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  • General Chemistry  (1,682)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (1,539)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (1,144)
  • Physics  (957)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (819)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (798)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (664)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (532)
  • Aircraft Propulsion and Power
  • 1975-1979  (8,137)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1977  (4,212)
  • 1975  (3,925)
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  • 1975-1979  (8,137)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
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    Transonic/supersonic inlet R and D past, present, and future (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-07
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA Lewis Research Center Inlet Workshop; p 427-480
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  • 2
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    Kerogen structures in recently-deposited algal mats at Laguna Mormona, Baja California: A model system for the determination of kerogen structures in ancient sediments (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 1; 29 p
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  • 3
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    Comments on wind-tunnel-flight correlations for the F-8 supercritical wing configurations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Supercritical Wing Technol.: A Report on Flight Evaluation; p 111-120
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  • 4
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    Experience with the inversion of Nimbus 4 BUV measurements to retrieve the ozone profile (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The relative merits of pressure increment and partial derivative formulations of the ozone inversion problem are discussed briefly. The height range of validity of the retrieved ozone profile and the effects of adding wavelengths to or of dropping wave-length from the inversion system are indicated. Illustrative results are presented for profiles retrieved from BUV data using Backus-Gilbert, minimum information (Twomey), and quasi-optimum procedures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 577-597
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  • 5
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    The inversion of stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles from spacecraft solar extinction measurements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The inversions of multi-channel solar extinction measurements have been analyzed for the 0.35-1.0 micron wavelength region to retrieve stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles using both the constrained linear inversion scheme and the iterative scheme. The inversions of the multi-wavelength solar extinction data obtained from spacecraft have been analyzed based on the inversion of computer simulated data using various atmospheric models with differing amounts of aerosol and ozone in the stratosphere. The sensitivities of the inversion schemes to different experimental errors are discussed in terms of accuracy and resolution of the retrieved profiles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 505-527
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  • 6
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    Application of modified Twomey techniques to invert lidar angular scatter and solar extinction data for determining aerosol size distributions (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Polarization properties of the angularly scattered laser light from a volume of air are used to determine the size distribution of the aerosol particles within the volume by the use of appropriate inversion techniques. Similar techniques are employed to determine a mean size distribution of the particulates within a vertical column through the atmosphere from determinations of the aerosol optical depth as a function of wavelength. In both of these examples, a modification of an inversion technique originally described by Twomey has been employed. Details of this method are presented as well as results from actual measurements employing bistatic lidar and solar radiometer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 469-503
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  • 7
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    Application of statistical inversion to ground-based microwave remote sensing of temperature and water vapor profiles (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Surface-based observations of downwelling microwave thermal emission are related to temperature and humidity profiles via a standard integral equation of radiative transfer. Both in clear and in cloudy atmospheres, statistical inversion techniques are used to retrieve profiles from a data vector of brightness observations and surface meteorological constraints. For the clear case, accuracy predictions and profile retrievals are illustrated for: (1) single frequency angular scanned data; (2) multi-frequency angular scanned data; and (3) multi-frequency zenith data. For the last case predicted and achieved accuracies were compared in a recently conducted radiometric experiment. Retrievals of cloud contaminated radiometric data are elaborated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 395-427
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  • 8
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    Comparison of linear inversion methods by examination of the duality between iterative and inverse matrix methods (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Linear numerical inversion methods applied to atmospheric remote sounding generally can be categorized in two ways: (1) iterative, and (2) inverse matrix methods. However, these two categories are not unrelated; a duality exists between them. In other words, given an iterative scheme, a corresponding inverse matrix method exists, and conversely. This duality concept is developed for the more familiar linear methods. The iterative duals are compared with the classical linear iterative approaches and their differences analyzed. The importance of the initial profile in all methods is stressed. Calculations using simulated data are made to compare accuracies and to examine the dependence of the solution on the initial profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 325-360
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  • 9
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    Analytic model approach to the inversion of scattering data (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: An analytic model approach is applied to several simple atmospheric inversion problems. This method gives a sharp determination of aerosol size distribution parameters. It is shown that this analytic approach, together with ground level point sampling data measurements, can be used to infer information on the tropospheric ozone profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 297-324
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  • 10
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    Inversion of infrared limb emission measurements for temperature and trace gas concentrations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Limb emission measurements are characterized by sharp weighting functions at high altitudes, and for temperature determinations, strongly nonlinear dependence of the weighting function on the temperature. Several methods for inverting this type of measurement have been described and used, including iterative, statistical, nonlinear and approximate direct approaches. These approaches are described and advantages and disadvantages of each are outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 195-216
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  • 11
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    Inverse solution of the pseudoscalar transfer equation through nonlinear matrix inversion (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Nonlinear matrix inversion operators have been developed which, applied to observed radiances, infer maximal information regarding atmospheric scattering parameters and vertical distribution of radiant sources and sinks. The algorithm has the attractive feature of noise discrimination, attributing instrumental errors to extra-atmospheric sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 139-153
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  • 12
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    Backus-Gilbert theory and its application to retrieval of ozone and temperature profiles (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The inversion method provides a quantitative evaluation of the trade-off between vertical resolution of a retrieved profile and formal root-mean-square (rms) error due to measurement noise propagation. The problem of retrieving the top-side ozone profile from backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) measurements is considered. For measurements of the type currently being obtained with the Nimbus 4 and AE-E BUV experiments, it is found that a vertical resolution of approximately 0.75 scale height can be achieved for a formal volume mixing ratio profile error of 10%. Other examples include treatments of the retrieval of temperature profiles from measurements in the 15 micron CO2 absorption band for both the terrestrial and Martian atmospheres. Finally, the method is applied to the problem of retrieving temperature profiles of the Jovian planets from measurements in the far infrared pressure induced H2 lines to be obtained from the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn fly-by missions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 155-193
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  • 13
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    Statistical principles of inversion theory (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Statistical methods are used to deal with the inverse problem of radiative transfer. All the available information about an unknown profile can be expressed in the form of values of functions of that profile and error estimates of these values. Estimation theory shows how these values are combined to give an estimate of the unknown profile and its error covariance. Many inversion methods are expressed in this form, although the error estimate is not usually carried out. Practical applications are described, both for inversion of individual profiles, and the global analysis of satellite data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 117-138
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  • 14
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    Some aspects of the inversion problem in remote sensing (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Several commonly used methods for inversion--constrained linear inversion, synthesis (Backus-Gilbert) methods and nonlinear iterative techniques for the Chahine type--are discussed. It is demonstrated that a very close connection exists between Backus-Gilbert solutions and those given by constrained linear inversion. A number of examples of the application of such methods are presented, showing that resolution is not greatly different for quite different algorithms, a result quite in accord with general theoretical considerations: more resolution can be achieved at the expense of introducing greater a priori bias in the procedure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 41-65
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  • 15
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    Review of radiative transfer methods in scattering atmospheres (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The radiative transfer in a scattering plane-parallel atmosphere is discussed, considering the exact analytical, the computational and the approximate methods. Some results of numerical comparisons are given. Finally, the difficulties of realistic atmospheric models are emphasized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 21-40
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  • 16
