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  • 1974  (10,098)
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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (1,119)
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  • Articles  (10,098)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (10,098)
  • 1965-1969
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  • 1
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:1 (1974:Jan.) 1 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:1 (1974:Jan.) 22 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 3
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:1 (1974:Jan.) 72 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:1 (1974:Jan.) 59 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:1 (1974:Jan.) 39 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:1 (1974:Jan.) 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 7
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:2 (1974:Apr.) 79 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:2 (1974:Apr.) 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:2 (1974:Apr.) 101 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 10
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:2 (1974:Apr.) 92 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 11
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    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:3 (1974:July) 142 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 12
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:3 (1974:July) 125 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 13
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:3 (1974:July) 159 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 14
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:3 (1974:July) 176 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:3 (1974:July) 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:4 (1974:Oct.) 195 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:4 (1974:Oct.) 210 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:4 (1974:Oct.) 219 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:4 (1974:Oct.) 227 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:4 (1974:Oct.) 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 27:4 (1974:Oct.) 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 22
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Nitrogen (N) balance studies were performed with adult roe bucks in metabolism cages. The animals were fed pelleted diets. To a basic ration with 5.6% crude protein (CP) varving amounts of purified protein were added, raising the crude protein content up to 21.8% of the food dry matter. The N losses via the faeces were 6.1 g/kg of dry matter intake. At body weight equilibrium 94.5% of the apparently digested N were recovered in the urine. With the basic ration the urinary N excretion was down to 0.12 g/day/kg body weight0.75. Even with this diet, part of the animals achieved a positive N balance and raised the body weigh. A calculation of the requirements for maintenance of a roe deer of 20 kg body weight results in 7.5 g apparently digestible CP. With the experimental diet, this was equivalent to 24.3 g CP/day in the food or 5.5% CP in the food dry matter. These requirements are lower than those assumed for roe deer up to now, but are in good accordance with those known for domestic ruminants.
    Abstract: Résumé Des expériences de l'équilibre azoté avec des chevreuils adultes, tenus dans des cages de métabolisme, étaient fait. Comme nourriture unique ils recevaient de fourrage comprimé. À une ration de base pauvre en protéine (5,6% de protéine brute) nous ajoutions des quantités variables de protéine purifiée de soya, augmentant ainsi la teneur de protéine brute jusqu'à 21,8%. Les pertes de nitrogène par la fiente faisaient 6,1 g/kg de la matière sèche du fourrage. Au poids de corps constant, 94,5% de la nitrogène apparemment digestée étaient retrouvés dans l'urine. La ration de base pauvre en protéine reduisait l'excrétion urinaire de nitrogène à 0,12 g/jour/kg poids du corps0,75. Même avec cette diète-là les chevreuils étaient capables d'atteindre une balance de nitrogène positive et de prendre du poids. D'après ces résultats, les besoins quotidiens pour l'entretien s'élévent—chez un chevreuil de 20 kg—à 7,5 g de protéine brute apparemment digestible. Cela correspondait—avec la diète experimentale—à 24,3 g/jour protéine brute dans le fourrage ou à 5,5% de protéine brute dans la matière sèche. La quantité de la protéine nécessaire pour les chevreuils est plus petite que l'on a supposé jusqu'à présent. Elle s'accorde pourtant bien avec les besoins des ruminants domestiques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An ausgewachsenen Rehen wurden in Stoffwechselkäfigen Stickstoff-(N-)Bilanz-Versuche durchgeführt. Die Tiere bekamen pelletierte Alleinfutter vorgelegt. Eine proteinarme Basisdiät mit 5,6% Rohprotein (RP) in der Trockensubstanz wurde mit wechselnden Mengen gereinigten Sojaproteins verschnitten, so daß Diäten mit bis zu 21,8% RP entstanden. Die N-Verluste über den Kot betrugen 6,1 g/kg Futtertrockensubstanz. Vom scheinbar verdauten N wurden bei Gewichtskonstanz der Tiere 94,5% im Harn wiedergefunden. Bei der proteinarmen Basisdiät ging die Harn-N-Ausscheidung auf 0,12 g/Tag/kg Körpergewicht0,75 zurück. Auch mit dieser Diät waren die Rehe noch in der Lage, die N-Bilanz positiv zu gestalten und zuzunehmen. Der tägliche Bedarf zur Erhaltung bei einem Reh von 20 kg beträgt nach diesen Ergebnissen 7,5 g scheinbar verdauliches RP. Bei dem verwendeten Versuchsfutter entsprach das 24,3 g RP/Tag im Futter oder 5,5% RP in der Futtertrockensubstanz. Dieser Erhaltungsbedarf ist niedriger, als bisher für das Reh angenommen wurde, entspricht dagegen recht gut dem Bedarf von Hauswiederkäuern.
