for an experimental determination of the spectrum of cosmic electrons with energies between 6 and 100 GeV. The balloon-borne hodoscope and detector are described, and separation of cosmic electrons from the nuclear background is outlined. The spectra of cosmic primary and ground-level secondary electrons are discussed, and the spectral intensities of both types of particles are found to have separate power-law dependences on the electron energy. On the basis of the steepness of the spectrum of cosmic electrons relative to that of nuclei, it is concluded that either the injection spectrum of electrons is steeper than that of nuclei, or the electron spectrum is steepened by Compton/synchotron losses in the examined energy range.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 197; Apr. 1
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  • 85
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    Program verification document for the ASTP flight program (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The various segments of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) flight program were verified. This included checks on the following: general verification, reference systems and transformations, launch preparations, boost navigation and guidance, orbital navigation and guidance, time bases, discretes, and interrupts, launch vehicle attitude control, switch selector processing, digital command system, real time telemetry and data compression, and algorithms.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-143958 , IBM-75W-00067 , MSFC-ASTP-DRL-686
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  • 86
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    Bibliography of the space processing program. Volume 1: A compilation through June 1974, Parts 1 and 2 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A compilation of NASA research efforts in the area of space environmental effects on materials and processes is presented. Topics considered are: (1) fluid mechanics and heat transfer; (2) crystal growth and containerless melts; (3) acoustics; (4) glass and ceramics; (5) electrophoresis; (6) welding; and (7) exobiology.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-143985
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  • 87
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    Cosmic ray positron and negatron spectra between 20 and 800 MeV measured in 1974 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A balloon-borne spark chamber magnetic spectrometer was used to measure separate spectra of positrons and negatrons in two flights during summer, 1974. The total electron flux is about 0.3 m(-2) s(-1) sr(-1) MeV(-1) between 70 and 800 MeV, and increases toward lower energies. The positron spectrum decreases sharply toward lower energies from a value of about 0.08 m(-2) s(-1) sr(-1) MeV(-1) at 650 MeV, and only upper limits are obtained for positrons below 200 MeV. At energies above 180 MeV, the spherically symmetric Fokker-Planck equation provides reasonable fits to both the positron and total electron data. At energies below 180 MeV the data are consistent with a continuation of the same diffusion coefficient and local source of negatrons, or a change in the diffusion coefficient to a constant value.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70923 , X-662-75-152
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  • 88
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    On the relation between CO and gamma-ray observations, cosmic rays, and the thickness of the galactic disk - A comment (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 202; Nov. 15
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  • 89
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    Intense soft X-ray flux from Hercules X-1 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An intense flux of soft X-rays extending up to at least 1 keV has been observed from Her X-1. If the soft X-ray intensity is corrected for interstellar absorption, the luminosity in the 0.16-0.28 keV band is comparable to that from 2 to 10 keV. This confirms the conclusion of Shulman et al. (1975) but extends the detection of this flux to higher energy, a different binary phase, and to a time 19 periods later in the 35-day cycle. These observations suggest that this soft emission may be a stable feature in the spectrum of Her X-1 during its X-ray on state. It appears difficult to account for the high soft X-ray luminosity by current simple models of the X-ray source.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 202; Nov. 15
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  • 90
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    The anomalous He-4 component in the cosmic-ray spectrum at below approximately 50 MeV per nucleon during 1972-1974 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 202; Nov. 15
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  • 91
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    The cosmic-ray age deduced from the Be-10 abundance (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Satellite measurements of the radioactive cosmic-ray species Be-10 are reported. The abundance was measured near 100 MeV per nucleon with high-resolution solid-state telescopes on the IMP-7 and IMP-8 satellites during 1973 and 1974. These two independent measurements yield Be-10/Be ratios of less than 10 percent. Taken together with a galactic propagation model, these results show that the cosmic-ray 'clock' lifetime (most probable value of the order of 20 million years) is significantly greater than that deduced for a nominal interstellar gas density of the order of 1 to 3 atoms per cu cm.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Nov. 1
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  • 92
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    A time-dependent diffusion-convection model for the long-term modulation of cosmic rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The model considered incorporates, to first order, the direct effects of the time-dependent diffusive propagation of interstellar cosmic rays in a slowly changing interplanetary medium. A one-dimensional model is discussed along with a three-dimensional radial wind. An evaluation is conducted of average diffusive propagation times. It is found that the effects of time-dependent diffusive propagation can be quite significant. A rigidity-dependent time delay or 'lag' in the modulated spectra is predicted.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 197; Apr. 15
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  • 93
