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  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (532)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (532)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1977  (219)
  • 1975  (313)
Collection
Keywords
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (532)
  • 1940-1944
Year
  • 1
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    Instrumentation for space flight experiments (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The selection of measurement systems for experiments conducted in the context of a space flight must be guided by the criteria applicable to any scientific study requiring objective measurements of physiological variables. Steps fundamental to the process of choosing the best instrumentation system are identified and the key factors in matching the operational characteristics of the instrumentation to its intended use are discussed. Special problems in obtaining data from nonhuman primates, whether restrained or unrestrained, are explored. Choices for data processing are evaluated as well as the use of prototype flight tests and simulations to assess future life science experiments for spacelab or payloads for the space shuttle biomedical scientific satellite.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Use of Nonhuman Primates in Space; p 225-243
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  • 2
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    An aneroid pressure sensor for constant-level balloons (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The pressure sensor for the Tropical Wind Energy conversion and Reference Level Experiment (TWERLE) is described. Key design features of the sensor are: capacitive coupling, reference at midrange, up-down counting, passive oven, storage at flight pressure and prelaunch calibration. Sensor specifications are given which are based on the production results of 440 units. Drift, as estimated from simulated life tests, is 1 mb per 6 months. The overall weight of the sensor, including thermal package, is 180 g.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Sept
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  • 3
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    Infrared upconversion as a means of seeing in the dark (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new approach to seeing in the dark is described which is based on the principles of nonlinear optics employing a crystal such as lithium iodate. A nonlinear optical device capable of producing photons at higher frequencies from lower-frequency incident light is shown to upconvert infrared light directly into visible light. The major advantages of the infrared upconversion process is that it permits the infrared signal to be detected by photon-counting devices presently available for the visible spectral region, and that it can provide sensitivity to infrared radiation without the need for cryogenic cooling of the detector used. Early works on infrared upconversion are reviewed. The development of applications is discussed as to astronomical spectroscopy and infrared image upconversion involving either angular or positional resolution elements. The demonstration of infrared upconversion in rectangular waveguides of single-crystal GaAs by Anderson et al. (1971) indicates future possibilities in upconversion by the use of integrated optics devices.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Sciences Center Newsletter; 9; May 1975
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  • 4
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    An infrared heterodyne radiometer for high-resolution measurements of solar radiation and atmospheric transmission (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A tunable, Dicke-switched, infrared heterodyne radiometer (IHR) has been designed, fabricated, tested, and used to observe solar radiation and determine the atmospheric transmissivity in the 9-11-micron spectral band. The IHR provides a spectral resolution of 0.0067 reciprocal cm, a minimum detectable power level of 2.9 times ten to the minus twenty-third power W/Hz, and a temperature resolution of less than 1 K for a source temperature of 1000 K, an IF predetection bandwidth of 100 MHz, and an integration time of 30 s. Detailed design equations and measured IHR performance are presented. The IHR was used to make solar and atmospheric transmission measurements, and a vertical-path atmospheric attenuation of 2.3 dB has been established under favorable weather conditions. The attenuation of solar radiation due to cloud cover and haze has also been investigated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics; QE-11; Aug. 197
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  • 5
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    The Viking Mars lander camera (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The 7.3 kg cameras for the 1976 Viking Mars expedition feature an array of 12 silicon photodiodes, including six spectral bands for color and near-infrared imaging with an angular resolution of 0.12 deg and four focus steps for broadband imaging, with an improved angular resolution of 0.04 deg. The field of view in elevation ranges from 40 deg above to 60 deg below the horizon, and in azimuth ranges to 342.5 deg. The cameras are mounted 0.8 m apart to provide a stereo view of the area accessible to a surface sampler for biological and chemical investigations. The scanning rates are synchronized to the lander data transmission rates of 16000 bits per sec to the Viking orbiters as relay stations and 250 bits per sec directly to earth. However, image data can also be stored on a lander tape recorder. About 10 million bits of image data will be transmitted during most days of the 60-day-long mission planned for each lander.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; May 1975
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  • 6
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    The Pioneer XI high field fluxgate magnetometer (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The high field fluxgate magnetometer experiment flown aboard the Pioneer XI spacecraft is described. This extremely simple instrument was used to extend the spacecraft's upper-limit measurement capability by approximately an order of magnitude (from 0.14 mT to 1.00 mT) with minimum power and volume requirements. This magnetometer was designed to complement the low-field measurements provided by a helium vector magnetometer and utilizes magnetic ring core sensors with biaxial orthogonal sense coils. The instrument is a single-range, triaxial-fluxgate magnetometer capable of measuring fields of up to 1 mT along each orthogonal axis, with a maximum resolution of 1 microT.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; May 1975
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  • 7
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    Effect of grid transparency and finite collector size on determining ion temperature and density by the retarding potential analyzer (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of the grid transparency and finite collector size on the values of thermal ion density and temperature determined by the standard RPA (retarding potential analyzer) analysis method are investigated. The current-voltage curves calculated for varying RPA parameters and a given ion mass, temperature, and density are analyzed by the standard RPA method. It is found that only small errors in temperature and density are introduced for an RPA with typical dimensions, and that even when the density error is substantial for nontypical dimensions, the temperature error remains minimum.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 8
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    Phase correction for a Michelson interferometer with misaligned mirrors (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The phase correction for a Michelson interferometer with misaligned mirrors in converging light is shown to give rise to a quadratic phase shift. In general, the calculation of a spectrum from the measured interferogram needs phase correction. Phase corrections have been well worked out for the cases of a linear phase shift and a phase that is slowly varying. The standard procedures for correcting calculated spectra need to be modified, however, to remove any phase errors resulting from misaligned mirrors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; June 197
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  • 9
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    The Pioneer 10/11 and Helios A/B cosmic ray instruments (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper describes the design and performance of a set of cosmic-ray particle experiments for the Pioneer 10/11 and Helios A/B space missions. These experiments had to be very light-weight, low-power and electronically sophisticated in order to meet the spacecraft and scientific requirements. Both sets of missions use several solid-state detector telescopes to measure protons from 100 KeV to 800 MeV and heavier ions up to Neon at 200 MeV per nucleon. Good performance is required for 7-8 years, and the system must tolerate large vibration loads and ionizing radiation doses up to 500,000 rads.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 10
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    Mass-dependent channel electron multiplier operation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The absolute counting efficiency and pulse height distributions of a continuous-channel electron multiplier used in the detection of hydrogen, argon and xenon ions are assessed. The assessment technique, which involves the post-acceleration of 8-eV ion beams to energies from 100 to 4000 eV, provides information on counting efficiency versus post-acceleration voltage characteristics over a wide range of ion mass. The charge pulse height distributions for H2 (+), A (+) and Xe (+) were measured by operating the experimental apparatus in a marginally gain-saturated mode. It was found that gain saturation occurs at lower channel multiplier operating voltages for light ions such as H2 (+) than for the heavier ions A (+) and Xe (+), suggesting that the technique may be used to discriminate between these two classes of ions in electrostatic analyzers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Aug. 197
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  • 11
