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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (723)
  • Physics  (516)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (415)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (397)
  • Seismology
  • 2020-2024  (50)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1975-1979  (2,033)
  • 1950-1954
  • 2023  (50)
  • 1975  (2,033)
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  • 2020-2024  (50)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1975-1979  (2,033)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-02-20
    Description: Several regions around the globe are characterized by a seismically active lower crust, at depths where litho­logical and thermal conditions suggest stress release by ductile flow. The Gargano Promontory (GP, southern Italy) is an example where a recently installed seismic network has recorded an intense seismic activity at depths between 20 and 30 km, i.e. in the lower crust. The GP is located in proximity of the Gargano-Dubrovnik line­ament, a seismogenic zone separating the central and southern Adriatic basins. These two basins constitute sites of sediments accumulation since Tertiary times. Another important basin in the region is represented by the Apennine foredeep, that includes the Candelaro area. We analyze the possible mechanisms controlling the dis­tribution of seismicity in the GP to identify the factors that make the lower crust seismically active. To this aim, we construct a thermo-rheological model of a layered continental crust, calibrated on the basis of geometrical, lithological and thermal constraints. The model takes into account various crustal lithologies, the presence of fluids in the crystalline basement, lateral variations of geotherm and stress field. The numerical simulations show that the presence of fluids is a key factor controlling the cluster of seismicity in the lower crust. Moreover, the presence of water in the upper crystalline basement and sedimentary cover provides a plausible explanation for upper crustal seismicity in a zone of very high heat flow SW of the GP. The distribution of the seismicity is probably affected by the composition of the crystalline basement, with mafic bodies injected into the crust during the Paleocene magmatic phase that affected the Mediterranean region. In addition, fluid accumulation and overpressure may occur along detachment levels in the lower crust, leading to clustering of the earthquakes. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that the presence of hydrous diapiric upwelling(s) in the upper mantle can feed a deep fluid circulation system, inducing lower crustal seismicity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103929
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Lower crust ; Rheology ; Seismology ; Geotherm ; Numerical modeling ; Gargano Promontory (southern Italy)
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-04-23
    Description: The National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia), is an italian public research institute established in 1999. Since its inception, the mission of INGV included seismic surveillance and earthquake monitoring in Italy. INGV is part of the Civil Defence system (Margheriti et al., 2021). INGV has offices in different parts of Italy and operates the Italian National Seismic Network (Rete Sismica Nazionale—RSN; INGV Seismological Data Centre, 2006) and other networks at national scale (Michelini et al., 2017). INGV also operates a temporary seismic network infrastructure, a pool of instruments used to densify seismic networks for scientific experiments or in response to damaging earthquakes and to increase monitoring capabilities during seismic sequences. SISMIKO is the operational task force of INGV whose core purpose is to rapidly deploy temporary seismic stations in response to moderate—large magnitude earthquakes or in areas where a seismic sequence is causing concerns and/or scientific interest (Moretti et al., 2016). By reducing the spatial distance between the seismic stations, temporary deployments can improve the RSN detection capability and the accuracy of the earthquake locations. SISMIKO was established in 2015 by Lucia Margheriti and Milena Moretti, so they became responsible for INGV emergency deployments of the temporary networks. SISMIKO involves INGV technicians and researchers from all over Italy, from Milano to Catania (see acknowledgments), grouped together by common interest technical and scientific issues. SISMIKO coordinates all INGV groups working on seismic emergencies (Figure 1). The data acquired by the SISMIKO temporary networks, are made available to the scientific community, without any restrictions, via italian node of the European Integrated Data Archive portal (EIDA1; Danecek et al., 2021). Datasets are archived in near real-time in the “Standard for the Exchange of Earthquake Data (SEED)” format and have an associated Digital Object Identifier (DOI). The data are used for monitoring, surveillance and for scientific research. Since its establishment, SISMIKO has installed seven temporary seismic networks, including the one used to monitor the 2016–2018 seismic sequence in central Italy (Moretti et al., 2016). The most recent activations of SISMIKO were in May and November 2022: Chianti-Fiorentino (Piccinini et al., 2022; 2023) and North Marche coast (D’Alema et al., 2022b), respectively. The following section briefly describes the history of the INGV emergency mobile network.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1146579
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: SISMIKO ; Seismic emergency ; Temporary seismic network ; Real time transmission ; Seismology ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2023-10-05
    Description: This report documents key technological innovations in the energy sector; identifies best practices of educational and training programs that have successfully responded to evolving labor markets in other sectors; analyzes four case-study energy-sector education and training programs in southwestern Pennsylvania; and provides recommendations for the energy-sector education and training system in the region.
    Keywords: Physics ; History ; Education ; Business ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJM Management & management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas::KJMV2 Personnel & human resources management ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBJ Regional & national history::HBJK History of the Americas ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDY Energy
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Laser materials processing has made tremendous progress and is now at the forefront of medical and industrial applications. The book describes recent advances in terahertz and ultrafast laser applications. Chapter address such topics as terahertz quantum cascade lasers, femtosecond lasers in ophthalmology, laser surface texturing, and laser ablation.
    Keywords: Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHJ Optical physics::PHJL Laser physics
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Worldwide interest in nuclear reactors continues to increase and significant focus has been placed on advanced nuclear reactors intended to produce electricity and process heat. However, there is limited literature on the importance of research reactors and certain specialized reactor analysis topics. Thus, this book addresses these topics over three sections: “Nuclear Reactors for Spacecraft Propulsion”, “Research Reactors”, and “Select Reactor Analysis Techniques”. It provides detailed information on the use of nuclear reactors for spacecraft propulsion, presents research conducted on reactors in Idaho, USA, and discusses reactor analysis topics such as cyber-informed engineering for nuclear reactor digital instrumentation and control, the effect of plenum gas on fuel temperature, and more.
    Keywords: Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Due to their very low volatility, high thermal stability, and ability to dissolve a wide variety of compounds, ionic liquids appear to meet the rigorous criteria for industrial applications. Among other uses, ionic liquids appear to be efficient for gas capture, biomass pretreatment, separation problems, and electrochemistry. They are also used in electrolytes, as lubricants, catalysts, or as antistatic agents. This book discusses the various uses of ionic liquids. Chapters discuss such topics as the use of ionic liquids in batteries, new mono, di, and trimeric imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquids as catalysts in organic chemistry, the physico-chemical properties of ionic liquid-substituted double-network gels for industrial applications, the use of paramagnetic ionic liquids in magnetic resonance imaging, the compatibility of filter materials used with ionic liquids, and the development of low-friction ion gels for industrial applications.
    Keywords: Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHF Materials / States of matter::PHFC Condensed matter physics (liquid state and solid state physics)
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Most environmental analyses focus on changing existing processes to use less energy and produce fewer emissions. This report uses energy service analysis (ESA) to examine possibilities for instead changing how a service is delivered. The ESA framework is used to analyze how changes in the provision of two services—news delivery and personal mobility—might reduce greenhouse-gas emissions and suggests other areas in which ESA could be applied.
    Keywords: Political Science ; Physics ; Technology ; Transportation Studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDY Energy ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology ; bic Book Industry Communication::W Lifestyle, sport & leisure::WG Transport: general interest::WGC Road & motor vehicles: general interest::WGCF Buses, trams & commercial vehicles: general interest ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDY Energy ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology and climatology ; thema EDItEUR::W Lifestyle, Hobbies and Leisure::WG Transport: general interest::WGC Road and motor vehicles: general interest::WGCF Buses, trams and commercial vehicles: general interest
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This report describes an approach for planning under deep uncertainty, Robust Decision Making (RDM), and demonstrates its use by the El Dorado Irrigation District (EID). Using RDM, the authors and EID tested the robustness of current long-term water management plans and more robust alternatives across more than 50 futures reflecting different assumptions about future climate, urban growth, and the availability of important new supplies.
    Keywords: Political Science ; Physics ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPV Political control and freedoms ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy and protocols ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology and climatology
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Communities, companies, and governments at all levels in the United States are making decisions that will influence where, what and how infrastructure will be built. This report describes insights about exposures from natural hazards now and in the future, as well as gaps in data that, if filled, could improve the nation’s ability to assess infrastructure risk and improve infrastructure resilience.
    Keywords: Business ; Physics ; Population Studies ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCS Economic systems and structures ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology and climatology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBD Population and demography
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This book provides well-balanced coverage of computational fluid dynamics analysis for thermal and flow characteristics of various thermal and flow systems. It presents the latest research work to provide insight into modern thermal engineering applications. It also discusses enhanced heat transfer and flow characteristics.
    Keywords: Physics ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDF Fluid mechanics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDF Physics: Fluid mechanics
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2023-10-05
    Description: Nigeria is an important oil producer, but security shortfalls impede oil production and new investment. Important new finds of oil and natural gas have been reported in the territorial waters of Nigeria and nearby nations. Making the offshore petroleum infrastructure more secure would promote additional oil field investment, leading to greater production. The U.S. Air Force has expertise that could help build local security capabilities.
    Keywords: Political Science ; Business ; Physics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNB Energy industries & utilities ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBB Public international law::LBBC Treaties & other sources of international law ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy & protocols ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDY Energy
    Language: English
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2023-10-05
    Description: RAND researchers and collaborators present a comprehensive approach for water utilities to assess climate risks to their systems and evaluate adaptation strategies. The approach, based on Robust Decision Making, is demonstrated through pilot studies with two water utilities: Colorado Springs Utilities and New York City Department of Environmental Protection.
    Keywords: Political Science ; Physics ; Technology ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy & protocols ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TQ Environmental science, engineering & technology::TQS Sanitary & municipal engineering::TQSW Water supply & treatment
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2023-10-05
    Description: Space is now a congested, contested, and competitive environment. Space systems must become more resilient to potential adversary actions and system failures, but changes to space systems are costly. To reduce costs, the Air Force asked RAND to identify non-materiel means—doctrine, organization, training, leadership and education, personnel, facilities, and policy—to enhance space resilience over the near and far terms.
    Keywords: Physics ; Business ; History ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJM Management & management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas::KJMV2 Personnel & human resources management ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBW Military history ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JW Warfare & defence::JWG Air forces & warfare ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHV Applied physics::PHVB Astrophysics
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  • 14
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    University of Wales Press | University of Wales Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Body Matters approaches the material world directly; it seeks to remind people that they are the matter of their bodies. This volume offers an assortment of contributions from anthropology, archaeology and medieval studies, with case studies from northern Europe, the Near East, East Africa and Amazonia, which variously draw attention to the multiple shifting materials that comprise, impact upon and co-create human bodies. This lively collection foregrounds myriad material influences interacting with and shaping the human body; the chapters come together to illustrate the fundamental fleshy, bony, suppurating, leaky and oozing physicality of being human. Ultimately, by reminding readers of their indisputable materiality, Body Matters seeks to draw people and the rest of the material world together to illustrate that bodies not only seep into (and are part of) the landscape, but equally that people and the material world are inextricably co-constitutive.
    Keywords: Science ; Physics ; Condensed Matter ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHF Materials / States of matter::PHFC Condensed matter physics (liquid state and solid state physics)
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Non-Intrusive Methodologies for Large Area Urban Research brings together contributions from a conference held in 2021 in association with the ERC-funded ‘Rome Transformed’ research project. The papers address a major challenge in archaeology. Non-intrusive research in pursuit of a deeper understanding of urban areas can be both richly informative and cost-effective. Multiple successes in the field have led to an impressive array of innovative methodologies, methodologies that are frequently combined for still greater insight and impact. Geophysical surveys, the use of UAVs, the study of exposed historic structures and the exhaustive examination of archival records can all play a vital role, and the development of these data capture methodologies is of the utmost importance for the future of research. As well as advances in data capture methodologies, however, the papers also present case studies in the management of the big data generated and in the integration of different methodologies. A further strength of this collection lies in the range of site types considered. While many projects have historically pursued non-intrusive research in areas relatively clear of modern buildings, a growing number of research initiatives, such as ‘Rome Transformed’ are seeking to advance them in areas which remain densely occupied. Accordingly the material presented here will also be of interest to non-archaeologists working in such diverse fields as civil engineering, urban planning and physical geography.
    Keywords: Social Science ; Archaeology ; Science ; Physics ; Geophysics ; Computers ; Data Science ; Data Analytics ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NK Archaeology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHV Applied physics::PHVG Geophysics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UN Databases::UNF Data mining
    Language: English
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and its partners develop implementation plans to meet water quality standards. Climate change and other key drivers may significantly affect these plans, but are often neglected due to uncertainty. This study uses two case studies to demonstrate how Robust Decision Making (RDM) can help to address future uncertainty by identifying vulnerabilities in water quality plans and suggesting appropriate responses.
