ALBERT

Notes: The reform that contained all other reforms -- The subtlety of things -- The perfection of personality -- A l'e;cole des choses -- The yoke of necessity

Notes: Mentalities from crime -- The social meaning of witchcraft, 1560-1680 -- Witches in society and culture, 1680-1750 -- The problem of coiners and the law -- Towards a solution? Coining state and people -- Crimes of blood and their representation -- Murder: police, prosecution and proof -- A transition from belief to certainty?

Notes: Introduction -- Minds, bodies and people -- Mental states -- Mental content -- Sensation and appearance -- Perception -- Thought and language -- Human rationality and artificial intelligence -- Action, intention and will -- Personal identity and self-knowledge

Notes: The interpretation of Mary and Martha -- The ideal of the imitation of Christ -- The orders of society

Notes: Race, media, and multiple publics -- Historicizing the public spheres: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago -- Watts uprisings of 1965 -- Rodney King beating -- Rodney King 1992

Notes: The paper describes two research projects on the application and value of satellite imagery taken, by ERTS 1 and Skylab, for small scale mapping. It describes the methods used in controlling a block of normal system corrected imagery and the accuracies achieved.The interpretation and evaluation of the imagery are discussed and the results of ERTS 1 and Skylab in this field are compared. Finally, some examples are described where ERTS 1 imagery has proved of practical value as a navigational aid when flying conventional photography and airborne geophysical surveys and for providing base maps when concerned with resource evaluation of poorly mapped areas.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On présent les résultats de deux projets de recherche sur les applications possibles el la valeur pratique des imageries satellitaires, prises avec ERTS 1 et Skylab en vue de la cartographie à petite échelle. On décrit les méthodes utilisées pour “appuyer” un bloc à imagerie corrigée (système normal) et l'exactitude obtenue. On compare de ce point de vue ERTS 1 et Skylab. Enfin on donne quelques applications pratiques qui se sont révélées utiles: aide à la navigation pour les levés photographiques et géophysiques aériens; établissement de cartes expédiées en vue d'inventaire de régions souscartographiées.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Beschreibung von zwei Forschungsprojekten über die Anwendung und den Nutzen von Satelliten-Bildern, die von ERTS 1 und Skylab aus aufgenommen wurden, für die Herstellung kleinmassstäbiger Karten. Es werden die Verfahren beschrieben, die beim Festpunktanschluss von korrigierten Bildern angewendet wurden. Die dabei erreichten Genauigkeiten werden mitgeteilt. Diskussion der Interpretation und Bewertung der Bilder und Vergleich der diesbezüglichen Ergebnisse von ERTS 1 und Skylab. Schliesslich werden einige Beispiele beschrieben, wo Bilder von ERTS 1 von praktischem Wert als Navigationshilfe zur Luftbildaufnahme und geophysikalischen Lufterkundung und bei Beschaffung von Grundkarten bei der Ressourcenerkundung in kartographisch schwach erfassten Gebieten waren.

Notes: The author reviews the present state of aerial triangulation methods and outlines the requirements for future research which were suggested at the symposium of Commission III of the International Society for Photogrammetry in 1974. He maintains that none of these research topics is very relevant to aerial triangulation as it is practised in Britain today. A combination of complacency, the natural inertia imposed by economic arguments and the higher priorities accorded to younger developments such as automated cartography is conspiring to prevent replacement of adequate but out-dated methods. He considers that there are nevertheless, strong arguments for selecting a newly designed, optimum, modern system, based on a modular approach, which can be introduced on a national basis and made fully available to all interested organisations.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméRevue de l'état actuel des méthodes de triangulation aérienne et rappel des voies de recherches recommandées au symposium de la Commission III de la SIP en 1974. Aucune de ces voies n'a malheureusement de rapport avec ce qui est actuellement pratiqué en Grande Bretagne en matière de triangulation aérienne. Une certaine complaisance, mêlée à une inertie assez naturelle due à des raisons économiques et à la plus grande priorité accordée à des domaines plus neufs comme la cartographie automatique, a perpétué l'emploi des méthodes pertinentes mais désuètes. L'auteur pense qu'il y a de puissants arguments pour qu'on choisisse et mette en oeuvre une méthode moderne, avec approche modulaire dont l'emploi se ferait à l'échelle nationale et à laquelle tout organisme intéressé pourrait recourir.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Autor referiert über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Verfahren der Aerotriangulation und skizziert die Anforderungen für künftige Forschungs-arbeiten, die auf dem Symposium der Kommission III der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Photogrammetrie 1974 vorgeschlagen wurden. Er bekräftigt, dass keiner dieser Forschungsgegenstände bezüglich der gegenwärtig in Grossbritannien praktizierten Aerotriangulation relevant ist. Eine Kombination von Selbstzufriedenheit, natürlicher Beschränkung infolge ökonomischer Argumente und der höheren Prioritäten wegen der neueren Entwicklungen z.B. in der automatischen Kartographie verhindert den Ersatz passender, aber unmoderner Verfahren. Der Autor ist der Meinung, dass es trotzdem starke Argumente zur Auswahl eines neuen optimalen, modernen Systems gibt, das auf dem Bausteinprinzip beruht und das auf nationaler Grundlage eingeführt und allen interessierten Organisationen zugänglich gemacht werden kann.

Notes: A plot of relative parallax measurements in a student exercise is proposed for revealing errors in parallax bar readings taken from a stereo-pair of aerial photographs. The sensitivity of the computed heights to measurement error is also evaluated.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn propose un tracé graphique des mesures de parallaxe pour mettre en évidence des erreurs de lecture à la barre de parallaxe.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wird eine Auswertung relativer Parallaxenmessungen bei einer studentischen Übung vorgeschlagen, um Fehler der an einem Stereomikrometer vorgenommenen Ablesungen aufzudecken, die an Hand eines Luftbildpaars erfolgten. Der Einfluss des Messfehiers auf den Höhenfehler wird ebenfalls abgeschätzt.

Notes: 1:70 000 scale photographs taken over Syria with a Russian AFA topographic camera equipped with a Russar 29b super-wide angle lens have been tested. The tests included (i) the measurement of a field of points using several different instruments and a comparison of the photogrammetrically derived co-ordinates with the values derived by field survey; (ii) the production of plots at 1: 25 000 scale for comparison with a check plot produced from large scale, wide angle photography; and (iii) production of orthophotographs, also at 1: 25 000 scale. Difficulties were experienced with the asymmetrical lens distortion pattern and the variations in illumination and resolution present in the photography. The former were overcome by manufacture of asymmetrical lens distortion correction plates. When this was done, the accuracies attained were comparable to those achieved in previous tests using photographs taken at the same scale with the Wild RC 9 camera equipped with the Super Aviogon I lens and measured on the same or similar types of measuring equipment.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On décrit ici un test relatif à une couverture aérienne au 1: 70 000 exécutée en Syrie avec une chambre russe AFA dotée d'un super-grand angulaire 29 b. Le test comprenait: la détermination d'un polygone au sol, et la comparaison des determinations géodésiques et des déterminations photogrammétriques; la restitution de parcelles au 1: 25 000 en vue de les comparer avec une parcelle-test provenant de photos à grande échelle; et la réalisation d'ortho-photos au 1: 25 000. La distorsion disymétrique de l'objectif a conduit à quelques difficultés, ainsi que des inégalités d'éclairement et de finesse sur les clichés. On a surmonté les premières en faisant fabriquer des plaques correctives. Ceci fait, l'exactitude atteinte s'est trouvée du même ordre que celle de restitutions provenant des clichés aux même échelles pris avec le Wild RC9 et effectuées dans des conditions très voisines.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Bericht über die Testung von Luftbildern (mb= 70 000), die über Syrien mit einer sowjetischen Überweitwinkelkammer mil einem Russar-Objektiv 29b aufgenommen wurden. Die Untersuchungen umfassten (a) die Aus-messung eines Punktfeldes mit verschiedenen Auswertegeräten und einen Vergleich photogrammetrisch und geodätisch bestimmter Koordinaten, (b) die Durchführung einer Auswertung 1: 25 000 und den Vergleich mit einer aus grossmassstäbigen Weitwinkelbildern abgeleiteten Kontrollkarte, (c) die Herstellung von Orthophotos im Massstab 1: 25 000. Schwierig-keiten resultierten aus der asymmetrischen Objektivverzeichnung und den Variationen in der Bildhelligkeit und -auflösung. Die Verzeichnung konnte durch Herstellung von Kompensationsplatten reduziert werden. Danach waren die erreichten Genauigkeiten mit den in früheren Tests erzielten vergleichbar, bei denen mit einer Wild RC9- Kammer (Super Aviogon I) aufgenommene Luftbilder gleichen Massstabs an denselben oder ühnlichen Auswertegeräten ausgemessen wurden.