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  • 23
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 50-53 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From 1967 until 1973 in the Julian Alps of Slovenia 78 female chamois of various ages were examined for pregnancy. Of these 69 so-calledyeld females (those with no calves) were harvested as usual, while 9 females with calves were shot especially for the study. Both groups revealed a gravidity of 80%, based on all females in the third to 18th year of life. Some females in the third year of life were found to be pregnant, compared with nearly half of those in the fourth year of life. In middle-age females (4–10 years) gravidity was 90%, and 83% in older animals. 8% more corpora lutea were found in the ovaries than the number of embryos. Several such cases were examples of accessory forms, which means that double ovulation had occurred.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den Julischen Alpen Sloweniens wurden von 1967 bis 1973 78 erlegte Gamsgaisen verschiedenen Alters auf Trächtigkeit untersucht. Davon waren 69 als sog.Geltgaisen im Wege der Auslese abgeschossen worden. 9 kitzeführende aber speziell für die Untersuchungszwecke. Bei beiden Gruppen hatte die Trächtigkeit den gleichen Prozentsatz von 80, bezogen auf alle Gaisen vom dritten bis achtzehnten Lebensjahr. Im dritten Lebensjahr brunftete ein Teil der Gaisen erfolgreich (war trächtig), im vierten Lebensjahr etwas weniger als die Hälfte, im mittleren Alter (4–10 Jahre) lag die Trächtigkeit bei 90%, bei älteren Stücken bei 83%. Auf den Eierstöcken wurden 8% mehr Gelbkörperchen gefunden, als der Zahl der Embryonen entsprach. Bei einigen überzähligen Gelbkörperchen handelte es sich um atretische Formen, was bedeutet, daß die Gaisen zweimal ovulierten.
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  • 24
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 57-59 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The results of studies of partridge in aviaries from 1968 to 1973 are reported. These results indicate that seeds are the only feasible winter fodder. Green feed is not necessary, as a rule. Seeds of the following plants were preferred by partridge:Ph. canariensis, Panicum sp.,Setaria sp.,Cannabis sativa, Phleum pratense, Lolium perenne, Agrostis alba gemcina. Seeds of the following wild herbs were infrequently selected:Atriplex sp.,Plantago sp.,Polygonum persicaria, Polygonum lapathifolium andRumex sp.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est fait état d'essais en volière avecPerdix perdix entre 1968 et 1973. L'alimentation hivernale n'est possible qu'au moyen d'une nourriture à base de grains. De la nourriture verte n'est pas fondamentalement nécessaire au cours de l'hiver. Sont préférées par la Perdrix les semences dePh. canariensis, dePanicum sp. etSetaria sp., deCannabis sativa, dePhleum pratense, deLolium perenne et d'Agrostis alba genuina. Les semences des espèces sauvages suivantes ne furent guère recherchées:Atriplex sp.,Plantago sp.,Polygonum persicaria etlapathifolium, Rumex sp.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Berichtet wird über Volierenversuche mit Rebhühnern in den Jahren 1968 bis 1973. Aus den Versuchen wird gefolgert, daß die Winterfütterung von Rebhühnern allein auf Sämereienbasis möglich ist. Grünfutter ist im Winter grundsätzlich nicht notwendig. Bevorzugt werden vom Rebhuhn die Samen des Glanzgrases (Spitz,Ph. canariensis), der Hirse (Panicum sp.Setaria sp.), des Hanfes (Cannabis sativa), des Thimothes (Phleum pratense), des Deutschen Weidelgrases (Lolium perenne) und des weißen Straußgrases (Agrostis alba genuina). Kaum Zuspruch fanden die Sämereien verschiedener Wildkräuter wie Melde,Atriplex sp., Wegerich,Plantago sp., Floh- und pfirsichblättriger Knöterich,Polygonum persicaria bzw.lapathifolium und Sauerampfer,Rumex sp.
