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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (2,293)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (500)
  • 1975-1979  (1,793)
  • 1983  (500)
  • 1976  (671)
  • 1975  (1,122)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (500)
  • 1975-1979  (1,793)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: With the launch of LANDSAT-1 in July 1972, and the follow-on launch of LANDSAT-2 in January of this year, routine availability of satellite imagery and electronic data of the earth's resources has become a reality. Federal data centers provide LANDSAT data to resource managers and the general public. These data centers have to date provided almost 500,000 frames of LANDSAT data at a cost of more than $2,000,000. Data from the LANDSAT satellite program, along with data and information from the Skylab manned program, are available over any location to anyone for the cost of reproduction.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 372-378
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Aerial photographs of the entire state were used to develop information on geomorphic regions, land ownership, forest cover, soils, geology, land classification and land capability. LANDSAT imagery was included to update many photomaps for land use classification and urban development planning.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 340-350
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  • 3
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Joint Federal/State remote data sensing centers are advocated to help survey Alaska for land use planning by aerial photography and LANDSAT imagery. The centers are to provide satellite derived information in land use planning and offshore oil developments.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 315-318
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The experience of the Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of Governments in its development of a regional land use inventory from computer processing of LANDSAT 1 digital tapes and the use of those data in the OKI water quality planning program are discussed. A major part of the planning program is the prediction of water quality in rivers and lakes resulting from existing and future land uses. A model has been developed that can predict the flow of sediment, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and organic wastes into major streams. An essential input to this model is an accurate map of land use derived from LANDSAT 1 digital tapes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 356-358
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Registration of remotely sensed data to geodetic coordinates provides for overlay analysis of land use data. For aerial photographs of a large area, differences in scales, dates, and film types are reconciled, and multispectral scanner data are machine registered at the time of acquisition.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 319-325
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Aerial and fixed platform oil spill detection systems primarily utilize remote sensors for data acquisition and pollution monitoring purposes. In addition to aerial photography and infrared reflectance sensors, a laser backscatter sensor and an ultraviolet fluorescence sensor are considered for application in pollution surveillance systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 271-279
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: It is shown that remotely sensed data, whether in digital or imagery form, provide objective, systematic measurements of coastal zone characteristics when compared with traditional measurement techniques. An example is given for Alabama shoreline parameters using LANDSAT 1 composite mapping.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 224-231
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Satellite gathered remote sensor data were used to update a basic environmental atlas of southern Louisiana to reflect recent dynamic geological changes, such as erosion by wave action along the coast and active delta building in the lower part of the Mississippi Basin. Standard pattern recognition programs were utilized to update LANDSAT pictures for three categories (generalized land use, ecological zones and vegetation) to obtain a simulated color photomap for LANDSAT frames for further rectification by a table lookup program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 217-223
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The primary objectives of the earth observations and photography experiment of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project were to photograph various terrestrial structures and to use the capabilities of man as a trained observer in visually studying earth features and phenomena. Man's special capabilities include the sensitivity of the eye to subtle color variations and the speed with which the eye/brain system can interpret what is seen and select targets for photography. Real time astronaut observations constitute a useful complement to orbital photographs and greatly aid in their interpretation. Targets for mapping and hand held photography were selected on the basis of their value to specialists in the earth sciences including geology, oceanography, desert study, hydrology, meteorology, and environmental science.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 64 p
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A statewide computerized land use mapping system is reported that uses polygons to identify inventories from aerial photography by employing the USGS classification system. In addition, the system provides soil, population, and housing census data as well as economic indicators that can be useful in relating to the overall system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 326-339
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  • 11
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Orthophotoquads prepared from high altitude photography and LANDSAT imagery were utilized for land use mapping and urban development planning. LANDSAT imagery of rough terrains were evaluated by photographic projection on a viewer screen for enlargement of details.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 300-314
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  • 12
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Remote panchromatic imagery was applied to develop a coastal zone management atlas that provides for land cover or vegetation surveys as well as land use stereographic mapping for regional planning purposes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 173-175
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A computer derived land use classification scheme for infrared LANDSAT imagery was developed and applied to update existing Mississippi coastline data. Inventory classifications were accomplished by photographic enlargement and photointerpretations showing color coded resources on the ground.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 282-290
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Land use maps were developed from photomaps obtained by remote sensing in order to develop a comprehensive state plan for the protection, development, and zoning of coastal regions. Only photographic remote sensors have been used in support of the coastal council's planning/management methodology. Standard photointerpretation and cartographic application procedures for map compilation were used in preparing base maps.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 232-241
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: During the oceanic period from July to November, the southward flowing California current dominates the nearshore current patterns. Commencing about the middle of November and extending to mid-February, the Davidson current, a northward moving countercurrent, is the dominant inshore transporter of water and suspensates. The phenomenon of upwelling is prevalent during the period from the middle of February to the end of July. Thus, every year along the coast of California, there are three successive current seasons: the oceanic, the Davidson, and the upwelling. This paper is a discussion of the nature of these nearshore currents. In addition, the capabilities of various remote sensing platforms and systems for providing methods of monitoring the coastal processes associated with the current seasons of California are demonstrated herein.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 195-216
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Digital data from the infrared LANDSAT imagery were used to classify eutrophication levels of lakes in an effort to observe the effect of thermal discharges from power stations. LANDSAT data were also applied to identify and monitor wetlands, for soil surveys, sedimentation transport, and in general to assist in land use planning and resources management.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 291-296
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Digital processing of multispectral LANDSAT data was used to develop a computerized model for predicting oil slick movement within the Delaware Bay. LANDSAT imagery was also used to monitor offshore waste disposal sites for mapping of wetlands, and charting of tidal currents.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 188-194
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Remote sensing techniques provide important information for land and water use planning organizations in order to assess coastal developments and their impact on water resources, sediment transport, erosion, and marine biology. Political expediency requires pertinent data acquisition and data dissemination to local populations for coastal zone management decision making.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 176-187