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    The extra-galactic contribution to the primary cosmic-ray flux (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In previous studies it has been shown that a good case can be made for supposing that a large fraction of the primary cosmic rays is of extra-galactic origin. These ideas are reviewed here, and the most recent observations and theoretical suggestions bearing on the problem are described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 94
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    Composition and spectra of primary cosmic-ray electrons and nuclei above 10 GeV (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recent experiments have extended the knowledge of the flux and energy spectra of individual cosmic-ray components to much higher energies than had previously been accessible. Both electron and nuclear components show a behavior at high energy which is unexpected, and which carries information regarding the sources and the propagation of particles between sources and observer. Electromagnetic interactions which are suffered by the electrons in interstellar space should steepen their spectrum, a steepening that would reveal the average lifetime a cosmic-ray particle spends in the galaxy. Measurements up to 1000 GeV show no such steepening. It was discovered that the composition of the nuclear species which is now measured up to 100 GeV/nucleon changes with energy. This change indicates traversal of less interstellar matter by the high energy particles than by those of lower energy.-
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 95
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    Two classes of cosmic ray decrease (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In a study of galactic cosmic ray intensity variations it had been found that there are two distinct classes of transient intensity decrease, which have been called type I and type II. Type I events are flare-associated Forbush decreases. Type II events appear to be associated with 27-day recurrences. It is suggested, on the basis of several characteristics of the decreases, that type II events are simply the subsequent evolution of type I events or quasi-stationary 'corotating' structures loosely associated with active regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Apr. 1
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  • 96
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    Observations of low-energy electrons upstream of the earth's bow shock (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of electron fluxes with a lunar-based electron spectrometer when the moon was upstream of the earth have shown that a subset of observed fluxes are strongly controlled by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) direction. The fluxes occur only when the IMF lines connect back to the earth's bow shock. Observed densities and temperatures were in the ranges 0.002 to 0.004 per cu cm and 1,700,000 to 2,800,000 K. It is shown that these electrons can account for increases in effective solar wind electron temperatures on bow shock connected field lines, which have been observed previously by other investigators. It is further shown that if a model of the bow shock with an electrostatic potential barrier is assumed, the potential can be estimated to be 500 V.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Jan. 1
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  • 97
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    Heat flow and convection experiments aboard Apollo 17 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Experiments conducted aboard Apollo 17 showed that in uncovered liquids, convection driven by surface tension can occur at lower temperature gradients in low gravity than in 1 g. In completely confined fluids (no liquid-gas interface), vibrations caused by spacecraft and astronaut movements increased the heat transfer considerably over the pure conduction case.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Science; 187; Jan. 17
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  • 98
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    Apollo experience report: Guidance and control systems: Automated control system for unmanned mission AS-201 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Apollo command module heat shield and Apollo command and service module/Saturn launch vehicle structural integrity were evaluated in an unmanned test flight. An automated control system was developed to provide the mission event sequencing, the real-time ground control interface, and the backup attitude reference system for the unmanned flight. The required mission events, the design logic, the redundancy concept, and the ground-support-equipment concept are described and some development problem areas are discussed. The mission event time line and the real-time ground command list are included to provide an outline of the control system capabilities and requirements. The mission was accomplished with the automated control system, which functioned without flight anomalies.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7991 , JSC-S-431
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  • 99
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    Apollo experience report guidance and control systems: Lunar module abort guidance system (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The history of a unique development program that produced an operational fixed guidance system of inertial quality is presented. Each phase of development, beginning with requirement definition and concluding with qualification and testing, is addressed, and developmental problems are emphasized. Software generation and mission operations are described, and specifications for the inertial reference unit are included, as are flight performance results. Significant program observations are noted.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7990 , JSC-S-424
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  • 100
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    Apollo experience report: Engineering and analysis mission support (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The tasks performed by the team of specialists that evaluated hardware performance during prelaunch checkout and in-flight operation are discussed. The organizational structure, operational procedures, and interfaces as well as the facilities and software required to perform these tasks are discussed. The scope of the service performed by the team and the evaluation philosophy are described. Summaries of problems and their resolution are included as appendixes.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7993 , JSC-S-438
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