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  • 25
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 53-56 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the winter of 1972/73 the rank-order of individually marked roe deer at an artificial feeding site was studied in the foothills of eastern Switzerland. The observed rank-order was almost linear and more or less stable throughout the winter. The only drops in rank were caused by casting of antlers and impairment through injury, whereas cleaning of antlers raised a buck's rank. Adult bucks dominated all other classes, and male fawns dominated almost all females The effects of age, antler size, distance from summer territory, and duration of stay in the feeding site area on rank were tested by rank correlations. In adult bucks, only distance from summer territory affected rank significantly, bucks from the vicinity being the most dominant. This result and the fact that the dominant bucks, who alone showed marking behaviour, were the most aggressive, suggest that roebucks are potentially territorial also in winter. Does were the higher in rank the earlier they were first observed visiting the feeding site, i.e. the more familiar they were with it. The rank of females was not affected by age. Occupied piles of food were sometimes successfully defended against higher ranking individuals.
    Abstract: Résumé En hiver 1972/73 le comportement agonistique et la hiérarchie sociale des chevreuils individuelement marqués fut examiné à une place à fourrage dans une chasse préalpine en Suisse. La hiérarchie était linéaire et ordinairement stabile. Des changement en hiérarchie sociale furent observés après la jeter et l'écurer des bois et après des blessures. Les brocards adultes dominaient toutes les autres classes. L'influence fut examiné avec des correlations de rang entrele rang et l'âge, la grandeur des bois, la distance entre la place à fourrage et le territoire en été, la première date d'observations à la place à fourrage. Le rang des brocards adultes est influencé de manière negative significante seulement par la distance: le plus près un brocard a son territoire en été, le plus il est dominant. Ce fait et le fait, que seulement les brocards des deux premiers rangs étalent un comportement de marquer laissent présumer qu'un comportement territorial éxiste en hiver aussi. Les femelles adultes n'étaient pas influencées par l'âge; mais le plus tôt qu'elles viennent à la place à fourrage en hiver le plus elles sont dominantes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Winter 1972/73 wurde das agonistische Verhalten und die Rangordnung von individuell markierten Rehen an einer Winterfütterung in den Voralpen der Ostschweiz untersucht. Die Rangordnung war beinahe linear und mehr oder weniger stabil. Rangverlust wurde nach Geweihabwurf und Verletzung, Ranggewinn nach Fegen des Geweihs beobachtet. Adulte Böcke dominierten alle anderen Klassen, und Kitzböcke dominierten fast alle Geißen. Die Beziehung zwischen Rang und Alter, Geweihgröße, Distanz zwischen Futterstelle und Sommereinstand sowie erstem Beobachtungsdatum an der Winterfütterung wurde mit Rangkorrelationen geprüft. Bei adulten Böcken hatte nur die Distanz zum Sommereinstand einen Einfluß auf die Ranghöhe: je kürzer diese Distanz, desto dominanter der Bock. Dies und die Tatsache, daß die ranghöchsten Böcke am aggressivsten waren und als einzige Markierverhalten zeigten, legt die Vermutung nahe, daß Rehböcke auch im Winter potentiell territorial sind. Geißen waren um so ranghöher, je früher sie erstmals an der Winterfütterung beobachtet worden waren. Dagegen hatte das Alter keinen Einfluß auf die Ranghöhe. In Besitz genommene Futterhaufen wurden manchmal erfolgreich gegen ranghöhere Tiere verteidigt.
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  • 26
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 70-74 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary During the years 1970 to 1973 we investigated 800 samples of organs, adipose tissue and eggs from 26 wild animals species gaschromatically in respect of chlorinated pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls. The most abundant pesticides were HCB and Lindane + Isomeres (Tab. 1). The pesticide- and PCB-concentrations in liver- and fat tissue of herbivores were about five times lower (ppb-values) than we found in carnivores, where the residues accumulated according to the nutrition chain (Tab. 2 and 3). The highest values we got from eggs of predatory birds and from codfish liver (ppm-values Tab. 2 and 3; for instance DDE and DDT + isomeres).