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    Hybrid methods are helpful (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Multiple scattering problems in a plane layer often permit the convenient use of different methods joined together. Sample numerical results to illustrate this point refer to X- and Y-functions, asymptotic fitting, the small-loss approximations, polarization in high orders, and photon path distribution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 1-19
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  • 17
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    Instrumentation for space flight experiments (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The selection of measurement systems for experiments conducted in the context of a space flight must be guided by the criteria applicable to any scientific study requiring objective measurements of physiological variables. Steps fundamental to the process of choosing the best instrumentation system are identified and the key factors in matching the operational characteristics of the instrumentation to its intended use are discussed. Special problems in obtaining data from nonhuman primates, whether restrained or unrestrained, are explored. Choices for data processing are evaluated as well as the use of prototype flight tests and simulations to assess future life science experiments for spacelab or payloads for the space shuttle biomedical scientific satellite.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Use of Nonhuman Primates in Space; p 225-243
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  • 18
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Determinations of tracking station locations and the gravitational constant of the earth, based on Doppler-tracking data from lunar and planetary spacecraft are presented. Two-way Doppler data obtained by the Deep Space Network of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) were used. The Deep Space Station instrumentation that JPL employed is described. How the stations were located is detailed, and the data used are discussed. Results are given together with an analysis of the errors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 249-292
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  • 19
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) space research program was directed toward modeling the gravitational field of the earth from an analysis of the Doppler shifts on the transmitted frequencies of the satellites as obtained by the tracking stations. Emphasis is on the satellites involved and the methods used in accomplishing this aim.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 89-138
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  • 20
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    Aircraft (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physical principles of flight, and the consideration of atmospheric composition and aerodynamic forces in the design and construction of various types of aircraft are discussed. Flight characteristics are described for helicopters, rotary-wing aircraft, short and vertical takeoff aircraft, and tailess or variable geometry wing aircraft. Flow characteristics at various speeds are also discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Soviet Aircraft and Rockets (NASA-TT-F-770); p 24-80
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  • 21
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    Introduction: National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Background for the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP) is presented. An historical summary of the program and its technical structure is given. The technical structure of the program is described in enough detail that the reader can relate the work of the individual contributors to each other and to the NGSP.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 3-85
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  • 22
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The major accomplishments of the GEOS-B, C-band systems project is assessed. The project objectives are given, namely: (1) primary objectives that must be met for project success; (2) secondary objectives that were sufficiently important to warrant serious consideration; and (3) other objectives that were important to the project and for which additional effort would be desirable. The primary objectives are presented and discussed in detail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 487-524
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  • 23
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Equipment and techniques were evaluated operationally, by the Department of Defense, during the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP). The theory, instrumentation, and data reduction methods used are described. Results obtained during the NGSP are given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 139-245
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  • 24
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    Stimulated plasma waves in the ionosphere (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The reported discussion is concerned with longitudinal waves associated with electron motions. These waves are easily stimulated in the ionosphere by rocket- and satellite-borne RF sounders. Most of the observations of stimulated plasma waves in the ionosphere are based on ionograms obtained from the sounders carried on board five satellites, including Explorer 20, Alouette 1 and 2, and ISIS 1 and 2. The majority of the observations can be explained by considering the propagation of the sounder-stimulated plasma waves. Attention is given to aspects of plasma wave dispersion, linear phenomena, plasma wave instabilities and nonlinear phenomena, unexplained phenomena, diagnostic applications, geophysical and astrophysical applications, and a number of experiments planned for the future.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 12; Nov
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  • 25
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    Rare earth and trace element geochemistry of a fragment of Jurassic seafloor, Point Sal, California (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Rocks from an ophiolite suite once on the seafloor were analyzed for rare earth elements (REE), Sc, Co, Na2O, Cr, Zn and FeO. Strontium isotope exchange noted in some of the lavas is attributed to basalt-seawater interaction; the Ce abundance in smectite- and zeolite-bearing lavas may also be due to prolonged exposure to seawater. The higher grades of metamorphic rock, however, show no variation from the usual flat or slightly light REE depleted profiles. Plutonic igneous rock, all light REE depleted, have total REE abundances varying by a factor of 100 between the dunites and diorites. In order of decreasing REE abundance are hornblende, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, orthopyroxene and olivine. Calculations of REE contents of liquids in equilibrium with early cumulative clinopyroxenes suggest that the parent to the stratiform sequence was more depleted in light REE than the parent to the lava pile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 41; Oct. 197
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  • 26
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    Mass-dependent channel electron multiplier operation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The absolute counting efficiency and pulse height distributions of a continuous-channel electron multiplier used in the detection of hydrogen, argon and xenon ions are assessed. The assessment technique, which involves the post-acceleration of 8-eV ion beams to energies from 100 to 4000 eV, provides information on counting efficiency versus post-acceleration voltage characteristics over a wide range of ion mass. The charge pulse height distributions for H2 (+), A (+) and Xe (+) were measured by operating the experimental apparatus in a marginally gain-saturated mode. It was found that gain saturation occurs at lower channel multiplier operating voltages for light ions such as H2 (+) than for the heavier ions A (+) and Xe (+), suggesting that the technique may be used to discriminate between these two classes of ions in electrostatic analyzers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Aug. 197
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  • 27
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    Computer simulation of earthquakes (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In a computer simulation study of earthquakes a seismically active strike slip fault is represented by coupled mechanical blocks which are driven by a moving plate and which slide on a friction surface. Elastic forces and time independent friction are used to generate main shock events, while viscoelastic forces and time dependent friction add aftershock features. The study reveals that the size, length, and time and place of event occurrence are strongly influenced by the magnitude and degree of homogeneity in the elastic, viscous, and friction parameters of the fault region. For example, periodically reoccurring similar events are observed in simulations with near-homogeneous parameters along the fault, whereas seismic gaps are a common feature of simulations employing large variations in the fault parameters. The study also reveals correlations between strain energy release and fault length and average displacement and between main shock and aftershock displacements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 10
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  • 28
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    The 1976 Standard Atmosphere and its relationship to earlier standards (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The 1976 U.S. Standard Atmosphere, representing a mid-latitude atmosphere for moderate solar activity, is compared to earlier standards. For heights of 51 km and below, this standard is identical with its immediate predecessor, the 1962 U.S. Standard Atmosphere. When the density-height profile of each of five earlier model atmospheres is compared with that of the 1976 standard, an oscillation of this parameter around the currently accepted average value is observed, which is partly the result of true density changes related to the 11-year cycle of solar activity and partly the result of earlier uncertainties. The development of knowledge is also elucidated by comparing the temperature-height profiles of each of the important standards used during the preceding century. Number densities of each of six atmospheric species computed for the 1976 U.S. standard are compared over the height region of 0 to 1000 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; Aug. 197
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  • 29
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    A global thermospheric model based on mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data MSIS. I - N2 density and temperature (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of neutral nitrogen density from mass spectrometers on five satellites (AE-B, Ogo 6, San Marco 3, Aeros A, and AE-C) and neutral temperatures inferred from incoherent scatter measurements at four ground stations are combined to produce a model of thermospheric neutral temperatures and nitrogen densities similar to the Ogo 6 empirical model (Hedin et al., 1974). This global model is designated MSIS (mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter). The global average temperature, the annual temperature variation, lower bound density, and lower bound temperature are discussed. The data set covers the time period from the end of 1965 to mid-1975 and also a wide range of solar activities. Diurnal and semidiurnal variations in lower bound density and temperature are considered, as is magnetic activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; June 1
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  • 30