Notes: With present day trends towards smaller scale photography for topographic mapping and photomapping, there is an increasing need for high quality photography and a corresponding need for diagnostic information on potential sources of degradation. Hence subjective judgements must be supplemented by quantitative analyses of image quality that go beyond mere determinations of resolution level. A methodology for evaluating three important parameters governing image quality (development, exposure and spatial frequency content) is presented. By sequentially comparing the values measured on production or test photographs with standard values, the faults most commonly responsible for image degradation (such as errors in development and exposure, excessive image motion, vacuum failure and poor camera focus) can be isolated and measured.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLa tendance actuelle en matière de plans topographiques et de photocartes est de diminuer l'échelle de la couverture photo; se fait done jour le besoin d'émulsions de haute qualité et simultanément la nécessité de pouvoir juger objectivement de cette qualité. II faut alors recourir á des analyses quantitatives qui aillent au-delá de la simple mesure du pouvoir de résolution. On présente ici une méthodologie relative au problème de l'évaluation de trois des principaux paramètres effectuant la qualité de l'image (développement, durée d'exposition, résolution de fréquence spatiale). Avec des tests d'homogénéïté on peut alors déceler les variations de qualité, et en particulier déterminer et mesurer les causes d'altération les plus fréquentes (erreurs lors du développement ou lors de la phase d'exposition, filé, défauts internes, qualité médiocre de la chambre).〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBei dem gegenwärtigen Trend, den Bildmassstab zur Herstellung von topographischen Karten und Photokarten zu verkleinern, ergibt sich zunehmend die Notwendigkeit, Hochleistungsphotos aufzunehmen und diagnostische Informationen über mögliche Quellen der Qualitätsverschlechterung zu erlangen. Insbesondere müssen subjektive Bewertungen durch quantitative Analysen der Bildqualität ergänzt werden, die über Bestimmungen des Auflösungsvermögens hinausgehen. Es wird eine Methodologie zur Bewertung von drei wichtigen Parametern (Entwicklung, Belichtung, Inhalt der Orts-frequenz), die die Bildqualität beeinflussen, angegeben. Durch Vergleich der auf Produktionsbildern oder Testbildern gemessenen Werte mit deren Standards können die Fehler, die meistens eine Bildverschlechterung verursachen (wie zum Beispiel Fehler bei der Entwicklung und Belichtung, unzulässige Bildwanderung, ungenügende Planlage oder Kammerabstimmung) aufgedeckt und gemessen werden.

Notes: Le microscope électronique à balayage donne l'image de la surface d'un objet situé dans une boîte à spécimen où a été fait le vide. Un fin pinceau d'électrons balaie la surface synchroniquement avec un tube cathodique dont l'intensité est modulée en fonction du signal secondaire émanant du spécimen. Le système présente une grande profondeur de champ; on peut donc obtenir différentes perspectives du spécimen en le photographiant sous diverses inclinaisons (perspectives qui sont centrales, mais cependant justiciables d'être traitées comme parallèles pour de forts grandissements) et donc le restituer spatialement. On donne dans la première partie les limitations pratiques de l'appareillage, ainsi que le type et les causes de distorsion de l'image. Dans la deuxième partie, on décrit les caractéristiques d'un appareil de restitution adaptéà un cas standard: grandissement des deux clichés d'un stéréogramme: fixe-angle d'ouverture du faisceau perspectif négligeable (c'est le cas pour de forte grossissements) et convergence relative des deux positions de la plaque porte-spécimen est fixe.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Das Abtast-Elektronen-Mikroskop liefert Bilder der Oberfläche von Objekten, die sich in einer Vakuum-Kammer befinden. Ein feiner Elektronenstrahl tastet die Oberfläche in Synchronisation mit einer Kathodenstrahlröhre ab, deren Lichtpunkthelligkeit von dem sekundären Elektronensignal, das von der Probe ausgeht, moduliert wird. Das System gestattet eine grosse Schärfentiefe und erlaubt dadurch verschiedene Projektionen des zu photo-graphierenden Musters durch Neigung desselben zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Aufnahmen. Aus der Kenntnis der Geometrie der Projektion (die eine Zentralprojektion ist, jedoch für sehr stark vergrösserte Bilder annähernd als Parallel- oder Orthogonalfall behandelt werden kann) ist es daher möglich, zu dreidimensionalen Analysen durch Messung von Parallaxen zu kommen. Teil I der Arbeit handelt von den praktischen Problemen, die sowohl aus den Grenzen für die mechanische Konstruktion von Muster-Halterungen und Auswertegeräten als auch den Verzerrungen der Bilder resultieren. Teil II beschäftigt sich mit praktischen Gesichtspunkten der bewährten Auswerteinstrumente, die speziell für die Lösung eines standard-isierten Problems der Elektronenmikroskopie konstruiert wurden. Bei diesen wird die Vergrösserung der beiden Halbbilder eines Stereobildpaars konstant gehalten, der Divergenzwinkel der peripheren “Strahlen”, die sich aus dem zentralen “Strahl” ergeben, wird als vernachlässigbar angesehen (was bei Bildern mit starker Vergrösserung der Fall ist) und die Neigungswinkeldifferenz zwischen den zwei Lagen der Probe ist konstant.

Notes: The article describes an experiment in which a production block of aerial triangulation, observed by the method of independent models, was repeatedly computed using differing amounts and configurations of control. The block was recomputed to investigate the effects of control errors, of dispensing with the tie strips and of applying different weights to control and tie points. The connexion between the quality of the join of individual models and that of the adjusted block was also investigated.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit une série d'essais effectués sur un bloc de production de triangulation aérienne analytique traité par la méthode des modèles indépendants, destinés àétudier l'influence du nombre et de la configuration des points du canevas d'appui, l'effet d'erreurs sur les points d'appui, l'effet des bandes transversales, et du choix des poids pour les points d'appui et de liaison. On a aussi examiné la corrélation entre la qualityé de l'enchaînement des modèles individuels et celle du bloc compensé.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines Versuchs, bei dem ein Aerotriangulationsblock aus der Produktion, der nach der Methode der unabhängigen Bildpaare beobachtet worden war, wiederholt bei verschiedenen Anzahlen und Anordnungen von Passpunkten berechnet wurde. Die Berechnungen erfolgten zur Abschätzung der Einflüsse von Passpunktfehlern. Weiter wurde der Anschluss zu Nachbarstreifen und die Anwendung verschiedener Gewichte für Pass- und Verbindungspunkte untersucht. Desgleichen wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der Qualität des Zusammenschlusses einzelner Modelle und der des ausgeglichenen Blockes untersucht.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Fine structure and development of Encephalitozoon cuniculi from rabbits were studied in rabbit choroid plexus (CP) cell cultures and were compared to hamster and mouse microsporida.Sporoplasms had a single limiting membrane and contained a large nucleus. Proliferative forms (schizonts) had double outer membranes, the outermost being associated with the formation of the limiting membrane of vacuoles formed within the host cell cytoplasm. These organisms were often binucleate and divided to form sporonts. Sporonts divided once to form 2 sporoblasts which developed into electron-dense spores. Spores had a thick, 3-layered wall and contained a polar filament.The developmental cycle of E. cuniculi in rabbit CP cultures progressed rapidly. Sporoplasms were observed in host cells at 3 hr postinoculation (PI). By 24 hr PI proliferative forms were associated with host cell cytoplasmic vacuoles which contained developing organisms. Mature spores were present in vacuoles by 2 days PI, indicating that the life cycle in the CP system is ∼ 48 hr.The fine structure and the sequential developmental cycle of the mouse and hamster isolates were observed to be identical to those of the rabbit isolate and different from those of the genus Nosema. It is proposed, therefore, that the 3 organisms represent the same species, Encephalitozoon cuniculi.