    Keywords: Political Science ; History ; Mathematics ; Physics ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHK History of the Americas ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBK Calculus and mathematical analysis::PBKD Complex analysis, complex variables ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy and protocols ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology and climatology
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The E-Vision 2002 Conference, held in May 2002, was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy as a step toward implementing a key recommendation of the Bush administration's National Energy Policy. It gathered 150 of the nation's leading energy experts to discuss ways of reducing the country's energy intensity. This volume and the additional volume enclosed on CD-ROM contain the presentations and discussions that took place at the conference, including the identification of goals and the means to achieve them. It is a key work for those involved in implementing the National Energy Policy.
    Keywords: Physics ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDY Energy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDY Energy
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The Global Methane Initiative (GMI) is a voluntary international partnership that promotes methane recovery and reuse activities in developing and transition economies. The U.S. Department of State requested an evaluation of the activities and outcomes supported in whole or in part by its contributions to GMI to gauge its value added to the program.
    Keywords: Physics ; Environmental Science ; Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology and climatology
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2023-10-05
    Description: The 2012 Colorado River Basin Study evaluated the resiliency of the Colorado River system over the next 50 years to climate change and other factors, and then compared different options and strategies for ensuring successful management of the river’s resources. This report describes RAND’s contribution to this study. It focuses on the Robust Decision Making methodologies used to identify vulnerabilities and compare portfolios of options.
    Keywords: Physics ; Political Science ; Technology ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy & protocols ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TQ Environmental science, engineering & technology::TQS Sanitary & municipal engineering::TQSW Water supply & treatment
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Air pollution has been one of the most pernicious consequences of China’s last three decades of economic transformation and growth. This report estimates the costs of three measures to reduce air pollution in China: replacing coal with natural gas for residential and commercial heating, replacing half of China's coal-fired electric power generation with renewables or nuclear power, and scrapping highly polluting vehicles.
    Keywords: History ; Political Science ; Business ; Physics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNB Energy industries and utilities ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHF Asian history ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy and protocols ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDY Energy
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  • 21
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Next-generation energy sources are crucial for combating the world’s energy crisis. One such alternative energy source is thermoelectricity, which is cost-efficient and environmentally friendly. This book presents a comprehensive overview of the progress made in thermoelectrics over the past few years with a focus on charge and heat carrier transport from both theoretical and experimental viewpoints. It also presents new strategies to improve thermoelectricity and discusses device physics and applications to guide the research community.
    Keywords: Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHF Materials / States of matter::PHFC Condensed matter physics (liquid state and solid state physics)
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  • 22
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The exotic electromagnetic properties of liquid crystals can be harnessed for many technological applications in general, and in the photonics industries in particular. In addition, the varying molecular structures of crystals make them prudent for chemical industries as well. Liquid Crystals presents the basics of liquid crystals as well as discusses their applications in optics and field sensing. The book also discusses the interfacing of liquid crystal displays and the programming required for these displays.
    Keywords: Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHF Materials / States of matter::PHFC Condensed matter physics (liquid state and solid state physics)
    Language: English
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  • 23
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This book examines the fundamental research and application of droplet dynamics. It includes six chapters in four sections. Section 1 introduces the concepts of droplet dynamics in powertrain systems. Section 2 reviews the optical methods for investigations in droplet dynamics. Section 3 examines the fundamental research on liquid droplet behaviors, such as droplet impact in internal combustion engines and the movement of liquid droplets in atmospheric pressure plasmas. Finally, Section 4 deals with the application of droplet behaviors not only in spray and combustion but also in bioinspired smart surfaces. The information contained herein is useful for engineers and students looking to broaden their knowledge of droplet behaviors and dynamics, especially for their development and application in low-carbon engines.
    Keywords: Physics ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDF Fluid mechanics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDF Physics: Fluid mechanics
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  • 24
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    RAND Corporation
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The National Intelligence Council's 2008 report "Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World" projects what the world will look like in 2025 based on recent trends. This paper asks: How should U.S. policy adapt now to account for these trends and the future that will result from them? The author explores such issues as climate change, defense, international relations, and the structure of the federal government.
    Keywords: Political Science ; Physics ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPS International relations ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JW Warfare and defence ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDY Energy
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  • 25
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This book discusses vortex dynamics theory from physics, mathematics, and engineering perspectives. It includes nine chapters that cover a variety of research results related to vortex dynamics including nonlinear optics, fluid dynamics, and plasma physics.
    Keywords: Physics ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDF Fluid mechanics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDF Physics: Fluid mechanics
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  • 26
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    Berghahn Books
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: As climate change becomes an increasingly important part of public discourse, the relationship between time in nature and history is changing. Nature can no longer be considered a slow and immobile background to human history, and the future can no longer be viewed as open and detached from the past. Times of History, Times of Nature engages with this historical shift in temporal sensibilities through a combination of detailed case studies and synthesizing efforts. Focusing on the history of knowledge, media theory, and environmental humanities, this volume explores the rich and nuanced notions of time and temporality that have emerged in response to climate change.
    Keywords: History ; Physics ; Communication Studies ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHB General and world history ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PG Astronomy, space and time::PGZ Time (chronology), time systems and standards ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCT Media studies
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  • 27
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Fusion power may offer a long-term energy supply with an uninterrupted power delivery, a high power-generation density, and no greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to preventing the worst effects of climate change and making an enduring contribution to future energy supply. However, the intense conditions inside a fusion power plant (extreme temperatures and high magnetic fields necessary for nuclear fusion) call for addressing several potential problems. These include the development of new materials with extremely high heat tolerances and low enough vapor pressure and the design of mechanical structures that can withstand the electromagnetic force generated as well as feedback controllers to measure and counteract the unstable modes of evolution of the plasma, to name a few. The future of nuclear fusion as an efficient alternative energy source depends largely on techniques that enable us to control these instabilities. Mathematical modelling and physical experiments attempt to overcome some of the hindrances posed by these complexities. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in this fascinating and critically important field of pure and applied physics, mathematics, and engineering, presenting some of the most recent developments in theory, modelling, algorithms, experiments, and applications.
    Keywords: Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2023-10-05
    Description: If policies aimed at large reductions of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are enacted, more carbon capture and storage will be needed. RAND researchers explored the ability of the industrial base supporting the transportation and sequestration of CO2 to expand, assessing the industrial base for transportation and injection of CO2 for both geologic storage and enhanced oil recovery.
    Keywords: Political Science ; Environmental Science ; Business ; Physics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNB Energy industries & utilities ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy & protocols ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TQ Environmental science, engineering & technology
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  • 29
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Holography of today is a broad field developed in the meeting between optics and the digital world of computers. A hologram usually contains more or different information on the observed scene than a regular image of the same scene. The development of the field has been accelerated lately due to the improvement of digital cameras, computers, light sources, and spatial light modulators. As a multidisciplinary area, holography connects experts in electro-optical engineering, image processing, and computer algorithms. More experts are needed when holography is utilized in various applications such as microscopy, industrial inspection, biomedicine, and entertainment. This book provides an overview of the world of holography from the aspect of concepts, system architectures, and applications.
    Keywords: Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHJ Optical physics
    Language: English
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  • 30
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book provides a detailed overview of recent advances in the captivating world of quantum dots and outlines some possible imminent new directions for this important field. A variety of advanced techniques is rapidly developing in the application of quantum dots to solar photovoltaics, LEDs, quantum computing (qubits) and different biological spheres. The book presents, discusses and compares devices based on state-of-the-art structures, incipient material and new physical effects. Improved efficiency and reliability in these fields are already pointing the way to next-generation devices, especially in the nano regime. This book is addressed to students and scientists working in the field of quantum dots and progressive technologies.
    Keywords: Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHQ Quantum physics (quantum mechanics and quantum field theory)
    Language: English
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  • 31
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Electromagnetic waves within a terahertz frequency range are becoming critical to investigating molecules, materials, and possible applications that are operated by both visible light and infrared rays. This book discusses sensing, imaging, and optoelectronic technologies of terahertz electromagnetic waves in theory and experiments. Most terahertz technologies can be explained by fundamentals of applied physics that have been demonstrated in other spectral ranges. However, the optoelectronic technology and corresponding configurations of imaging and sensing techniques are so special for various terahertz material polarization waves, which are excited in solid-state media by high-peak power lasers and waveguide transportation. Thus, this book also specifies terahertz parameters and available technologies.
    Keywords: Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHK Electricity, electromagnetism and magnetism
    Language: English
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: This report serves as the technical documentation and reference document for the data, methods, and analytic approach used in the analysis of national exposures to infrastructure from natural disasters. The analysis includes 11 natural hazards and five infrastructure sectors. Analytic findings about current and future exposures of infrastructure in the United States drawn from this data analysis are documented in a separate report.
    Keywords: Business ; Physics ; Population Studies ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCS Economic systems and structures ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology and climatology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBD Population and demography
    Language: English
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2023-10-05
    Description: This book discusses the opportunities and risks the government of Israel faces in shifting to a greater reliance on domestic and imported natural gas. By applying newly developed methods for strategic planning and decisionmaking under deep uncertainty, the analysis seeks to help the Israeli government engage in managed change by choosing robust strategies that minimize potential consequences of relying more heavily on natural gas.
    Keywords: Physics ; Business ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNB Energy industries & utilities ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDY Energy
    Language: English
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  • 34
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    ANU Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: This is the first book whose subject is the music, sounds and silences of Antarctica. From 2011 until 2014, Australia marked its long-standing connection with Antarctica by celebrating the centenary of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition. The icy continent, with its extremes of climate and environment and unique soundscapes, offers great potential for creative achievements in the world of music and sound. This book demonstrates the intellectual and creative engagement of artists, musicians, scientists and writers. Consciousness of sounds — in particular, musical ones — has not been at the forefront of our aims in polar endeavours, but listening to and appreciating them has been as important there as elsewhere.
    Keywords: Music ; Physics ; History ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHM Australasian and Pacific history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics::NHTB Social and cultural history ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AV Music ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDS Wave mechanics (vibration and acoustics)
    Language: English
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  • 35
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    ANU Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: In 1970 a small group of physicists at The Australian National University decided to veer away from the accepted and expected directions in energy research and pursued the emerging discipline of solar energy. Over the next decade ANU joined a small cluster of research institutions, including the CSIRO, UNSW and the University of Sydney, to emerge as a world leader in solar energy technology. This book traces the history of solar energy research at ANU over 35 years from its origin, its sometimes controversial early stages, through its flagship projects to its current status as one of the world's best known solar energy research establishments. It is as much a story of the future as it is a history: Following the sun is the story of how an idea to pursue what was in 1970 a new and unpopular research path has come to underpin sustainable development in the 21st Century.
    Keywords: History of Science & Technology ; Physics ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDY Energy ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDY Energy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science
    Language: English
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  • 36
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book provides an overview of the principles and types of electron microscopes. It also describes the different practical applications of electron microscopes, ranging from particle analysis and materials characterization to industrial failure analysis and process control. Over eight chapters divided into two sections, this book gives readers a comprehensive and updated review of the latest advances in electron microscopy.
    Keywords: Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHV Applied physics
    Language: English
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  • 37
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The nonlinear Schrödinger equation is a prototypical dispersive nonlinear partial differential equation that has been derived in many areas of physics and analyzed mathematically for many years. With this book, we aim to capture different perspectives of researchers on the nonlinear Schrödinger equation arising from theoretical, numerical, and experimental aspects. The eight chapters cover a variety of topics related to nonlinear optics, quantum mechanics, and physics. This book provides scientists, researchers, and engineers as well as graduate and post-graduate students working on or interested in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with an in-depth discussion of the latest advances in nonlinear optics and quantum physics.
    Keywords: Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHU Mathematical physics
    Language: English
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: Limiting climate change will require transformation of energy and other systems. This report presents an agent-based, game theoretic model designed to compare the long-term sustainability of alternative carbon emission reduction policies. The model tracks the co-evolution of an industry sector, its technology base, and political coalitions that influence government policy. It uses robust decision making methods to compare alternative policies.
    Keywords: Physics ; Mathematics ; Technology ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UN Databases::UNA Database design and theory ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBU Optimization::PBUD Game theory ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology and climatology
    Language: English
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  • 39
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    RAND Corporation
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Orbital space debris represents a growing threat to the operation of man-made systems in space. With the goal of guiding future mitigation or remediation efforts, this monograph examines nine comparable problems that share similarities with orbital debris: acid rain, U.S. commercial airline security, asbestos, chlorofluorocarbons, hazardous waste, oil spills, radon, email spam, and U.S. border control.