    Abstract: Résumé Au cours des années 1970 à 1973, 800 échantillons d'organes, de dépôts de graisse et d'oeufs, prélevés sur 26 espèces d'animaux sauvages, ont été analysés par chromatographie gazeuse en ce qui concernait leur teneur en pesticides chlorés et en PCB. Le PCB et les isomères du Lindane étaient les résidus les plus répandus (plus de 90%) (Tableau 1). Chez les Herbivores, la concentration en pesticide et en PCB dans le foie et dans les tissus de graisse était de l'ordre du ppb (Tableaux 2 et 3). Les plus hautes teneurs en résidus — DDE, DDT, et ses isomères, notamment — furent relevées dans les oeufs de Rapaces et dans les foies de Morue (de l'ordre du ppm) (cfr Tableaux 2 et 3).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Während der Jahre 1970 bis 1973 wurden 800 Organ-, Fett- und Eierproben von 26 Wildtierarten gaschromatographisch auf Rückstände an chlorierten Pesticiden und PCBs hin untersucht. Mit über 90% waren HCB und Lindan + Isomere am verbreitetsten (Tab. 1). Die Pesticid- und PCB-Konzentration im Leber- und Fettgewebe lag bei Herbivora im ppb-Bereich (Tab. 2 und 3), stieg jedoch im Rahmen der Nahrungskette bei Carnivora auf das Fünffache der bei Pflanzenfressern gefundenen Werte (Tab. 2 und 3). Die höchsten Rückstandsmengen-v.a. an DDE, DDT und Isomeren-fanden wir in Greifvogeleiern und in Dorschleber (ppm-Bereich siehe Tab. 2 und 3).
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 80-84 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 79-79 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 29
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 85-95 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 30
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 119-120 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 120-120 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 120-124 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 96-104 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two methods for estimating age were applied on 1655 red foxes (871 males, 591 females and 193 of undetermined sex), 290 of which were found to be rabid. The first method uses age of teeth (cutting, shedding and attrition) as an indication to the age of the animal. The second (developed byvan Haaften [1969]) involved the dry weight of eye lenses. A comparison of the methods revealed that both were equally reliable for animals up to the age of two years. Neither method proved to be satisfactory for estimating age in adult animals, although the dry weight method seems to be the more informative one. The range in the dry weight of eye lenses is shown in table 5 for animals from 2 months to 2 years in graph 1 for animals up to 8 years. Graph 2 illustrates the relationship between age, dry weight of eye lens, and age of teeth.
    Abstract: Résumé 1655 renards—871 mâles, 591 femelles et 193 de sexe non déterminé—dont 290 sujets se sont avérés atteints par la Rage, ont fait l'objet d'une étude comparative sur les méthodes de détermination de leur âge par analyse de la dentition (émergence des dents, remplacement et degré d'usure) et par pesée du cristallin (van Haaften 1969). Des résultats satisfaisants ont été obtenus au moyen des deux méthodes jusqu'à l'âge de deux ans. Chez les sujets plus âgés, la méthode par examen de la dentition est impropre à une détermination correcte. En raison du manque de possibilités de comparaison avec des sujets d'âge connu, l'application de la méthode par pesée du cristallin à des sujets de plus de deux ans reste sujette à caution, mais cette méthode semble toutefois plus efficace que les autres. Le Tableau 5 donne le degré de variation des poids secs du cristallin de renards âgés de deux mois à deux ans. La figure 1 visualise ce degré de variation jusqu'à l'âge de 7 ans. La figure 2 permet la comparaison des pyramides des classes d'âge obtenues en appliquant les deux techniques de détermination.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1655 Rotfüchse—871 Rüden, 591 Fähen und 193 ohne Geschlechtsbestimmung—von denen sich durch die Laboruntersuchungen 290 als tollwütig erwiesen, wurden nach dem Zahnalter (Zahndurchbruch,-wechsel und-abnutzung) sowie auf Grund des Linsentrockengewichts nach der Methode vonvan Haaften (1969) auf ihr Alter untersucht und die beiden Methoden miteinander verglichen. Beide Arten der Altersfeststellung liefern für Jungfüchse und Altfüchse bis zu 2 Jahren verläßliche Ergebnisse. Bei älteren Füchsen versagt die Zahnaltersbestimmung. Auf Grund mangelnder Vergleichsmöglichkeiten mit Füchsen bekannten Alters läßt sich zwar über die Sicherheit der Altersbestimmung mittels Linsentrockengewicht bei älteren als 2jährigen Füchsen noch keine endgültige Aussage machen, doch erscheint die Methode aufschlußreicher als die anderen Arten der Altersbestimmung. Tabelle 5 gibt die ermittelten Schwankungsbreiten der Augenlinsentrockengewichte bei Füchsen von 2 Monaten bis 2 Jahren an, die in einer graphischen Darstellung (Abb. 1) bis zum 8. Lebensjahr fortgeführt wird. In einer weiteren Graphik (Abb. 2) werden die Alterspyramiden nach Linsentrockengewicht und Zahnalter gegenübergestellt.