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The operational feasibility of using remote sensing to provide all weather ice formation for Great Lakes winter navigation is explored. A combination airborne pulsed radar system to measure actual ice thickness, a satellite data link system, and a hand drawn interpretive ice chart proved valuable for extending winter navigation through the icepack.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 261-270
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Different types of satellite and conventional remote sensing data are used to monitor urban growth and the pattern of development. Software programs were developed for a growth allocation model that uses LANDSAT information as the basic component.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 351-355
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  • 21
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The earth resources remote sensing activity of Texas and its applications are reported. A combination of digital, photographic, and traditional methods is being used to manage the water impoundments inventory, a land use survey, a wildlife habitat survey, and a coastal zone survey.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 297-299
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  • 22
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Information is provided on how a potential user of remote sensing technology can gain access to all of the products and services he will need to get started. It was envisioned that these include data, training, hardware, and software. A very brief tutorial summary of the fundamentals of the technology is presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 367-370
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The current land use map for the city of Los Angeles was developed by the guesstimation process and provides single stage information for each level in the critical geographical hierarchy for land use planning management. Processing and incorporation of LANDSAT data in the land use information system requires special funding; however, computergraphic maps are able to provide a viable information system for city planning and management.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 359-365
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  • 24
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Various aspects of the technology which are available to users now are described. Specific topics discussed include: data distribution: availability of and access to data; technology transfer: system use illustrations and availability of training; hardware systems descriptions: processing hardware constructed and available; data processing techniques: individual processing techniques; and future developments: a sampling of future technology.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 123-127
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Crop-weather models developed for wheat from an assembled base of approximately 45 years of climatic records and historic wheat yield and production data at the stratum level are described. Utilization of meteorological data acquired by the NOAA satellites is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 63-65
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  • 26
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The remote sensing activities of the Department of Interior are summarized. The use of satellite imagery in land and water management is described. Specific topics discussed include: land use mapping, exploration and discovery of metal, oil, and gas deposits, location of geological faults, and repetitive monitoring of dynamic environmental phenomena related to water resources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 33-36
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The lack of adequate institutional mechanisms to regulate, monitor and govern the use of commonly owned world resources appears to be politically destabilizing and subject to socioeconomic pressures of overpopulation, food shortages, cartelism, terrorism, and wealth distribution to developing countries. The capacity and propensity to wage war and its potential consequences are elaborated. It is shown that technology is one of the dominant factors affecting the exploration and management of commonly shared resources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Future Environment; 29 p
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: ERTS images were compared to surficial geologic maps, prepared through traditional field studies. Lithologic boundaries, bedrock outcrops, bedrock structures, and geomorphologic features were examined. An area southeast of the Twin Cities, located chiefly in northern Dakota County was studied, as well as the New Brighton 15-minute quadrangle located in portions of Ramsey and Anoka Counties. Visual comparison of geologic maps and ERTS imagery demonstrated the limitations of this approach to geological investigations. Bedrock outcrops and bedrock structure in the metropolitan area do not appear on ERTS imagery. However, certain glacial sediments can be identified and are potentially mappable. Certain geomorphological features were also discernable.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Minn. Univ. A study of Minn. Forests and Lakes using Data from Earth Resources Technol. Satellites; 30 p
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  • 29
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Development of low lying southeastern shore of Pike Lake is described as part of the Rice Creek watershed study. Several small wetlands in Arden Hills, Minnesota were incorporated into the drainage plans as pollutant and nutrient sinks rather than being infilled. Lake water quality in the St. Paul-Minneapolis metropolitan area was analyzed using Landsat images. In the same urban area, the inventory and seasonal change of the open water were also studied.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: A Study of Minn. Forests and Lakes using Data from Earth Resources Technol. Satellites; 66 p
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experiments carried out on an Avondale loam soil indicated that the thermal inertia concept of soil water content detection is reasonably sound. The volumetric water contents of surface soil layers between 2 and 4 cm thick were found to be linear functions of the amplitude of the diurnal surface soil temperature wave for clear day-night periods. They were also found to be linear functions of the daily maximum value of the surface soil-air-temperature differential. Tests on three additional soils ranging from sandy loam to clay indicated that the relations determined for Avondale loam could not be accurately applied to these other soil types. When the moisture characteristic curves of each soil were used to transform water contents into pressure potentials, however, it was found that soil water pressure potential could be determined without prior knowledge of soil type, and thus its value as a potential soil water status survey tool was significantly enhanced.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; July 20
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Army Eng. Topographic Labs. Workshop for Environmental Applications of Multispectral Imagery; p 253-272
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Army Eng. Topographic Labs. Workshop for Environmental Applications of Multispectral Imagery; p 118-134
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A multistage sampling procedure using image processing, geographical information systems, and analytical photogrammetry is presented which can be used to guide the collection of representative, high-resolution spectra and discrete reflectance targets for future satellite sensors. The procedure is general and can be adapted to characterize areas as small as minor watersheds and as large as multistate regions. Beginning with a user-determined study area, successive reductions in size and spectral variation are performed using image analysis techniques on data from the Multispectral Scanner, orbital and simulated Thematic Mapper, low altitude photography synchronized with the simulator, and associated digital data. An integrated image-based geographical information system supports processing requirements.
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A goal of future synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system design is to yield the radiometrically accurate imagery necessary for use in classification problems. To accomplish this, a reliable calibration technique must be developed. Many such techniques have been proposed (e.g., Stiles and Holtzman, 1982); however, until now, none have been tested on spaceborne SAR digital data. In this paper, a method of significantly increasing the reproducibility of several independent Seasat SAR data sets of a test site using an automated correction procedure is described.
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The improved spatial resolution of the new earth resources satellites will increase the need for effective utilization of spatial information in machine processing of remotely sensed data. One promising technique is scene segmentation by region growing. Region growing can use spatial information in two ways: only spatially adjacent regions merge together, and merging criteria can be based on region-wide spatial features. A simple region growing approach is described in which the similarity criterion is based on region mean and variance (a simple spatial feature). An effective way to implement region growing for remote sensing is as an iterative parallel process on a large parallel processor. A straightforward parallel pixel-based implementation of the algorithm is explored and its efficiency is compared with sequential pixel-based, sequential region-based, and parallel region-based implementations. Experimental results from on aircraft scanner data set are presented, as is a discussioon of proposed improvements to the segmentation algorithm.