    Keywords: Technology ; Physics ; Environmental Science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHV Applied physics::PHVB Astrophysics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TR Transport technology and trades::TRP Aerospace and aviation technology
    Language: English
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: This report describes a proof-of-concept analysis using Robust Decision Making to evaluate water resource management response packages for California’s Central Valley under future uncertainty. This analytic approach will be used to develop a more comprehensive analysis for the California Water Plan Update 2013.
    Keywords: History ; Political Science ; Physics ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHK History of the Americas ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy and protocols ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology and climatology
    Language: English
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  • 41
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Much research is being conducted to develop larger wind turbines, both onshore and offshore, to decarbonize electricity grid systems through the exploitation of wind power. This book presents advances and challenges in the design, manufacture, and operation of wind turbines. The main topics addressed include the basic aspects of wind turbine design, offshore wind industry and floating wind turbines, wind measurement and forecasting models, design and manufacturing of rotor blades, manufacture of power transmission bearings, and challenges in control strategies and computational aerodynamics.
    Keywords: Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHK Electricity, electromagnetism and magnetism
    Language: English
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  • 42
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book presents a comprehensive overview of colorimetry and colorimetric analysis of dyes, pigments, paints, pharmaceuticals, and other products via spectrophotometric and spectroscopic analysis. Chapters address such topics as UV VIS spectroscopy, reflectance spectral analysis of colours, colour science in the paint industry, colouration of textiles for defence applications, and much more.
    Keywords: Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHV Applied physics
    Language: English
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2023-10-05
    Description: To determine whether the industrial base for the U.S. domestic coal-based electricity generation industry can maintain the capability to design, construct, operate, and maintain coal-fired electricity generating units within reasonable cost, schedule, performance, environmental, and quality expectations, this book reviews interviews with stakeholders and data describing key elements of industry capability and validation or verification of concerns.
    Keywords: Physics ; Law ; Management & Organizational Behavior ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJM Management & management techniques ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNB Energy industries & utilities ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDY Energy
    Language: English
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  • 44
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book presents a comprehensive overview of gravity and gravitational fields. The eight chapters are presented in two sections. Chapters in the first section address such topics as the theory of gravity, transient gravitational forces, the nature of our temporal universe, and photo-gravitational celestial mechanics. Chapters in the second section discuss how to create a gravity survey, analyze data collected by satellites and on the ground, and present visualizations of several field cases around the world.
    Keywords: Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHV Applied physics::PHVG Geophysics
    Language: English
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: RAND Corporation researchers review the current technical, regulatory, and economic context of the electricity market and theoretical benefits of developing a smart grid; discuss some entrepreneurial opportunities associated with smart-grid data; examine empirical evidence related to smart-grid adoption and implementation; and offer policy suggestions for overcoming identified barriers.
    Keywords: Law ; Physics ; Business ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNB Energy industries and utilities ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDY Energy
    Language: English
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2023-10-05
    Description: Nuclear power is receiving renewed interest because of its low greenhouse gas emissions. However, if nuclear power is to be sustainable option for the United States, methods for managing spent fuel that meet stringent safety and environmental standards must be implemented. This report examines technical and institutional approaches to spent fuel management and highlights policy implications of pursuing alternative strategies.
    Keywords: Physics ; Environmental Science ; Business ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNB Energy industries & utilities ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TQ Environmental science, engineering & technology ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 47
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The intermittent nature of solar energy sources is the greatest challenge to the broad acceptance of this technology. The storage of thermal energy presents a workable option for addressing this issue. When it comes to the storage of thermal energy, latent heat storage units (LHSU) that make use of phase change materials (PCMs) are more desirable than sensible heat storage. In the context of a large increase in the demand for energy, PCMs are an essential class of thermal energy storage materials that contribute to the sustainable growth of both the economy and society. It stores large amounts of heat in the form of latent heat at a constant temperature. This promising technique has already been applied with great success in a variety of applications like solar appliances, buildings, battery thermal management, electronic cooling, waste heat recovery systems, textiles, and more. This book presents an in-depth discussion on PCMs, the current state of PCM technology, and a detailed description of their prospective applications.
    Keywords: Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHF Materials / States of matter::PHFC Condensed matter physics (liquid state and solid state physics)
    Language: English
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  • 48
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Rotating machines are some of the most widely used machines and their application in the field of new and renewable energy is an important development. This book presents recent research and discusses the technological development of rotating machines, including different types of wind, pump, and gas turbines. It also examines environmental impacts on rotating machines, particularly the effects of icing on the surface of wind turbine blades. It includes research on static and dynamic structural analysis, rotor aerodynamics characteristics, signal analysis, energy conversion, and exergy. It also presents the latest research on theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experiment technology for improving the performance and optimizing the structure of rotating machines.
    Keywords: Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHK Electricity, electromagnetism and magnetism
    Language: English
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2023-09-01
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We present a new, consistently processed seismicity catalogue for the Eastern and Southern Alps, based on the temporary dense Swath-D monitoring network. The final catalogue includes 6,053 earthquakes for the time period 2017-2019 and has a magnitude of completeness of −1.0ML. The smallest detected and located events have a magnitude of −1.7ML. Aimed at the low to moderate seismicity in the study region, we generated a multi-level, mostly automatic workflow which combines a priori information from local catalogues and waveform-based event detection, subsequent efficient GPU-based event search by template matching, P & S arrival time pick refinement and location in a regional 3-D velocity model. The resulting seismicity distribution generally confirms the previously identified main seismically active domains, but provides increased resolution of the fault activity at depth. In particular, the high number of small events additionally detected by the template search contributes to a more dense catalogue, providing an important basis for future geological and tectonic studies in this complex part of the Alpine orogen.
    Description: TableOfContents
    Description: Seismicity catalogue Python codes & metadata Seismicity cross-sections
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic Waveform Analysis ; Eastern Alps ; Earthquake ; Geophysics ; Template matching ; 4DMB ; 4D Mountain Building ; EARTH SCIENCE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE/INTENSITY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCES ; geophysics ; seismology ; surface processes ; tectonics
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2023-10-18
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication contains (i) a slab model of the Cascadia subduction zone, derived from receiver functions, parameterized as depth to the three interfaces: t (top), c (central) and m (Moho), in NetCDF format; (ii) the station measurements of all parameters in the model in tabular and Raysum model file format; (iii) the raw receiver functions in SAC format; and (iv) auxiliary scripts for loading and plotting the data. A total of 45,601 individual receiver functions recorded at 298 seismic stations distributed across the Cascadia forearc contributed to the slab model. For each station, 100 s recordings symmetric about the P -wave arrival (i.e. 50 s noise and 50 s signal) of earthquakes with magnitudes between 5.5 and 8, in the distance range between 30 and 100 degree, were downloaded from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) data center, the Northern California Earthquake Data Center (NCEDC), and the Natural Resources Canada Data Center (NRCAN). After quality control, radial and transverse receiver functions were computed through frequency-domain simultaneous deconvolution, with an optimal damping factor found through generalized cross validation. The continental forearc and subducting slab were parameterized as three layers over a mantle half-space, with the subduction stratigraphy bounding interfaces labeled as t (top), c (central) and m (Moho). Synthetic receiver functions were calculated through ray-theoretical modeling of plane-wave scattering at the model interfaces. The thickness, S -wave velocity (VS) and P - to S -wave velocity ratio (VP/VS) of each layer, as well as the common strike and dip of the bottom two layers and the top of the half space (in total 11 parameters) were optimized simultaneously through a simulated annealing global parameter search scheme. The misfit was defined as the anti-correlation (1 minus the cross-correlation coefficient) between the observed and predicted receiver functions, bandpass filtered between 2 and 20 s period duration. In total, 171, 143 and 137 quality A nodes were determined to constrain the t, c and m interfaces, respectively. At the trench, 105 nodes at 3 km below the local bathymetry were inserted to constrain the t and c interfaces, and at 6.5 km deeper to constrain the m interface, representing typical sediment and igneous crustal thicknesses. A spline surface was fitted to these nodes to yield margin-wide depth models. The spline coefficients were found using singular value decomposition, with the nominal depth uncertainties supplied as weights. The solution was damped by retaining the 116, 117, and 116 largest singular values for the t, c and m interfaces, respectively, based on analysis of L-curves and the Akaike information criterion. The data set is the supplemental material to Bloch, W., Bostock, M. G., Audet, P. (2023) A Cascadia Slab Model from Receiver Functions. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems.
    Keywords: Seismology ; Cascadia ; North America ; Reveiver Functions ; Subduction ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; lithosphere ; The Present
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 445-463 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemistry of NariciclasineFrom narciclasine (2a), the acetonide 8a and its oxidation product 10 are prepared. 10 isomerizes easily to give 11. Catalytic hydrogenation of 2a yields a mixture of dihydronarci-clasines from which the pure cis- and trans-isomers 14a and 15a can be obtained via the tetraacetates. As a by-product of the hydrogenation, isonarciclasine (16a) is isolated. The relative configuration of narciclasine (as represented by formula 2a) is established by the n. m. r. spectra of 15b and 16b. Lycoricidine and margetine are shown to be identical; their configuration is as shown in formula 2b. Some biological tests are reported.
    Notes: Aus Narciclasin (2a) wird das Acetonid 8a und dessen Oxidationsprodukt 10 dargestellt. 10 wird leicht zu 11 isomerisiert. Das bei der katalytischen Hydrierung von 2a anfallende Gemisch der Dihydronarciclasine wird über die Tetraacetate in die cis- und trans-Verbindungen 14a und 15a aufgetrennt. Als Nebenprodukt der katalytischen Hydrierung entsteht Isonarciclasin (16a). Mit Hilfe der NMR-Spektren von 15b und 16b läßt sich die relative Konfiguration des Narciclasins entsprechend 2a beweisen. Lycoricidin und Margetin sind identisch und haben die Konfiguration 2b. Über einige biologische Teste wird berichtet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 486-499 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Complex Chemistry of Reactive Organic Compounds, V. Reaction of Aliphatic Diazo Compound with Thermolabile Manganese ComplexesAliphatic diazo compounds react with the manganese- tetrahydrofurane complexes 1 and 2, respectively, to yield olefine, ketimine or carbene complexes: 3-diazo-2- butanone (3b) reacts with 2 under intramolecular hydride transfer to give the buten-2- one complex 7, while 3-diazocamphor (3c) leads to the 3-iminocamphor complex 8. Benzolyphenyldiazomethane (3a), diphenyldiazomethane (9a), and its p-substituted derivatives 9b-f are shown to be preliminary stages for the stable carbene complexes 4, 10, and 11, the spectra of which are discussed. The diphenylcarbene ligand can be split off by triphenylphosphine, carbon monoxide, ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate, and by thermolysis.
    Notes: Aliphatische Diazoverbindungen reagieren mit den Mangan-THF- Komplexen 1 bzw. 2 zu Olefin-, Ketimin- oder Carben-Komplexen: Während 3-Diazo-2-butanon (3b) mit 2 unter intramolekularer Hydridverschiebung den Buten-2- on-Komplex 7 ergibt, bildet 3-Diazo-campher (3c) bei Umsetzung mit 2 den 3-Iminocampher-Komplex 8. Benzoylphenyldiazomethan (3a) sowie Diphenyldiazomethan (9a) und seine p- substituierten Derivate 9b-f verhalten sich gegenüber 1 und 2 als Vorstufen für die stabilen Carben-Komplexe 4, 10 und 11, deren Spektren diskutiert werden. Der Diphenylcarben-Ligand in 11a kann mit Triphenylphosphin, Kohlenmonoxid und Ammoniumcer(IV)-nitrat sowie durch Thermolyse abgespalten werden.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 528-537 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photochemical Dimerisation dof 1,4-DialkynylbenzenesOn irradiation with ultraviolet light 1,4-diethynylbenzene (4a) forms blue unstable 6-ethynyl-1-(4- ethynylphenyl)azulene (5) and 6-ethynyl-2-(4-ethynylphenyl)azulene (6) besides polymers. The photolysis of 1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene (4b) yields stable green 2,3-diphenyl-6-phenylethynyl-1-[4- (phenylethynyl)phenyl]azulene (9) and the isomeric naphthalene 11. Products of catalytic reduction of 5, 9, and 11 are described.