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    Galatry profile convolved with the Fabry-Perot instrument function (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The physical conditions in laboratory gases and in the upper atmosphere of the planets, including earth, can be deduced from a measurement of the intensity and line profile of different radiating molecules. Because of the low pressures in the upper atmospheres, many molecular lines with small pressure-broadening coefficients are collisionally narrowed. These lines are resolvable with a Fabry-Perot interferometer. Analytical expressions are given relating the measured line intensity and profile to the true line intensity and profile. A deconvolution of the measured profile gives the parameters A, beta, and K characterizing the collisionally narrowed Galatry profile. General expressions for the nonideal interferometer are discussed, and, specifically, mirror defects and a limited detector aperture are treated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; June 197
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  • 12
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    A CW ultrasonic bolt-strain monitor (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: There exists a need for a relatively inexpensive system for measuring strain in bolts. The torque wrench is one technique for straining bolts which has been widely applied. Unfortunately, friction in the bolt threads and between the nut and the work tend to make such a simple system inaccurate. In practice, a torque wrench is unacceptable for many situations where strain is critical. In this article, an ultrasonic technique is described which can indicate changes in bolt strain to better than one part in 10,000. The technique is based on the one-dimensional propagating-ultrasonic-wave model and uses a new ultrasonic instrument called a Reflection Oscillator Ultrasonic Spectrometer which is a closed-loop feedback marginal-oscillator system that frequency locks the device to the peak of a mechanical resonance in the bolt. The instrument indicates a shift in the bolt resonance frequency due to elongation and changes in velocity of sound due to strain. Data are presented comparing a standard torque wrench to the ultrasonic monitor for different measured stresses on the bolt as well as for different bolt conditions. The strain instrument can be used to monitor changing stresses, to measure material properties and may be applied as a strain gage or load cell.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Experimental Mechanics; 17; May 1977
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  • 13
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    Thermal diffusivity measurements of particulates using the differentiated line source (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method is described in which thermal diffusivity measurements can be made on particulate materials using the identical instrumentation as described in previous papers for measuring thermal conductivity. The measurements for the two properties can be made simultaneously, thus eliminating the changes in conditions when they are made separately. This system has particular application for studies of simulated lunar, planetary, or asteroidal surfaces in which laboratory measurements can be correlated with astronomical observations of thermal inertia. A representative set of data is shown which gives thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity measurements on a particulate basalt in which the values for each temperature were taken simultaneously. A value for specific heat is calculated for measurements taken at each temperature.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; May 1975
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  • 14
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    Apparatus for production, measurement and reaction studies of dissociated gases at elevated temperatures (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An apparatus is described which is used for the controlled production, characterization, and study of dissociated gases in a microwave discharge at elevated temperatures. A unique feature is the ability to produce and study a microwave discharge plasma in the heated zone. This allows elevated temperature reactions to be studied in high concentrations of dissociated gases. Further, the system permits weight change measurements of specimens in the plasma, thus facilitating reaction rate determinations. Included is a description of a cavity for use on a 50-mm diameter cylindrical reactor. The effects of flow rate, pressure, temperature, power, metal sample, and sampling position on dissociation percentage of oxygen in the apparatus are described as well as a technique for sample temperature measurements in the plasma which permits determination of high temperature recombination coefficients and reaction rates.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science; PS-3; June 197
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  • 15
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    Pulse modulation effect on velocity fringes (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The degradation of a hologram caused by object motion can be utilized to measure the rate of change of the length of an object beam. A rectangular shaped laser pulse is ordinarily used to illuminate the object in such an investigation. The velocity fringes obtained are considered in the calculation. There are no velocity fringes for Gaussian shaped pulses or for the pulses produced by a Q-switched ruby laser. It is shown with the aid of a mathematical analysis that a pulse of oscillating intensity or a pulse train will yield velocity fringes regardless of the shape of an individual pulse.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; May 1975
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  • 16
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    The development of an L-band radiometer dual-mode horn (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An antenna was developed for the remote microwave measurement of ocean surface temperature during a flight test in a C54 aircraft. The basic antenna is a conical dual-mode horn similar to the dual-mode horn described by Potter (1963). The pertinent internal dimensions of the horn are given. The measured E and H plane patterns for the linearly polarized horn for a range of frequencies are shown in a graph.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-23; May 1975
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  • 17
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    A new high-speed solar spectrograph for meter and decameter wavelengths (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Solar Physics; 40; Feb. 197
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  • 18
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    Collecting efficiency of a cylindrical mirror electron energy analyzer with pre-retarding lens (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The electron collecting efficiency of a cylindrical mirror energy analyzer incorporating retardation of the electrons prior to analysis has been determined over the range 0 to 30 eV by two methods. The first method requires the use of a vacuum ultraviolet monochromator to produce monoenergetic electrons of different energies; the second method involves measuring the energy-brightness relationship of the retarding optics and should be applicable to any deflection analyzer with pre-retarding optics. The results of the two methods are compared and the limitations of the latter method are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena; 6; 1975
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  • 19
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    An all-sky camera for time-resolved lightning photography (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Mar. 197
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  • 20
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    Calibration of a cylindrical RF capacitance probe (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ambient electron concentrations derived from observations with the Radio Astronomy Explorer 1 antenna capacitance probe have been compared with upper hybrid resonance measurements from the same spacecraft. From this comparison an empirical correction factor for the capacitance probe measurements has been derived. The differences between the two types of measurements is attributed to sheath effects.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 21
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    The use of Whatman-41 filters for high volume air sampling (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The feasibility of using W41 filter media on a routine TSP high-volume monitoring network was determined by comparison with glass fiber (GF) filtering. Results indicate that suspended particulate samples from GF filters averaged slightly, but not significantly, higher than those from Whatman-41 filters. Some extra handling procedures were required to avoid errors due to the hygroscopic nature of W41 filters; these added procedures are not overly burdensome, however, and they allow the performance of analytical work, thus extending the capabilities of high-volume sampling. It was demonstrated that W41 filters are practical for air quality monitoring and elemental analysis in environments similar to Cleveland's.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Atmospheric Environment; 9; 1975
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  • 22
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    Infrared heterodyne spectroscopy of astronomical and laboratory sources at 8.5 microns (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is pointed out that the first successful infrared heterodyne spectrometer featuring semituneable semiconductor diode lasers was constructed and used near 8.5 micrometers to make laboratory measurements of line profiles in nitrous oxide and to detect thermal emission from Mars and from the moon. Questions of instrument design are discussed along with the significance of the results obtained in the investigation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nature; 253; Feb. 13
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  • 23
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    Two high resolution velocity vector analyzers for cosmic dust particles (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two new methods are described to measure velocities and angles of incidence of charged cosmic dust particles with precisions of about 1% and 1 deg, respectively. Both methods employ four one-dimensional position-sensitive detectors in series. The first method utilizes a charge-dividing technique while the second utilizes a time-of-flight technique for determining the position of a particle inside the instrument. The velocity vectors are measured although mechanical interaction between the particle and the instrument is completely avoided. Applications to cosmic dust composition and collection experiments are discussed. The range of radii of measurable particles is from about 0.01 to 100 microns at velocities from 1 to 80 km/sec.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; Feb. 197
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  • 24