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 115-118 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Organs of six chamois originating from two subalpine areas in Switzerland were examined. 18 different species of nematodes were found in the digestive tract (namelyTrichostrongylus axei, Ostertagia circumcincta, O. leptospicularis, O. trifurcata, Marshallagia marshalli, Skrjabinagia kolchida, S. lyrata, Rinadia mathevossiani, Spiculopteragia böhmi, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus capricola, Cooperia oncophora, Nematodirus filicollis, N. helvetianus, Trichuris ovis, Oesophagostomum venulosum andChabertia ovina) and two additional species in the lungs (Protostrongylus rupicaprae andMuellerius capillaris). Two out of five animals examined were infected withEimeria spp. and three out of four animals withSarcocystis sp. The examination of 213 lungs of chamois from the cantons of Appenzell-Innerrhoden, Schwyz and Lucerne revealed 114 cases of protostrongylidoses due toProtostrongylus rupicaprae andNeostrongylus linearis and one case of dictyocaulosis. It is assumed that the trichostrongylid fauna of the chamois overlaps to a considerable extent with that of domestic ruminants, roe deer and red deer.
    Abstract: Résumé Des examens parasitologiques pratiqués chez six chamois du Jura d'Argovie et du Tössstock dans le Canton de Zurich ont mis en évidence 18 espèces de Nématodes du tube digestif (à direTrichostrongylus axei, Ostertagia circumcincta, O. leptospicularis, O. trifurcata, Marshallagia marshalli, Skrjabinagia kolchida, S. lyrata, Rinadia mathevossiani, Spiculopteragia böhmi, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus capricola, Cooperia oncophora, Nematodirus filicollis, N. helvetianus, Trichuris ovis, Oesophagostomum venulosum etChabertia ovina) et deux autres espèces dans les poumons (Protostrongylus rupicaprae etMuellerius capillaris). Deux animaux sur cinq étaient parasités parEimeria spp., trois sur quatre parSarcocystis. Sur 213 poumons examinés de chamois provenants des Cantons Appenzell-Innerrhoden, Schwyz et Lucerne 114 présentaient une infestation par des Protostrongylidés (Protostrongylus rupicaprae etNeostrongylus linearis) et 1 une infestation parDictyocaulus. On peut remarquer que la faune des Trichostrongylidés rencontrée chez les chamois est très proche de celle observée chez les ovins, caprins, bovidés domestiques ainsi que chez les chevreuils et cerfs d'Europe.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei sechs Gemsen aus dem Aargauer Jura und dem Tösstock im Kanton Zürich wurden 18 Nematodenarten im Magen-Darmtrakt und 2 weitere Arten in der Lunge gefunden. Bei 2 von 5 Tieren lag ein Befall mitEimeria spp. vor, 3 von 4 Tieren waren mitSarcocystis sp. infiziert. Von 213 Gemslungen aus den Kantonen Appenzell-Innerrhoden, Schwyz und Luzern wiesen 114 Protostrongyliden- und 1 Dictyocaulus-Befall auf. Es wird festgestellt, daß bei der Trichostrongylidenfauna der Gemse weitreichend Überschneidungen mit den Artenspektren bei Schaf und Ziege, Rind, Reh und Rotwild bestehen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 105-115 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Between the years 1970 and 1972 58 Swiss chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra L.) from the Jura mountains were studied for parasites. They were collected within the region Waldenburg — Olten — western Weißenstein (canton Basel-Landschaft and Solothurn) and in the Chasseral (canton Berne). Originally they had been transferred from the Swiss Alps to the Jura, where they were acclimatized. The following endoparasites were found: 3 lungworms, 8 gastro-intestinal nematodes (in some cases the species was not identified), 1 trematode, 2 cestodes and coccidia. The extensity and intensity of the species found were compared with two studies from Austria, and, in the case of lungworms, with a Swiss and a German report as well. Parasitic intensity and extensity seem less in the Bernese than in the Basel-Land and Solothurn Jura mountains. But in the entire Jura they are found to a lesser extent than in the reported regions of the Alps; sometimes this difference is very clear (exception:Protostrongylus in the cantons Basel-Landschaft and Solothurn). From the limited parasitic intensity and the low death rate among the Jura chamois it can be concluded that the Jura mountains are a favourable environment for these animals; there seems to be no overpopulation effect. The limited parasitic extensity as well suggests that the chamois population is not too dense; in addition the biotope appears unfavourable for the free-living stages of the parasites and the influence of a contact between chamois and domestic animals unimportant. The range of species found on this study was as to be expected.