    Notes: Aus 1,4-Diäthinylbenzol (4a) entstehen bei Bestrahlung mit ultraviolettem Licht das wenig beständige, blaue 6-Äthinyl-1-(4-äthinylphenyl)azulen (5) und 6-Äthinyl-2-(4-äthinylphenyl)-azulen (6) neben polymeren Produkten. Dagegen führt die Photolyse von 1,4-Bis(phenyl-äthinyl)benzol (4b) zu dem beständigen grünen 2,3-Diphenyl-6-phenyläthinyl-1-[4-(phenyl-äthinyl)phenyl]azulen (9) und dem isomeren Naphthalin-Derivat 11. Reduktionsprodukte von 5, 9 und 11 werden beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 55
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 561-568 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Derivatives of Methylendioxybenzene, 40. the Synthesis of Ferrugone and PseudoferrugoneThe isoflavones ferrugone (1a) and pseudoferrugone (1a) as well as their dihydro derivatives 2a and b are prepared from the apione derivatives 5f of 6f and the chromene or chroman derivatives 4d and 3p.
    Notes: Die Isoflavone Ferrugon (1a) und Pseudoferrugon (1b) sowie die Dihydroverbindungen 2a und b werden durch Reaktion der Apionderivate5f und 6f mit den Chromen- bzw. Chroman-derivaten 4d bzw. 36p dargestellt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 56
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 569-575 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Methylenedioxyhetarenes, 1. On the Preparation of 3, 4- Methylenedioxythiophene-, furan- and -pyrrole DerivativesMethylenation experiments with 3, 4-dihydroxy compounds of diethyl thiophene-, furan-, 1-phenyl-, and 1- (ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-2, 5-pyrroledicarboxylate are reported. Methylenations lead only with diethyl 3, 4-dihydroxy-2, 5- thiophenedicarboxylate (1) to the 3, 4- methylenedioxythiophene derivatives 2 and 3 with formation of diethyl dithieno[3, 4-b: 3′, 4′- g]tetroxecin-1, 3, 7, 9-tetracarboxylate (4) as by- product. The furan- (5a) and pyrrole derivatives 7a and b give the tetraethyl difuro- (6) and dipyrrolo[3, 4-b: 3′, 4′-g]tetroxecin- 1, 3, 7, 9-tetracarboxylates 8a and b, respectively.
    Notes: Es wird über Methylenierungsversuche an 3,4-Dihydroxy- Verbindungen der Thiophen-Furan-, 1-Phenyl- und 1- (Äthoxycarbonylmethyl)-2,5-pyrroldicarbonsäure- diäthylester berichtet. Die Methylenierungen führen nur beim 3,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-thiophendicarbonsäure-diäthylester (1) zu den 3,4-Methylendioxythiophen-Derivaten 2 und 3, wobei als Nebenprodukt der Dithieno[3,4-b: 3′,4′-g]tetroxecin-1,3,7,0-tetracarbonsäure- tetraäthylester (4) gebildet wird. Bei dem Furan- (5a) und den Pyrrol-Derivaten 7a und b entstehen die Difuro- (6) bzw. die Dipyrrolo[3,4- b: 3′,4′-g]tetroxecin-1,3,7,9- tetracarbonsäure-tetraäthylester 8a, b.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 618-622 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of N, N-Dialkyl- and N, N-Diarylsullfamides with Chlorosulfonyl IsocyanateChlorosulfonyl isocyanate reacts with N, N-dialkyl- or N, N-diarylsulfamides to give the so far unknown N-chlorosulfonyl-N′-(dialkyl- and -diarylsulfamoyl)ureas (3a-e), which may be hydrolysed to the corresponding N-(dialkyl- and -diarylsulfamoyl)ureas (4a-e). The pyrolysis of 3a-e leads to the formation of the known sulfamoyl chlorides.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von Chlorsulfonylisocyanat mit N, N-Dialkyl- oder N, N-Diarylsulfamiden erhält man die bisher unbekannten N-Chlorsulfonyl-N′-(dialkyl- und -diarylsulfamoyl)harnstoffe (3a-e), die sich zu N-(Dialkyl- und-Diarylsulfamoyl)harnstoffen (4a-e) hydrolysieren lassen. Die Pyrolyse von 3a-e liefert die bekannten Sulfamidsäurechloride.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 657-663 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Photochemistry of AlleneAcetophenone-sensitized irradiation of allene yields a complex mixture of products, from which the allene dimer 1, the trimers 2 and 3, and the ketones 4 and 5 have been isolated. This is in contrast to the reported thermal di- and trimerization of allene, which lead to products such as 1, 8-12. The planar allene triplet 13, derived by way of a nonvertical triplet-triplet energy transfer, presumably plays a key role in the photosensitized oligomerization of allene. Also, the formation of the ketone 5 is easily explained in terms of an attack of 13, through its central C-atom to the o-position of the acetophenone, to give 16, which cyclizes ultimately to yield 5. At 240°C, 5 undergoes fragmentation to the starting materials. The α,β-unsaturated ketone 4 arises through a [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition reaction of the 3(n,π*) state of acetophenone to methylacetylene via the oxetene intermediate 6, followed by ring-opening.
    Notes: Die acetophenon-sensibilisierte Belichtung von Allen liefert eine komplexe Produktmischung, aus der sich das Allendimere 1, die Trimeren 2 und 3 sowie die Ketone 4 und 5 isolieren lassen. Dieser Befund steht im Gegensatz zur beschriebenen thermischen Di- und Trimerisierung des Allens, die zu 1, 8-12 führt. Eine Schlüsselrolle bei der photosensibilisierten Allen-Oligomerisierung spielt vermutlich das durch nichtvertikale Triplett-Triplett-Energieübertragung gebildete planare Allen-Triplett 13. Auch die Entstehung des Bicyclo[4.2.0]octadien-Ketons 5 erklärt sich zwanglos durch einen Angriff von 13 mit seinem mittleren C-Atom in der o-Position des Acetophenons unter Bildung der Zwischenstufe 16, die Ringschluß zu 5 erfährt. Bei 240°C erleidet 5 Rückspaltung in die Ausgangskomponenten. Das α,β-ungesättigte Keton 4 ist dagegen Ergebnis einer [2 + 2]-Photocycloaddition des Acetophenons im 3(n,π*)-Zustand an Methylacetylen zum Oxeten 6 mit anschließender Ringöffnung.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organosulfur Compound, XI. Synthesis of 13-3-Oxathiol-spirofuranones and Furanone-spirodihydrothiopyrans from 4-Thioxotetrahydrofuran-3-onesHeterocyclic, non-enolisable α-oxo-thioketones of furan-type 9 have been prepared for the first time. These highly unstable compounds undergo dimerisation and subsequent elimination of sulfur to give 1,3-oxathiol-spirofuranones 11. In competition with this process reaction with the eliminated active sulfur can occur to yield a dispiro-1,2,4-trithiolan 10a. In the presence of dimethylbutadiene the new α-oxo-thioxofurans 9 react according to the Diels-Alder principle to form the furanone-spirodihydrothiopyrans 13. The reaction mechanisms are discussed.
    Notes: Es werden erstmals heterocyclische, nicht enolisierbare α-Oxo-thioketone vom Furantyp (9) hergestellt, die außerordentlich instabil sind und unter Dimerisierung mit anschließender Schwefeleliminierung reagieren, wobei die bisher unbekannten 1,3-Oxathiol-spirofuranone 11 entstehen. In Konkurrenz hierzu kann Reaktion mit dem bei der Fragmentierung gebildeten aktiven Schwefel unter Bildung eines Dispiro-1,2,4-trithiolans (10a) eintreten. In Gegenwart von Dimethylbutadien reagieren die neuen α-Oxo-thioxo-furane 9 ausschließlich nach dem Diels-Alder-Prinzip unter Bildung der Furanon-spirodihydrothiopyrane 13. Die Reaktions-mechanismen werden diskutiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 700-715 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Substituted VB Element System. Bis(VIA metal)methylstibines-Preparation, Quaternization and OxidationCH3SbBr2 reacts with the transition metal anions of Na[Fe(CO)2π-C5H5] and Na[M(CO)3π-C5H5] (M=Cr, Mo, W) to give CH3Sb[Fe(CO)2π-C5H5]2 and CH3Sb[M(CO)3π-C5H5]2 (M=Cr, Mo, W). via stepwise metalation. Starting with the primary substitution products BrCH3Sb—M(CO)3π-C5H5 (M=Mo, W) the heteronuclear species π-C5H5(CO)3Cr—Sb-(CH3)—M(CO)3π-C5H5 (M=Mo, W) and π-C5H5(CO)3Mo—Sb(CH3)—W(CO)3π-C5H5 can be obtained. Reactions with alkyl halides result in the quaternization of the Sb-atom or the cleavage of the Sb—M bond. In the first case metal substituted Sb-cations of the type [{π-C5H5(CO)3M}2Sb(CH3)R]⊕ (M=Mo, W; R=CH3, C2H5, C6H5CH2) are formed, which can also be synthesized by reaction of monometalated stibines with metal halides [{e. g. π-C5H5(CO)3Mo—Sb(CH3)2 and π-C5H5(CO)3MoBr]. Bromine adds on VB element, to yield transition metal derivatives with presumable pentacoordinated antimony ([π-C5H5(CO)3W]2SbCH3Br2). The chemical and spectroscopic properties of the new antimony transition metal complexes are reported.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von CH3SbBr2 mit den Übergangsmetall-Anionen von Na[Fe(CO)2π-C5H5] und Na[M(CO)3π-C5H5] (M=Cr, Mo, W) führt unter stufenweiser Metallierung zur Bildung von CH3Sb[Fe(CO)2π-C5H5]2 und CH3Sb[M(CO)3π-C5H5]2 (M=Cr, Mo, W). Ausgehend von den primären Substitutionsprodukten BrCH3Sb—M(CO)3π-C5H5 (M=Mo, W) Können die heteronuclearen Spezies π-C5H5(CO)Cr—Sb(CH3)—M(CO)3π-C5H5 (M=Mo, W) und π-C5H5(CO)3Mo—Sb(CH3)—W(CO)3π-C5H5 erhalten werden. Reaktionen mit Alkylhalo-geniden verlaufen unter Quartärisierung am Sb-Atom oder Spaltung der Sb—M-Einheit. Im ersten Fall werden metallsubstituierte Sb-Kationen der Form [{π-C5H5(CO)3M}2Sb(CH3)R]⊕; (M=Mo, W; R=CH3, C2H5, C6H5CH2) gebildet, die auch aus monometalliertem Stibin und komplexem Metallhalogenid zugänglich sind [z. B. π-C5H5(CO)3MoSb(CH3)2 und π-C5H5(CO)3MoBr]. Die Einwirkung von Brom verläuft unter Addition am VB-Element und liefert Übergangsmetallderivate mit vermutlich pentakoordiniertem Antimon([π-C5H5(CO)3W]2sbCH3Br2). Die chemischen und spektroskopischen Eigenschaften der neuen Antimon-Übergangsmetallkomplexe werden beschrieben.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 716-723 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Substituted VB Element System. Bis(VIA metal)methylstibines as Monofunction Ligands in Transition Metal ComplexesThe photochemical or thermal reaction of the metal corbonyls M(CO)6 (M=Cr, Mo, W), π-C5H5Mn(CO)3, and Fe2(CO)9 with the dimetalated stibines CH3Sb-[M′(CO)3π-C5H5]2 (M′=Cr, Mo, W) proceeds with elimination of CO or Fe(CO)5, yielding the neutral single antimony-bridged trinuclear complexes (CO)5M—Sb(CH3)[M′L4]2, π-C5H5(CO)2Mn—Sb(CH3)[M′L4]2, and (CO)4Fe-Sb(CH3)[M′L4]2. The new compounds are characterized by means of spectroscopy.
    Notes: Die photochemische bzw. thermische Umsetzung der Metallcarbonyle M(CO)6 (M=Cr, Mo, W), π-C5H5Mn(CO)3 und Fe2(CO)9 mit den dimetallierten Stibinen CH3Sb-[M′(CO)3π-C5H5]2 (M′=Cr, Mo, W) liefert unter Eliminierung von CO bzw. Fe(CO)5 die neutralen, einfach antimonverbrückten Dreikernkomplexe (CO)5M—Sb(CH3)[M′L4]2, π-C5H5(CO)2Mn—Sb(CH3)[M′L4])2 und (CO)4Fe—Sb(CH3)[M′L4]2, Die neuen Verbindungen werden spektroskopisch charakterisiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 735-738 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyacetylenic Compounds, 232. Further Constituents of the Genus DendranthemaThe genus Dendranthema, also listed as a section of Chrysanthemum, is characterized by the occurrence of 6-ring-enol ether polyynes. The structure of three new compounds has been elucidated (10-12).