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    Plastic scintillation counters with an area of 2 sq m (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two designs of plastic scintillation counters with an area of 2 sq m scanned in each case by a single photomultiplier of the FEU-49 type are described. The radial dependence of their light collection at the place of the path of the detected particle does not exceed 10% while the half width of the differential distribution of the pulse amplitudes from nonfiltered cosmic radiation at sea level is 90 to 95%, and 65%, the plastic thickness being 5 cm and 10 cm, respectively. The temperature coefficient of the counter is 0.32% per 1 C.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 389-393
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  • 25
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    Generalization of formulas for ionization energy losses and collision cross section in threshold detectors (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two types of formulas were obtained for (- dE/dx) and the number of collisions per unit of path length (dN/dx) = const, which depend on W sub m, with due account of the polarization effect of the medium.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 355-360
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  • 26
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    Spark calorimeter: An instrument for determining particle energy of cosmic radiation (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In 1964 a spark calorimeter was installed at the NOR-Amberd Station (2000 m above sea level). The advantages of this calorimeter over the ionization calorimeter are illustrated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 349-354
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  • 27
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    An instrument for the study of the composition of the electron component of cosmic rays (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A telescope consisting of three spark chambers and two control scintillation counters has been designed and is used for investigating the composition of the cosmic ray electron component within the range of energies from 1.0 to 10.0 BeV by the EN assymetry method. The geometrical factor of the telescope is approximately 20 sq cm ster. Discharges are recorded in the chambers on a photo film. The telescope is oriented to the azimuth with an accuracy of + or - 3 deg.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 341-348
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  • 28
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    Gas threshold Cerenkov counters (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The report describes two designs are reported of gas threshold Cerenkov counters for recording electrons of primary cosmic rays without recording protons. Also presented are design and technological measures which ensure maximum light collection of the Cerenkov radiation originating on the photocathode of the photomultiplier inside the radiator. The dependence of the reflection factor on the length of the light wave for different coatings is shown as well as for the throughput of the different optical materials employed. A range of methods for determining the efficiency of the counters during the recording of cosmic ray nucons and ways of increasing it further are given.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 327-332
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  • 29
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    Certain problems in the development and design of scintillation and Cerenkov counters (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The feasibility is examined of increasing the effectiveness of the scintillation and Cerenkov counters through improving light collection of the recorded radiation on the photoelectric cathode of the photomultiplier. An example of how to select a detector of the directional plexiglas Cerenkov counter is given. Also presented are experimentally obtained amplitude distributions during the recording of cosmic ray muons. The necessity to obtain agreement between the characteristic spectrum of the photocathode of the photomultiplier and the spectrum of the recorded radiation is stressed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 302-307
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  • 30
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    A system for multichannel recording and automatic reading of information (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A system for the recording and processing of telescope data is considered for measurements of EW asymmetry. The information is recorded by 45 channels on a continuously moving 35-mm film. The dead time of the recorder is about 0.1 sec. A sorting electronic circuit is used to reduce the errors when the statistical time distribution of the pulses is recorded. The recorded information is read out by means of photoresistors. The phototransmitter signals are fed either to the mechanical recorder unit for preliminary processing, or to a logical circuit which controls the operation of the punching device. The punched tape is processed by an electronic computer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 293-297
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  • 31
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    Description of an ionization calorimeter complemented with proportional counters (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An ionization calorimeter is described with a system of proportional counters which are used to determine the charge of the particles incident to the calorimeter and to estimate the number of the secondary charged particles.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 287-289
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  • 32
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    Large neutron counters for supermonitors (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Large neutron counters designed for the neutron supermonitor with an area of about 20 sq m are reported. Statistical accuracy of the counters is 0.1% per 2 hours. Dimensions: length--2 m; diameter--150 mm; pressure--200 mm Hg. The counters are filled with BF3 gas containing over 80% of B-10.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 279-281
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  • 33
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    Quasi-microscope concept for planetary missions (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Viking lander cameras have returned stereo and multispectral views of the Martian surface with a resolution that approaches 2 mm/lp in the near field. A two-orders-of-magnitude increase in resolution could be obtained for collected surface samples by augmenting these cameras with auxiliary optics that would neither impose special camera design requirements nor limit the cameras field of view of the terrain. Quasi-microscope images would provide valuable data on the physical and chemical characteristics of planetary regoliths.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Sept
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    Maximum theoretical angular accuracy of planar and linear arrays of sensors (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The maximum theoretical accuracy in the angular location of a radiating object that can be obtained by using a planar or linear array is studied. The elements are assumed to have identical radiation patterns and the complex voltages observed at their ports are assumed to be subject to phase measurement errors, having normal probability density. An optimum scheme for the statistical extraction of the parameters defining the direction is established noting that the presence of thermal noise does not affect the structure of the estimator. Comparisons with the conventional multiple interferometric techniques are made.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-13; Mar. 197
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  • 35
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    Ultraviolet response of InGaAsP photocathodes (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three type VPM 164 photomultiplier tubes with III-IV compound InGaAsP reflective photocathodes were developed for use in ground-based and space-borne astronomical detectors. Although the achieved response of about 0.02% quantum efficiency at 1.083 microns fell short of the goal of 1% quantum efficiency, the broadband characteristics are still considerably better than those of the S-1 photocathode.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Apr. 197
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    Airborne bathymetric charting using pulsed blue-green lasers (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Laboratory and airborne experiments have proven the feasibility and demonstrated the techniques of an airborne pulsed laser system for rapidly mapping coastal water bathymetry. Water depths of 10 plus or minus 0.25 m were recorded in waters having an effective attenuation coefficient of 0.175 m. A 2-MW peak power Nd:YAG pulsed laser was flown at an altitude of 600 m. An advanced system, incorporating a mirror scanner, a high pulsed rate laser, and a good signal processor, could survey coastal zones at the rate of several square miles per hour.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Jan. 197
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    Problems in the use of interference filters for spectrophotometric determination of total ozone (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An analysis of the use of ultraviolet narrow-band interference filters for total ozone determination is given with reference to the New Zealand filter spectrophotometer under the headings of filter monochromaticity, temperature dependence, orientation dependence, aging, and specification tolerances and nonuniformity. Quantitative details of each problem are given, together with the means used to overcome them in the New Zealand instrument. The tuning of the instrument's filter center wavelengths to a common set of values by tilting the filters is also described, along with a simple calibration method used to adjust and set these center wavelengths.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Aug. 197
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  • 38
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    Liquid helium-cooled MOSFET preamplifier for use with astronomical bolometer (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A liquid helium-cooled p-channel enhancement mode MOSFET, the 3N167, is found to have sufficiently low noise for use as a preamplifier with helium-cooled bolometers that are used in infrared astronomy. Its characteristics at 300, 77, and 4.2 K are presented. It is also shown to have useful application with certain photoconductive and photovoltaic infrared detectors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Apr. 197