Notes: RESUME. Deux espèces d'Enteromonas sont observées, provenant, l'une de l'intestin de Triton, l'autre des crottes du Lapin domestique. La cellule piriforme porte un noyau antérieur et 4 flagelles insérts près du pôle ventral du noyau. Le flagelle récurrent (R) est logé dans une dépression ventrale ou cytostome. Les cinétosomes, disposés en une paire antérieure (#1, #2) et une paire postérieure (#3, R), sont liés entre eux par des microfibrilles. Une fibre microtubulaire située au-dessus du noyau est reliée au cinétosome #1. Une autre fibre microtubulaire sous-nucléaire est homologue de la fibre microtubulaire croisée qui existe chez les cellules de Diplozoaires. Le cytostome est bordé par 2 lèvres: la gauche proéminente et armée par plusieurs rangées de microtubules, la droite contenant seulement une mince fibre microtubulaire associée à des microfibrilles. Le cytostome occupe les 2/3 de la face ventrale. Le flagelle récurrent pénètre dans le cytostome puis dépasse l'extrémite de la cellule. Les Bactéries sont phagocytées au fond du cytostome, entre les 2 lèvres distendues. Elles sont digérées dans les nombreuses vacuoles et les corps résiduels sont évacués par rupture de la membrane cellulaire. L'ergastoplasme est concentré près de la périphérie de la cellule. Il n'y a pas de mitochondrie ni d'appareil de Golgi. Dans les kystes observés la cellule plurinucléée est enfermée dans une enveloppe kystique microfibrillaire, les axonèmes sont libres dans le cytoplasme.Les formes diplomonades sont nombreuses et ressemblent aux cellules d'Hexamita, excepté par le cytostome qui est différent. Dans ces formes, les 2 monades sont souvent disposées selon une symétrie axiale binaire mais quelquefois elles sont associées de façon plus anarchique. La cinétide d'Enteromonas est organisée comme celle d'un zoïde de Diplozoaire. Il est possible que le genre Enteromonas soit à l'origine des Diplomonadida et que l'état diplomonadien transitoire chez Enteromonas se soit stabilisé ensuite chez les Diplomonadida. Enteromonas apparaît plus primitif que les autres genres de Diplomonadida aussi nous proposons de créer 2 sous-ordres: celui des Enteromonadina avec le genre Enteromonas et celui des Diplomonadina avec les genres Trepomonas, Trigonomonas, Hexamita, Spironucleus, Octomitus, Giardia. La disposition des cinétosomes et l'existence du cytostome sont les principaux caractères communs entre Enteromonas et les Retortamonadida, cependant les fibres annexes ne sont pas homologues. Une étude plus complète de la division nucléaire et cellulaire de ces 2 ordres de Zooflagellés est nécessaire pour donner un meilleur schéma évolutif.SYNOPSIS. Fine structure of 2 species of Enteromonas, one from the intestine of the salamander, Triturus vulgaris, and another from the feces of domestic rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculi, is described. The pyriform cell has an anteriorly located nucleus. The 4 flagella originate from an area near the anterior end of the nucleus. The recurrent flagellum (R) is lodged in a ventral depression or cytostome. The kinetosomes, arranged into 2 pairs, anterior (#1, #2) and posterior (#3, R), are interconnected by microfibrils. One microtubular fiber, connected to kinetosome #1, is situated near the anterior surface of the nucleus. Another, subnuclear, microtubular fiber is homologous to the “crossed'’fiber found in Diplozoa. The cytostome is bordered by 2 lips: the preeminent left lip is equipped with several rows of microtubules, while the right lip contains only a thin microtubular fiber associated with microfibrils. The cytostome occupies 2/3 of the ventral surface. The recurrent flagellum passes over the anterior surface of the cell and then comes to lie in the cytostome. The bacteria are phagocytosed in the bottom part of the cytostome between the 2 distended lips. They are digested in numerous vacuoles. The undigested residual bodies are evacuated by a rupture of the cell membrane. The ergastoplasm is concentrated near the cell periphery. Mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus are absent. In the cyst stage, the multinucleate cell is enclosed in a microfibrillar membrane; the axonemes lie free in the cytoplasm.Diplomonad forms of Enteromonas resembling Hexamita are numerous, except that the cytostome is different in these 2 genera. In such forms, the arrangement of the 2 individuals often has binary axial symmetry, but on occasion they are associated in a more anarchic fashion. The mastigont of Enteromonas is organized like that of a single zooid of a diplozoon. It is possible that the genus Enteromonas is ancestral to Diplomonadida and that the diplomonad state, transitory in Enteromonas, became permanently established in Diplomonadida. Enteromonas appears to be more primitive than the other genera of Diplomonadida. Thus we propose 2 suborders: Enteromonadina, subord. nov. with the genus Enteromonas, and Diplomonadina Wenyon, emend., with the genera Trepomonas, Trigonomonas, Hexamita, Spironucleus, Octomitus, Giardia. The arrangement of the kinetosomes and the existence of a cytostome are the principal characters common to Enteromonas and Retortamonadida, while their “accessory'’fibers are not homologous. A more complete study of division of the 2 zooflagellate orders is necessary for the presentation of a more detailed evolutionary scheme of these groups.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. In diphasic blood agar media Trypanosoma vespertilionis developed spheroid clusters as compared to rather long, sausage-shaped (sometimes branched) clusters formed by Trypanosoma dionisii. The former species attained a greater population density (∼6 × 107 organisms/ml) than the latter (∼ 2 × 107 organisms/ml). Greater numbers of epimastigotes, some in active binary divisions, were observed during the logarithmic phase of growth, and morphologic changes occurred during cultivation which correlated with increased acidity and a depletion of glucose. Maximum numbers of trypomastigote forms were found during the stationary and early death phases. Most of the forms observed after 20 days were sphaeromastigotes. Glucose concentrations decreased to 0 M in T. vespertilionis and to 4.4 × 10−5 M in T. dionisii cultures during the stationary and death phases. By the 12th day of incubation cultures of T. vespertilionis were more acid (pH 5.5) than those of T. dionisii (pH 6.5). No antigenic changes during cultivation of each of the parasites were detected by immunodiffusion. Trypanosoma vespertilionis and T. dionisii contained common and specific antigens. At least 2–3 common antigens were detected in extracts reacted against heterologous antisera. Specific antigens were observed as nonidentical lines formed by extracts reacted against homologous and heterologous antisera and with antisera absorbed with heterologous antigens. At least 2 specific antigens were evident in extracts of T. vespertilionis and 1 in extracts of T. dionisii.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Five proteins capable of stimulating [3H]thymidine uptake by Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro were isolated from fetal calf serum by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and ion exchange column chromatography. The proteins were partially characterized by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, and SDS electrophoresis. As estimated by SDS electrophoresis, using 4 standards, the molecular weight of protein 1 was 100,000, that of protein 2 was 76,000. and that of proteins 3–5 was 68,000 daltons.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Amylopectin granules were purified from Eimeria tenella oocysts following digestion with sodium dodecyl sulfate and pronase. The oval granules had a uniform size of 0.5 × 0.7 μm, and consisted of only glucose polymers. α-Amylase treatment yielded 235 nmoles of maltose from the granules from 106 unsporulated oocysts and 93 nmoles maltose from those from 106 sporulated oocysts.Amylopectin phosphorylase activity was detected in the cytoplasm of unsporulated oocysts of E. tenella. It had a specific activity of 13 U/mg protein in crude extracts, and a pH optimum of 6.0. The Km values determined were 9.1 mM for glucose-1-phosphate and 5.6 mM for glucose end groups in potato amylopectin. Enzyme activity declined at a linear rate during sporulation, sporulated oocysts containing less than 8% of the activity of unsporulated oocysts. No amylase-type activity was found in the parasite.