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The scientific instruments comprising the OSTA-1 package flown on the second Shuttle mission (November 12-14, 1981) are listed, and the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) experiments are examined in detail: SIR-A operated for 8 h and obtained images covering more than 10 million sq km at 40-m resolution. The images were recorded on photographic film and processed in holographic form at JPL, and data for Southern Europe and parts of Africa were distributed to French scientists by the Groupement pour le Developpement de la Teledetection Aerospatiale. The main areas of research were environmental studies and geology, and the SIR-A images were used in combination with aerial photography, thematic maps, and Landsat images. The technical specifications of the SIR-B radar planned for STS-17 in 1984 are compared with those of SIR-A and Seasat SAR in tables.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Societe Francaise de Photogrammetrie et de Teledetection, Bulletin (ISSN 0244-6014); 91, 1; 5-9
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of remote sensing in resource exploration is reviewed, with emphasis placed on new developments in high spectral resolution remote-sensing techniques for mineralogic and vegetation mapping. Topics discussed include aerial photography and satellite remote sensing, concepts and principles of spectral data collection, spectral properties of rocks and minerals, spectral properties of vegetation, and botanical aspects of geochemical stress. The discussion also covers applications of Landsat multispectral scanner data to lithologic and geobotanic studies and the future development of data acquisition and data interpretation techniques.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Economic Geology and Society of Economic Geologists, Bulletin (ISSN 0361-0128); 78; 573-590
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In this paper, results of a Monte Carlo simulation of the effect of noise on the relationship between the microwave emissivity of soil and its moisture content are presented. It is found that whenever the magnitude of the noise for the independent variable, in this case the soil moisture, is increased, both the slope of the regression and the correlation coefficient decrease. In particular, when the noise has magnitude equivalent to a coefficient of variation of 0.25, the slope and correlation coefficient are in good agreement with those obtained from the data of a 21-cm airborne microwave radiometer which was flown over a test site in hand county, South Dakota. The comparison was made using a linear relationship to determine the estimated emissivity from the ground measurements of soil moisture. The linear relationship was derived from a radiative transfer model calculation of the microwave emissivities using realistic soil-moisture profiles. The effect of surface roughness was included in the relationship, and the variability of the surface roughness was also simulated by a Monte Carlo technique.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-21; 473-479
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development of a preprocessing unit for Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data for the Earth Observations Data Laboratory at Johnson Space Center is reported. The background of the project is sketched, including the greatly increased data-handling requirements compared to MSS, the influence of the JPL VICAR system on the system design, and the completeness of the GSFC SCROUNGE (LASLIB) TM data tapes. The design approach and realization are discussed, and the performance and transportability of the preprocessor programs (totaling about 2000 lines of source code in FORTRAN and IBM Assembly languages) are indicated. The system is able to read the TM image tapes, extract areas of interest to particular studies, and register the extracted imagery to suitable references. Ancillary programs include image enhancement, rotation, filtering and pixel-size modification.
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Features of the NASA Regional Application Program for providing state and local land management agencies an opportunity to assess the usefulness of emerging remote sensing technology are described. The Program guidelines necessitated configuring software for local facilities, assuring that the aggncy involved furnished manpower, and applying the technology to local needs. The study focused on the southwestern U.S., particularly for purposes of water management, federal/state ownership/policy, energy development, environmental impact issues, timber and range inventory, fire control, and urban expansion. Demonstration projects were conducted in various topics, according to the state surveyed, with the success of the projects determined by the willingness of the agencies to continue with the technology, which happened in several cases.
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Previously developed programs for computing atmospheric transmission and scattering of the solar radiation are used to compute the ratios of the earth-atmosphere system (space) directional reflectivities in the nadir direction to the surface Lambertian reflectivity, for the four bands of the Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS). These ratios are presented as graphs for two water vapor levels, as a function of the surface reflectivity, for various sun elevation angles. Space directional reflectivities in the vertical direction are reported for selected arid regions in Asia, Africa, and Central America from the spectral radiance levels measured by the Landsat MSS. From these space reflectivities, surface reflectivities are computed applying the pertinent graphs. These surface reflectivities are used to estimate the surface albedo for the entire solar spectrum. The estimated albedos are in the range 0.34-0.52, higher than the values reported by most previous researchers from space measurements, but are consistent with laboratory and in situ measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 5; 4, 19; 1976
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  • 43
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensing of the earth from satellite systems such as Landsat, Nimbus, and Skylab has demonstrated the potential influence of such observations on a number of major human concerns. These concerns include the management of food, water and fiber resources, the exploration and management of mineral and energy resources, the protection of the environment, the protection of life and property, and improvements in shipping and navigation.
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An uncontrolled aerial thermographic mosaic of Yellowstone National Park was assembled from the videotape record of 13 individual thermographs obtained with linescan radiometers. Post mission processing of the videotape record rectified the nadir line to a topographic map base, corrected for v/h variations in adjacent flight lanes, corrected for yaw and pitch distortions, and distortions produced by nonlinearity of the side-wise scan. One of the purposes of the thermographic study was to delineate the areas of thermal emission (hot springs, geysers, etc.) throughout the Park, a study which could have great value in reconnaissance surveys of geothermal areas in remote regions or regions of high relief.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 42; Oct. 197
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  • 45
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Landsat 1 measurements of nadir radiance are used to obtain the mass of particulates in a vertical column of dust from the Sahara Desert. A radiative transfer model, constructed with knowledge of a few values of optical parameters measured from a ship, is developed to account for the measured radiance values. Measurement and model accuracies are discussed. It is found that the mass of particulates with smaller than a 10 micron radius in a vertical column is 1.6 g/sq m.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Oct. 197
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  • 46
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A brief review of remote sensing state-of-the-art is presented. Emphasis is placed on an understanding of remote sensing terminology. Passive and active sensors and sensor platforms from the spacecraft program to the ground truth program are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 11-28
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Black-and-white stereoscopic aerial photographs at a scale of 1:20,000, 1:40,000, and 1:65,000 and controlled aerial photo mosaics at a scale of 1:24,000 were the basic data utilized for most mapping. Color and color infrared aerial photography (1:20,000) was employed to man the barrier islands, and color infrared photography (1:120,000) was used to map sand and mud units of the coastal plain north of Houston. LANDSAT-1 imagery in Bands 4, 5, and 7 (1:250,000) was utilized to examine land use and certain resource units statewide. Side scanning radar and LANDSAT imagery were studied experimentally toward mapping land suitability units in carbonate terranes with high relief and certain other terranes. Large-scale color and color infrared aerial stereoscopic photographs supply the most information for regional mapping. black-and-white photography is the most practical data for mapping because of scale, complete coverage, availability, and relatively low cost.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Surv. Symp., Vol. 1-B; p 1029-1057