    Notes: Die auch als Sektion von Chrysanthemum geführte Gattung Dendranthema ist durch das Vorkommen von 6-Ring-enolätherpolyinen charakterisiert. Drei neue Verbindungen werden in ihrer Konstitution geklärt (10-12).
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 749-753 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ozonolyse of 3,4-cis-Diacetyl-1,2,3,4-tetramethyl-1-cyclobuteneThe ozonolysis of the title compound 3 gives an ozonide (9) with trans-acetyl groups in high yield. Only a two step transformation of the primary ozonide to the final ozonide via a well defined intermediated (5) can explain this result.
    Notes: Die Tasache, daß die Ozonolyse der Titelsubstanz 3 in CFCl3 in hoher Ausbeute ein Ozonid (9) mit trans-ständigen Acetylgruppen liefert, bewiest, daß der Übergang vom Primärozonid zum Ozonid nicht einstufig, sondern über ein definiertes Zwischenprodukt (5) verläft.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 780-789 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation on Metabolites of Microorganisms, VIII. Aldgamycin F, a New Antibiotic from S. lavendulaeThe new antibiotic aldgamycin F was isolated from cultures of S. lavendulae, for which we suppose structure. 7.
    Notes: Aus Kulturen von S. lavendulae wurde das neue Antibiotikum Aldgamycin F isoliert, für das wir Struktur 7 vorschlagen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 803-812 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemistry of the Alkali Alcoholate-induced Fission of Chiral Acyclic Quaternary Phosphonium Salts to Tertiary Phosphine OxidesThe stereochemical course of the sodium ethanolate-induced fission of chiral acyclic quaternary phosphonium salts 1-5 to tertiary phosphine oxides 6-10 is (with one exception) the same as that of the cleavage of these salts by sodium hydroxide. However, in most cases the stereoselectivity is remarkably lower in the alcoholate-induced fission than in the reaction with sodium hydroxide.
    Notes: Die beobachtete Brutto-Stereochemie der Spaltung chiraler acyclischer quartärer Phosphoniumsalze 1-5 zu tertiären Phosphinoxiden 6-10 mittels Natriumäthylat ist  -  mit einer Ausnahme  -  prinzipiell die gleiche wie bei der Spaltung der betreffenden Salze mit Natrium-hydroxid. Die Stereoselektivität ist dagegen bei der Spaltung mit Alkoholat meist deutlich geringer als bei der Reaktion mit Natriumhydroxid.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 820-830 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Primary Products of the Carbohydrazide/Chlorophosphorane Reaction:. 1,3,4,2λ5-OxadiazaphospholinePhosphorus pentachloride and other at least difunctional chlorophosphoranes react with acylhydrazines and with N-acyl-N′-phenylhydrazines to give 1,3,4,2λ5-oxadiazaphospholines 3. Pentacoordination at phosphorus is unexpected stable in these rings. The compounds are characterized by n. m. r. and mass spectrometry. They are more or less thermolabile and decompose eliminating phosphine oxide or a phosphorus oxide chloride. Electron releasing substituents at the phosphorus and electron withdrawing substituents at the nitrogen atom increase the rate of decomposition. With triethylamine the compounds 3 loose hydrogen chloride and yield the dimers 4 of 1,3,4,2λ5-oxadiazaphospholes.
    Notes: Phosphorpentachlorid und andere mindestens difunktionelle Chlorphosphorane reagieren mit Acylhydrazinen sowie N-Acyl-N′-phenylhydrazinen zu den 1,3,4,2λ5-Oxadiazaphospholinen 3 mit unerwartet stabiler Pentakoordination am Phosphor. Die Verbindungen werden NMR- und massenspektrometrisch charakterisiert. Sie sind mehr oder weniger thermolabil und zerfallen unter Abspaltung von Phosphinoxid bzw. eines Phosphoroxidchlorids. Der Einfluß der P-, C- und N-ständigen Substituenten auf die Zerfallsgeschwindigkeit wird diskutiert. Triäthylamin spaltet aus 3 Chlorwasserstoff ab; es entstehen Dimere 4 der 1,3,4,2λ5-Oxadiazaphosphole.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 862-874 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Four Routes for the Synthesis of (2-Pyrimidinylamino)-n-alkanoic AcidsNucleotide analogues of amino acids with variously substituted 2-pyrimidinyl side chains are available by four synthetic routes. 1) The cyclocondensation of 2-alkyl-3-aminoacroleins (4) with amino acids containing guanidino functions (5b) gives Nδ-(5-alkyl-2-pyrimidinyl)ornithine derivatives (7). 2) Cyclocondensations of 1,3-diketones of (9) with C-(guanidino)amino acids or N-(amidino)amino acids (5a-d) yield (4,6-dialkyl-2-pyrimidinylamino)-n-alkanoic acids (10). 3) (4-Alkyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-2-pyrimidinylamino)-n-alkanoic acids (13) are obtained by way of cyclocondensation of ethyl acetoacetate (12) with 5a-c. 4) The nucleophilic substitution of 2-ethylthio-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidines (14, 17) by mono- and diamino acids (15) yields (5-alkyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-2-pyrimidinylamino)- and (4-alkyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-2-pyrimidinylamino)-n-alkanoic acids (16, 18).
    Notes: Nucleotid-analoge Aminosäuren mit verschieden substituierten 2-Pyrimidinyl-Seitenketten sind auf vier Wegen zugänglich: Die Cyclokondensation von 2-Alkyl-3-aminoacroleinen (4) mit Aminosäuren mit Guanidinofunktion (5b) führt zu Nδ-(5-Alkyl-2-pyrimidinyl)ornithin-Derivaten (7). Cyclokondensationen von 1,3-Diketonen (9) mit C-(Guanidino)aminosäuren bzw. N-(Amidino)aminosäuren (5a-d) liefern (4,6-Dialkyl-2-pyrimidinyiamino)-n-alkansäuren (10). Durch Cyclokondensationen von Acetessigester (12) mit 5a-c sind (4-Alkyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-2-pyrimidinylamino)-n-alkansäuren (13) darstellbar. Aus 2-Äthylthio-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidinen (14, 17) lassen sich durch nucleophile Substitution mit Mono- und Diaminosäuren (15) (5-Alkyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-2-pyrimidinylamino)- sowie (4-Alkyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-2-pyrimidinylamino)-n-alkansäuren (16, 18) erhalten.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 897-913 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photoelectron Spectra and Molecular Properties, XLV. Sulfuric Acid Derivatives : Alkyl, /Vinyl, and Aryl Sulfones, S,S-Dialkylsulfoimides and Sulfuryl HalidesThe photoelectron (PE) spectra of the following sulfuric acid derivatives are discussed comparatively using qualitative MO models supported by modified CNDO calculations. The substituent effects  -  including the isoelectronic exchange S=O → S=NH and structural modifications  -  can be summarized in correlation diagrams and rationalized as perturbations of the ++ group.
    Notes: Die Photoelektronen(PE)-Spektren der folgenden Schwefelsäure-Derivate werden mit qualitativen MO-Modellen, gestützt auf modifizierte CNDO-Rechnungen, vergleichend diskutiert. Die Substituenten-Effekte - den isoelektronischen Austausch S=O → S=NH und Strukturänderungen eingeschlossen  -  lassen sich in Korrelationsdiagrammen zusammenfassen und als Störungen der -Gruppe betrachten.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 967-972 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Coupled Electrode Reaction, II. Benzonitrile as a Reaction Medium for Anodically Generated Carbenium IonsBy electrolysis of pivalic acid and isobutyric acid in benzonitrile/isopropyl alcohol in undivided cells N alkylated benzylamines and N,N′-diisopropyl-1,2- diphenylethylenediamine are isolated in a total yield up to 60 percent of the condensed reaction products. The reaction path is explained by anodically generated carbenium ions which react with bezonitrile forming nitrilium ions 3. These are reduced at the cathode (6, 8) or are hydrodimerized (7). The details and the formation of by-products are discussed.
    Notes: Bei der Elektrolyse von Pivalinsäure und Isobuttersäure in Benzonitril/Isopropylalkohol in ungeteilten Zellen werden in einer Gesamtausbeute bis zu 60% der kondensierten Reaktions-produkte N-alkylierte Benzylamine und N,N′-Diisopropyl-1,2-dipnhenyläthylendiamin isoliert. Der Reaktionsverlauf wird über anodisch erzeugte Carbeniumionen erklärt, die mit Benzonitril zu Nitriliumionen 3reagieren. Diese werden an der Kathode reduziert (6, 8) oder hydrodimerisiert (7). Die Einzelheiten und die Bildung von Nebenprodukten werden besprochen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 357-361 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Naturally Occurring Terpene Derivatives, XLIII. New Sequiterpene Lactones from Athanasia SpeciesThe investigation of four further Athanasia species shows that furansesquiterpenes of the type 1-4 are characteristic for this genus. Besides known compounds five new sesquiterpene lactones have been isolated and their structures elucidated (6, 7, 9, 10 and 13). The close biogenetic relationships of these lactones to already known sesquiterpenes are apparent.
    Notes: Die Untersuchung von vier weiteren Athanasia-Arten zeigt, daß Furansesquiterpene vom Typ 1-4 für diese Gattung charakteristisch sind. Neben bereits bekannten Verbindungen werden fünf neue Sesquiterpenlactone isoliert und in ihrer Konstitution aufgeklärt (6, 7, 9, 10 und 13). Die engen biogenetischen Beziehungen dieser Lactone zu bereits bekannten Sesquiterpenen sind offensichtlich.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 337-356 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogenolysis of Small Cycloalkanes, II. hydrogenation Basketane- and Snoutane-Derivativescis- and both trans-dimethyl twistane-4,5-dicarboxylates (9 and 11, 13) are formed via the dihydro intermediates 4-7 by hydrogenation of cis- and trans-dimethyl basketane-9,10-dicarboxylates (1 and 3) over Pd/C under normal conditions. During the uptake of the first mole-equivalent of hydrogen all the basketane derivatives were rearranged to snoutane derivatives (22 and 24) to some extent. The second C—C bond is cleaved on that side of the basketane skeleton, which is opposite to the first hydrogenated one. cis- and trans-dimethyl snoutane-9,10-dicarboxylates (22 and 24) were hydrogenated under the same conditions but more slowly via the dihydro derivatives (25, 27 and 29, 31) to yield cis- and trans-dimethyl isotwistanedicarboxylates (33 and 35). In snoutane derivatives the second cyclopropane ring is cleaved exclusively from the same side of the molecule as the first one. This is shown by separate hydrogenations of dihydro snoutane derivatives (27, 37 and 38). Hydrogenation of basketene (21) provides a mixture containing 70-75% of twistane (17) and 25-30% of isotwistane (39). The reasons for the different ways of hydrogenation in both systems are discussed. The configurations of all dihydro intermediates and endproducts have been established.
    Notes: cis- und trans-Basketan-9,10-dicarbonsäure-dimethylester (1 und 3) werden unter Normal-bedingungen mit Pd/C in Methanol über die isomeren Dihydrozwischenstufen (4-7) zu cis- und den beiden trans-Twistan-4,5-dicarbonsäure-dimethylestern (9 und 11, 13) hydriert. Bei der Hydrogenolyse der ersten C—C-Bindung erfolgt teilweise Umlagerung zu Snoutanderivaten (22 und 24). Die Öffnung der zweiten Bindung am Basketangerüst geschieht ausschließlich an der zur ersten hydrierten Bindung gegenüberliegenden Molekülseite. cis- und trans-Snoutan-9,10-dicarbonsäure-dimethylester (22 und 24) reagieren unter den gleichen Bedingungen ebenfalls, aber langsamer, über die Zwischenstufen (25, 27 und 29, 31) zu cis- und trans-Isotwistan-dicarbonsäure-dimethylester (33 und 35). An den getrennt untersuchten Zwischenstufen 27, 37 und 38 wird gezeigt, daß im Snoutangerüst beide Cyclopropanringe ausschließlich von der gleichen Molekülseite angegriffen werden. Aus Basketen (21) erhält man bei der Hydrierung ein Gemisch von 70-75% Twistan (17) und 25-30% Isotwistan (39). Die Ursachen für den verschiedenen Hydrierungsverlauf in beiden Systemen werden erörtert, und die Konfiguration aller Zwischenstufen und Endprodukte wird aufgeklärt.