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium (Huffia) hermani sp. n. is described from wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus) in Florida. It produces rounded schizonts with 6–14 nuclei arranged peripherally as a rosette and elongate, slender gametocytes with irregular margins. Asexual stages parasitize all cells in the erythrocyte series and, in heavy infections, predominantly occur in erythroblasts and their precursors. Presence and degree of pigmentation vary with maturity of the host cell. Gametocytes occupy erythrocytes only, with pigment dispersed in black granules throughout the cytoplasm. Cells containing schizonts are often rounded and enlarged and those parasitized by gametocytes may be somewhat distorted in shape by lateral hypertrophy. Host cell nuclei may be displaced, but are not distorted, except slightly by pressure from the parasite. Plasmodium hermani differs from P. (Giovannolaia) durae by producing low level (〉 6%), nonlethal parasitemias in turkey poults, an absence of phanerozoites in capillary endothelium of the brain and viscera, and inability to infect chicks. Plasmodium hermani is more like P. (Huffia) elongatum in gametocyte morphology, schizogony in all types of erythrocyte precursors, with gametocytes occurring in erythrocytes only, and concentration of schizonts in heavy infections in bone marrow and spleen. It differs from P. elongatum by its lack of infectivity to passeriform and anseriform hosts and by a strong immune response which develops in infected birds.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Light and electron microscope observations on Dunaliella primolecta Butcher from logarithmic and stationary phases of batch cultures are correlated. Except for the lack of a cell wall the fine structure has typical volvocid features. The transition from logarithmic to stationary phase is marked by changes in content and size of cytoplasmic vacuoles, accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid, accumulation of starch in the plastid matrix, and by the formation of autophagosome-like bodies. The organelles in stationary-phase flagellates are closely packed together because of the cytoplasmic lipid and starch-distended chloroplast. Organisms from logarithmic phase have an abundant ribosome-packed groundplasm supporting the organelles. In the cytochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase activity, Golgi cisternae and smooth and coated Golgi vesicles contain Gomori reaction product. The possible roles of the Golgi apparatus in this flagellate are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The succession of morphologic changes in the feeding apparatus (peristome) accompanying conjugation and postconjugant development in the hypotrich Euplotes aediculatus has been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The details of stomatogenesis inferred from earlier light-microscopic studies of silver-stained preparations have been confirmed and extended.The elaborate peristome is the dominant surface feature of vegetative Euplotes. In conjugation, the ciliates are joined in their peristomial regions; as the conjugants separate, the old feeding apparatus is seen to be disrupted and partially resorbed. In its place is the crescent-shaped primordium of a new peristome, which develops as part of a general cortical reorganization. This primordium expands anteriorly, unfurling a new crown of ciliary membranelles that soon replaces the remaining preconjugant membranellar band. The resulting “exconjugant peristome'’is characterized by a greatly reduced number of adoral membranelles and the absence of paroral membranelles, buccal cavity, and cytostome. Exconjugants thus cannot feed for 2–3 days, until the missing peristomial components are replaced. This occurs by means of a 2nd cortical reorganization, during which new membranelles, developing from another peristomial rudiment, are added directly to the abbreviated exconjugant set. A new buccal cavity is concurrently sculpted as the primordial depression enlarges, and the cells can resume feeding sometime during the 4th day after separation.The implications of this mode of stomatogenesis and the nonfeeding condition are discussed, as are the advantages of SEM for studies of ciliate morphogenesis.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Monolayers of bovine kidney cells were overlaid with Eimeria magna sporozoites and observed with phase-contrast optics until penetration of the cells by the parasites had begun. Cells and penetrating parasites were fixed with glutaraldehyde and OsO4-containing ruthenium red, dehydrated, and embedded in situ. Cells being penetrated were selected for study in the electron microscope. The lack of intracellular staining with ruthenium red and intact plasmalemmas of cells being penetrated, was accepted as evidence that the sporozoites did not disrupt the plasma membranes. The sporozoite caused invagination of the host cell plasmalemma until the parasite was entirely within the cell, after which the invagination was sealed off by short pseudopodia enclosing the sporozoite within a membrane-lined vacuole inside the cell. Often myelin-forms, apparently of host cell origin, were seen in the space between the sporozoite and the cell.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Oocysts and endogenous stages of new species of Eimeria and Isospora from the house lizard, Gehyra mutilata, are described. The ellipsoid to subspherical 2-layered oocysts of E. cicaki averaged 24.0 × 21.0 μm. Polar granules are present. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent. Ellipsoid sporocysts average 12.2 × 9.0 μm. A sporocyst residuum is present, but the Stieda body is absent. Endogenous stages are in epithelial cells of the small intestine. The subspherical single-layered oocysts of I. thavari average 23.8 × 22.8 μm. The polar granule is present; micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent. Ellipsoid sporocysts average 12.8 × 9.4 μm. Stieda body and sporocyst residuum are present. There are endogenous stages in epithelial cells of the small intestine.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Eimeria natricis sp. n. and Eimeria sipedon sp. n. were isolated from 2 Northern Water Snakes, Natrix sipedon sipedon (Linnaeus), in Iowa. Oocysts of E. natricis were elongate, slightly ovoid, averaging in size 32.3 × 17.5 μm; sporocysts averaged 15.7 × 8.2 μm. Oocysts of E. sipedon were broadly ovoid averaging in size 18.0 × 15.9 μm; sporocysts averaged 12.0 × 7.4 μm. In both species, sporocyst residua were present, but micropyles, polar granules and oocyst residua were lacking.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Isospora serini and Isospora canaria, from the canary Serinus canarius, were broken, added to a cell suspension, fixed in Karnovsky's fluid, and studied in the electron microscope. The oocyst wall of each species had an electronlucent inner layer, a more osmiophilic middle layer and an outer layer of electron-lucent (I. serini) or electron-dense material interspersed with some electron-lucent material (I. canaria). A few, relatively large lipid-like bodies were present in the outer or middle layer of the oocyst wall of I. canaria. As many as 9 membranes were present in the oocyst wall of I. canaria and 3 in that of I. serini. When exposed to a trypsin-sodium taurocholate fluid, sporozoites of I. serini excysted from 5-month-old sporocysts in vitro, but not from sporocysts stored for more than 6 months. No excystation occurred in 15-month-old I. canaria sporocysts. Similarities and differences in excystation between I. serini and other Isospora, Eimeria, and Sarcocystis species are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The shock reaction of Euglena gracilis strain Z to a sudden increase in light intensity (the “direct photophobic response”) was examined by high speed cinemicrography. The response is expressed as a turning reaction toward the dorsal side of the cell, after a transduction time of 0.1–0.5 sec after the onset of stimulation. Transduction times, turning rates, and flagellar beat frequencies were measured by analyzing the filmed sequences. The experimental data are consistent with a mechanism of directional homeostasis in negative phototaxis that is based upon shading of the photoreceptor by the cell's posterior end.