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  • 39
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    Apparatus for measuring the force of gravity on freely falling electrons (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An apparatus and data analysis technique for measuring the gravitational force on freely falling electrons are described. The measurement required that all forces acting on the electrons be uniform and measurable to about ten to the negative 11th power eV/m. The electrical force along the axis of the 5-cm-diam, vertical copper tube used in the experiment was found to be about six times ten to the negative 11th power eV/m when the tube was cooled to 4.2 K. Forces on electrons due to magnetic field gradients were reduced well below the electrical ones by selecting only ground state electrons for measurement. The absence, at 4.2 K, of much stronger electric fields, which were expected to arise from the patch effect and from differential lattice components, contrasts strongly with measurements of electric fields near metal surfaces made at room temperature.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Jan. 197
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  • 40
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    The effect of bandwidth on filter instrument total ozone accuracy (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of the width and shape of the New Zealand filter instrument's passbands on measured total-ozone accuracy is determined using a numerical model of the spectral measurement process. The model enables the calculation of corrections for the 'bandwidth-effect' error and shows that highly attenuating passband skirts and well-suppressed leakage bands are at least as important as narrow half-bandwidths. Over typical ranges of airmass and total ozone, the range in the bandwidth-effect correction is about 2% in total ozone for the filter instrument, compared with about 1% for the Dobson instrument.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Aug. 197
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  • 41
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    Spectral radiance calibrations between 165-300 nm - An interlaboratory comparison (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectral radiance of deuterium lamps calibrated by the Max-Planck-Institut fuer Astronomie (MPI), by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS), and by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) are compared to check the agreement of UV radiometric scales. The NBS group used the optically thin continuum radiation from a wall-stabilized hydrogen arc as its fundamental radiometric standard, while the MPI and PTB groups used the synchrotron radiation facility in DESY. It is found that the spectral radiance scales based upon the DESY synchrotron and the NBS hydrogen arc are consistent, at least for one wavelength relative to another.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; July 197
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  • 42
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    A K-band radiometer for the microwave weather project (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The design of a K-band radiometer for use in the microwave weather project is discussed. The major components of the system, such as feedhorn, waveguide switch, and receiver assembly are described. The system will be installed at DSS 13 at Goldstone, California, when completed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 66-69
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  • 43
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    The Helios A/B cosmic ray instrument /E 7/ (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper describes the design and performance of a cosmic ray particle experiment for the Helios A/B space missions. This experiment had to be very lightweight, low power and electronically sophisticated in order to meet the spacecraft and scientific requirements, and very similar to those on the Pioneer 10 and 11 missions to Jupiter. Both sets of missions use several solid-state detector telescopes to measure protons from 100 KeV to 800 MeV per nucleon. Additionally, the Helios experiment includes a proportional counter to monitor the solar X-ray activity. The experiment has functioned quite well for 5 months in space, and large quantities of data are now being received.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Raumfahrtforschung; 19; Sept
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  • 44
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    The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer /SBUV/TOMS/ for Nimbus G (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The SBUV/TOMS measures the atmospheric ozone vertical profile and the solar ultraviolet spectrum, and provides a total ozone map by means of a mechanical scan across the Nimbus track. While the SBUV/TOMS instrument has noteworthy design features such as a state-of-the-art double monochromator and fixed optical components on a nonmetallic structure, its most significant characteristic is an optimum system design based on technology proven on the BUV instrument.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 14; July-Aug
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  • 45
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    Plasma flow and fast particles in a hypervelocity accelerator - A color presentation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new concept for particle acceleration for micrometeoroid simulation was developed at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, using a high-density self-luminescent fast plasma flow to accelerate glass beads (with a diameter up to 1.0 mm) to velocities between 15-20 km/sec. After a short introduction to the operation of the hypervelocity range, the eight-converter-camera unit used for the photographs of the plasma flow and the accelerated particles is described. These photographs are obtained with an eight-segment reflecting pyramidal beam splitter. Wratten filters were mounted between the beam splitter and the converter tubes of the cameras. The photographs, which were recorded on black and white film, were used to make the matrices for the dye-color process, which produced the prints shown.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Oct. 197
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  • 46
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    CAMAC and NIM systems in the space program (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The CAMAC and NIM instrumentation systems were developed originally to serve the needs of nuclear research institutions in Europe and North America. CAMAC and NIM are currently considered in several studies at the systems level conducted by NASA and ESRO groups. NIM and CAMAC studies for applications related to the space shuttle are discussed along with the advantages provided by aspects of modularization and standardization, a use of NIM and CAMAC equipment in connection with a group of astrophysics experiments, and questions of cost effectiveness.
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  • 47
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    Entopistic scintillators (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Trajectories of cosmic rays through a balloon-borne experiment will be determined by pulse height analyzing the signals from each of the two or more phototubes coupled to each scintillator. Thin or tapered scintillators produce sufficiently strong gradients of phototube signal with respect to scintillation position that position uncertainties of about 1 cm can be achieved over 1-sq-m areas. Calculations and some test results for entopistic, or position determining, scintillators are presented.
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  • 48
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    Miniature probe for transonic flow direction measurements (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A miniature probe is developed for measuring flow direction in one plane as well as stagnation pressure in the boundary layer and near wake of a transonic airfoil. The probe tip geometry and calibration curves are given, along with near wake survey data obtained for a supercritical airfoil. The advantages of the probe are ruggedness, ease of fabrication, ability to measure flow direction at a point, and insensitivity to out-of-plane velocity components.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 13; Feb. 197
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  • 49
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    Digital high density (80 Mb/s) tape (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Work with a state-of-the-art high density PCM tape recorder reproducer system is described. The tape recorder is designed for 80 Mb/s operation at an overall bit error rate of .00001and for 40 Mb/s operation at .000001. The article describes the process of measuring the error rate. Also detailed is a data rate buffer designed for use in recent radar experiments and generalizable to most potential uses of the recorder system.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 110-118
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  • 50
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    Noise calibration repeatability of an airborne third-generation radiometer (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A third-generation S-band radiometer has been calibrated at intervals over 3.5 years. The built-in stabilization concepts have proven to be very effective. In spite of some nonideal conditions (on runway, in wind, and in rain), an rms value of 0.7-K calibration repeatability has been observed with an average temperature deviation (bias error) of 0.03 K.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques; MTT-25; Oct. 197
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    Instrumental sensing of stationary source emissions (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A variety of programs have been conducted within EPA to evaluate the capability of various ground-based remote-sensing techniques for measuring the SO2 concentration, velocity, and opacity of effluents from coal-burning power plants. The results of the remote measurements were compared with the results of instack measurements made using EPA reference methods. Attention is given to infrared gas-filter correlation radiometry for SO2 concentration, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for SO2 concentration, ultraviolet matched-filter correlation spectroscopy for SO2 concentration, infrared and ultraviolet television for velocity and SO2 concentration, infrared laser-Doppler velocimetry for plume velocity, and visible laser radar for plume opacity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Environmental Science and Technology; 11; Oct. 197