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Computer processing of MSS data to identify and map citrus trees affected by young tree decline is analyzed. The data were obtained at 1500-feet altitude in six discrete spectral bands covering regions from 0.53 to 1.3 millimicrons as well as from instrumental ground truths of tree crowns. Measurable spectral reflectance intensity differences are observed in the leaves of healthy and diseased trees, especially at wavelengths of 500 to 600 nm and 700 to 800 nm. The overall accuracy of the method is found to be 89%.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 41; May 1975
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The environmental satellites NOAA-2 and ERTS-1 observed flooding in United States' rivers such as the Mississippi during 1973. Combination of NOAA-2 observation frequency and the ERTS-1 resolution provides an adequate satellite system for monitoring floods. Several polar-orbiting satellites of the ERTS type could view flooded areas at a reasonably high resolution every three to five days. A high-resolution earth-synchronous satellite would further enhance flood mapping by providing observations whenever clouds are absent.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Apr. 197
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  • 50
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The development of the Earth Resources Technology Satellites for making earth observations from space is discussed. The programmatic elements of the ERTS program are defined. The specific results of the program which are considered are as follows: (1) analysis of snowmelt runoff, (2) analysis of Mississippi River floods of 1973, (3) global ice surveys with an electrically scanning microwave radiometer, (4) the microwave signature of snow fields, (5) analysis of strip mining activities, (6) sea surface studies using microwave techniques during the Bering Sea experiment, (7) cloud types and measurement of rainfall, and (8) performance of various remote sensors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci. and Technol.; p 179-233
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  • 51
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The proposed ERTS-DCS system is designed to allow EPA the capability to evaluate, through demonstrable hardware, the effectiveness of automated data collection techniques. The total effectiveness of any system is dependent upon many factors which include equipment cost, installation, maintainability, logistic support, growth potential, flexibility and failure rate. This can best be accomplished by installing the system at an operational environmental control agency (CAMP station) to insure that valid data is being obtained and processed. Consequently, it is imperative that the equipment interface must not compromise the validity of the sensor data nor should the experimental system effect the present operations of the CAMP station. Since both the system which is presently in use and the automatic system would be in operation in parallel, conformation and comparison are readily obtained.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 115-120
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  • 52
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Interior Department plans for the utilization of data collection systems such as the one on ERTS-1 and others scheduled for future use are very briefly discussed. The savings offerred in manpower, acquisition and dissemination of useful data, and the operational potential of data collection systems are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 101-104
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  • 53
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Service programs in NOAA that contemplate using the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GEOS) Data Collection System (DCS) are considered. The GEOS DCS will be operated by the National Environmental Satellite Service of NOAA as an integral part of the national operation environmental satellite program. This plan is concerned with that part of the GEOS program connected with collection and relay of data from remote locations. Service programs include: (1) hydrological data collection; (2) oceanographic data collection; (3) marine observations from data buoys; (4) Tsunami warning service; and (5) meteorological service.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 107-114
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  • 54
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Plans by the Corps of Engineers to utilize data collection systems to support their mission of development, utilization, and conservation of the water resources of the Nation, flood control, water management, hydroelectric power, maintenance of navigable waterways, reservoir construction, and river basin control are briefly addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 105-106
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  • 55
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Geographically, applications were made over nearly the entire area where direct readout could be accomplished using the data acquisition stations in the ERTS-1 system. The extreme areas included Iceland, the Canadian Arctic, Alaska, Hawaii and Central America. In the discipline sense the majority of applications were in the water resources area with other applications being formally and informally reported in meteorology, oceanography, volcano surveillance and forestry. Installation and maintenance of the data collection platforms, as is true with nearly all new systems, was not accomplished without difficulty. On the whole, however, it has gone well enough so that it is agreed that it is a system which is amenable to installation in a variety of physical situations and the installation is accomplished with an ease commensurate with eventual use in an operational system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Data Collection System; p 97-100
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  • 56
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Significant progress has been achieved in simplifying platform concepts through random access techniques. This is particularly important in applications such as balloons where weight is critical. In applications, where weight restriction may not be a problem, the concept lends itself to uncomplicated designs and low cost. Nevertheless, ordered systems offer inherent advantages in managing data flow which justifies their use. With continuing improvements in technology, particularly low power receivers, ordered systems should become quite competitive with random systems for many applications.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Data Collection System; p 73-82
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  • 57
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Data Collection System flown on the first Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1) relays earth resources data from remotely located in-situ sensors to Goddard Space Flight Center. Data is received at Goddard at least twice each day from every sensor installation and is distributed to users (who operate the sensors and transmitters) by mail and teletype. The system consists of a data formatting and transmitting unit, called the Data Collection Platform (DCP), a receiver and a retransmitter aboard ERTS-1; and receiving, demodulating and decoding equipment located at the Goldstone, California and Goddard data acquisition stations. Data is transmitted from the data acquisition stations to the ERTS Control Center at Goddard, then to the NASA (ERTS) Data Processing Facility (NDPF) where it is processed and distributed to users. Experience to date indicates that the design of the ERTS-1 Data Collection System is adequate for operational use for 50% of the users and, with minor modifications, could meet the requirements of 75%. Some users will have to augment the system by other data collection techniques to meet their operational requirements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Data Collection System; p 83-96
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  • 58
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An airborne DCP Data Aquisition System has been designed to augment the ERTS satellite data recovery system. The DCP's are data collection platforms located at pertinent sites. With the appropriate sensors they are able to collect, digitally encode and transmit environmental parameters to the ERTS satellite. The satellite in turn relays these transmissions to a ground station for processing. The satellite is available for such relay duty a minimum of two times in a 24-hour period. The equipment is to obtain continuous DCP data during periods of unusual environmental activity--storms, floods, etc. Two circumstances contributed to the decision to design such a system; (1) Wallops Station utilizes surveillance aircraft in support of rocket launches and also in support of earth resources activities; (2) the area in which Wallops is located, the Delaware and Chesapeake Bay areas, are fertile areas for DCP usage. Therefore, by developing an airborne DCP receiving station and installing it on aircraft more continuous DCP data can be provided from sites in the surrounding areas at relatively low cost.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Data Collection System; p 65-72