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  • 73
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1101-1110 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Synthesis of 5α-Stigmasta-22,25-dien-3β-ol, 5α-Stigmast-22-en-3β-ol und 5α-Stigmastan-3β-ol and their 24-EpimersThe synthesis of the title compounds from butynylcarbinols 5 with 1-dimethylamino-1-methoxy-1-propene in a Claisen rearrangement via the amides 7 is described. An effective preparation of the starting materials is given and the data of the products are compared with those from natural sterols.
    Notes: Die Synthese der Titelverbindungen aus den Butinylcarbinolen 5 mit 1-Dimethylamino-1-methoxy-1-propen in einer Claisen-Umlagerung über die Amide 7 wird beschrieben. Eine effektive Darstellung der Ausgangsverbindungen wird angegeben, und die Daten der Produkte werden mit den aus Naturstoffen gewonnenen verglichen.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Aromatic Diazonium, VI; Nitrosoacylamines and Diazoesters, XIV A New Reaction Mode of N-NitrosoacetanilideA side reaction in the decomposition on N-nitrosoacetanilide in ethanol/potassium acetate, which has been described to produce a salt K[C8H8N3O3]6), was reinvestigated. It is probale that this compound is formed by a free radical addition of NO to the nitroso group of N-nitrosoacetanilide and subsequent reduction. The potassium salt and the corresponding silver salt are considered to be derived from N-nitroso-N-(N-phenylacetamido)hydroxylamine (7) in agreement with spectroscopic data. Dynamic n. m. r. allows to measure a rotation process with ΔG≠ = 16.0 and ΔG° = 0.6 kcal/mole.
    Notes: Eine früher beschriebene6) Nebenreaktion beim Zerfall des N-Nitrosoacetanilids in Äthanol/Kaliumacetat, die zur Bildung eines Salzes K[C8H8N3O3] führte, wurde erneut untersucht. Es ist wahrscheinlich, daß diese Verbindung durch radikalische Addition von NO an die Nitrosogruppe des N-Nitrosoacetanilids und anschließende Reduktion entsteht. Das Kaliumsalz und ein entsprechendes Silbersalz werden in Übereinstimmung mit spektroskopischen Daten als Salze des N-Nitroso-N-(N-phenylacetamido)hydroxylamins (7) formuliert. Die NMR-Linienformanalyse gestattet die Messung einer Rotationsschwelle mit ΔG≠ = 16.0 und ΔG° = 0.6 kcal/ mol.
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  • 75
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1052-1073 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Derivatives of the (CH)8CH2-Family; the Governing Influence of Substituents on the Photolysis of Several cis3a,7a-DihydroindenesOn photochemical or thermal activation the tricyclo[4.3.0.02,5]nonadienes 10, 12, 14a, b, 16 are transformed to the cis-dihydroindenes 11, 13, 15a, b, 17. As determined by the reaction halflives at 120 and 153°C, respectively, the thermal stability of the starting compounds decreases in the order 14b 〉 14a ⋍ 16 〉 12 〉 10; steric reasons are discussed as a possible explanation for this sequence. Cycloaddition reaction of 11, 13, 15a, b, (17 is unreactive) with maleic anhydride and 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione, respectively, yield the adducts 21(21′)a, b, 22a, b, 24 and 25 for which the endo-configuration of the carbocyclic five-membered ring with respect to the C-8/C-9 double bond is unambigously proven at least in the case of 22a, b by formation of the cagephotoproducts 23a, b. Irradiation of the dihydroindenes involves different pathways: while excitation of 13 leads back to the tricyclic diene 12 the tetraesters 15a, b are converted to the intramolecular cyclization products 28a, b, and the diphenyl-compound 17 undergoes phenyl migration affording the di-π-methane isomer 30; all reactions proceed in a specific manner and only under direct irradiation conditions.
    Notes: Die Tricyclo[4.3.0.02,5]nonadiene 10, 12, 14a, b, 16 wandeln sich bei photochemischer oder thermischer Aktivierung in die cis-Dihydroindene 11, 13, 15a, b, 17 um. Aus den bei 120 bzw. 153°C ermittelten Halbwertszeiten der Isomerisierungen ergibt sich für die Ausgangsverbindungen eine in der Reihenfolge 14b 〉 14a ⋍ 16 〉 12 〉 10 abnehmende thermische Stabilität; als Ursache hierfür werden sterische Faktoren diskutiert. Cycloadditonen von Maleinsäureanhydrid bzw. 4-Phenyl-1.2.4-triazolin-3.5-dion an 11, 13, 15a, b (17 reagiert nicht) liefern die Addukte 21(21′)a,b, 22a,b,24 und 25 für welche die endo-Anordnung des carbocyclischen Fünfrings bezüglich der C-8/C-9-Doppelbindung zumindest für 22,a b duch die photochemische Bildung der Käfigverbindungen 23a, b, gesichert ist. Ber der Belichtung der Dihydroindene ist das Ergebnis sehr unterschiedlich: während der Diester 13 den Tricyclus 12 zurückbildet, werden die Tetraester 15a, b in einer intramolekularen Cyclisierung zu 28a, b und das Diphenyl-Substrat 17 in einer Di-π-Methan-Umlagerung zu 30 umgewandelt; alle Reaktionen verlaufen spezifisch und nur unter direkten Bestrahlungsbedingungen.
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  • 76
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1138-1141 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Fluorenone Hydrazone DerivativesThe triaminoguanidines 3a and b and N-[bis(methylthio)methylene]-N′-fluorenylidenehydrazine (4) have been synthesized. Compound 4 reacted with amines and hydrazine hydrate to give S-methylisothioureas (5), aminoguanidines (6), and triaminoguanidines (7), respectively.
    Notes: Es wurden die Triaminoguanidine 3a und b sowie das N-[Bis(methylthio)methylen]-N′-fluorenylidenhydrazin (4) synthetisiert. Die Reaktion von 4 mit Aminen bzw. Hydrazinhydrat führte in die Reihe der S-Methylisothioharnstoffe (5), Aminoguanidine (6) und Triaminoguanidine (7).
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  • 77
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1142-1155 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of N-Substituted Amidines with Heterocumulenes, V. Reactions with Isothiocyanates and IsocyanatesN1, N2-Dialkyl-substituted amidines (e.g. 1) react with methyl isothiocyanate at room temperature to give thiocarbamoylamidines (e. g. 6) without an intramolecular hydrogen bond, whereas at elevated temperatures cyclic 1: 2-adducts (30-32) are formed. Aromatic isothiocyanates yield exchange products (34-37), whereas cyclic amidines (15-17) yield thiocarbamoylamidines (20, 26, 27) with intramolecular NH…N-bridges because of lower steric hindrance around R2. - The reaction between N1, N2-dialkyl-substituted amidines and isocyanates in the presence of larger groups R2 or strongly electron-withdrawing groups R5 yields only instable carbamoylamidines. The zwitter-ion intermediate (4) then undergoes an intramolecular reaction to give exchange products or adds a dipolarophile to yield 1,3,5-triazacyclohexane derivatives (46, 47, 51-54). These products are not formed when attack on C-2 is rendered considerably more difficult by R2 (tert-C4H9) (43, 56) or when R2=CH3 favours the formation of a very strong hydrogen bond (55).
    Notes: N1, N2-Dialkylsubstituierte Amidine (z. B. 1) reagieren mit Methylisothiocyanat bei Raumtemperatur zu Thiocarbamoylamidinen ohne intramolekulare Wasserstoffbrücke (z. B. 6), bei höheren Temperaturen zu cyclischen 1:2-Addukten (30-32). Aromatische Isothiocyanate führen zu Austauschprodukten (34-37), cyclische Amidine (15-17) geben dagegen Thiocarbamoylamidine (20, 26, 27) mit intramolekularen NH…N-Brücken infolge sterischer Entlastung um R2.  -  Die Umsetzung N1, N2-dialkylsubstituierter Amidine mit Isocyanaten führt in Gegenwart größerer Reste R2 oder stark elektronenabziehender Substituenten R5 nur zu instabilen Carbamoylamidinen. Das intermediär entstehende Zwitterion (4) reagiert dann intramolekular zu Austauschprodukten oder unter Anlagerung eines Dipolarophils zu 1,3,5-Triazacyclohexanderivaten (46, 47, 51-54). Diese Produkte werden nicht gebildet, wenn R2 (tert-C4H9) den Angriff an C-2 beträchtlich erschwert (43, 56) oder R2=CH3 die Ausbildung einer besonders festen Wasserstoffbrücke begünstigt (55).
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photoreactions with Carbonic Acid Derivatives, IX. Experiments on the Capture of Photochemically Produced Monoatomic and diatomic sulfur-Sulfur Addition on 1,2-Dimethylenecyclohexane.-Synthesis of 1,4,5,6,7,8-Hexahydrobenzo-[d][1,2]dithiin and 1,3,5,6,7-Hexahydrobenzo[c]thiopheneIn addition to cis- and trans-2,3-diethoxy-2-butene (3) small amounts of 2,3-diethoxy-1-butene (6), 2,3-diethoxy-1,3-butadiene (7) and 1-ethoxy-1-ethanethiol (5) were found in the irradiation product of O-ethyl thioacetate. The produced sulfur adds to a slight extent to 1,2-Dimethylenecyclohexane giving 1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydrobenzo[d][1,2]dithiin (8), 1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydrobenzo-[c]thiophene (9) and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[c]thiophene (10). For definite identification of the reaction products 8, 9 and 10 were synthesized.
    Notes: Im Bestrahlungsprodukt von Thionessigsäure-äthylester (1) wurden neben cis- und trans-2,3-Diäthoxy-2-buten (3) in geringen Mengen noch 2,3-Diäthoxy-1-buten (6); 2,3-Diäthoxy-1,3-butadien (7) und α-Mercaptodiäthyläther (5) nachgewiesen. - Der gebildete Schwefel addiert sich in geringem Ausmaß an 1,2-Dimethylencyclohexan unter Bildung von 1,4,5,6,7,8-Hexahydrobenzo[d][1,2]dithiin (8), 1,3,4,5,6,7-Hexahydrobenzo[c]thiophen (9) und 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydrobenzo[c]thiophen (10). Zur sicheren Identifizierung der Reaktionsprodukte wurden 8, 9 und 10 synthetisiert.
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  • 79
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 683-692 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Acyl Group Migration, V. Kinetic Parameters of Acyl Group Migration in 2-Benzoyl-3-indeny Acetate and 3-Benzoyl-2-indenyl Acetate2-Acyl-1-indanones 6 and 8, obtained by ester condensation from 1-indanone, react with acetyl chloride to form the corresponding enolesters 7 and 9. In solution the Z-isomers, (Z)-2-(1-acetoxyethylidene)-1-indanone (7B) and (Z)-2-(1-acetoxybenzylidene)-1-indanone (9aB) as well as 9bB and 9cB show a rapid equilibrium by acetyl group migration with the 2-acyl-3-indenyl acetates 7C and 9C:7B ⇄ 7C, 9B ⇄ 9C. The isomerisation of the semicyclic C=C double bond 7B ⇄ 7A or 9B ⇄ 9A is catalysed photochemically. The kinetic parameters of the acetyl group migration have been determined by n. m. r. line-shape analysis for the isomeric enol esters 2-benzoyl-3-indenyl acetate (9aC) and 3-benzoyl-2-indenyl acetate (10C).
    Notes: Die durch Esterkondensation aus 1-Indanon erhaltenen 2-Acyl-1-indanone 6 und 8 werden mit Acetylchlorid in die zugehörigen Enolester 7 und 9 übergeführt. Die Z-Isomeren, (Z)-2-(1-Acetoxyäthyliden)-1-indanon (7B) und (Z)-2-(1-Acetoxybenzyliden)-1-indanon (9aB) sowie 9bB und 9cB liegen in Lösung durch schnelle Acetylgruppenwanderung im Gleich-gewicht mit den 2-Acyl-3-indenyl-acetaten 7C und 9C vor: 7B ⇄ 7C bzw. 9B ⇄ 9C. Die Isomerisierung der semicyclischen C=C-Doppelbindung 7B ⇄ 7A bzw. 9B ⇄ 9A wird photochemisch erreicht. Durch eine NMR-Linienformanalyse wurden die kinetischen Daten der Acetylgruppenwanderung am Beispiel der beiden isomeren Enolester 2-Benzoyl-3-indenylacetat (9a C) und 3-Benzoyl-2-indenyl-acetat (10 C) ermittelt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 724-726 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 81
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1339-1345 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Short-Life Radicals, XII. Free Radical Substitution at the Sulfur Atom: The Induced Degradation of (Thio)Carbonyl DisulfidesDibenzoyl, diacetyl, bis(thiobenzoyl) disulfide (1, 2, 7), and benzoyl 4-tolyl disulfide (11) are degradated by hydrides R3SnH at 60°C about 103 times faster than in the spontaneous degradation. The products and following reactions have been established. In all cases, SH2 mechanisms are found, with attack of stannyl radicals at the (acyl bound) sulfur atom. In the case of 1, 2 and 11, ΔHspont.≠ is 35 or 34 ± 2 kcal/mole at 150°C.