Notes: Book reviews in this article:Starr, M. P., Ingraham, J. L. & Raffel, S., eds. 1975. Annual Review of Microbiology.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Data for host and geographic distribution are listed for Pirhemocyton and for apparently similar infections of poikilothermic vertebrates. The list was compiled from published accounts of Pirhemocyton, Toddia, Cytamoeba, Bertarellia, Piscine erythrocytic necrosis, Immanoplasma, Haematractidium, Sauroplasma, Sauromella, Serpentoplasma, Tunetella, Haemohormidium and unnamed infections. New records are included for Pirhemocyton and Haematractidium. The probability that some may be viruses and not protozoa is discussed; Haematractidium is shown by electron microscopy to be a eukaryote whereas Immanoplasma is not a eukaryote.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Relationships between the cell cycle and the beginning of conjugation were analyzed for 3 hypotrichs: Diophrys scutum, Oxytricha bifaria, and Euplotes crassus. The first 2 species enter conjugation with micronuclei in G1; the latter species with a micronucleus in G2. The 1st micronuclear division of conjugating E. crassus is mitotic. Thus meiotic DNA replication occurs when the cells of each species have already entered the mating process.Cells from asynchronous populations start conjugation with their macronuclei primarily in G1 or more rarely at the beginning of the S stage in a percentage significantly different from that expected on the basis of random mating among all cells in the population. Also, macronuclear replication, when already begun, was blocked in cells undergoing conjugation. Therefore only the G1 or the very early S stages of the cell cycle are compatible with conjugation in the 3 analyzed species.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Twenty different isolates of the cellular slime mold Acrasis rosea, obtained from diverse sources and geographic regions, were studied to determine similarities and differences in their development and structure in culture and their sensitivity or resistance to selected chemicals incorporated into the culture media. Six different classes of fruiting were defined based on the size, distribution, and type of sorocarps formed on the yeast, Rhodotorula, streaked on agar. In the course of these studies a significant mutant, NC-18V (variant), developed spontaneously from the wild type, normal parent strain NC-18N. The mutant differed considerably from all other Acrasis isolates, appeared several times in purified parental cultures, and represents the first laboratory derived variant of A. rosea to be described. Purified strains of the variant (V) and normal (N) cultures were obtained by single-spore isolation. Normal and variant amebae were mixed in ratios of 10:1 and 100:1 (N:V) and spore and stalk cells were selected from different sorocarps in various regions of the culture plate for analysis. The results of these selection experiments clearly indicate that the individual variant amebae have increased migratory ability and that they develop smaller, morphologically different, and more numerous sorocarps that form at distances further from the food source than NC-18N. Some isolates of Acrasis no longer were able to fruit and were classified as “non-fruiters” and a few other isolates formed only a few, small sorocarps on rare occasions. These isolates were mixed together in various combinations of 2 and 3 to screen for cell interaction, but no synergism contributing to fruiting was found. Although fruiting of many A. rosea isolates was inhibited by exposure to continuous light or constant darkness, some “escape”fruiting was noted in certain isolates even when small inocula were used. Single spore isolates of these escape fruiters still fruited in continuous light or dark, but fruiting was always greatly enhanced by a routine 12 hr light : 12 hr dark incubation cycle. It was shown by biochemical studies that actidione, crystal violet, malachite green, ethyl violet, and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine selectively killed some isolates and permitted a classification of isolates as either sensitive or resistant. In a further study of cell interaction between 2 different sets of Acrasis isolates with contrasting biochemical and morphologic markers the formation of neotypes or recombinants could not be demonstrated.The results of this study clearly indicate the existence of significant variation in A. rosea and the potential for application of these differences to developmental studies.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The ultrastructure of promastigotes of 4 reptilian isolates of Leishmania grown in culture, is described. One mammalian isolate of Leishmania is also examined for comparison. No differences in the basic ultrastructure of these strains are apparent; neither is there any significant digression from the organization described for other trypanosomatids. It appears, however, that the numbers of subpellicular microtubules are of potential use in taxonomy, and that differences in the spacing of these organelles exist between reptilian and mammalian forms. In addition, an attempt is made to clarify aspects of attachment of the flagellum to the subpellicular tubule network, and to the anterior face of the kinetoplast. Finally, the formation of multivesiculate bodies from the Golgi apparatus is described, together with some features of dividing forms.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Alveolar membranes and an epiplasm exist under the cell membrane of the noncontractile heterotrich ciliate Climacostomum virens. Postciliary microtubular ribbons join at the right of each somatic kinety to form a Km fiber. Two transverse microtubular fibers occur per kinetosomal pair. A myonemal network interconnects the kinetosomal bases intrakinetally and interkinetally. Ultrastructural comparisons are made between the contractile and noncontractile heterotrichs.The buccal cortex consists of an adoral zone of membranelles, a peristomal field, a buccal tube, the apical membranelles, and a haplokinety. The kineties of the peristomal field and buccal tube are rows of paired kinetosomes, with a postciliary ribbon of microtubules arising from the posterior kinetosome of each pair, and a transverse ribbon and an oblique ribbon from the anterior kinetosome. No Km fibers exist in this region. The haplokinety is a collar of paired kinetosomes surrounding the cytostome; a postciliary microtubular ribbon descends from each kinetosomal pair into the cytostomal region. Ultrastructural details of the buccal cortex of C. virens and other heterotrichs are compared. The nemadesmata which lie under the membranelles are implicated in the body bending of C. virens.Algae endosymbiotic in the cytoplasm of C. virens are described.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Ciliate protozoa from the rumen of the tsessebe, Damaliscus lunatus lunatus, all belong to the family Ophryoscolescidae and no holotrichs were found in any of the 16 animals. Eighteen species were identified of which Entodinium fyferi sp. n., Enoploplastron garstangi sp. n. and Epidinium lunatus sp. n. are new and have been described for the first time. A short redescription of Eremoplastron gigantium Kofoid & MacLennan is given.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A microsporidan tentatively classified as Encephalitozoon sp. on the basis of structure and tinctorial qualities was identified in tissues from a group of blue-masked lovebirds, Agapornis personata (Reichenow). The organism was present in renal tubular epithelial cells, hepatocytes, bile duct epithelial cells, and intestinal epithelial cells. Focal hepatic necrosis occurred around clusters of the organisms but inflammation was minimal or absent in the other infected tissues. Attempts to infect laboratory mice with the organism were unsuccessful. Ultrastructural features were compared with those of E. cuniculi of mammals.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The phototactic orientation of the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dorsum was examined using photomicrographic, cinematographic, and closed-circuit television technics. Particular emphasis was placed on examining the movements and possible roles of the flagella during orientation. The data suggest that the longitudinal flagellum is primarily responsible for phototactic orientation, while the lateral flagellum is involved in forward propulsion and cell rotation. A possible receptor mechanism is proposed by which light direction sensing is accomplished.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Secondary lysosomes of cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages were labeled with the electron-dense colloid saccharated iron oxide; the identity of the labeled structures was checked by the Gomori reaction for acid phosphatase. Amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana mexicana derived from mouse lesions were used to infect these macrophages in vitro. In electron micrographs of thin sections of infected macrophages the labeled secondary lysosomes were seen fused with the parasitophorous vacuoles without preventing subsequent multiplication of the parasites. A similar fusion probably occurs in vivo, and may provide a pathway through which not only nutrients but also drugs and host antibodies could reach the intracellular parasite.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Tintinnida of the New York Bight (a bend in the coastline) were identified during the 1-year period August 1973–August 1974. Recurring genera included Stenosemella and Tintinnopsis; seasonal genera were mainly the hyaline Favella, Metacylis, and Helicostomella; exotic or unusual genera included Parafavella and Ptychocylis. Large size differences in loricae were found seasonally, related apparently, to water temperature.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. In Paramecium caudatum, occurrence of macronuclear regeneration is closely related to the time of feeding after conjugation. Macronuclear regeneration is induced with a high frequency when conjugating pairs are transferred into fresh culture medium. Feeding immediately after conjugation induces early cell division and 3 or more fissions occur without macronuclear division because of the inability of the macronuclear anlagen to divide. In the cells lacking normal macronuclear anlagen, old macronuclear fragments undergo regeneration and form vegetative macronuclei.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. An in vitro system, based on the rocker dilution technic, has been developed that supports intraerythrocytic growth of a rat-adapted strain of Plasmodium vinckei chabaudi from ring to schizont stages; some reinvasion was obtained, although invariably, this was associated with a decrease in parasite numbers. Pertinent features were the very high buffer content of the medium and the low oxygen tension of the gaseous phase. Lactate production, glucose utilization, and 3H-leucine and 3H-adenosine incorporations were investigated for their suitability to monitor parasite growth. Throughout an 18-hr incubation there was a continuous and increasing production of lactate and utilization of glucose, which correlated well with the development of the parasites from ring to schizont stages. During the same period, there was a low but continuous and increasing incorporation of 3H-leucine into parasite protein. However, 3H-adenosine was incorporated only for the 1st hr of incubation, after which time no net incorporation occurred. Parasites grew normally from ring to schizont stages even in the absence of adenosine from the dilution medium.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Monomeric ribosomes, isolated from the monkey malaria Plasmodium knowlesi by the combined use of low concentrations of Triton X-100 and differential centrifugation, sedimented in the SOS range and could be dissociated into 60 and 40S subparticles. The base composition of the rRNA was typically protozoan; that is, low in guanine and cytosine residues.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The life cycle of Eimeria ferrisi is described from experimentally infected Mus musculus. The prepatent period was 3 days and the patent period was 3–4 days. The endogenous stages were found only in the cecum and colon. Three generations of schizonts were found. Mature 1st-generation schizonts first seen 24 hr postinoculation (PI) measured 10.9 (7–14) × 10.2 (6–13) μm and had 9.6 (7–14) merozoites. Some 2nd-generation schizonts had uninucleate merozoites and others had multinucleate merozoites. The former were first seen in small numbers 36 hr PI and were most abundant 48 hr PI. They measured 9.6 (5–13) × 7.9 (6–12) μm and had 18 (6–25) merozoites. Schizonts with multinucleate merozoites were seen 72 hr PI. Mature 3rd-generation schizonts were seen 72 hr PI. They measured 14.0 (12–18) × 11-0 (9–13) μm and had 12.5 (5–16) merozoites. Macrogamonts were first seen in 72 hr sections. Each young macrogamont had a large nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. Only one type of cytoplasmic granule appeared to be involved in the formation of the oocyst wall. Mature macrogamonts were 11.0 (5–14) × 10.0 (6–13) μm. Crescent-shaped bodies were observed in the parasitophorous vacuole of trophozoites and young macrogamonts. Early microgamonts were first recognized at 96 hr by the presence of darkly stained and irregularly shaped nuclei. Usually, mature microgametes were arranged in long, narrow whorls at the periphery of the microgamont or in whorls at the surface of 2–5 compartments.