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  • 59
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Wallops Station accepted the tasks of providing ground truth to several ERTS investigators, operating a DCP repair depot, designing and building an airborne DCP Data Acquisition System, and providing aircraft underflight support for several other investigators. Additionally, the data bank is generally available for use by ERTS and other investigators that have a scientific interest in data pertaining to the Chesapeake Bay area. Working with DCS has provided a means of evaluating the system as a data collection device possibly applicable to ongoing Earth Resources Program activities in the Chesapeake Bay area as well as providing useful data and services to other ERTS investigators. The two areas of technical support provided by Wallops, ground truth stations and repair for DCPs, are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Data Collection System; p 53-56
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A prototype volcano surveillance system has been installed on 15 volcanoes in four states and four countries. The need for this system, the techniques used, the method of implementation, the major problems, the results, and the future seen for such a system are briefly reviewed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 31-44
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  • 61
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The objective of the technical support effort is to provide hardware and data processing support to DCS users so that application of the system may be simply and effectively implemented. Technical support at Mississippi Test Facility (MTF) is concerned primarily with on-site hardware. The first objective of the DCP hardware support was to assure that standard measuring apparatus and techniques used by the USGS could be adapted to the DCS. The second objective was to try to standardize the miscellaneous variety of parameters into a standard instrument set. The third objective was to provide the necessary accessories to simplify the use and complement the capabilities of the DCP. The standard USGS sites have been interfaced and are presently operating. These sites are stream gauge, ground water level and line operated quality of water. Evapotranspiration, meteorological and battery operated quality of water sites are planned for near future DCP operation. Three accessories which are under test or development are the Chu antenna, solar power supply and add-on memory. The DCP has proven to be relatively easy to interface with many monitors. The large antenna is awkward to install and transport. The DCS has met the original requirements well; it has and is proving that an operation, satellite-based data collection system is feasible.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 57-64
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The ERTS-1 experimental hydrologic Data Collection Platform System that has been established at the New England Division (NED), the reasons for getting involved with the experiment, some of the initial problems associated with the data collection hardware, and a preliminary conclusion based on operating experiences are reviewed. The New England Region includes the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. The entire area consists of approximately 97,000 sq. km. (60,000 square miles), half of which is in the state of Maine. The limits of the NED are all of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont to the western limits of the Connecticut River basin, Massachusetts, Connecticut to the western edge of the Housatonic River basin and Rhode Island. All reservoirs have flood control as a primary purpose. Other uses include water supply, recreation and low flow augmentation. However, none of the reservoirs are presently operated for hydroelectric power, navigation, or irrigation purposes. Basically then, flood control regulation is NED's primary concern.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 45-52
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  • 63
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Mobile Data Buoy System was conceived to serve the users requirement for obtaining water quality parameters from two separate watershed systems. In view of the cost constraints of the ERTS program it was obvious that the network of 10 sampling stations required could not be of the fixed installation type; therefore, it was decided to go to a system of battery powered buoys of a size that could be used in one watershed system for a period of time and then moved to another by use of a relatively small 6.7 m (22 foot) boat. The basic idea of the water quality measurement program was to establish the water quality pattern of change from the headwaters of the watersheds to and through the Mobile Bay. This would allow the investigator to develop a good picture of the state's major water resources and the pressures from pollution that are being imposed. At this point in deployment of this mobile system of buoys, it is too early to put a quantitative value on the system, however it appears less expensive than known fixed installations as to first cost. It has a basic advantage in that it can be moved, at very little expense, to alternate sites where it is desired to obtain water quality data. It is to be noted this buoy system which covers a 80 Km (50 mile) stretch of the Black Warrior River and then skips down 483 Km (300 miles) to Mobile Bay for the next measurements would not be feasible unless there is a satellite to collect and relay the data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Data Collection System; p 21-30
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Nine sites were selected for installation of Data Collection Platforms (DCPs) with the objective of obtaining one near real time water level reading a day from each site. Also the dependability, costs and other aspects of the system could be studied and decisions made with respect to the feasibility of operating a much larger network of DCPs. The number of transmissions received each day from the gauging stations varies from a maximum of 26 to 12 and a minimum of 10 to 3, depending on the location. Quality checks of data have indicated that the data are good. None of the nine DCPs have failed once they have been successfully activated. The experience with the ERTS data collection system has been excellent. The DCP appears to be a rugged, reliable piece of equipment. The ones installed at water survey sites have withstood temperatures less than -40 C and the antennas have withstood wind speeds of over 80 kph (50 mph) and snow loads of 0.6 m (2 ft).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 17-20
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The earth resources data acquisition systems on ERTS are providing data from the earth's surface that have great potential for resources management. The Data Collection System is providing water resources data several times a day from widely scattered locations in the Delaware River Basin. Within the constraints of an experimental test, the data are being processed and released to water resources agencies in near-real time. The results of ERTS investigations have shown that there is a potential application for satellite-borne systems for earth resources data acquisition. It is becoming clear that the solutions to many natural resource problems can be found faster and more efficiently with the help of data acquisition systems such as those on the ERTS observatory. Under operational conditions, low cost battery-operated DCP's could provide the Geological Survey with data from a large number of field instruments. These data could be used by the Geological Survey to monitor the operational status of field instrumentation and could be used by cooperating agencies to monitor a wide range of earth resources conditions. Under operational conditions, the data flow could be in real time. The delay from time of data acquisition by ERTS to the time of data availability to data users could be reduced to seconds, rather than the present lag time of a few hours.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 5-16
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Monitoring biomass of wetlands ecosystems can provide information on net primary production and on the chemical and physical status of wetland soils relative to anaerobic microbial transformation of key elements. Multispectral remote sensing techniques successfully estimated macrophytic biomass in wetlands systems. Regression models developed from ground spectral data for predicting Spartina alterniflora biomass over an entire growing season include seasonal variations in biomass density and illumination intensity. An independent set of biomass and spectral data were collected and the standing crop biomass and net primary productivity were estimated. The improved spatial, radiometric and spectral resolution of th LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper over the LANDSAT MSS can greatly enhance multispectral techniques for estimating wetlands biomass over large areas. These techniques can provide the biomass data necessary for global ecology studies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 4 p