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  • 52
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    An efficient read-out system for multiwire proportional counter hodoscopes (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An efficient scanning method for read-out of a multiwire proportional counter hodoscope is presented. This method which utilizes the grouping of wires in the hodoscope read-out system offers distinct advantages in speed and simplicity over systems employing long shift registers. Power consumption and cost can be minimized with this method because of slower clock speeds and a low parts count. This system has been constructed and used on a hodoscope for cosmic-ray trajectory measurements and a lower-power version has been designed for satellite applications.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods; 117; 1975
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  • 53
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    Holographic recording materials - A review (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Holographic recording materials in current use are examined along with a few of their applications. Some experimental media are also studied. No effort is made to rank the commercial materials, since satisfactory results can be obtained with any of them. The discussion covers silver halide plates and films, photoresists, thermoplastics, photopolymers, dichromated gelatin, photochromic materials, electrooptical crystals, styryl free radical film, and TEP film. A convenient summation of some material properties is presented in tabular form.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 14; Sept
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  • 54
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    Composition analyzer for microparticles using a spark ion source (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Iron microparticles were fired onto a capacitor-type microparticle detector which responded to an impact with a spark discharge. Ion currents were extracted from the spark and analyzed in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The mass spectra showed the elements of both detector and particle materials. The total extracted ion current was typically 10 A within a period of 100 nsec, indicating very efficient vaporization of the particle and ionization of the vapor. Potential applications include research on cosmic dust, atmospheric aerosols and cloud droplets, particles ejected by rocket or jet engines, by machining processes or by nuclear bomb explosions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; Nov. 197
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  • 55
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    VLBI clock sync and the earth's rotational instability (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Preparation is being made by the DSN to monitor the stability of its clocks and frequency standards in the 64 meter net by means of VLBI. Since variations in the earth's rotation rate represent an error source to VLBI clock synchronization, the Allan Variance of the earth rotation was calculated to find that, in a long-term sense at least, these variations do not noticeably increase the differential instability of two clocks as measured by Intercontinental VLBI.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 81-84
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  • 56
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    Variable temperature pressure cell for polycrystalline X-ray studies down to 2 K - Application to Bi (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A variable pressure diamond anvil cell is described for operation at temperatures continuously variable from 300 down to 2 K and controllable within 10 mK. Polycrystalline X-ray data are collected from the pressure cavity by means of either (1) standard photographic techniques, (2) diffractometer measurements, or (3) energy dispersive diffractometry. The facility has been used to examine parts of the phase diagram of Bi. Results from this study indicate that the Bi-I and Bi-III structures are retained to low temperatures; however, there is no evidence to support a structural transition from Bi-V to Bi-VIII.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; July 197
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  • 57
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    Primary aberrations for grazing incidence (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Beginning with exact relations between object and image coordinates for a single reflective surface, a systematic analysis of general grazing incidence systems is presented. A complete set of primary aberrations for single-element and two-element systems is developed. The importance of a judicious choice for a coordinate system in showing field curvature to be clearly the predominant aberration for a two-element system is discussed. The validity of the theory is verified through comparisons with the exact ray-trace results for the case of a telescope.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Sept
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    Application of the high resolution return beam vidicon (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) is a high-performance electronic image sensor and electrical storage component. It can accept continuous or discrete exposures. Information can be read out with a single scan or with many repetitive scans for either signal processing or display. Resolution capability is 10,000 TV lines/height, and at 100 lp/mm, performance matches or exceeds that of film, particularly with low-contrast imagery. Electronic zoom can be employed effectively for image magnification and data compression. The high performance and flexibility of the RBV permit wide application in systems for reconnaissance, scan conversion, information storage and retrieval, and automatic inspection and test. This paper summarizes the characteristics and performance parameters of the RBV and cites examples of feasible applications.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 16; May-June
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  • 59
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    Photographic film and the Skylab environment (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An overview is presented of an investigation which was conducted to determine the actual effects of the Skylab environment on flight films. Examples of the flight film performance data are provided. Attention is given to the Skylab film, the environmental parameters, a major events profile of the Skylab mission, and a film environmental effects analysis. Representative Skylab film environmental response data are shown in a graph.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Apr. 197
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  • 60
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    Experimental study of error sources in skin-friction balance measurements (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An experimental study has been performed to determine potential error sources in skin-friction balance measurements. A floating-element balance, large enough to contain the instrumentation needed to systematically investigate these error sources has been constructed and tested in the thick turbulent boundary layer on the sidewall of a large supersonic wind tunnel. Test variables include element-to-case misalignment, gap size, and Reynolds number. The effects of these variables on the friction, lip, and normal forces have been analyzed. It was found that larger gap sizes were preferable to smaller ones; that small element recession below the surrounding test surface produced errors comparable to the same amount of protrusion above the test surface; and that normal forces on the element were, in some cases, large compared to the friction force.
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    Vacuum ultraviolet radiometry. III - The argon mini-arc as a new secondary standard of spectral radiance (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A miniature argon arc has been designed and tested as a new transfer standard of spectral radiance for the wavelength range from 114 nm to 330 nm. Calibration has been performed using two primary standard sources: the hydrogen arc from 130 nm to 330 nm and the blackbody line radiator from 114 nm to 130 nm. The mini-arc provides an intense, stable, and reproducible UV continuum with dc power requirements of less than 1.5 kW. The arc characteristics have been investigated, and the sensitivity of the radiant power output to various operating parameters has been measured. The rms uncertainty in the spectral radiance is estimated to be 5.3% above 140 nm and 10.1% between 114 nm and 140 nm, due primarily to uncertainties in the primary standard sources.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Feb. 197
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  • 62
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    Slow scan SEC vidicon system (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A slow scan SEC vidicon system is described here. This system is coupled to the 152.4-cm (60-in) McMath telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. An anamorphic lens system is used to couple optically the vertical spectrograph to the vidicon system. The resolutin of the over-all system is 55 mA, while the resolution of the spectrograph alone is 50 mA. Actual observational results are used to evaluate the system performance.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Jan. 197
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  • 63
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    Single-axis gyroscopic motion with uncertain angular velocity about spin axis (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A differential game approach is presented for studying the response of a gyro by treating the controlled angular velocity about the input axis as the evader, and the bounded but uncertain angular velocity about the spin axis as the pursuer. When the uncertain angular velocity about the spin axis desires to force the gyro to saturation a differential game problem with two terminal surfaces results, whereas when the evader desires to attain the equilibrium state the usual game with single terminal manifold arises. A barrier, delineating the capture zone (CZ) in which the gyro can attain saturation and the escape zone (EZ) in which the evader avoids saturation is obtained. The CZ is further delineated into two subregions such that the states in each subregion can be forced on a definite target manifold. The application of the game theoretic approach to Control Moment Gyro is briefly discussed.