Notes: Book reviews in this article:Hedley, R. H. & Adams, C. G., eds. 1974. Foraminifera.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Ultrastructure of cysts of Naegleria gruberi, Naegleria fowleri, and Naegleria jadini was compared by transmission electron microscopy. Pores in the cyst wall were observed in all 3 species. In N. gruberi they were surrounded by a collar and sealed with a relatively large mucoid plug; no such collar was seen around the pores in the other 2 species, in which the plug was smaller than that in N. gruberi. An electron-dense plaque serving as an additional pore closure was present in all 3 species. In N. gruberi, the cyst wall consisted of an inner thick and an outer thin layer; however, only the inner component was present in cysts of N. fowleri and N. jadini, which had a smooth appearance. At the ultrastructural level, excystment of N. fowleri involved digestion of the mucoid plug and emergence of the trophozoite through the pore. Some digestion of the cyst wall also appeared to take place during excystment.

Notes: RESUME. La Microsporidie Nosema bombycis, Protozoaire parasite agent de la pébrine du ver à soie, a étéétudiée cytochimiquement à la fois en microscopie photonique et électronique.Les examens ont porté sur la détection et la localisation des acides nucléiques (ADN et ARN), des polysaccharides, de la phosphatase acide, au cours des différents stades du développement dans les cellules de I'hôte (du schizonte à la spore).Les principaux résultats concernent les observations relatives aux polysaccharides et à la phosphatase qui ne sont détectés qu'au stade de la spore et ne sont pas observés au stade du schizonte. Les polysaccharides sont présents au niveau du sac polaire, du filament polaire et sur la membrane cytoplasmique; la phosphatase acide est localisée au niveau du sac polaire, du filament polaire et dans la vacuole postérieure.SYNOPSIS. Nosema bombycis, agent of pebrine disease of silkworm, was studied cytochemically, using both light and electron microscopy. Presence of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), polysaccharides, and acid phosphatases was demonstrated and localization of these substances was determined in various stages of the parasite (from the schizont to the spore). DNA and RNA were detected in all these stages. Polysaccharides and acid phosphatase were found in the spore but not in the schizogonic stages. Polysaccharides were detected in the polar cap, the polar filament, and the limiting membrane of the cytoplasm of the spore. Acid phosphatase was found in the polar cap, the polar filament, and the posterior vacuole.

Notes: Book reviews in this article:Ciba Foundation Symposium 29 (new series) 1975. Cell Patterning.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Acanthamoeba (Mayorella) palestinensis produces high basal levels of α- and β-glucosidases, the latter being much more active than the former. Glucose, an essential growth substance, has a dual effect on the glucosidase activity. Growth concentrations (1%) of glucose inhibit, while low levels elevate the activity of both enzymes. Natural α-glucosides support growth in the same manner as glucose and raise the activity of both enzymes to the same extent. β-glucosides, on the other hand, are weak growth substrates, but stronger inducers, especially for β-glucosidase activity. The role of the glucosidases in the over-all metabolism of the ameba is discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The total content of DNA in Eimeria tenella, estimated at 5.8 × 10−12 gm/oocyst, varies little during sporulation. Its buoyant density is 1.682 gm/cm3, reflecting a G + C content of ∼41%. Thymidine is not incorporated into any TCA insoluble fraction of sporulating oocysts, but radioactivity from [3H]uridine and [3H]deoxyuridine are incorporated into RNA at a linear rate during the first 5 hr of sporulation. The labeled RNA, found mainly in the paranuclear bodies of newly formed sporozoites, contains ∼0.15 nmole [3H]uridine/106 oocysts at the completion of sporulation. One nmole of leucine is incorporated into the hot TCA insoluble fraction of 106 oocysts during the first 7 hr of sporulation after an initial lag. The incorporated amino acid is mainly in the cytoplasm of the sporozoites, and an analysis by SDS-gel electrophoresis reveals most of the radioactivity in a narrow band with a molecular weight of ∼50,000 daltons. Incorporation of uridine and leucine, however, can be totally suppressed by respiratory inhibition. Further analysis of the proteins in the oocysts reveals that the total protein content remains relatively unchanged at 2.64 × 10−16 gm/oocyst during sporulation, but there is a shift of 13–14% of total protein from the soluble cytoplasm to the 15,000 g pellets. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a major protein band. possibly a glycoprotein, is shown in the soluble cytoplasm of unsporulated oocysts. This band disappears during sporulation.

Notes: Book review in this ArticleDept. of Pathology, Ontario Veterinary College (sponsor). 1974. Proceedings of the Symposium on Coccidia and Related Organisms. 23 June 1973. University of Guelph, Ontario.