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    Lowest-order average effect of turbulence on atmospheric profiles derived from radio occultation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Turbulence in planetary atmospheres and ionospheres causes changes in angles of refraction of radio waves used in occultation experiments. Atmospheric temperature and pressure profiles, and ionospheric electron concentration profiles, derived from radio occultation measurements of Doppler frequency contain errors due to such angular offsets. The lowest-order average errors are derived from a geometrical-optics treatment of the radio-wave phase advance caused by the addition of uniform turbulence to an initially homogeneous medium. It is concluded that the average profile errors are small and that precise Doppler frequency measurements at two or more wavelengths could be used to help determine characteristics of the turbulence, as well as accuracy limits and possible correction terms for the profiles. However, a more detailed study of both frequency and intensity characteristics in radio and optical occultation measurements of turbulent planetary atmospheres and ionospheres is required to realize the full potential of such measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 214
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  • 31
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    Galatry profile convolved with the Fabry-Perot instrument function (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The physical conditions in laboratory gases and in the upper atmosphere of the planets, including earth, can be deduced from a measurement of the intensity and line profile of different radiating molecules. Because of the low pressures in the upper atmospheres, many molecular lines with small pressure-broadening coefficients are collisionally narrowed. These lines are resolvable with a Fabry-Perot interferometer. Analytical expressions are given relating the measured line intensity and profile to the true line intensity and profile. A deconvolution of the measured profile gives the parameters A, beta, and K characterizing the collisionally narrowed Galatry profile. General expressions for the nonideal interferometer are discussed, and, specifically, mirror defects and a limited detector aperture are treated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; June 197
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  • 32
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    Observations of the mid-latitude lower ionosphere in winter (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Rocket observations of the lower ionosphere in the winter of 1971 at two locations show differences of electron density which are attributed to enhancements of nitric oxide and energetic electron fluxes precipitated into the mesosphere during the poststorm phase of a geomagnetic storm. Electron density distributions were observed above Wallops Island, Virginia, and Keweenaw, Michigan, larger values occurring at Keweenaw. Energetic electron fluxes were greater at Keweenaw (L = 3.9) than at Wallops Island (L = 2.5). While particle ionization was the dominant factor in establishing the electron density during one measurement at Keweenaw, particles were not present two days earlier, even though the electron density distribution was significantly larger than that observed at Wallops Island on both occasions. An accompanying ion composition profile measured at Keweenaw during the earlier flight showed NO(+) to be the dominant ion to 76 km, where the concentration of hydrated ions H3O(+).(H2O)n, exceeded that of NO(+).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; May 1
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    Large-scale electric fields in the earth's magnetosphere (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Studies of the earth's magnetosphere have indicated that a large-scale electric field E plays a central role in its electrodynamics and in the flow and acceleration of charged particles there; while many observations relevant to E have accumulated, quite a few basic problems involving the origin and structure of this field remain unsolved. The ultimate source of E is presumably the flow of the solar wind past the earth, but the mechanism by which E arises is still unclear, and several independent sources may contribute to it, some of them being of a rather transient nature. This review attempts to sum up the main observed facts and theoretical concepts related to E.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; May 1977
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    Theoretical aspects of tidal and planetary wave propagation at thermospheric heights (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A simple semiquantitative model is presented which allows analytic solutions of tidal and planetary wave propagation at thermospheric heights. This model is based on perturbation approximation and mode separation. The effects of viscosity and heat conduction are parameterized by Rayleigh friction and Newtonian cooling. Because of this simplicity, one gains a clear physical insight into basic features of atmospheric wave propagation. In particular, we discuss the meridional structures of pressure and horizontal wind (the solutions of Laplace's equation) and their modification due to dissipative effects at thermospheric heights. Furthermore, we solve the equations governing the height structure of the wave modes and arrive at a very simple asymptotic solution valid in the upper part of the thermosphere. That 'system transfer function' of the thermosphere allows one to estimate immediately the reaction of the thermospheric wave mode parameters such as pressure, temperature, and winds to an external heat source of arbitrary temporal and spatial distribution. Finally, the diffusion effects of the minor constituents due to the global wind circulation are discussed, and some results of numerical calculations are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; May 1977
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  • 35
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    Variational electric fields at low latitudes and their relation to spread-F and plasma irregularities (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In situ measurements of variational electric fields at low latitudes, taken by OGO 6 satellite instruments, are analyzed. The observations are compared with other data on F region and spread-F structures. Conformity of the electric field fluctuations with the overall picture of low-latitude irregularities is examined empirically and theoretically, and candidate processes for generation of the observed irregularities are considered. Three distinct types of irregularities are delineated and compared.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Mar. 197
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  • 36
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    The N.A.S.A. earth and ocean dynamics programme (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Practical applications of NASA space systems, science, and technology to the study of oceans and solid earth are discussed. Goals involving earth dynamics include earthquake hazard assessment and alleviation, and global surveying and mapping, while goals involving ocean dynamics include the determination of ocean currents and circulation, and the monitoring of ocean surface conditions. Satellites used to obtain data are described, and projects such as the study of open ocean tides and earth motion determination are reviewed, with consideration given to the techniques (e.g., laser ranging, satellite-to-satellite track) used in these studies. Several physical phenomena, the extent to which they presently can be measured, and possible future requirements for more accurate measurements are examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    Polar motion and earth tides from laser tracking (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses techniques available for measuring polar motion, earth rotation and earth tides with laser tracking of satellites. In a discussion of future prospects, it is noted that when the Laser Geodynamics Satellite is launched, a network of laser stations is projected to be able to achieve better than 10 cm from each coordinate from less than one day of tracking.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 38
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    Probing the earth's gravity field by means of satellite-to-satellite tracking (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two satellite-to-satellite tracking (sst) tests are described in detail: (1) the ATS-6/Geos-3 and (2) the ATS-6/Apollo-Soyuz experiment. The main purpose of these two experiments was to track via ATS-6 the Geos-3, as well as the Apollo-Soyuz and to use these tracking data to determine both of the orbits at the same time, each of the orbits alone, and to test the two sst links to study local gravity anomalies. A second purpose was to test communications, command and data transmission from the ground via ATS-6 to these spacecraft and back again to the ground.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 39
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    Pulsating aurora induced by upper atmospheric barium releases (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports the apparent generation of pulsating aurora by explosive releases of barium vapor near 250 km altitude. This effect occurred only when the explosions were in the path of precipitating electrons associated with the visible aurora. Each explosive charge was a standard 1.5 kg thermite mixture of Ba and CuO with an excess of Ba metal which was vaporized and dispersed by the thermite explosion. Traces of Sr, Na, and Li were added to some of the charges, and monitoring was achieved by ground-based spectrophotometric observations. On March 28, 1976, an increase in emission at 5577 A and at 4278 A was observed in association with the first two bursts, these emissions pulsating with roughly a 10 sec period for approximately 60 to 100 sec after the burst.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 267; May 12
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  • 40
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    A CW ultrasonic bolt-strain monitor (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: There exists a need for a relatively inexpensive system for measuring strain in bolts. The torque wrench is one technique for straining bolts which has been widely applied. Unfortunately, friction in the bolt threads and between the nut and the work tend to make such a simple system inaccurate. In practice, a torque wrench is unacceptable for many situations where strain is critical. In this article, an ultrasonic technique is described which can indicate changes in bolt strain to better than one part in 10,000. The technique is based on the one-dimensional propagating-ultrasonic-wave model and uses a new ultrasonic instrument called a Reflection Oscillator Ultrasonic Spectrometer which is a closed-loop feedback marginal-oscillator system that frequency locks the device to the peak of a mechanical resonance in the bolt. The instrument indicates a shift in the bolt resonance frequency due to elongation and changes in velocity of sound due to strain. Data are presented comparing a standard torque wrench to the ultrasonic monitor for different measured stresses on the bolt as well as for different bolt conditions. The strain instrument can be used to monitor changing stresses, to measure material properties and may be applied as a strain gage or load cell.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Experimental Mechanics; 17; May 1977
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  • 41
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    Observation of neutral winds during an equatorial electrojet (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The vertical profile of the horizontal wind in a strong equatorial electrojet is distinctly different from profiles observed previously at other times and locations. The zonal wind speed is small and varies slowly with altitude, whereas the meridional component manifests a cross-equatorial oscillation with altitude which may result from a unique interaction of the ionized and neutral motions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Feb. 197
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  • 42