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  • 64
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    Estimation of spectral reflectance curves from multispectral image data (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A technique is presented for estimating spectral reflectance curves from multispectral image data even if the spectral samples are obtained from channels whose spectral responsivity is not narrowband. It is demonstrated that these reflectance estimates can be written as a linear combination of the spectral samples and that, analogous to Shannon's sampling theorem, if the spectral reflectance is a natural cubic spline, it can be estimated exactly provided the number of spectral channels is sufficiently large. Simulation results suggest that the accuracy of the spectral reflectance estimates is quite good and very insensitive to the spectral responsivity shapes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Dec. 197
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  • 65
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    Spectral interpolation - Zero fill or convolution (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Zero fill, or augmentation by zeros, is a method used in conjunction with fast Fourier transforms to obtain spectral spacing at intervals closer than obtainable from the original input data set. In the present paper, an interpolation technique (interpolation by repetitive convolution) is proposed which yields values accurate enough for plotting purposes and which lie within the limits of calibration accuracies. The technique is shown to operate faster than zero fill, since fewer operations are required. The major advantages of interpolation by repetitive convolution are that efficient use of memory is possible (thus avoiding the difficulties encountered in decimation in time FFTs) and that is is easy to implement.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Nov. 197
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    Evaluation of a hydrogen chloride detector for environmental monitoring (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes a hydrogen chloride detector designed to monitor concentrations of hydrogen chloride gas in the ambient environment. The detector was developed for NASA for use in launch vehicle effluent monitoring. The detector operates on chemiluminescence principles with a lower detection limit of less than 5 x 10 to the -3rd ppm (by volume). The hydrogen chloride in the air sample reacts with a bromide-bromate coating in the inlet tube of the instrument producing bromine. Bromine is then quantitated by chemiluminescent oxidation of luminol. The visible light generated in the chemiluminescent reaction is proportional to the hydrogen chloride concentration of the sampled airstream. The detector is most suited to laboratory or field studies where hydrogen chloride is the dominant pollutant, as compared to the interfering species. Interferences include strong acids, acid-forming gases, and halogen gases. Of the interferences investigated the most serious in these groups are hydrochloric and sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine, respectively. The detector has been in use since 1974 and has been found to be highly portable, rugged, and stable under extreme environmental conditions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Nov. 197
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    The radio astronomy experiment on Helios A and B /E 5c/ (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center radio astronomy experiment on Helios, identified as Experiment 5c, has sixteen observing frequencies over the range of 26.5 to 3000 kHz. The antenna consists of two extendible 15-m booms, forming an electric dipole, two high-impedance preamplifiers located at the root of the booms, and the 16-channel radiometer. Important information about propagation conditions, such as absorption, scattering and refraction, are expected from observations of radio emission regions at distances between 1 and 0,3 AU.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Raumfahrtforschung; 19; Sept
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    The Rome-GSFC magnetic field experiment for Helios A and B /E 3/ (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Rome-GSFC magnetic field experiment utilizes a triaxial fluxgate (saturable inductor) magnetometer. The sensor unit is mounted on the end of a boom approximately four meters from the spacecraft spin axis. The three analog outputs of the magnetometer are converted into three 9 bit digital words. The experiment utilizes an automatic inflight range switch to select the optimum dynamic range out of 4 ranges. A nonmagnetic thermally oscillating actuator is used to reorient the sensor unit by 90 deg to determine all three axes zero levels. The accuracy should be approximately plus or minus 0.1 gamma. The vector measurements are made at equal intervals in time ranging from 16 per second down to 1 per second depending on the telemetry bit rate.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Raumfahrtforschung; 19; Sept
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  • 69
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    Optical-mechanical line-scan imaging process - Its information capacity and efficiency (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Optical-mechanical line-scan techniques have been applied to earth satellite multispectral imaging systems. The capability of the imaging system is generally assessed by its information capacity. An approach based on information theory is developed to formulate the capacity of the line-scan process. Included are the effects of blurring of spatial detail, photosensor noise, aliasing, and quantization. The information efficiency is shown to be dependent on sampling rate, system frequency response shape, SNR, and quantization interval.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Oct. 197
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  • 70
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    Diffraction analysis of Doppler signal characteristics for a cross-beam laser Doppler velocimeter (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Based on scalar diffraction theory, single particle scattering characteristics for a cross-beam laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) have been computed for different particle sizes under varied instrumentation configurations. The modulating component of the scattered signal has been shown to depend upon particle size, shape, and collecting aperture for a given probe volume fringe spacing. Experimental verifications of some of the predictions are presented, and some of the limitations using an LDV as a particle sizing instrument are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Sept
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  • 71
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    Vacuum ultraviolet radiometry with hydrogen arcs. II - The high power arc as an absolute standard of spectral radiance from 124 nm to 360 nm (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Sept
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  • 72
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    A coherent optical feedback system for optical information processing (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A unique optical feedback system for coherent optical data processing is described. With the introduction of feedback, the well-known transfer function for feedback systems is obtained in two dimensions. Operational details of the optical feedback system are given. Experimental results of system applications in image restoration, contrast control and analog computation are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Physics; 8; Sept
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  • 73
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    Optimization of multimagnetometer systems on a spacecraft (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The problem of optimizing the position of magnetometers along a boom of given length to yield a minimized total error is investigated. The discussion is limited to at most four magnetometers, which seems to be a practical limit due to weight, power, and financial considerations. The outlined error analysis is applied to some illustrative cases. The optimal magnetometer locations, for which the total error is minimum, are computed for given boom length, instrument errors, and very conservative magnetic field models characteristic for spacecraft with only a restricted or ineffective magnetic cleanliness program. It is shown that the error contribution by the magnetometer inaccuracy is increased as the number of magnetometers is increased, whereas the spacecraft field uncertainty is diminished by an appreciably larger amount.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Aug. 1
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  • 74
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    New high-temperature noble-metal thermocouple pairing (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new thermocouple pairing was formed by combining thermocouple elements from two existing commercially available thermocouples to form a new combination (Ir-40 Rh/Pt-40 Rh) thermocouple. The output of this new pairing is nearly linear with temperature, and approximately equal to the output of one of the originating pairs (Ir-40 Rh/Ir), and more than double that of the other pair (Pt-40 Rh/Pt-20 Rh). This new pairing was evolved during a search for a noble-metal thermocouple combination which could operate above the temperature limit of a Pt-13 Rh/Pt thermocouple and have a higher oxidation resistance than an Ir-40 Rh/Ir thermocouple.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; Aug. 197
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  • 75
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    A balloon-borne ionization spectrometer with very large aperture for the detection of high energy cosmic rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A balloon experiment which was used to determine the chemical composition of very high-energy cosmic rays up to and beyond 100 GeV/nucleon is described. The detector had a geometric factor of 1 sq m sr and a total weight on the balloon of 2100 kg. The apparatus consisted of an ionization spectrometer, spark chambers, and plastic scintillation and Cherenkov counters. It was calibrated at CERN up to 24 GeV/c protons and at DESY up to 7 GeV/c electrons. In October 1972 it was flown successfully on a stratospheric balloon.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods; 124; 1975
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  • 76
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    Absolute radiometric calibration of detectors between 200-600 A (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A description is given of the experimental methods used in the calibration procedure, taking into account the source of radiant energy, the monochromator, the absolute standard detector, and the transfer standards. The experimental apparatus is discussed. A graph showing the effect of beam motion on the detected signal is presented and a block diagram of the calibration electronic system is provided.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Apr. 197
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  • 77