Notes: Abstract. In organic farming, potassium (K) deficiency may become a significant problem due to nutrient import restrictions. Knowledge about potential K leaching in systems with different K budgets is therefore important for effective agricultural management. We investigated the effect of four organic farming systems (two livestock densities in combination with two types of organic manure) on crop yields, K leaching and K balances in a six course crop rotation from 1993/94 to 1997/98. Average K concentrations in soil water extracted by means of ceramic suction cups at 1 m depth were 0.6 mg K l−1 corresponding to a K leaching loss of 1.5 kg ha−1 yr−1 which was less than expected from values reported in the literature. Variation in K budgets from −12 to +30 kg ha−1 yr−1 did not affect K leaching. In an additional experiment with application of 988 kg K ha−1 as KCl, K leaching accounted for only 0.2% of the applied K although 40% of the accompanying Cl was leached. The main part of the applied K was retained in the topsoil. It was concluded that K leaching was a result of the fertilizer history rather than of the current K budget.

Notes: Abstract. Nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) leaching from animal production systems in the northeast USA is a major non-point source of pollution in the Chesapeake Bay. We conducted a study to measure NO3-N leaching from dairy slurry applied to orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L., cv. Pennlate) using large drainage lysimeters to measure the direct impact of four rates of slurry (urine and faeces) N application (0, 168, 336, 672 kg N ha−1 yr−1) on NO3-N leaching on three soil types. We then used experimentally-based relationships developed earlier between stocking density and NO3-N leaching loss and leachate NO3-N concentration to estimate the added impact of animal grazing. Nitrate N leaching losses from only dairy slurry applied at the 0, 158, 336, and 672 kg N ha−1 yr−1 rates were 5.85, 8.26, 8.83, and 12.1 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively with corresponding NO3-N concentrations of 1.60, 2.30, 2.46, and 3.48 mg l−1. These NO3-N concentrations met the 10 mg l−1 US EPA drinking water standard. However, when a scenario was constructed to include the effect of NO3-N leaching caused by animal grazing, the NO3-N drinking water standard was calculated to be exceeded.

Notes: Abstract. The African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is relatively well adapted to the pedoclimatic conditions of central Amazonia. The clayey upland soils of the region are well supplied with nitrogen, although they are deficient in most other nutrients. Under these conditions, oil palm does not respond to N fertilization with yield increases. In this research, the N status of a central Amazonian upland soil was evaluated after having supported a productive oil palm plantation for 15 years without N fertilization. Mineral N in the upper 2 m of soil showed pronounced spatial patterns, with very low concentrations close to the palms, indicative of efficient N uptake by the palms, and evidence for nitrate leaching into the subsoil in the inter-tree spaces despite the near-absence of a leguminous cover crop during the previous ten years. The pronounced increases of mineral N with increasing tree distance were explained by increases in N mineralization and a strong decrease in fine root length density of the palms, especially in the subsoil. Failure of the palms to fully occupy the available soil volume with their roots was apparently related to fertilizer placement close to the stem base, which over the years had led to steep fertility gradients between the soil under the trees and the inter-tree spaces. Broadcast fertilization would have presumably favoured a more extensive lateral root development of the palms, and consequently improved nutrient and water uptake from the inter-tree spaces. The incomplete soil occupation by the palm roots also suggests that young oil palms can be associated with shade tolerant crops without much risk of root competition. These conclusions may be valid also for other tree crops and may help to reduce nitrate leaching and consequently the need for N fertilization in Amazonian tree crop agriculture.

Notes: Abstract. Four experiments studying ground preparation for the restoration of disturbed land to a woodland cover are described. They provide consistent evidence to suggest that methods of soil replacement which minimize compaction are preferable to conventional methods followed by deep ripping to relieve compaction induced in the placement operation. In addition, soil loosening using an excavator is more effective than that achieved by ripping. The research supports modern guidance which advocates ‘loose tipping’ as the best method of ground preparation for a woodland or forestry after-use on sites reclaimed after dereliction or mineral extraction.

Notes: Abstract. Denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) declined to a greater extent and was more variable in soils stored air-dried for 6 months than after storage at 4 °C. DEA was greatest in fertilized soils. The relative differences in DEA between soils were maintained after storage at 4 °C. We suggest that storage at 4 °C is more appropriate than air-drying.

Notes: Book reviewed in this articles: Agriculture, Fertilizers and the Environment. Edited by M. Lægreid, O. C. Bøckman and O. Kaarstad. Ramiran 98. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of the FAO European System of Co-operative Research Networks in Agriculture (ESCORNENA) on Management Strategies for Organic Waste Use in Agriculture. Edited by J. Martinéz & M.-N. Maudet.

Notes: Abstract. The incidence of soil water erosion was monitored in 12 erosion-susceptible arable catchments (c. 80 fields) in England and Wales between 1990 and 1994. Factors associated with the initiation of erosion were recorded, and the extent of rills and gullies measured. Approximately 80% of the erosion events were on land cropped to winter cereals. In 30% of cases, the initiation of erosion was linked to valley floor features, which concentrated runoff. Poor crop cover, wheelings and tramlines were also assessed as contributory factors in 22%, 19% and 14% of cases, respectively. In c. 95% of cases rainfall events causing erosion were ≥10 mm day−1 and c. 80% were 〉15 mm day−1. Erosion was also associated with maximum rainfall intensities of 〉4 mm h−1 for c. 90% of cases and 〉10 mm h−1 for c. 20%. Mean net soil erosion rates were approximately 4 t ha−1 per annum (median value 0.41 t ha−1 per annum) and associated mean P losses 3.4 kg ha−1.

Notes: Abstract. A study of the leaching losses of nitrate under urine patches in irrigated and non-irrigated dairy pastures in the South East of South Australia was undertaken with repacked and monolith lysimeters 1 m deep, and with monolith lysimeters 150, 300 and 450 mm deep. The aim was to quantify differences in measurements of drainage and nitrogen fluxes for these different lysimeters. Drainage of water and N flux were found to vary significantly between types and depths of lysimeters. Drainage volumes in repacked lysimeters were 78% and 33% more than in monolith lysimeters in irrigated and non-irrigated paddocks, and N fluxes were 5 and 3 times higher in repacked lysimeters respectively. The results indicate that lysimeter estimates of recharge rates and N fluxes to water tables are best determined by leaching studies which are longer term, and use deep monolith lysimeters. Shorter term studies and the use of shallow or repacked lysimeters have potential to distort conclusions.

Notes: Abstract. Under the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union is committed to an 8% reduction in CO2 emissions, compared to baseline (1990) levels, during the first commitment period (2008–2012). However, within the overall EU agreement, the UK is committed to a 12.5% reduction. In this paper, we estimate the carbon mitigation potential of various agricultural land-management strategies (Kyoto Article 3.4) and examine the consequences of UK and European policy options on the potential for carbon mitigation.We show that integrated agricultural land management strategies have considerable potential for carbon mitigation. Our figures suggest the following potentials (Tg yr−1) for each scenario: animal manure, 3.7; sewage sludge, 0.3; cereal straw incorporation, 1.9; no-till farming, 3.5; agricultural extensification, 3.3; natural woodland regeneration, 3.2 and bioenergy crop production, 4.1. A realistic land-use scenario combining a number of these individual management options has a mitigation potential of 10.4 Tg C yr−1 (equivalent to about 6.6% of 1990 UK CO2-carbon emissions). An important resource for carbon mitigation in agriculture is the surplus arable land, but in order to fully exploit it, policies governing the use of surplus arable land would need to be changed. Of all options examined, bioenergy crops show the greatest potential. Bioenergy crop production also shows an indefinite mitigation potential compared to other options where the potential is infinite.The UK will not attempt to meet its climate change commitments solely through changes in agricultural land-use, but since all sources of carbon mitigation will be important in meeting these commitments, agricultural options should be taken very seriously.