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    Intercomparison of neutral composition measurements from the satellite Esro 4, Aeros A, Aeros B, and Atmosphere Explorer C (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Number-density data obtained at orbital 'crossover' points with the neutral-gas mass spectrometers aboard the Esro 4, Aeros A, AE-C, and Aeros B satellites are intercompared. All the mass spectrometers were designed to measure the ambient number densities of atomic oxygen, molecular nitrogen, helium, and argon. It is found that the agreement for N2 and O is satisfactory within the experimental errors and that the He measurements exhibit unexpectedly large discrepancies far outside the error range. Calibration and instrument sources of error are considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Mar. 1
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  • 43
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    Numerical solution for subcritical flows by a transonic integral equation method (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The method presented makes use of a division of the region of integration into closed rectangular elements. The velocity is taken to be constant in each element. The integral equation is reduced to a matrix equation which can be solved by an appropriate iteration approach. The derivation and solution of the matrix equation are discussed and the matrix elements are considered. The described concepts were implemented for a nonlifting parabolic-arc airfoil.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Mar. 197
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  • 44
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    Laser-induced fluorescence of CN/X2 Sigma +/ produced by photolysis of C2N2 at 160 nm (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports laser-induced fluorescence measurements of the initial product state distributions of CN(X2 Sigma +) produced during the photolysis of C2N2 at a wavelength of 160 nm. The parent molecules were photodissociated by an argon flash lamp, and saturated solutions of BBD in p-dioxane were used as a laser dye to produce radiation that excited CN radicals in the (upsilon-double-prime, N-prime) vibrational-rotational sublevels of the X state to the B-state sublevels. Spectral-line identification is discussed along with the observed rotational, electronic, and vibrational energy partitionings. The effect of added buffer gas (N2 or He) on the observed product state distributions is examined in order to monitor collisional energy transfer from CN(A2 Pi, upsilon = 0) to CN(X2 Sigma +, upsilon-double-prime = 4). It is found that both buffer gases produce population inversion between the upsilon-double-prime = 4 and upsilon-double-prime = 3 levels of the X state.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Chemical Physics; 66; Mar. 1
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  • 45
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    Physics of magnetospheric substorms (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Magnetosphere substorm physics are updated in the monograph. Major topics include: (1) open magnetosphere and the auroral oval; (2) auroras and auroral particles; (3) plasma distribution in the magnetosphere; (4) magnetosphere responses to interplanetary disturbances; (5) magnetospheric substorms and magnetotail phenomena; (6) magnetospheric currents, plasma injection, plasmasphere disturbances; and (7) magnetospheric substorms and solar-terrestrial relations. Other topics covered include: open field lines and the open magnetosphere, field-aligned currents, auroral particles and atmospheric emissions, plasma mantle, plasma sheet, radiation belts, magnetic flux transfer to the magnetotail, polar cap phenomena, substorm parameters, thinning of the plasma sheet, auroral electrojets, diurnal variations and dawn-dusk asymmetry of particle distributions, and instabilities.
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  • 46
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    On high-latitude convection field inhomogeneities, parallel electric fields and inverted-V precipitation events (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A simple model of a static electric field with a component parallel to the magnetic field is proposed for calculating the electric field and current distributions at various altitudes when the horizontal distribution of the convection electric field is given at a certain altitude above the auroral ionosphere. The model is shown to be compatible with satellite observations of inverted-V electron precipitation structures and associated irregularities in the convection electric field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 25; Jan. 197
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  • 47
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    The storm-time equatorial electrojet (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A Petrel rocket carrying a double cell rubidium magnetometer was launched from the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station during the early main phase of a magnetic storm. No ionospheric currents associated with the storm were observed, and the large field depression at the flight time must therefore be attributed to currents at higher altitudes. The equatorial enhancement of ionospheric magnetic storm currents, predicted on the basis of theory and earlier ground data, was not observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Jan. 197
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  • 48
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    The 5-day wave and ionospheric absorption (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In a previous paper, Fraser and Thorpe (1976) indicated that the average partial-coherence spectra for three summers and the average for three winters at a southern mid-latitude site had a dominant peak at a period of about six days. This peak in coherence between absorption and temperature is anomalous, and the present paper explains how some of the unexpected coherence features can be explained by the five-day wave described by Geisler and Dickinson (1976) and whose existence in the upper stratosphere was discussed by Rodgers (1976).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Jan. 197
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  • 49
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    Geopotential resonances on Vanguard orbits (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Since their establishment in 1959 the orbits of Vanguard 3 (1959-7A) and the Vanguard 2 rocket (1959-2B) have been slowly contracting through at least five strong resonances of eleventh order. Tracking with Baker-Nunn cameras and the U.S. Navy space surveillance (radio interferometer) system over a 14-year period has revealed resonant fluctuations on them of up to 0.035 deg in inclination (peak to peak). Six geopotential terms (lumped coefficients) of eleventh order and three of twenty-second order have been measured by using orbit inclinations derived from this tracking record. The terms of eleventh order are significantly smaller than is predicted by Kaula's rule. (The lumped coefficients are sensitive to geopotential effects as high as thirty-seventh degree.) These observed terms are compatible with a recent 27-satellite geopotential solution (GEM 7) whose formal coefficent errors are increased by a factor of 3.3.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 10
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  • 50
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    Improvement in the geopotential derived from satellite and surface data /Gem 7 and 8/ (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A refinement has been obtained in the earth's gravitational field by using satellite and surface data. In addition to a more complete treatment of data previously employed on 27 satellites, the new satellite solution Gem 7 (Goddard Earth Model 7) includes 64,000 laser measurements taken on seven satellites. Gem 7, containing 400 harmonic terms, is complete through degree and order 16. The companion solution Gem 8 combines the same satellite data as Gem 7 with surface gravimetry over 39% of the earth. Gem 8 is complete to degree and order 25. Extensive tests on data independent of the solution show that the undulations of the geoidal surface computed by Gem 7 have an accuracy of about 2.5 m (rms). The overall accuracy of the geoid calculated by Gem 8 is estimated to be about 4 m (rms). The new combination solution is the first to show signs of 'convection rolls' in the upper mantle below the Pacific Ocean.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 10
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    Solar wind plasma injection at the dayside magnetospheric cusp (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two mechanisms have been proposed for solar wind particle injection at the dayside magnetospheric cusps: magnetic merging and cross-field diffusion. These two mechanisms are experimentally distinguishable in that they produce different latitudinal distributions of particles penetrating to the low-altitude cusp. An examination of proton and electron measurements obtained by the AE-C satellite in the low-altitude dayside cusp reveals evidence of both types of injection processes. A majority of the injection events, especially the more intense fluxes, are best explained by a merging injection model in which cusp particles are confined to the poleward side of the last closed field line and have a characteristic energy that decreases with increasing latitudinal distance from the last closed field line. Less frequent and less intense injection events are better explained in terms of a diffusive injection of cusp particles onto closed dayside field lines with a characteristic energy that increases with increasing latitudinal distance from the last closed field line. Although diffusion appears to be quantitatively less important than merging in terms of the instantaneous particle injection rate, cross-field diffusion nevertheless appears to proceed at an unexpectedly fast rate, possibly exceeding the Bohm diffusion limit.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 1
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    Variations in eddy diffusion and associated transport processes (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Variation in the eddy diffusion coefficient constitutes a momentum source. This variation near the turbopause affects both the composition and the wind and temperature fields of the thermosphere. Two types of calculations are carried out, for horizontal winds considered self-consistently in a three-dimensional dynamic model and horizontal winds artificially suppressed to simulate a one-dimensional model. Momentum transfer associated with variations in eddy diffusion coefficients represents the source function in the analysis presented. It is shown that for long-term variations in the thermosphere, the compositional dependence on variations in eddy diffusion coefficients can be entirely different in one and three dimensional models with horizontal winds included. Horizontal winds can greatly reduce the effects of eddy diffusion in general and the ratio between He and O amplitudes in particular.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 4; Jan. 197
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    Derivation of an integral equation for transonic flows (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is noted that the nonlinear partial differential equation for the perturbation velocity potential and boundary conditions describing steady inviscid compressible transonic flow past a thin two-dimensional airfoil can be transformed into a singular integrodifferential equation and that differentiation of the latter yields an integral equation. Two forms of this integral equation currently exist: one for the singularity that is enclosed in an infinitely long strip of vanishing thickness and the other for the singularity that is enclosed in a vanishing circle. In the present article, a more general integral equation is derived by enclosing the singularity in a vanishing rectangular cavity of arbitrary aspect ratio. The two existing forms of this equation are deduced as special cases distinguished by the respective values for the aspect ratio (infinity for the first form and unity for the second).