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    ATS-6 - Interferometer (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The ATS-6 interferometer provides precision, 3-axis attitude sensing capability. It incorporates a C-band receiver which measures the phase difference of continuous ground station signals received at paired antenna elements and converts this phase difference into digital data that is transmitted to the ground, and is also used as direct input to the onboard digital operations controller for conversion to attitude information. It uses 6 onboard horn antennas, placed in the earth viewing module, with three antennas arranged along each of two orthogonal baselines parallel to the satellite pitch and roll axes, one antenna used as a measurement reference on each baseline, and the remaining two horns, placed to provide phase measurements relative to the respective reference antenna.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-11; Nov. 197
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  • 78
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    ATS-6 - The Geosynchronous Very High Resolution Radiometer (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Geosynchronous Very High Resolution Radiometer (GVHRR), flown on the three-axis stabilized geosynchronous satellite, Applications Technology Satellite-6 (ATS-6), collected meteorological data for two months during the summer of 1974. Several hundred images were successfully taken. Data collection terminated when the instrument chopper motor failed. The instrument, its supporting ground equipment, and the data collected in orbit are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-11; Nov. 197
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  • 79
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    The Apollo 15 and 16 X-ray fluorescence experiment (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was flown aboard the Apollo 15 and 16 spacecrafts orbiting the moon. The X-ray instrument was used to produce a chemical map of that portion of the moon covered by the projected ground tracks and illuminated by the sun during the period of flight. The instrument includes three thin windowed proportional counters, two of which have selected X-ray filters. The field of view of the surface is determined by a collimator, while a detector on the opposite side of the spacecraft provides a continuous monitoring of the solar X-ray output. While the number of chemical elements determined was limited to Mg, Al, and Si, these proved to be very important diagnostic elements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; Aug. 197
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  • 80
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    Radioactivity observed in the sodium iodide gamma-ray spectrometer returned on the Apollo 17 mission (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In order to obtain information on radioactive background induced in the Apollo 15 and 16 gamma-ray spectrometers (7 cm x 7 cm NaI) by particle irradiation during spaceflight, and identical detector was flown and returned to earth on the Apollo 17 mission. The induced radioactivity was monitored both internally and externally from one and a half hours after splashdown. When used in conjunction with a computation scheme for estimating induced activation from calculated trapped proton and cosmic-ray fluences, these results show an important contribution resulting from both thermal and energetic neutrons produced in the heavy spacecraft by cosmic-ray interactions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; Aug. 197
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  • 81
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    Errors in Hadamard spectroscopy or imaging caused by imperfect masks (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis is given of the errors in Hadamard spectroscopy that are caused by transparent slits in the mask being systematically wider or narrower than they should be. It is shown that if the input spectrum consists of a single line, the distorted spectrum that is actually calculated consists of this line plus four small blips. When the transparent slits are too wide, these blips are of equal height and the same sign with one pair surrounding the line and another pair 5isplaced a certain distance from it. When the slits are too narrow, the displaced blips have the same amplitude, but are negative. The response to an arbitrary input spectrum is then determined from this. The same method of analysis may also be used to handle other types of errors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Nov. 197
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  • 82
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    Electrography and astronomical applications (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review is presented of a conference on electrographic detectors in astronomy announced in IAA, issue 9, p. 1377, A75-23926. Different electrographic camera designs are described, and schematic diagrams of various image intensifiers (Lallemand, Kron, and Spectracon) are presented.
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  • 83
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    Optical and acoustical measuring techniques (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reviews the techniques of laser and acoustic Doppler measurement of fluid velocities in confined and free flows. The main mathematical relations are presented, and some systems are studied. Resolution properties of coaxial, bistatic, and pulsed CO2 laser Doppler velocimeter systems are compared. Schematics for pulsed and continuous wave acoustic Doppler systems are discussed. Both of these types of systems benefit from using a bistatic configuration instead of a coaxial system. The pulsed systems avoid contamination of source noise by not sampling until after the source noise has passed the receiver. Comparison of wind velocity measured with a pulsed acoustic Doppler and with a boundary layer profile is made.
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    Auger spectroscopy analysis in adhesion, friction and wear studies (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reviews the current use of Auger electron spectroscopy in adhesion, friction, wear and lubrication studies. Conventional Auger spectroscopy is adopted to complement LEED studies of the adhesion of metal single crystals. In addition, Auger cylindrical mirror analysis is applied to the study of changes in surface chemistry during dynamic friction and wear experiments on polycrystalline metals and alloys. Important conclusions are that (1) segregation of alloying elements to the surface of metals can alter adhesion behavior; (2) hydrocarbons are adsorbed readily to clean iron surfaces at 23 C; (3) transfer from one surface to another for dissimilar materials in contact can be followed in sliding or rubbing friction studies; and (4) the friction process can enhance surface activity for metals with hydrocarbons.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: International Advances in Nondestructive Testing; 5; 1977
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  • 85
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    Magnetic bearing momentum wheels with magnetic gimballing capability for 3-axis active attitude control and energy storage (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A 3-axis active attitude control system with only one rotating part was developed using a momentum wheel with magnetic gimballing capability as a torque actuator for all three body axes. A brief description of magnetic bearing technology is given. It is concluded that based on this technology an integrated energy storage/attitude control system with one air of counterrotating rings could reduce the complexity and weight of conventional systems.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Res. Center The 11th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 45-55
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    High temperature strain gage evaluation (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The structural thermal test of an advanced ramjet missile section required strain measurements as high as 922 K (1200 F). Since there is relatively little experience in the use of strain gages above the 700-755 K (800-900 F) level, a program was initiated to select and evaluate the best available gage. Candidate gages suitable for measurements up to 922 K (1200 F) were selected. This involved the determination of their operating characteristics, availability, cost, installation aspects, etc. The evaluation involved the following tests: strain as a function of load at room temperature and apparent strain as a function of temperature.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Ninth Conf. on Space Simulation; p 407-423
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  • 87
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    The role of light microscopy in aerospace analytical laboratories (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Light microscopy has greatly reduced analytical flow time and added new dimensions to laboratory capability. Aerospace analytical laboratories are often confronted with problems involving contamination, wear, or material inhomogeneity. The detection of potential problems and the solution of those that develop necessitate the most sensitive and selective applications of sophisticated analytical techniques and instrumentation. This inevitably involves light microscopy. The microscope can characterize and often identify the cause of a problem in 5-15 minutes with confirmatory tests generally less than one hour. Light microscopy has and will make a very significant contribution to the analytical capabilities of aerospace laboratories.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Ninth Conf. on Space Simulation; p 277-287
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  • 88
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    Scanning and focusing mechanisms of METEOSAT radiometer (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The scanning and focusing mechanisms settled onboard the METEOSAT Radiometer are described. A large camera which will take line by line pictures of the earth from a geostationary satellite in the same manner as a TV picture using both the spin of the spacecraft and the tilt of a telescope is included. The scanning mechanism provides the + or - 9 degrees tilt angle of the telescope through 2,500 elementary steps of 1.256 0.0001 radian. As the radiometer image quality is closely dependent on the characteristics of the scanning law, the mechanism is required to fulfill functional performances specifications particularly severe in terms of linearity of the scan curve, accuracy of each step as well as repeatability of the short-term scanning. The focusing mechanism allows + or - 12 millimeters shift of the telescope focus by step increments of 0.140 mm. The focus adjustment is achieved by moving a dihedral reflector according to a pure straight-line motion. The main requirements of each mechanism are summarized and their design and performances are described in detail.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Res. Center The 11th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 13-22
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  • 89