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Thematic mapper scenes for Washington, D.C. and Macon, Georgia were examined to determine their radiometry and geometric accuracy. Specific band ratios were used to determine their effectiveness in defining vegetation and rock mineralogy. the TM 3/4 band ratio was used to define vegetation and the 5/2 band ratio was used to define limonitic rocks. The 5/7 band ratio was evaluated to test the effectiveness of the 1.6 and 2.2 mm bands in detecting clay and carbonate bearing rocks. Preliminary results show that clay minerals containing absorption bands at 2.2 mm, which are centered in the TM band 7, can be readily detected when the band ratio images are suitably contrast stretched. Bright rocks, such as marbles, which contain absorption bands in the 2.33 mm region, near the wavelength of TM band 7, are only evident upon harsher contrast stretching of the 5/7 band ratio. Geobotanical studies of Washington, D.C. show that monospecific forest canopies can be differentiated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 5 p
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: There are small differences between the average DN for the 16 detectors in each band, typically 0.8 DN; the standard deviations also differ typically by 0.4 DN. Differences of mode in a band are as large as 6 DN. Some DN levels appear to be strongly favored over adjacent levels. Differences between forward and reverse scans are approximately 0.1 DN in the mean, and 0 to 0.6 DN in the standard deviation. Geometrically resampled images (P data), in which the fixed correspondence between lines and single detectors is lost, are statistically similiar to the ensemble of detectors in each band in A data. The magnitude of inter-detector variation is readily seen by making an image of the first derivative in the vertical (line) direction of a flat field and stretching progressively wider ranges to gray; most detectors differ from their neighbors by 1 to 2 DN. The film output from the GSFC filmwriter used for TM images was found to have scale errors in both sample and line directions corresponding to four pixels in a TM image, and skew corresponding to three pixels.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An approach is described for providing periodic inflight absolute radiometric calibrations of the LANDSAT-4 sensors by reference to selected, instrumented ground areas. Results of some early ground measurements and computer simulations are presented. Selection of a suitable ground reference site, accurate measurement of the spectral reflectance of the selected area, determination of atmospheric characteristics during the morning of the sensor overpass, reduction of the measured data and their use in an appropriate atmospheric radiative transfer program, and comparison of the radiance level data with the digital counts of for the images of the selected areas are discussed. Preliminary measurements of gypsum are being made as an aid in defining the characteristics of field equipment to be constructed and calibrated for use over the White Sands Missile Range.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 3 p
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data collected on the spectral characteristics of the LANDSAT-4 and LANDSAT-4 backup thematic mapper instruments, the protoflight (PF) and flight (F) models, respectively are analyzed and summarized. Tests were conducted on the instruments and their components to determine compliance with two sets of spectral specifications: Band-by-band spectral coverage and channel-by-channel within-band spectral matching.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The TM band 6 shutter background and the 34.7 C internal black body signal were measured over 50 day dates. Variability of the shutter background temperature was from 7 C to 11 C. For ten specific images, the digital counts of the calibration data were measured. The average pulse value of the black body peak decreased from 174 to 149 counts while the shutter background counts varied as a function of shutter temperature from 77 to 85. Relative internal gains between the four channels were calculated and compared to prelaunch values. They showed gains over 9 months of up to 5%. Frequency histograms of number of pixels vs. digital counts from a night scene were used to determine gain relative to the mean and to discern a systematic along-scan pattern in a difference between forward and reverse scan counts of up to 0.5. A corrected digital image was obtained. A temperature estimate for and area of Lake Erie of 18.5 C to 19.9 C was obtained. Local temperature records showed 21 C.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 3 p
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Differences in overall sensor response, due to both factors within the sensor system, and external factors such as atmospheric effects, must be dealt with before change detection techniques using image differencing can be successfully implemented. The approach used to be coregister data to a base, followed by between image scatterogram generation and evaluation, and image differencing. Data from LANDSAT 2 and 3 were registered to LANDSAT 4 data. The area was limited to a small protion of the scene near the City of Santa Cruz because this was the only area cloud and haze free on all the images. Visual examination of each image, as well as the between image scatterograms, provide information on radiometric characteristics of each sensor. The image differencing, after normalizing for radiometric differences, provides a visual depiction of geometric distortions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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  • 73
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Two full frames of radiometrically corrected (Type A) LANDSAT-4 MSS data were analyzed digitally and visually for evidence of residual calibration differences between detectors, quantization effects, and other sensor-related artifacts. Both standard statistical and Fourier analysis techniques were employed. Opportunities for coincident coverage by LANDSATS 3 and 4 were identified in the contiguous 48 states. Paired acquisitions for two scenes were obtained and analyzed to establish relationships between signal values from common areas imaged by the two MSS Systems. Initial findings on detector-to-detector differences, coherent noise, and LANDSAT 4 to LANDSAT 3 calibration are summarized. Results show that LANDSAT 4 MSS produces data of generally good quality with dynamic ranges and target responses similar to those of previous sensors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 3 p
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  • 74
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Key spectral, radiometric, and geometric characteristics of the TM sensor are examined. Spectrally, band 5 is slightly wider than specified and its upper edge at 50% of miximum of 1784 nm includes some unintended overlap with water absorption bands. Thermal band 6 is half the expected width. Radiometrically, the TM has extreme linearity and stability in comparison with previous MSS photomultiplier systems. Forward and reverse scans on TM show some unexplained radiometric differences of up to four digital levels. Primary focal plane bands show a monotomic decrease in gain of about 5% in the five months since launch. The relative internal gains of bands 5 and 7 varied with a period of about 60 days and an amplitude of about 6%. Radiometric calibration must be applied before histogram equalization algorithms to preserve radiometric accuracy. Geometrically, channel 4 in band 2 has a smaller modulation transfer function than desired. There is apparent misregistration of .75 pixels along scan and 0.2 pixels across scan.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The characterization objectives of the LANDSAT 4 Science Office at GSFC are to: (1) determine the accuracy and precision of sensor and spacecraft performance, image data quality, and derived information; (2) recommend LANDSAT 4 system improvements; and (3) communicate results to the research community. In-house activities are directed toward full access and utilization of the prelaunch and in-orbit engineering test data on the sensor and spacecraft. Principle scientists in remote sensing are involved as part of a major scientific characterization effort, and workshops were held for these investigative teams. A symposium is scheduled prior to turnover of the TM to NOAA.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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  • 76
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The LANDSAT 4 thematic mapper sensor possesses approximately twice the spectral resolution, three times the spatial resolution, and four times the spectral sensitivity of the MSS sensor on earlier LANDSAT satellites. Spectral bands on the TM, particularly those at wavelengths of 1.6 and 2.2 micrometers are useful for: (1) distinguishing crops such as rice and soybeans; (2) surveying areas that are cultivated in strip crop fashion; (3) determining clay variations and abundances and rock classifications; and (4) differentiating nutrients and sediments found in coastal waters. The sensor can identify surface features 30 meters on a side, which roughly corresponds to a standard city block. Highway construction, land excavation, urban growth, and the health and extent of vegetation can be detected.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 3 p