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Feb. 197
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    Optical constants of ammonium sulfate in the infrared (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The infrared spectral reflectance at near normal incidence has been measured for 3.2 M, 2.4 M, and 1.6 M solutions of ammonium sulfate, an aerosol abundant in the stratosphere and also present in the troposphere. Kramers-Kronig analysis was used to determine values of the refractive and absorption indices from the measured spectral reflectance. A synthetic spectrum of crystalline ammonium sulfate was obtained by extrapolation of the absorption index obtained for the solution to the absorber number densities of the NH4 and SO4 ions characteristic of the crystal.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 67
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  • 55
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    Simultaneous in situ magnetospheric and ionospheric detection of detached plasmas (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: On January 19, 1972, in situ measurements by Explorer 45, orbiting in the magnetosphere near the equatorial plane, and ISIS 2, in a circular polar orbit at 1400 km, simultaneously detected patches of enhanced ionization outside the main body of the plasmasphere. The magnetospheric plasma region extended between (geomagnetic latitude) L values 3.4-4.8 and the ionospheric electron density enhancement extended between L values 3.6-4.4. The two plasma features were detected near 22 hours magnetic local time (MLT). Based on a number of observations, it is inferred that the plasma density enhancement persisted for more than 5 hours and extended over at least 2 hours in MLT near L = 5. These results provide experimental evidence that some detached magnetospheric plasma regions are signatures of a flux tube containing enhanced ionization throughout a volume extending from the topside ionosphere out to the equator.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 4; Sept
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  • 56
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    Flow characteristics in an expansion tunnel as inferred from velocity measurements (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A photoionization technique was used to study flow characteristics in an expansion tunnel. Vertical surveys of the axial component of flow velocity just downstream from the nozzle exit were obtained, and estimates of freestream density were inferred from the velocity measurement technique. The pitot pressure was measured and compared to the average axial component of velocity as a function of time for the two cases when air and CO2 were used as test gases. Vertical velocity and static density profiles at the nozzle exit are presented for the case when CO2 was used as test gas. Experimental results were used to determine the diameter and uniformity of the test core at the nozzle exit and the duration of the quasi-steady flow period. These data are relevant to evaluation of the suitability of operating an expansion tube as an expansion tunnel. The expansion tunnel is an expansion tube with a conical nozzle positioned at the exit of the acceleration section, so that nozzle entrance flow conditions are hypersonic and characterized by hypervelocity.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Sept
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  • 57
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    Electric and magnetic fields in the high-latitude magnetosphere (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The configuration of high-latitude electric and magnetic fields is reviewed. Various results suggest that high-latitude magnetic field lines from the outermost regions of the dayside magnetosphere converge toward a point near the noon meridian. Plasma flows, the midday cusp, and a dawn-dusk electric field across the polar cap are characterized. The electric fields associated with plasma flows produce Hall currents on the polar cap which vary with sector structure. Some evidence indicates that polar cap convection may reverse during intervals of strong northward interplanetary field. It is concluded that most observations are consistent with an open field magnetosphere model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; Aug. 197
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    Reduction and treatment of magnetic anomalies of crustal origin in satellite data (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The problem of proper reduction and treatment of the residual total magnetic field observed on satellite orbits is studied. The reduction procedure used for Pogo satellite data is reviewed, and a procedure is presented for reducing the residual total field observed on satellite orbits to a spherical surface. Several examples based on selected models are provided to demonstrate the accuracy of the formulas developed for continuation of the satellite data from an irregular to a spherical surface. This procedure is tested on a set of Pogo data covering the area that contains the Bangui magnetic anomaly in central Africa. A technique is also given for determining the field components on a spherical surface and calculating the total field in any fixed direction of the geomagnetic field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Aug. 10
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    Quasi-microscope concept for planetary missions (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Viking lander cameras have returned stereo and multispectral views of the Martian surface with a resolution that approaches 2 mm/lp in the near field. A two-orders-of-magnitude increase in resolution could be obtained for collected surface samples by augmenting these cameras with auxiliary optics that would neither impose special camera design requirements nor limit the cameras field of view of the terrain. Quasi-microscope images would provide valuable data on the physical and chemical characteristics of planetary regoliths.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Sept
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    Terrestrial kilometric radiation. III - Average spectral properties (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectral properties of terrestrial kilometric radiation (TKR) derived from observations made during radio-astronomy experiments on board the Imp 6 and Radio Astronomy Explorer 2 spacecraft are studied. As viewed from near the equatorial plane, TKR is most intense and most often observed in the 2100-2400 LT zone and is rarely seen in the 0900-1200 LT zone. The absolute flux levels in the 100- to 600-kHz TKR band increase significantly with increasing substorm activity as inferred from the auroral electrojet index (AE). In the late-evening sector the median power increases by about 3 orders of magnitude between quiet periods (AE less than 75 gammas) and disturbed periods (AE above 200 gammas). The peak flux density usually occurs near 250 kHz, although the frequency of the peak in the flux spectrum appears to vary inversely with AE from a maximum near 300 kHz during very quiet times to a minimum below 200 kHz during very disturbed times. The half-power bandwidth is typically 100% of the peak frequency. The variation of TKR flux density with apparent source altitude indicates that source strength decreases more rapidly than the inverse square of distance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Aug. 1
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    Observations of neutral composition and related ionospheric variations during a magnetic storm in February 1974 (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The neutral-atmosphere composition experiment on Atmosphere Explorer C measured N2, O, Ar, and He densities during a magnetic storm at altitudes down to about 160 km. At latitudes above 45 deg N, N2 and Ar densities generally increase during the storm, while He and O densities decrease. Below 45 deg N all densities tend to increase during the storm. The density increases at perigee indicate that density- or temperature-profile changes are taking place below 160 km. The return to prestorm conditions is very slow, demonstrating the integrating effect of the atmospheric response. A recent theoretical model incorporating thermospheric circulation and diffusion effects reproduces the longitudinally averaged data, including latitude trends and the asymmetry about the storm maximum. Comparison with the mass-spectrometer and incoherent-scatter empirical model shows qualitative agreement with latitude trends but not with storm asymmetry, while the earlier J71 model based on total mass density is not in agreement with observed latitudinal trends. A close correlation is found between in situ O/N2 measurements and in situ and ground-based ionosonde measurements of electron density.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Aug. 1
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    Solar proton event - Influence on stratospheric ozone (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Large-scale reductions in the ozone content of the middle and upper stratosphere over the polar cap regions were associated with the major solar proton event of 4 August 1972. This reduction, which was determined from measurements with the backscattered ultraviolet experiment on the Nimbus 4 satellite, is interpreted as being due to the catalytic destruction of ozone by odd-nitrogen compounds (NOx) produced by the event.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 197; Aug. 26
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  • 63
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    Low Reynolds number flow past a blunt axisymmetric body at angle of attack (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Low Reynolds number flow of an ideal gas over a blunt axisymmetric body of large half-angle at small angles of attack is investigated, for the case of laminar hypersonic flow. Time-varying viscous shock layer equations describing the flowfield are obtained from the full Navier-Stokes system by keeping terms to second order in the inverse square root of Re in both viscous and inviscid regions; the equations are valid for moderate to high Re. Drag, skin friction, and heating rates were obtained at small (or zero) angles of attack. Conditions experienced by planetary entry probes during the high-altitude (early) legs of an atmospheric entry trajectory are pertinent to the problem.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Aug. 197
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  • 64