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    An X-ray shadowgraph to locate transient high-energy celestial sources (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A new technique has been developed to locate strong, transient X-ray sources such as the recently discovered gamma ray bursts. The instrument, termed a shadowgraph, locates sources by detecting the X-ray shadow cast by a large occulting mask pattern on an imaging detector. Angular resolutions of from 2 to 10 arc minutes are obtainable while essentially full sky coverage is maintained. The optimum energy range of operation is between 20 keV and 100 keV. The high efficiency X-ray imaging detectors, which make it possible to locate bursts with intensities down to approximately 10 photons/sq cm sec, are capable of detecting single 20 keV photons with a spatial resolution of approximately 0.2 mm. The detectors consist of an X-ray to optical conversion phosphor, a multistage image intensifier, and a CCD image readout.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Proc.: Symp. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. for Sci. Imaging Appl.; p 4-13
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  • 90
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    Portable reflectance spectrometer (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A portable reflectance spectrometer is disclosed. The spectrometer essentially includes an optical unit and an electronic recording unit. The optical unit includes a pair of thermoelectrically-cooled detectors, for detecting total radiance and selected radiance projected through a circular variable filter wheel, and is capable of operating to provide spectral data in the range 0.4 to 2.5 micrometers without requiring coventional substitution of filter elements. The electronic recording unit includes power supplies, amplifiers, and digital recording electronics designed to permit recordation of data on tape casettes. Both the optical unit and electronic recording unit are packaged to be manually portable.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NAS 1.71:NPO-13556-1
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  • 91
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    Data handling for the geometric correction of large images (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Several geometric distortions are present in remotely sensed images depending on the type of sensors and the object being observed. It is often desirable to compensate for these distortions and store the images in reference to a standard coordinate system. Digital techniques for correction are versatile and introduce a minimum of radiometric errors. The main problems to be considered in this area are the determination of the corrective transformation, resampling, and the management of the large quantities of data. It is shown that, by a judicious rearrangement of the input data, considerable reductions in the required memory capacity can be achieved. The rearrangement can be accomplished in several stages. The method presented here is amenable to pipeline implementation for processing a continuous stream of images.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Computers; C-26; Nov. 197
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  • 92
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    Fourier and Hadamard transform spectrometers - A limited comparison. II (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A mathematical approach was used to compare interferometric spectrometers and Hadamard transform spectrometers. The principle results are reported, noting that the simple Hadamard spectrometer encodes more efficiently than a Michelson interferometer which, in turn, encodes less efficiently than is usually acknowledged. Hirschfeld's (1977) major objections to these findings are discussed, although it is noted that none of his objections is supported by evidence.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Dec. 197
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  • 93
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    Fresnel-Fizeau effect in a rotating optical fiber ring interferometer (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measurements of the Fresnel-Fizeau effect in a fiber ring interferometer gyroscope are reported. The presence of the dispersion term in the Fresnel drag coefficient was discernable. The temperature dependence of the coefficient bears on the temperature sensitivity of the optical fiber gyroscope. An alternate approach to measuring fiber dispersion is an added benefit, leading to determination of maximum pulse rate transmitted through single-mode fibers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Oct. 197
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  • 94
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    Apparatus for measuring a sorbate dispersed in a fluid stream (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A sensitive, miniature apparatus was designed for measuring low concentrations of a sorbate dispersed in a fluid stream. The device consists of an elongated body having a surface capable of sorbing an amount of the sorbate proportional to the concentration in the fluid stream and propagating acoustic energy along its length. The acoustic energy is converted to an electrical output signal corresponding to the concentration of sorbate in the fluid stream. The device can be designed to exhibit high sensitivity to extremely small amounts of sorbate dispersed in a fluid stream and to exhibit low sensitivity to large amounts of sorbate. Another advantage is that the apparatus may be formed in a microminiature size and at a low cost using bath microfabrication technology.
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  • 95
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    Projection system for display of parallax and perspective (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A projection system for the display of parallax and perspective of a real image from a hologram is presented. A reference beam was projected in a sequence of several projections at selected angles of perspective through the hologram, this sequence being rapidly performed. The resulting angular spaced images emitting from the hologram were directed onto a mirror which was coordinately tilted to reflect all of the resulting images to register onto a screen where they appeared as a single three dimensional image.
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    Characterization of gigahertz (GHz) bandwidth photomultipliers (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The average impulse response, root-mean-square times jitter as a function of signal level, single photoelectron distribution, and multiphotoelectron dark-count distribution have been measured for two static crossed-field and five electrostatic photomultipliers. The optical signal source for the first three of these tests was a 30 picosecond mode-locked laser pulse at 0.53 micron. The static crossed-field detectors had 2-photoelectron resolution, less than 200 ps rise times, and rms time jitters of 30 ps at the single photoelectron level. The electrostatic photomultipliers had rise times from 1 to 2.5 nanoseconds, and rms time jitters from 160 to 650 ps at the same signal level. The two static crossed-field photomultipliers had ion-feedback-generated dark pulses to the 50-photoelectron level, whereas one electrostatic photomultiplier had dark pulses to the 30-photoelectron level.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-78028 , G-7802-F5
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    Systems for measuring response statistics of gigahertz bandwidth photomultipliers (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: New systems have been developed for measuring the average impulse response, the pulse-height spectrum, the transit-time statistics as a function of signal level, and the dark-count spectrum of gigahertz bandwidth photomultipliers. Measurements showed that the 0.53 microns pulse used as an optical test source had a 30 picoseconds and less than 70 ps pulse width. Calibration data showed the system resolution to be less than 20 ps for root mean square transit-time measurements. Test data for a static crossed-field photomultiplier showed 2-photoelectron resolution and less than 30-ps time jitter over the 1- to 100-photoelectron range.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-78029 , G-7703-X31
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 98
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    A system for measuring the pulse height distribution of ultrafast photomultipliers (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A system for measuring the pulse height distribution of gigahertz bandwidth photomultipliers was developed. This system uses a sampling oscilloscope as a sample-hold circuit and has a bandwidth of 12 gigahertz. Test results are given for a static crossed-filed photomultiplier tested with a demonstration system. Calculations on system amplitude resolution capabilities are included for currently available system components.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-78027 , G-7802-F2
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 99
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    Performance evaluation of electrochemical concentration cell ozonesondes (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Laboratory calibrations of more than a hundred electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesondes were determined relative to UV-photometry. The average intercept and slope, 0 plus or minus 5 nb and 0.96 plus or minus 0.06, respectively, indicate reasonable agreement with UV photometry, but with considerable variation from one ECC ozonesonde to another. The time required to reach 85% of the final reaction to a step-change in ozone concentration was found to average 51 seconds. Application of the individual calibrations to 20 sets of 1976 flight data reduced the average of the differences between ozonesonde and Dobson spectrophotometric measurements of total ozone from 3.9 to 1.3%. A similar treatment of a set of 10 1977 flight records improved the average ECC-Dobson agreement from -8.5 to -1.4%. Although systematic differences were reduced, no significant effect on the random variations was evident.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-155561
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 100
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    Triaxial digital fluxgate magnetometer for NASA applications explorer mission: Results of tests of critical elements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Tests performed to prove the critical elements of the triaxial digital fluxgate magnetometer design were described. A method for improving the linearity of the analog to digital converter portion of the instrument was studied in detail. A sawtooth waveform was added to the signal being measured before the A/D conversion, and averaging the digital readings over one cycle of the sawtooth. It was intended to reduce bit error nonlinearities present in the A/D converter which could be expected to be as much as 16 gamma if not reduced. No such nonlinearities were detected in the output of the instrument which included the feature designed to reduce these nonlinearities. However, a small scale nonlinearity of plus or minus 2 gamma with a 64 gamma repetition rate was observed in the unit tested. A design improvement intended to eliminate this small scale nonlinearity was examined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-156664 , IGPP-PUBL-1698
    Format: application/pdf
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