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: During the spring of 1973, three techniques were used to obtain remotely sensed data pertaining to the flooded shoreline of Monroe County, Michigan. Although digitized data from the Earth Resources Technology Satellite were available on magnetic tapes, analysis was based on interpretation methods normally used for aerial photography, since the black and white IR photography and side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) data were available only as images. Using IR photography as the standard, it was found that ERTS-1 Band 7 imagery had a 93% accuracy in detecting areas in the combined category of open water and flooded fields. X(HH) data from SLAR detected that built-up and wet areas were built-up (89 to 100% accuracy), but not that they were wet. It is suggested that these two sensors used in concert from orbital heights could provide information useful to relief organizations in flooded areas. It is considered likely that SLAR data will improve as higher resolution becomes available.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Michigan Academician; 8; Spring 1
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  • 78
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experiments carried out at the NASA National Space Technology Laboratories indicate that water hyacinths can absorb organic chemicals, heavy metals, nutrients, and other materials from waste water while producing large quantities of biomass, which can be used to produce a gas containing 60-80% methane. When grown in sewage free of toxic materials, the biomass can be used as a potential source of fertilizer or animal feed supplements. The use of hot water from nuclear power plants to grow water hyacinths during the winter months is particularly attractive, since the hyacinths could act as an added safety filtration system for the removal of radioactive elements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: New Scientist; 71; Aug. 12
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Mineralium Deposita; 11; 1976
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  • 80
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper outlines the major actual and potential radar mapping applications, gives an account of the present state of satellite radar imaging, and reviews the radargrammetric work achieved since 1972. Attention is focused on the mapping methods and accuracy regarding single-image radar mapping, stereo radargrammetry, and mapping from blocks of overlapping imagery. It is recommended that more radargrammetric expertise be applied in radar mapping projects so that full advantage may be taken of the metric information potential of imaging radar.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 81
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Precise corrections of Landsat data are useful for generating land-use maps, detecting various crops and determining their acreage, and detecting changes. The paper discusses computer processing and visualization techniques for Landsat data so that users can get more information from the imagery. The elementary unit of data in each band of each scene is the integrated value of intensity of reflected light detected in the field of view by each sensor. To develop the basic mathematical approach for precision correction of the data, differences between positions of ground control points on the reference map and the observed control points in the scene are used to evaluate the coefficients of cubic time functions of roll, pitch, and yaw, and a linear time function of altitude deviation from normal height above local earth's surface. The resultant equation, termed a mapping function, corrects the warped data image into one that approximates the reference map. Applications are discussed relative to shade prints, extraction of road features, and atlas of cities.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Scientist; 64; Sept
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A procedure is developed for removing data scatter in the thermal-inertia approach to remote sensing of soil moisture which arises from environmental variability in time and space. It entails the utilization of nearby National Weather Service air temperature measurements to normalize measured diurnal surface temperature variations to what they would have been for a day of standard diurnal air temperature variation, arbitrarily assigned to be 18 C. Tests of the procedure's basic premise on a bare loam soil and a crop of alfalfa indicate it to be conceptually sound. It is possible that the technique could also be useful in other thermal-inertia applications, such as lithographic mapping.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; Aug. 197
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  • 83
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The application of remote sensing products to the development and understanding of water resources problems is considered. Geology and hydrogeology, analysis of watersheds, snow and ice, prediction of runoff from snowmelt, hydrologic land use classifications, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, flood hazards, and water quality surveys are among the topics discussed. Suggestions for further use of remotely sensed data are given along with increased user requirements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 151-171
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  • 84
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Alternative approaches to remote sensing applications in state and local resource management problems are discussed. Examples of application of remotely sensed data are given. User requirements for future applications are emphasized.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 129-150
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  • 85
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Trends in geologic application of remote sensing are identified. These trends are as follows: (1) increased applications of orbital imagery in fields such as engineering and environmental geology - some specific applications include recognition of active earthquake faults, site location for nuclear powerplants, and recognition of landslide hazards; (2) utilization of remote sensing by industry, especially oil and gas companies, and (3) application of digital image processing to mineral exploration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 99-121
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The application of remote sensing technology by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is examined. The activities of the USDA Remote-Sensing User Requirement Task Force which include cataloging USDA requirements for earth resources data, determining those requirements that would return maximum benefits by using remote sensing technology and developing a plan for acquiring, processing, analyzing, and distributing data to satisfy those requirements are described. Emphasis is placed on the large area crop inventory experiment and its relationship to the task force.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 66-77
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  • 87
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The application of remote sensing technology in the fields of health and education is examined. The technology and accomplishments of ATS 6 and the development of a nationwide telecommunications system to meet the varied needs of the health and education communities are among the topics discussed. The economic and social aspects of utilizing and benefiting from remote sensing technology are stressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 29-32
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  • 88
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data were obtained from ERTS images for western Lake Superior for 1972-74. Data examination showed that for easterly winds the turbidity originating along the Wisconsin shore and the resuspension areas are transported northward then out along a N.E. path where it disperses, and often, for large storms, contaminates the Duluth water intake. Contaminants such as dredging fines anywhere along these paths would likewise find their way to the intake areas in concentrations comparable to the relative red clay concentration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: A Study of Minn. Forests and Lakes using Data from Earth Resources Technol. Satellites; 25 p
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The infrared spectral measurements made by the Nimbus 4 infrared interferometer spectrometer (Iris) for a period of about 10 months are used to study the surface emissivity properties over the globe. It is found that the surface emissivity at 9 microns, as measured by Iris with a circular field of view of about 100-km diameter, is significantly less than unity over arid and semiarid areas. The spectral features in the 8-12-micron window observed over these lands reveal emissivity characteristics essentially due to quartz (SiO2). It is found that these emissivity features are significantly weakened by the presence of clay, clay horizons, or pedogenic horizons in the soil. Low emissivity is observed over sandy or sandy loam areas (psamments) with no clay or pedogenic horizons.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; July 20