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    Model of climate evolution based on continental drift and polar wandering (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The thermodynamic meteorologic model of Adem is used to trace the evolution of climate from Triassic to present time by applying it to changing geography as described by continental drift and polar wandering. Results show that the gross changes of climate in the Northern Hemisphere can be fully explained by the strong cooling in high latitudes as continents moved poleward. High-latitude mean temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere dropped below the freezing point 10 to 15 m.y. ago, thereby accounting for the late Cenozoic glacial age. Computed meridional temperature gradients for the Northern Hemisphere steepened from 20 to 40 C over the 200-m.y. period, an effect caused primarily by the high-latitude temperature decrease. The primary result of the work is that the cooling that has occurred since the warm Mesozoic period and has culminated in glaciation is explainable wholly by terrestrial processes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geological Society of America; vol. 88
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  • 65
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    Diurnal variations in the thermosphere. II - Temperature, composition, and winds (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The fundamental diurnal component of temperature, composition and wind fields is discussed for the thermosphere, the results delineated in terms of energy sources in the lower atmosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere, illustrating their relative significance. The diurnal component in the composition of H, He, O, O2 and Ar has been analyzed in terms of effects from thermal expansion in diffusive equilibrium and transport processes associated with chemistry, wind circulation, exospheric flow and escape. Next to thermal expansion, wind-induced diffusion is the single most important process; it dominates the diurnal variations of He and prevails in the variations of O, O2 and Ar below 200 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; July 1
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  • 66
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    Very-high-resolution far-infrared measurements of atmospheric emission from aircraft (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Instrument problems and technical results are discussed for an experiment in which an absolute spectrometric radiometer was flown aboard a NASA aircraft at altitudes of 33,000 to 41,000 ft to measure atmospheric emission in the spectral range from 5 to 40 kaysers with a resolution of about 0.03 kayser apodized. The instrument used was actually a polarizing interferometer, and the atmosphere was observed at fixed zenith angles constant to within plus or minus 0.1 deg. The only problem noted was the spoilage of some interferograms by spikes due to electrical interference from the aircraft radio transmission system. A spectrum of the atmospheric-emission brightness temperature obtained with real-time calibration is examined, and the spectral resolution, S/N ratio, and total instrument efficiency are evaluated. The experimental S/N ratio is estimated to be between 40 and 100.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 67
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    Spherical asymmetry in thermospheric magnetic storms (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is suggested that spherical asymmetries in heat-input distribution during magnetic storms could be important in moving the center of thermospheric circulation toward the equator. Circumstantial evidence from neutral-composition data obtained by two satellites during a series of strong geomagnetic substorms is shown to suggest a pronounced hemispherical asymmetry in magnetic-storm-related energy deposition and to support the circulation concept. Ground-based observations of the F2 peak density in both hemispheres are used to complement the composition data and to confirm the concept of hemispherical asymmetry. The composition data are analyzed quantitatively on the basis of a linear circulation model for the cases of a zero heat source in the Northern Hemisphere, factor-of-two differences between the heat sources in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and identical heat sources in both hemispheres. The results are found to be in qualitative agreement with the suggestion of pronounced asymmetry in thermospheric circulation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 25; July 197
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  • 68
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    Evaluation of flight spoilers for vortex alleviation (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes the facilities and test procedures used in a series of wind-tunnel and full-scale flight investigations of the effectiveness of flight spoilers currently existing on wide-bodied transport jet aircraft when used as trailing vortex hazard alleviation devices. Examples of the results of such studies include the variation of trailing wing rolling-moment coefficient with downstream distance behind a B-747 airplane model with various segments of its flight spoilers deflected 45 deg, and comparisons with models without spoilers deflected. It is concluded that the existing flight spoilers on the B-747 are effective as trailing vortex attenuators.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 14; Aug. 197
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  • 69
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    The effect of ablation injection on radiative and convective heating (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A viscous shock-layer analysis for calculating high energy equilibrium flow fields about blunt axisymmetric bodies is applied to the problem of massive ablation injection with radiation transport. A nongray radiation model is used that accounts for both line and continuum radiation. The solution method is direct and provides both stagnation and downstream solutions. Results for shock heated air show that phenolic-nylon injection is substantially more effective in reducing the wall radiant flux than air injection. Also, for large included body angles, the wall radiative flux and the coupled phenolic-nylon injection rate do not continue to decrease with increasing distance downstream.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 70
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    Auroral vector electric field and particle comparisons. I - Preliminary convection topology (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data obtained by Polar 3, launched from northern Norway January 27, 1974, are interpreted. The rocket, which traversed nearly 3 deg of latitude, crossed over a stable IBC II auroral arc in the positive bay region and continued north to a convection boundary which has been identified as the Harang discontinuity. Measurements of the complete electric field vector, of energetic electrons, and of auroral emissions were used to study the convection topology in the premagnetic midnight region. The inverted V nature of the electron precipitations at the convection boundary, compared with the lack of such structure over the arc which was within the positive bay region, is thought to indicate that auroral arcs are likely to be associated with inverted V type precipitation only at or poleward of convection boundaries and their eddy structures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; June 1
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  • 71
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    Auroral vector electric field and particle comparisons. II - Electrodynamics of an arc (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports the results of energetic auroral electron and vector electric field measurements taken near and above a discrete auroral form and discusses their electrodynamic implications. Height-integrated Hall and Pedersen conductivities are computed in a quantitative fashion along the rocket payload trajectory. These conductivities, together with the electric fields, are used to describe the local auroral electrojet current system and to demonstrate an inverse relationship between the local electric field intensity and the height-integrated Pedersen conductivity. An analysis is presented of the divergence of both the electric field and the horizontal current as an effort to infer space charge densities and magnetic-field-aligned electrical currents near an auroral arc.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; June 1
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  • 72
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    Comment on 'Drag coefficient of spheres in continuum and rarefied flows' (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A paper by Henderson (1976) provides a method of predicting experimental sphere drag data. This approach uses two equations for the drag coefficient, one for relative Mach number less than one, one for relative Mach number greater than 1.75. For relative Mach numbers between these limits a linear interpolation procedure is followed. In a comment on this paper, it is claimed, on the basis of comparing predictions with experimental results, that a method proposed by Walsh (1975) gives better predictions of the drag coefficient for relative Mach numbers less than 1.75, provided that a modification of the procedure is made for relative Mach numbers less than 0.1. For values over 1.75, both methods are considered equally accurate. In a reply to this comment, it is agreed that the Walsh method is more accurate when Reynolds numbers are within a range between 20 and 200, and Mach numbers are between 0.5 and 1.25. Presumed errors and possible limitations in the Walsh procedure for predicting drag coefficients are discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; June 197
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  • 73
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    Maximum theoretical angular accuracy of planar and linear arrays of sensors (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The maximum theoretical accuracy in the angular location of a radiating object that can be obtained by using a planar or linear array is studied. The elements are assumed to have identical radiation patterns and the complex voltages observed at their ports are assumed to be subject to phase measurement errors, having normal probability density. An optimum scheme for the statistical extraction of the parameters defining the direction is established noting that the presence of thermal noise does not affect the structure of the estimator. Comparisons with the conventional multiple interferometric techniques are made.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-13; Mar. 197
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  • 74
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    Ultraviolet response of InGaAsP photocathodes (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three type VPM 164 photomultiplier tubes with III-IV compound InGaAsP reflective photocathodes were developed for use in ground-based and space-borne astronomical detectors. Although the achieved response of about 0.02% quantum efficiency at 1.083 microns fell short of the goal of 1% quantum efficiency, the broadband characteristics are still considerably better than those of the S-1 photocathode.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Apr. 197
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  • 75