    Notes: Dibenzoyl-, Diacetyl-, Bis(thiobenzoyl)disulfid (1, 2, 7) und Benzoyl(4-tolyl)disulfid (11) werden durch Hydride R3SnH bei 60°C im Verhältnis zum Spontanzerfall etwa um den Faktor 103 rascher abgebaut. Produkte und Folgereaktionen werden sichergestellt. Es liegen jeweils SH2-Mechanismen mit Angriff von Stannyl-Radikalen am (acylseitigen) Schwefel vor. Bei 1, 2 und 11 ist ΔH spont.≠ = 35 bzw. 34 ± 2 kcal/mol bei 150°C.
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  • 82
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1373-1383 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystal and Molecular Structure of Bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium Tetracarbonylpropyliron, [{(C6H5)3P}2 N] [Fe(Co)4C3H7]The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The yellow salt crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with 8 molecules per cell. The structure was solved by conventional methods (agreement factor R1 = 0.07). Within the trigonal bipyramidal coordination polyhedron of the [Fe(CO)4C3H7] anion, the propyl group occupies an axial position. The bond length Fe-Cpropyl is 220(2) pm, the Fe-Cco distances are equal within experimental error (mean value 175(2) pm). The distances within the [{(C6H5)3P}2N] cation are similar to those found for the same ion in different crystalline salts. However, unexpectedly, an hitherto unknown new conformation is observed for the cation.
    Notes: Die Kristall- und Molekülstruktur der Titelverbindung wurde durch Röntgenbeugungsanalyse bestimmt. Das gelbe Salz kristallisiert in der monoklinen Raumgruppe C2/c mit 8 Molekülen in der Elementarzelle. Die Lösung der Struktur erfolgte mit konventionellen Methoden (Übereinstimmungsfaktor R1 = 0.07). Im [Fe(CO)4C3H7]-Anion besetzt die Propylgruppe eine axiale Position des trigonal-bipyramidalen Koordinationspolyeders um das Eisen. Die Fe-CPropyl-Bindungslänge beträgt 220(2) pm, die Fe-Cco-Abstände sind innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen gleich lang (Mittelwert: 175(2) pm). Die Abstände innerhalb des [{(C6H5)3P}2N]-Kations unterscheiden sich nicht von denen, die für das gleiche Ion in verschiedenen kristallinen Salzen gefunden wurden; unerwarteterweise liegt das Kation jedoch in einer neuen, bislang unbekannten Konformation vor.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Cyclobutenediones, XXXVII. Reactions of (2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)phenyl-and Diphenylcyclobutenedione with Diazoalkanes. A Contribution to the Study of Isomerism of Possible 1-Pyrazolines(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)phenylcyclobutenedione (7) reacts with diazomethane to give only 3a-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4-methoxy-6-oxo-6a-phenyl-3,3a,6,6a-tetrahydrocyclopentapyrazole (8a). In glacial acetic acid 8a isomerizes to the 2-pyrazoline 9a. Diphenylcyclobutenedione (1) reacts with diazoethane to yield the diastereomeric 1-pyrazolines 10 and 11. These two compounds isomerize in glacial acetic acid to form the same 2-pyrazoline 12 and react with acetyl chloride to give the same N-acetyl derivative 13. In xylene 10 reacts to form the 4-ethoxy-3,6-dimethyl-1,5-diphenylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-one (14), while in boiling tetrahydronaphthalene 10 gives two isomeric phenols 16 and 18.
    Notes: (2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)phenylcyclobutendion (7) reagiert mit Diazomethan in Benzol ausschließlich zu 3a-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4-methoxy-6-oxo-6a-phenyl-3,3a,6,6a-tetrahydrocyclopentapyrazol (8a). Dieses kann in Eisessig zum 2-Pyrazolin 9a umgelagert werden. Diphenylcyclobutendion (1) reagiert mit Diazoäthan zu zwei diastereomeren 1-Pyrazolinen 10 und 11. Beide ergeben in Eisessig das gleiche 2-Pyrazolin 12 sowie mit Acetylchlorid das N-Acetyl-Derivat 13. In Xylol wird 10 in das 4-Äthoxy-3,6-dimethyl-1,5-diphenylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-on (14) und in Tetralin in die isomeren Phenole 16 und 18 übergeführt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1454-1459 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Phosphazenes, LII. Redox Disproportionation of PCl3 and CH3PCl2 during the condensation with an Aminodi(phosphazene)In a condensation and concomitant redox disproportionation CH3PCl2 and PCl3 convert the NPNPN chain of bis(aminodiphenylphosphorus) nitride chloride 6 into six-membered rings. 2-Chloro-2-methylcyclotri(phosphazene) 12 and spirobi[cyclotri(phosphaza)]pentaene 8 (as hydrochloride 7, X = Cl) are obtained, respectively. An intermediate of the spirophosphazene formation is the chloro-hydrido-λ5- or the λ3-phosphazene 4, X = Cl, or 5, respectively. It is of importance, that the second rings starts to form before the spiro center is oxidized. Competing oxidation by CCl4 leads to the gem. dichlorophosphazene 13, which enters no further reaction.
    Notes: Unter gleichzeitiger Redoxdisproportionierung schließen CH3PCl2 und PCl3 die NPNPN-Kette von Bis(aminodiphenylphosphor)nitridchlorid 6 zum Sechsring. Es entsteht das 2-Chlor-2-methyl-cyclotri(Phosphazen) 12 bzw. das Spirobi[cyclotri(phosphaza)]pentaen 8 (als Hydrochlorid 7, X = Cl). Zwischenstufe der Spirophosphazen-Bildung ist das Chlor-hydrido-λ5-oder das λ3-Phosphazen 4, X = Cl, bzw. 5. Wesentlich ist, daß die Angliederung des zweiten Rings noch vor der Oxidation des Spirozentrums eingeleitet wird. Die konkurrierende Oxidation mit CCl4 führt zum gem. Dichlorphosphazen 13, das nicht mehr weiterreagiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1502-1510 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hindered Ligand motion in Transition Metal Complexes, IV 13C N.M.R. Studies on Tricarbonyl-η6 -cyclopolyene complexes of the VIB ElementsThe 13C n.m.r. spectra of some tricarbonyl-n6-cyclopolyene complexes of the VIB elements with the cyclopolyenes 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene, 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene, and 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene are reported. Two novel ligand movements have been detected in this group of half-sandwich complexes: 1. A hindered rotation of the cyclopolyene ligands around the prolonged threefold axis of the tricarbonylmetal groups with free energies of activation from 11.3 to 12.7 ± 0.3 kcal/mole. 2. The 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene ligand in C8H10Cr(CO)3 is frozen at - 120°C into a chiral conformation. The enantiomers can be interconverted over an energy barrier of 8.3 ± 0.1 kcal/mole.
    Notes: Die 13C-NMR-Spektren einiger Tricarbonyl-η6-cyclopolyen-Komplexe der Elemente der VI. Nebengruppe mit den cyclopolyenen 1,3,5-Cycloheptatrien, 1,3,5-Cyclooctatrien und 1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraen werden beschrieben. Zwei neuartige Ligandbewegungen konnten an dieser Gruppe von Halbsandwichkomplexen nachgewiesen werden: 1. Eine gehinderte Rotation der Cyclopolyenliganden um die verlängerte dreizählige Achse der Tricarbonylmetallgruppen mit freien Aktivierungsenthalpien von 11.3 bis 12.7 ± 0.3 kcal/mol. 2. Der.1,3,5-Cyclooctatrienligand in C8H10Cr(CO)3 ist bei - 120°C in einer chiralen Konformation eingefroren. Die beiden Enantiomeren können über eine Energiebarriere von 8.3 ± 0.1 kcal/mol ineinander übergeführt werden.
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  • 86
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1541-1547 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Heterocyclizations, XV. The Reaction of 2,3,3-Trimethylindolenines and 1-Methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline with Acyliso(thio)cyanates5-Methoxy- and 5-nitro-2,3,3-trimethylindolenines (7a, b) react with dielectrophilic iso(thio)cyanates to give the pyrimido[3,4-a]indoles 14, 15. Furthermore, 7a affords a dicarbamoylmethylene derivative 16, which undergoes cyclization to the pyrimidinylidene indole 17. 1-Methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (21) condenses with dielectrophilic iso(thio)cyanates to the pyrimido[6,1-a]isoquino-lines 24, hitherto unknown in this stage of saturation.
    Notes: 5-Methoxy- und 5-Nitro-2,3,3-trimethylindolenin (7a, b) reagieren mit dielektrophilen Iso(thio)-cyanaten zu den Pyrimido[3,4-a]indolen 14, 15. Darüber hinaus bildet 7a ein Dicarbamoyl-methylenindol 16, das zum Pyrimidinylidenindol 17 cyclisiert. 1-Methyl-3,4-dihydroisochinolin (21) liefert mit dielektrophilen Iso(thio)cyanaten die in der vorliegenden Sättigungsstufe noch nicht beschriebenen Pyrimido[6,1-a]isochinoline 24.
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  • 87
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1570-1579 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkylation of Polyphenol Derivatives, III. 2,6-Di-n-alkyl-1,4-benzoquinones with Long Alkyl ChainsThe syntheses of 1,4-benzoquinones 7, 13, and 23, substituted in the 2,6-positions with dodecyl residues, are described. The corresponding phenol ethers were acylated with dodecanoic acid/boron trifluoride and/or metalated and then alkylated with 1-bromododecane. The dialkylated phenol ethers 5, 11, and 20 were demethylated with boron tribromide and dehydrogenated to the corresponding benzoquinones with nitric acid or iron(III) sulfate, respectively.
    Notes: Es wird die Synthese der 2,6-Dodecyl-1,4-benzochinone 7, 13 und 23 beschrieben. Die Einführung der Dodecylreste erfolgte durch Acylierung entsprechender Phenoläther mit Dodecansäure/Bortrifluorid und/oder Metallierung der Phenoläther mit anschließender Alkylierung durch 1-Bromdodecan. Die dialkylierten Phenoläther 5, 11 und 20 wurden mit Bortribromid entmethyliert und mit Salpetersäure bzw. Eisen(III)-sulfat zu den Chinonen dehydriert.
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  • 88
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1623-1629 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A Simple Aproach to 1-Azaspiro[5.5]undecanesThe chemical behaviour and the synthesis of 1-azaspiro[5.5]undecane-2,7-diones 5 by Schmidt-reaction of alkyl 1-alkyl-2-oxo-1-cyclopentane carboxylates 3 to alkyl 2-alkyl-6-oxo-2-piperidine-carboxylates 4 and their cyclisation is described.
    Notes: Das chemische Verhalten und die Synthese der 1-Azaspiro[5.5]undecan-2,7-dione 5 durch Schmidt-Reaktion von 1-Alkyl-2-oxo-1-cyclopentancarbonsäure-alkylestern 3 zu 2-Alkyl-6-oxo-2-piperidin-carbonsäure-alkylestern 4 und deren Cyclisierung werden beschrieben.
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  • 89
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1655-1658 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 1,2,3-Butatrien durch Diels-Alder RetrogressionThe pyrolysis of 1 leads to indane (6), whereas 2,3, and 4 yield 1,2,3-butatriene (5) by a Diels-Alder-retrogression.
    Notes: Die Pyrolyse von 1 führt zu Indan (6), während 2,3 und 4 unter Diels-Alder-Spaltung zerfallen und 1,2,3-Butatrien (5) liefern.
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  • 90
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1756-1767 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Ketones with Azavinylogue CarboxamidesKetones with a methyl or methylene group in the α-position react with monohydrazones of glyoxal in the presence of bases to give hydrazonoethylidene derivatives (16 + 12, 13 or 15 → 19 or 17). From these compounds 4-ketocarboxylic acids 22, 4-ketoaldehydes 27, pyrroles 28, 29, and N-aminopyrroles 31, 35, 37 can be prepared.