Notes: Abstract. A method to predict field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) from soil structure, as described in soil profile descriptions, was developed using 627 Kfs measurements. As the soil structure classes used are very similar to an international classification (FAO, 1990), the derived relationships (class pedotransfer functions) could be widely applicable. A total of 49 unique combinations of primary and secondary structures were identified but the relationship between these structures and Kfs was poor. However, this relationship became clearer when the structures were grouped according to both the ped size and ped orientation. It improved further with the removal of data from horizons with significant amounts of vertically orientated angular stones or very coarse roots. Soils with vertically orientated peds larger than 50 mm had a geometric mean conductivity of 0.33 cm day−1 while those with fractures in both the horizontal and vertical planes had a geometric mean conductivity of 4.1 cm day−1. Soils with peds between 20 and 50 mm had a geometric mean conductivity of 17.9 cm day−1 and those with peds 〈20 mm had a geometric mean conductivity of 53.0 cm day−1. Those soils with only horizontally orientated structures proved to be anomalous in that the conductivity increased as ped size increased.

Notes: Abstract. Bacterial contamination of water is a problem worldwide and is often acute in developing countries where human and animal waste is disposed of on land for use as fertilizer or because of poorly developed sanitation systems. Studying leaching risk through soils is difficult when no suitable microbiological laboratory is available. A method using the movement of ZnO particles through soils as a surrogate for studying bacteria directly was tested. ZnO particles with a similar size to bacteria can readily be detected by chemical analysis. For a range of nine different soil textures, leaching rates of ZnO particles under near saturated conditions were significantly correlated with leaching rates of Escherichia coli cells (P=0.013). For both ZnO and E. coli, leaching was generally greatest through fine textured soils.

Notes: The satellite accounts illustrated in this paper reflect the household's role as a producer and an investor in durables as well as a consumer by modifying the NIPA's to (1) incorporate the value of nonmarket (unpaid) household work into GDP; and (2) treat expenditures on consumer durables as investment and measure the value of the services those durables provide. Additionally, an Input–Output (I–O) model highlights the household's functions as a producer and investor in much greater detail for the year 1992 by incorporating a household industry for each time-use activity and by showing the inputs to and outputs from each household industry's production.

Notes: Taking advantage of consistent poverty and income inequality data for 12 Latin American countries between 1970 and 1994, we analyze the determinants of changes in the incidence of urban and rural poverty and in Gini coefficients over spells of years, stressing in particular the role of aggregate income growth. We find that income growth reduces urban and rural poverty but not inequality. We also find that income growth is more effective in reducing urban poverty if the levels of inequality and poverty are lower, and the levels of secondary education higher. We show that there is an asymmetry in the impact of growth on poverty and inequality, with recession having strong negative effects on both poverty and inequality. Since growth does not reduce inequality, economic cycles create ratchet effects on the level of inequality. However, post-structural adjustment growth is quite effective at reducing poverty, particularly if inequality is low.

Notes: In this paper we compare the progressivity of different government transfers made to households in Romania. We use distribution free standard errors to examine the difference between concentration curves that may be correlated, and thereafter employ statistical tests that take into account the covariance matrix for the ordinate estimates. In addition, we estimate extended Gini coefficients for the same transfers to check their consistency with the tests of inequality dominance. The results show that almost all transfer payments in Romania are progressive, and that they have an important effect on the distribution of income. Rankings among different transfer payments are, however, not robust. In particular, sensitivity analysis using different household equivalence scales indicates that many results are not consistent across scales, and that lower size elasticities contribute to changes in ranking of Ginis and loss of statistical significance in dominance tests.

Notes: We propose a new approach to national accounts compilation, which also serves as a formalization of current compilation practices. When formalizing the procedure, a distinction is made between (basic) data, national accounts identities and so-called indicator ratios. The latter are ratios of or percentage relations between national accounts variables, such as the relation between output and value added. Indicator ratios are currently used in national accounts compilation practices in order to make adjustments to the basic data or to fill in missing data. The latter use is particularly relevant when basic data are scarce, which is the case not only in many developing countries, but also in developed countries when annual accounts are compiled for recent periods. The (basic) data, indicator ratios and identities together are used in a Bayesian approach to estimate the values of national accounts variables and analytical indicator ratios based thereon. The amendment of the current practices consists in introducing reliability intervals of basic data and indicator ratios, which allows for the use of a much larger number of indicator ratios in the compilation and checking of national accounts data. The Bayesian compilation approach makes it possible–in contrast to current practices–to use indicator ratios both as priors and as analytical indicators.

Notes: The definitions of goods and services have been debated among economists for more than two centuries. This article seeks to consider the definitions currently used from a critical perspective and to offer a new general definition of services that is compatible with the existence of several demand rationales.

Notes: Official and semi-official estimates of New Zealand's national income are available on an annual basis for the years since 1932. Retrospective, non-official, estimates are available from 1859. Chiefly these are constructed following Doblin's (1951) pioneering use of money stock data, velocity, and the implications of the Quantity Theory of Money, and include the estimates of Hawke (1975), Rankin (1992) and Cashin (1995).This paper estimates New Zealand real GDP per capita with monetary data using valid, intervention-free, cointegration methods. The new measures avoid the ad hoc adjustments found in Rankin (1992), yet unlike Cashin (1995), they incoporate specific New Zealand monetary features. The new time series conform well with independent benchmarks and the historiography of the pre-1914 period. Alternatively, they suggest an interpretation of New Zealand's growth experience for years around World War One which differs from that of Australia, and from the findings of Rankin (1992) and Cashin (1995).

Notes: Over the last twenty-five years, the economy of the Republic of Korea achieved a remarkable growth rate of 7 percent per year in real per capita income, causing it to be labeled, justifiably, as a “miracle economy.” This exceptional economic growth has beenpp accompanied by an even more exceptional fall m labor income inequality. Using a newly-developed methodology, we use data from Korea's Occupational Wage Surveys to quantify the importance of various factors that have contributed to the fall in labor income inequality in Korea. We find the most important factors explaining the level of income inequality are job tenure, gender, years of education, and occupation, while those that are most important in explaining the change in income inequality are years of education, industry, occupation, and potential experience.

Notes: When measuring poverty over time analysts must choose the value of the income elasticity of the poverty line, which essentially determines whether an absolute or relative poverty line is being used. The choice of this parameter is ultimately a value judgement, but this paper suggests an approach which has some empirical basis. Borrowing from the life-style and deprivation approach to poverty, various dimensions of poverty and deprivation are identified and the income elasticity of these items is used as the income elasticity of the poverty line. Data from the 1987 and 1994 Irish Household Budget Surveys suggest an upper bound of 0.7 for this parameter. Poverty measures using a number of values of the income elasticity of the poverty line are presented and test statistics are presented to determine whether observed differences in poverty measures are statistically significant.

Notes: Our aim in this paper is to show how recent developments in the theory and methods of poverty measurement can be applied to provide more accurate descriptions of poverty trends to the typical consumers of these statistics—policy analysts, policy-makers and their critics. Since Amartya Sen's (1976) classic critique of the “headcount” approach to poverty measurement, considerable progress has been made in constructing axiomatically-driven measures of “poverty intensity.” These measures have had little influence outside the small world of experts who devised them largely because their mathematical representation has made their meaning obscure to potential users. We focus on the Sen-Shorrocks-Thon (SST) index and its elaboration by Osberg and Xu which provides the information contained in the index in a format that is easily accessible within traditional categories of poverty analysis. The SST index and its decomposition provide an analytical framework for discussing the underlying components of aggregate trends that allows for unambiguous answers to the usual policy-related questions concerning the components of change as well as their magnitude and direction.