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    Empirical models of high-latitude electric fields (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observational models of high-latitude dawn-dusk electric fields, quantitatively based on Ogo 6 measurements, are presented for the two Northern Hemisphere (summer) distributions that occur, respectively, when the interplanetary magnetic field is in the -Y or +Y hemisphere in solar ecliptic coordinates. Both models are representative of conditions which produce magnetic disturbance levels corresponding to Kp of approximately 3. Model cross sections are also given for two selected time periods when the fields were exceptionally weak or strong and were accompanied by magnetic conditions corresponding to Kp of zero or AE of about 1000, respectively. An attempt is made to construct convection patterns resembling the original idealizations of Axford and Hines (1961) in order to obtain convective continuity within the observed boundaries. Since the result is not realistic in representing observations near the Harang discontinuity in the nightside auroral belt, the pattern is modified to fit typical conditions near that discontinuity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Mar. 1
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  • 76
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    Effects of soft electron precipitation on the distribution of vibrational energy of N2 (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper investigates the direct effect of soft electron precipitation on the nitrogen vibrational distribution and on the rate coefficient for the ion-atom interchange reaction between O(+) and N2, using a spectrum of the precipitating electrons characteristic of the dayside cusp region. Substantial increases in the nitrogen vibrational temperature and in the rate of the O(+) destruction reaction do not occur unless the flux of incident electrons is as large as 1 trillion per sq cm/sec. For such large fluxes, departures of the vibrational distribution from a Boltzmann distribution have a significant effect on the rate coefficient. Incident fluxes less than 100 billion per sq cm/sec, such as are usually observed, have little direct effect on nitrogen vibration, although the indirect effect resulting from enhanced electron temperatures might be important.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Jan. 1
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  • 77
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    Airborne bathymetric charting using pulsed blue-green lasers (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Laboratory and airborne experiments have proven the feasibility and demonstrated the techniques of an airborne pulsed laser system for rapidly mapping coastal water bathymetry. Water depths of 10 plus or minus 0.25 m were recorded in waters having an effective attenuation coefficient of 0.175 m. A 2-MW peak power Nd:YAG pulsed laser was flown at an altitude of 600 m. An advanced system, incorporating a mirror scanner, a high pulsed rate laser, and a good signal processor, could survey coastal zones at the rate of several square miles per hour.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Jan. 197
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  • 78
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    One-dimensional models (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The current status of predictions by one dimensional models is reported. The following items are discussed: (1) model mechanics; (2) the parametric simulation of vertical transport, the effects of diurnally varying reactants; and (3) molecular multiple scattering. Possible sinks for chlorofluoromethanes is discussed as well as the uncertanties involved on making predictions of stratospheric ozone change.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Chlorofluoromethanes and the Stratosphere; p 133-195
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  • 79
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    Problems in the use of interference filters for spectrophotometric determination of total ozone (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An analysis of the use of ultraviolet narrow-band interference filters for total ozone determination is given with reference to the New Zealand filter spectrophotometer under the headings of filter monochromaticity, temperature dependence, orientation dependence, aging, and specification tolerances and nonuniformity. Quantitative details of each problem are given, together with the means used to overcome them in the New Zealand instrument. The tuning of the instrument's filter center wavelengths to a common set of values by tilting the filters is also described, along with a simple calibration method used to adjust and set these center wavelengths.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Aug. 197
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  • 80
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    Vortex lattice prediction of subsonic aerodynamics of hypersonic vehicle concepts (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The vortex lattice method introduced by Lamar and Gloss (1975) was applied to the prediction of subsonic aerodynamic characteristics of hypersonic body-wing configurations. The reliability of the method was assessed through comparison of the calculated and observed aerodynamic performances of two National Hypersonic Flight Research Facility craft at Mach 0.2. The investigation indicated that a vortex lattice model involving 120 or more panel elements can give good results for the lift and induced drag coefficients of the craft, as well as for the pitching moment at angles of attack below 10 to 15 deg. Automated processes for calculating the local slopes of mean-camber surfaces may also render the method suitable for use in preliminary design phases.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 14; Oct. 197
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  • 81
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    Liquid helium-cooled MOSFET preamplifier for use with astronomical bolometer (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A liquid helium-cooled p-channel enhancement mode MOSFET, the 3N167, is found to have sufficiently low noise for use as a preamplifier with helium-cooled bolometers that are used in infrared astronomy. Its characteristics at 300, 77, and 4.2 K are presented. It is also shown to have useful application with certain photoconductive and photovoltaic infrared detectors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Apr. 197
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  • 82
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    Apparatus for measuring the force of gravity on freely falling electrons (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An apparatus and data analysis technique for measuring the gravitational force on freely falling electrons are described. The measurement required that all forces acting on the electrons be uniform and measurable to about ten to the negative 11th power eV/m. The electrical force along the axis of the 5-cm-diam, vertical copper tube used in the experiment was found to be about six times ten to the negative 11th power eV/m when the tube was cooled to 4.2 K. Forces on electrons due to magnetic field gradients were reduced well below the electrical ones by selecting only ground state electrons for measurement. The absence, at 4.2 K, of much stronger electric fields, which were expected to arise from the patch effect and from differential lattice components, contrasts strongly with measurements of electric fields near metal surfaces made at room temperature.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Jan. 197
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  • 83
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    The effect of bandwidth on filter instrument total ozone accuracy (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of the width and shape of the New Zealand filter instrument's passbands on measured total-ozone accuracy is determined using a numerical model of the spectral measurement process. The model enables the calculation of corrections for the 'bandwidth-effect' error and shows that highly attenuating passband skirts and well-suppressed leakage bands are at least as important as narrow half-bandwidths. Over typical ranges of airmass and total ozone, the range in the bandwidth-effect correction is about 2% in total ozone for the filter instrument, compared with about 1% for the Dobson instrument.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Aug. 197
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  • 84
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    Cooling effectiveness of slot injection into a turbulent boundary layer (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The cooling effectiveness of injection through multiple flush slots at an angle of 10 deg was studied experimentally in a wind tunnel. Air was injected from one to four slots into a turbulent Mach 6 boundary layer. The slot mass flow ratio is defined, and data which describe the dependence of the cooling effectiveness on the slot mass flow ratio are presented. Experimental values are indicated graphically for various cases of single and multiple slot injection, where the total mass injection (i.e., the sum of flow rates from each slot) is the same for each case. The results show that, for a given coolant mass flow rate, thermal protection over the maximum surface area can be accomplished best by injecting the coolant flow through multiple slots.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Sept
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  • 85
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    Effective cross sections and rate constants for predissociation of ClO in the earth's atmosphere (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 18; Aug. 197
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  • 86
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    Spectral radiance calibrations between 165-300 nm - An interlaboratory comparison (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectral radiance of deuterium lamps calibrated by the Max-Planck-Institut fuer Astronomie (MPI), by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS), and by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) are compared to check the agreement of UV radiometric scales. The NBS group used the optically thin continuum radiation from a wall-stabilized hydrogen arc as its fundamental radiometric standard, while the MPI and PTB groups used the synchrotron radiation facility in DESY. It is found that the spectral radiance scales based upon the DESY synchrotron and the NBS hydrogen arc are consistent, at least for one wavelength relative to another.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; July 197
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  • 87