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Flood hazard maps have been constructed for Graham, Yuma, and Yavapai Counties in Arizona using remote sensing techniques. Watershed maps of priority areas were selected on the basis of their interest to the county planning staff and represented areas of imminent or ongoing development and those known to be subject to inundation by storm runoff. Landsat color infrared imagery at scales of 1:1,000,000, 1:500,000, and 1:250,000 was used together with high-altitude aerial photography at scales of 1:120,000 and 1:60,000 to determine drainage patterns and erosional features, soil type, and the extent and type of ground cover. The satellite imagery was used in the form of 70 mm chips for enhancement in a color additive viewer and in all available enlargement modes. Field checking served as the main backup to the interpretations. Areas with high susceptibility to flooding were determined with a high level of confidence from the remotely sensed imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Environmental Sciences; 19; May-June
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  • 91
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of imagery from the Landsat spacecraft for the monitoring and management of natural resources in developing countries is discussed. The Landsat imagery can be used to make cartographic maps at scales of 1:250,000 which meet the US National Map Accuracy Standards, providing a means of map updating to correct for river meanders or changing shorelines. The Landsat data can also be used in defining and measuring agricultural areas, identifying pest breeding areas, and monitoring irrigation practices and crop performance. Total volume estimates can be obtained in many cases for surface bodies of water, and subsurface water supplies can be detected from changes in vegetation in some instances.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: COSPAR Information Bulletin; 75, A; Apr. 197
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A short-pulse (one nanosecond) S-band radar system was developed to supplement the information obtained with the aid of the SLAR system of the Great Lakes ice information system. It is the objective of the ice information system to aid in extending the winter navigation season. The SLAR imagery cannot be interpreted directly to obtain information concerning the thickness of the ice. This information is to be provided by a remote ice measuring system utilizing nanosecond radar pulses. A description is given of investigations in which such a system was installed on a C-47 aircraft. In other studies reported an S-band short-pulse radar was mounted on an all-terrain vehicle.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radio Science; 11; Apr. 197
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microwave and infrared data were obtained from a research aircraft over the Beaufort Sea ice from the shoreline of Harrison Bay northward to a latitude of almost 81 deg N. The data acquired were compared with microwave data obtained on the surface at an approximate position of 75 deg N, 150 deg W. Over this north-south transect of the polar ice canopy it was discovered that the sea ice could be divided into five distinct zones. The shorefast sea ice was found to consist uniformly of first-year sea ice. The second zone was found to be a mixture of first-year sea ice, medium size multiyear floes, and many recently refrozen leads, polynyas, and open water; considerable shearing activity was evident in this zone. The third zone was a mixture of first-year and multiyear sea ice which had a uniform microwave signature. The fourth zone was found to be a mixture of first-year sea ice and medium-to-large size multiyear floes which was similar in composition to the second zone. The fifth zone was almost exclusively multiyear ice extending to the North Pole.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Feb. 20
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper presents an overview of recent remote-sensing techniques as applied to geophysical studies of floating ice. The current increase in scientific interest in floating ice has occurred during a time of rapid evolution of both remote-sensing platforms and sensors. Mesoscale and macroscale studies of floating ice are discussed under three sensor categories: visual, passive microwave, and active microwave. The specific studies that are reviewed primarily investigate ice drift and deformation, and ice type and ice roughness identification and distribution.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibility that the variation in areal extent of the snow cover may be related by empirical means to the average monthly run-off in a given watershed was demonstrated by comparing run-off records from the Indus River Basin in south-east Asia with a series of snow-cover maps obtained from Nimbus-3 and 4 imagery. Similar studies using the higher spatial resolution available with ERTS-1 imagery were carried out for the Wind River Mountains watersheds in Wyoming, where it was found that the empirical relationship varied with mean elevation of the watershed. In addition, digital image enhancement techniques are shown to be useful for identifying glacier features thought to be related to extent of snow cover, moraine characteristics, debris coverage, and the like. Finally, longer wavelength observations using sensors on board the Nimbus-5 satellite are shown to be useful for indicating crystal size distributions and onset of melting on glacier snow cover.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microwave data acquired over the Great Salt Lake Desert area by sensors aboard Skylab and Nimbus 5 indicate that the microwave emission and backscatter were strongly influenced by contributions from subsurface layers of sediment saturated with brine. This phenomenon was observed by Skylab's S-194 radiometer operating at 1.4 GHz, S-193 RADSCAT (Radiometer-Scatterometer) operating at 13.9 GHz, and the Nimbus 5 ESMR (Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer) operating at 19.35 GHz. The availability of ESMR data over an 18-month period allowed an investigation of temporal variations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radio Science; 10; Nov. 197
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  • 97
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper presents simple and accurate mathematical formulation for determining the ground location of remote sensor data. The techniques used are based on elementary concepts of differential geometry and lead to the development of a relation that gives location as a function of surface ellipticity, satellite position, velocity, attitude, and scanner orientation. The formula lends itself to simply computer coding and will hopefully lead to a standardization of the various techniques which have been developed to solve this problem.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 42; Apr. 197
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results of a study to evaluate Landsat digital data, categorized by land cover, for input to the Maryland Automated Geographic Information (MAGI) system, the state georeferenced data base, are presented. Good correspondence is found between the MAGI system and Landsat data for six of seven categories: forest, water, crop/pasture, medium-density residential, low-density residential, and transitional (disturbed land, construction). Discrepancies between the results are found for commercial/industrial/institutional areas which are due to differences in interpretative methodologies, not to deficiencies in either data source. It is concluded that Landsat data are suitable for future Maryland land cover inventories, and can also be used to augment MAGI system data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: One of the objectives of the Saginaw River Basin study is related to the development of a computer model to predict flood damages. The computer model is to be operational in June 1985. In order to achieve this objective, the input of land-use data into a data base consisting of 198,000 grid cells will be required. A planning technique using Spatial Analysis Methodology (SAM) was developed by the Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) to systematically handle these data. The HEC-SAM system uses the spatially oriented map data in a series of data management and analysis software programs for input to the Corps hydrologic and environmental models. Attention is given to data base development, Landsat digital data, the placement of the Landsat data into the grid cell data base, and the development of the land cover classification. The Landsat-2 MSS scene covering 85 percent of the Saginaw River Basin was geometrically corrected to a UTM coordinate system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Extensive studies conducted by several researchers using truck-mounted active microwave sensors have shown the sensitivity of these sensors to soil moisture variations. The logical extension of these results is the evaluation of similar systems at lower resolutions typical of operational systems. Data collected during a series of aircraft flights in 1978 and 1980 over four rangeland watersheds located near Chickasha, Oklahoma, were analyzed in this study. These data included scatterometer measurements made at 1.6 and 4.75 GHz using a NASA aircraft and ground observations of soil moisture for a wide range of moisture conditions. Data were analyzed for consistency and compared to previous truck and aircraft results. Results indicate that the sensor system is capable of providing consistent estimates of soil moisture under the conditions tested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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