    Notes: Ketone mit α-ständiger Methyl- oder Methylengruppe reagieren mit Monohydrazonen des Glyoxals in Gegenwart von basen zu den entsprechenden Hydrazonoäthyliden-Derivaten (16 + 12. 13 oder 15 → 19 bzw. 17). aus diesen Verbindungen lassen sich durch Hydrolyse bzw. Reduktion 4-Ketocarbonsäuren 22, 4-Ketoaldehyde 27, Pyrrole 28, 29 oder N-Aminopyrrole 31, 35, 37 darstellen.
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  • 91
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1783-1790 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Reaction of Diphosphanes with Carbon TetrachlorideTetraphenyl- and tetracyclohexyldiphosphane as well as the long chain tetraalkyldiphosphanes are easily cleaved by CCl4 leading to the chlorophosphines R2PCl (2a-d) and (trichloromethyl)- phosphines R2PCCl3 (3a-d). The diphosphane monoxide 4 and the diphosphacyclohexane 7 decompose in the same manner. The reaction is reversible at temperatures above 100°C. Tetramethyl- and tetraethyldiphosphane react in substance or in unpolar solvents to form the diphosphanium(1+) chlorides 9e and 10f; the careful hydrolysis of the latter gives the (chloromethyl)-diphosphanium(1+) chlorides 11 e and f.
    Notes: Tetraphenyl- und Tetracyclohexyldiphosphan sowie die längerkettigen Tetraalkyldiphosphane werden durch CCl4 glatt zu den Chlorphosphinen R2PCl (2a-d) und(Trichlormethy1)phosphinen( R2PCCl3 3a-d) gespalten. In gleicher Weise wird auch das Diphosphanmonoxid 4 sowie das Diphosphacyclohexan 7 abgebaut. Die Reaktion ist bei Temperaturen über 100°C reversibel. Tetramethyl- und Tetraäthyldiphosphan reagieren in Substanz oder unpolaren Lösungsmitteln zu den Diphosphanium(1 +)-chloriden 9e und 10f. Die vorsichtige Hydrolyse von 9e und 10f führt zu den (Chlormethyl)diphosphanium(1 +)-chloriden 11e und f.
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  • 92
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1839-1854 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemistry of Aliphatic Carbocations, 9. Substituent Effects in 1,2 Hydride ShiftsThe sterochemistry at the origin of 1,2 hydride shifts has been studied with 2-methylbutylamines which were substituted at the 2-methyl site by isopropyl (10), isopropenyl (26), phenyl (32) and methoxy groups (50), respectively. The deamination of these amines afforded tertiary alcohols (3) as the major products. Predominant retention of configuration at the chiral center was observed which increased from 7 to 27% in the order of substituents given above. The results may be attributed to partial delocalization of the incipient positive charge by π- and n-donors.
    Notes: Die Stereochemie am Ausgangspunkt von 1,2-Wasserstoffverschiebungen wurde an 2-Methylbutylaminen untersucht, deren 2-Methylgruppe Isopropyl-(10), Isopropenyl-(26), Phenyl-(32) oder Methoxy-Substituenten (50) trug. Die Desaminierung dieser Amine lieferte tertiäre Alkohole (3) als Hauptprodukte. Wir beobachteten überwiegende Konfigurationserhaltung am chiralen Zentrum, die in der oben angegebenen Reihenfolge der Substituenten von 7 auf 27% zunahm. Dieses Ergebnis kann mit einer partiellen Delokalisierung der entstehenden positiven Ladung durch π- und n-Donatoren erklärt werden.
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  • 93
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1166-1181 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cell Wall Pigments of Peat Mosses, 2. The Structure of SphagnorubinThe structure of the red cell wall pigment sphagnorubin has been elucidated. It is the anhydro-base of an anthocyanidin with a 2-phenylphenanthro[2,1-b]pyran skeleton which is hitherto unknown for flavonoids.
    Notes: Die Struktur des roten Torfmoosmembranochroms Sphagnorubin wurde aufgeklärt. Es ist die Anhydrobase eines Anthocyanidins mit einem für Flavonoide bislang unbekannten 2-Phenyl-phenanthro[2,1-b]pyran-Ringgerüst.
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  • 94
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1198-1206 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Ozonolysis of Alkyliden- and BenzylidenadamantanesFrom the adamantane derivatives 4-7 normal ozonides could be obtained by treatment with ozone in pentane. The olefines 9 and 10 do not react with ozon. Methanol and tetracyanoethylene respectively interfere in the known manner. 4 and 8 form primary ozonides, which are stable at -78°C.
    Notes: Die Adamantanderivate 4-7 geben bei der Ozonbehandlung in Pentan normale Ozonide, während die stark sterisch gehinderten Olefine 9 und 10 nicht mit Ozon reagieren. Sowohl Methanol wie Tetracyanäthylen greifen in bekannter Weise in die Ozonolyse ein. Nur bei der Ozonisierung von 4 und 8 konnten bei -78°C Primärozonide nachgewiesen werden.
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  • 95
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1229-1238 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Phosphorus-containing Carbohydrates, X. Reaction of Carbonyl Sugars with Lithio Methanephosphonic Esters. Preparation of Dimethyl 1-deoxy-D-fructose-1-PhosphonateLithio-methyl-methanephosphonate (5) reacts with 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-D-arabinose (4) to form gluco-and manno-compounds 6 + 8 which can be oxidized to the 1-deoxy-D-fructose-1-phosphonate derivative 10. Substituted uloses react with 5 to give phosphonomethyl branched sugars. 3-ulose 11 yields the allo-compound 12, hydrolysis of which leads to the aldehyde 14 which in turn yields an oxaphosphorinane 16 after reduction with sodium borohydride and ester exchange. Uloses 17 and 21 can be transformed to branched sugar phosphonates with ribo configuration.
    Notes: Lithio-methanphosphonsäure-methylester (5) reagiert mit 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropyliden-D-arabinose (4) zur gluco-und manno-Verbindung 6 + 8, die mit Rutheniumtetroxid zum 1-Desoxy-D-fructose-1-phosphonsäure-Derivat 10 oxidiert werden können. Blockierte Ulosen reagieren mit 5 zu phosphonomethyl-verzweigten Zuckern. Die 3-Ulose 11 ergibt eine allo-Verbindung 12, die nach Hydrolyse zum Aldehyd 14 gespalten werden kann, der nach Reduktion mit Natriumborhydrid durch Umesterung. ein Oxaphosphorinan 16 liefert. Die Ulosen 17 und 21 lassen sich in verzweigte Zuckerphosphonate der ribo-Konfiguration überführen.
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  • 96
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1271-1284 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemistry of the Thermal and Photochemical Decomposition of Bicyclic Vinyl-1-pyrazolinesThe 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of diazomethane, diazoethane, and 3-diazo-1-propene to cyclic olefines results in the formation of the bicyclic 1-pyrazolines 8, 11-18, which form upon thermal and photochemical decomposition the hydrocarbons 9, 10, 19-32. The thermal decomposition reactions form mainly products which show inversion of configuration in reference to the starting pyrazolines, whereas the photochemical decompositions result predominantly in products where the stereochemistry of the starting materials is retained. The possibly occurring intermediates are discussed. The properties and further reactions of the resulting products are described.
    Notes: Durch 1,3-dipolare Cycloaddition von Diazomethan, Diazoäthan und 3-Diazo-1-propen an Cyclene entstehen die bicyclischen 1-Pyrazoline 8, 11-18, deren thermischer und photochemischer Zerfall die bicyclischen Kohlenwasserstoffe 9, 10, 19-32 liefert. Die entstandenen Produkte zeigen bei der thermischen Reaktion gegenüber den Ausgangsverbindungen Inversion der Konfiguration, während die Photoreaktion zu Produkten mit überwiegender Retention führt. Die bei den Reaktionen möglicherweise auftretenden Zwischenstufen werden diskutiert und die Folgereaktionen der Zersetzungsprodukte beschrieben.
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  • 97
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 991-996 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Oxidative Coupling of N-Methylcarboxamides via Copper Complex Forming, I. Synthesis of a Piperazine with Dimethylformamide and Cuprous CyanideDry dimethylformamide reacts with cuprous cyanide in the presence of acetyl chloride and aerial oxygen to give 1,4-dimethyl-2,2,3,3-piperazinetetracarbonitrile (1). In 1 the 4 nitrile groups in C-2 and C-3 react, each group with a vicinal one, with methanolic ammonia to yield 2′,5′-diiminopyrrolidine rings (2). The saponfication reaction of 1 with sodium ethoxide solution with formation of 3 is described.
    Notes: Wasserfreies Dimethylformamid reagiert mit Kupfer(I)-cyanid in Gegenwart von Acetylchlorid und Luftsauerstoff zum 1,4-Dimethyl-2,2,3,3-piperazintetracarbonitril (1). In 1 reagieren je 2 vicinale Nitrilgruppen an C-2 und C-3 mit methanolischem Ammoniak zu 2′,5′-Diiminopyrrolidiniringen (2). Die Verseifung von 1 mit Natriumäthylat zu 3 wird beschrieben.
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  • 98
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1017-1026 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Conjugation in Macrocyclic Systems, XXI. The Crystal and Molecular Structure of the Cage Compounds 2,3;6,7;10,11-Tribenzotetracyclo[6.4.0.04,12.05,9]dodeca-2,6,10-trienThe crystal structure of the title compound has been solved by direct methods and has been refined to R = 0.05. The cage compound contains the structure elements of bicyclo[2.2.2]octene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, and cyclopentene. These subunits show deformations and sterical strain because they are forced into a cage system. Therefore long Csp3—Csp3 bond distances of 1.570 and 1.592 Å have been found. The corresponding bond angles are deformed up to 97.1°.
    Notes: Die Kristallstruktur der Titelverbindung wurde mit direkten Methoden gelöst und bis zu einem R-Wert von 0.05 verfeinert. In der Käfigverbindung sind die Strukturelemente von Bicyclo[2.2.2]-octen, 1,5-Cyclooctadien und Cyclopenten enthalten, die im Vergleich zum freien Zustand durch die Verklammerung mit Benzolkernen deformiert und sterisch gespannt sind. Daher treten besonders lange Csp3-Csp3-Bindungsabstände mit Werten von 1.570 und 1.592 Å auf. Die zugehörigen Bindungswinkel sind bis zu 97.1° deformiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1043-1051 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Lupin-Alkaloids, XLI. 13C-N.M.R.-Spectra of Lupin-AlkaloidsThe analysis of the 13C-n.m.r.spectra of 47 quinolizidines and piperidines as well as some deuterated derivatives give the possibility to coordinate the found signals of the spectra of several lupin-alkaloids. The observed chemical shifts follow in general the common rules. However several particular effects can be recognized mainly due to special steric situations. The usefullness of 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy for lupin-alkaloids has been shown.
    Notes: Die Analyse der 3C-NMR-Spektren von 47 Chinolizidinen und Piperidinen sowie einiger deuterierter Derivate gibt die Möglichkeit, die gefundenen Signale der Spektren mehrerer Lupinen-Alkaloide zuzuordnen. Die beobachteten chemischen Verschiebungen folgen im allgemeinen den übliche Regeln. Jedoch werden besondere Effekte beobachtet, die vor allem auf spezielle sterische Situationen zurückzuführen sind. Die Brauchbarkeit der 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie für Lupinen-Alkaloide wird gezeigt.
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  • 100
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 1093-1100 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 16,17-Dihydroxy-9(11)-Kauren-18-oic acid  - a Compound of Roasted CoffeeAtractyligenin (1) is a compound isolated from roasted coffee beans (Coffea arabica)1). 1 kg of roasted coffee contains further C19- and C20- acids up to 20 mg of each compound. It is very difficult to separate and purify these acids. One of these acids was identified as 16,17-dihydroxy-9(11)-kauren-18-oic acid (2). Its structure was confirmed by partial synthesis starting from 9(11), 16-kauradien-18-oic acid (5)2).
    Notes: Das im Röstkaffee (geröstete Bohnen von Coffea arabica) enthaltene Atractyligenin (1)1) wird von Säuren mit 19 und 20 Kohlenstoffatomen begleitet. 1 kg Röstkaffee enthält maximal bis zu 20 mg von jeder Säure, die sich dünnschichtchromatographisch nur sehr schwer trennen und reinigen lassen. Die Struktur einer dieser Verbindungen wurde als 16,17-Dihydroxy-9(11)-kauren-18-säure (2) bestimmt und durch Partialsynthese aus der 9(11),16-Kauradien-18-säure (5)2) abgesichert.
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