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    A global thermospheric model based on mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data MSIS. II - Composition (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of O, He, and Ar from neutral gas mass spectrometers on four satellites (Ogo 6, San Marco 3, Aeros A, and AEC-C) and inferred oxygen and hydrogen densities from an ion mass spectrometer on AE-C have been combined with a neutral temperature and nitrogen density model to produce a global model of thermospheric composition in terms of inferred variations at 120 km. The data set covers the time period from mid-1969 to mid-1975. The MSIS (mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data) model is compared with the Ogo 6 model (Hedin et al., 1974). Ar variations at 120 km tend to be in phase with temperature variations and inverse to the He, O, and H variations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; June 1
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  • 88
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    The plasmapause revisited (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A statistical investigation is conducted concerning the plasmapause behavior observed from Explorer 45 during various levels of magnetic activity. Aspects of data handling are reported and the implications of a constant density level for a plasmapause definition are discussed. The average local time dependence of the gradient saturation events and the sharp saturation events detected on Explorer 45 is shown with the aid of graphs. Other graphs show the results of the statistical processing operations. The significance of the obtained data is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Apr. 1
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  • 89
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    Daytime chemistry of NO/+/ from Atmosphere Explorer-C measurements (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Jan. 1
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  • 90
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    Terrestrial kilometric radiation. II - Emission from the magnetospheric cusp and dayside magnetosheath (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of the location of sources of terrestrial kilometric radiation obtained with the lunar-orbiting Radio Astronomy Explorer 2 satellite have revealed a class of emission associated with the cusp and dayside magnetosheath. At frequencies near 250 kHz, this emission is observed at radial distances between 2 and 20 earth radii at magnetic latitudes of 75 to 80 deg and is most often detected during periods of auroral activity and southward orientation of the interplanetary magnetic-field vertical component. During very disturbed times, the emission at the lowest frequencies (below about 200 kHz) appears to come from the dayside magnetosheath at distances of at least 12 earth radii. Whenever the geomagnetic dipole is tilted significantly with respect to the ecliptic pole, the cusp emission is confined to the hemisphere containing the subsolar point. The measurements also suggest that the region of cusp emission is rather narrowly confined in longitude to within a few hours of the noon meridian.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Jan. 1
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  • 91
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    Electron and ion temperatures - A comparison of ground-based incoherent scatter and AE-C satellite measurements (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents the results of comparisons of AE-C electron temperature of the ionosphere determined from the cylindrical electrostatic probe and the ion temperature of the ionosphere determined from the planar retarding potential analyzer with electron and ion temperatures determined from four incoherent scatter facilities: Arecibo, St. Santin, Millstone Hill, and Chatanika. Good agreement was obtained between the in situ and remote measurements of electron and ion temperatures. Longitudinal variations are found to be very important in the comparison of electron temperatures at some locations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Jan. 1
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  • 92
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    Measurements and analysis of ozone variations (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The techniques that were used for total ozone and vertical distribution including measurement accuracy and precision are briefly discussed. A description of data availability is provided, and sample total ozone and stratospheric data are presented to illustrate the trends that were deduced from the data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Chlorofluoromethanes and the Stratosphere; p 51-88
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  • 93
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    Laboratory measurements (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A compilation of chemical and photochemical data that are relevant to stratospheric modeling is presented. There are three broad categories of data: (1) rate constants for chemical reactions, including temperature and pressure dependencies along with product distributions; (2) absorption cross sections, photodissociation quantum yield, and photolysis; (3) heterogeneous chemical processes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Chlorofluoromethanes and the Stratosphere; p 1-50
    Format: text
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  • 94
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    A K-band radiometer for the microwave weather project (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The design of a K-band radiometer for use in the microwave weather project is discussed. The major components of the system, such as feedhorn, waveguide switch, and receiver assembly are described. The system will be installed at DSS 13 at Goldstone, California, when completed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 66-69
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  • 95
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    Digital high density (80 Mb/s) tape (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Work with a state-of-the-art high density PCM tape recorder reproducer system is described. The tape recorder is designed for 80 Mb/s operation at an overall bit error rate of .00001and for 40 Mb/s operation at .000001. The article describes the process of measuring the error rate. Also detailed is a data rate buffer designed for use in recent radar experiments and generalizable to most potential uses of the recorder system.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 110-118
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  • 96
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    Characteristics of first order shock induced magnetic transitions in iron and discrimination from TRM (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Reflected light microscopy provides information on first-order shock transitions in iron and iron-nickel and permits discrimination of microstructures due to shock transitions from those imparted by thermal transitions. In addition, thin-foil electron microscopy is used to characterize magnetic transitions in fine-particle iron. First-order magnetic phase changes, such as that from the antiferromagnetic face centered cubic state to the ferromagnetic body centered cubic state, are studied with the aim of calibrating the shock and thermal mechanisms of magnetization in iron with a particle size range between 250 and 1200 A. The efficiency of remanence due to shock transition is also estimated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 97
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    Noise calibration repeatability of an airborne third-generation radiometer (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A third-generation S-band radiometer has been calibrated at intervals over 3.5 years. The built-in stabilization concepts have proven to be very effective. In spite of some nonideal conditions (on runway, in wind, and in rain), an rms value of 0.7-K calibration repeatability has been observed with an average temperature deviation (bias error) of 0.03 K.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques; MTT-25; Oct. 197
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  • 98
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    Wall cooling effects on hypersonic transitional/turbulent boundary layers at high Reynolds numbers (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The characteristics of a thick hypersonic boundary layer turbulent for a length of 175 cm on a 4 deg sharp wedge were measured. The resulting boundary layer was free from transverse curvature effects and only mildly affected by upstream history effects caused by pressure and wall temperature gradients. Heat-transfer distributions were used to locate regions of laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow at an edge unit Reynolds number of 470,000 cm at wall-to-total temperature ratios from about 0.3 to 1. Wall cooling had little effect on the location of the transition region. Pitot and total temperature profiles and skin-friction measurements were obtained at several locations along the model longitudinal centerline. Mixing length and turbulent Prandtl number distributions were derived from the fully turbulent mean profiles.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Oct. 197
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  • 99
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    Instrumental sensing of stationary source emissions (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A variety of programs have been conducted within EPA to evaluate the capability of various ground-based remote-sensing techniques for measuring the SO2 concentration, velocity, and opacity of effluents from coal-burning power plants. The results of the remote measurements were compared with the results of instack measurements made using EPA reference methods. Attention is given to infrared gas-filter correlation radiometry for SO2 concentration, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for SO2 concentration, ultraviolet matched-filter correlation spectroscopy for SO2 concentration, infrared and ultraviolet television for velocity and SO2 concentration, infrared laser-Doppler velocimetry for plume velocity, and visible laser radar for plume opacity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Environmental Science and Technology; 11; Oct. 197
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  • 100
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    VLBI clock sync and the earth's rotational instability (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Preparation is being made by the DSN to monitor the stability of its clocks and frequency standards in the 64 meter net by means of VLBI. Since variations in the earth's rotation rate represent an error source to VLBI clock synchronization, the Allan Variance of the earth rotation was calculated to find that, in a long-term sense at least, these variations do not noticeably increase the differential instability of two clocks as measured by Intercontinental VLBI.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 81-84
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