    Abstract: Résumé Pendant les années 1970–1972 des recherches parasitologiques ont été faites sur le chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra L.) dans le Jura Suisse. 58 chamois, capturés dans la région de Waldenburg — Olten — partie ouest du Weissenstein (canton de Bâle-campagne et de Soleure) et du Chasseral (canton de Berne) ont été examinés. Toutes ces populations proviennent de quelques animaux introduits des Alpes Suisses. Les endoparasites trouvés sont les suivants: trois nématodes bronchiques, 8 nématodes gastro-intestinaux (qui n'ont pas tous été déterminés jusqu'à l'espèce), un trématode, deux cestodes et des coccidies. La fréquence et l'intensité des atteintes ont été comparées avec celles décrites dans deux travaux autrichiens. Les résultats sur les vers bronchiques ont en outre été comparés avec ceux présentés dans une publication suisse et allemande. Intensité et fréquence des atteintes semblent être un peu plus faibles dans le Jura bernois que dans le Jura soleurois et de Bâle-campagne. En tout cas elles sont plus faibles que dans les régions alpines qui nous servaient de comparaison. (Il existe une exception chezProtostrongylus dans les cantons de Bâle-campagne et de Soleure.) La faible intensité des atteintes et le fait qu'on trouve rarement des animaux péris mène à la conclusion que l'état sanitaire général des chamois jurassiens est assez bon. Selon toute vraisemblance la qualité du biotope jurassien convient au chamois et sa densité n'est pas exagérée. En outre, la faible fréquence des parasites affaiblit l'idée d'une surpopulation du chamois et laisse supposer que le biotope n'est pas favorable aux parasites pendant leur développement à l'exterieur de l'hôte. Le contact avec des bêtes domestiques, fréquent dans certaines régions du Jura, ne semble pas jouer un rôle important. Le nombre des espèces ne differt pas de ce que l'on pouvait attendre.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1970–1972 wurden an 58 Schweizer Juragemsen (Rupicapra rupicapra [L.]) aus dem Raume Waldenburg — Olten — westlicher Weißenstein (Kantone Basel-Landschaft und Solothurn) und Chasseral (Kanton Bern) parasitologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die untersuchten Tiere stammen alle aus Populationen, die auf Aussetzungen von Gemsen aus den Schweizeralpen zurückgehen. An Endoparasiten wurden drei Lungennematoden, acht Magen-Darmnematoden (teilweise nicht bis auf die Art differenziert), ein Trematode, zwei Cestoden und Coccidien nachgewiesen. Die Befallsextensitäten und-intensitäten wurden mit zwei Untersuchungen aus Österreich verglichen, im Falle der Lungenwürmer zusätzlich mit einer schweizerischen und einer deutschen Arbeit. Befallsintensität und-extensität scheinen im Bernerjura etwas geringer zu sein als im Baselbieter- und Solothurnerjura. An beiden Orten sind sie, teilweise sehr eindeutig, niedriger als in den Vergleichsgebieten der Alpen. (Ausnahme:Protostrongylus in den Kantonen Basel-Landschaft und Solothurn.) Aus der geringen Intensität und dem seltenen Auftreten von Fallwild wird geschlossen, daß die Kondition der Juragemsen gut ist. Das könnte auf Eignung des Juras als Gemshabitat und auf das Fehlen von Übervölkerungseffekten hinweisen. Die geringe Extensität läßt ebenfalls nicht überhöhte Dichte vermuten, zusätzlich einen für die freien Parasiten ungünstigen Biotop und einen geringen Einfluß des vorhandenen Kontaktes mit Haustieren. Das Artenspektrum liegt im Rahmen des zu Erwartenden.
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 157-158 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Papillomatosis was found in the praeputium of a male Fallow-deer.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est décrit un cas de papillomatose chez le daim dans la region du praeputium.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über einen Fall von Papillomatose im Bereich des Praeputium bei einem freilebenden Damhirsch berichtet.
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 159-161 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A case of maceration of a fetus in the vagina of roe deer is reported.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est décrit la maceration d'un fetus dans la vagine chez le chevreuil.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine Beobachtung von Fruchtmazeration in der Vagina beim Reh berichtet.
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 161-162 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The formation of a bone case on the right half of a roe deer cranium is described, which is probably the result of a slow growing tumour.
    Abstract: Résumé Description d'une excroissance osseuse sur la partie doite du crâne causée vraisemblablement par le développement progressif d'une tumeur.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beschrieben wird die Ausbildung einer Knochenkapsel an der rechten Schädelhälfte eines Rehbockes, die vermutlich durch eine langsam wachsende Geschwulst entstanden ist.
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 163-165 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Amongst 4 of 488 Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) from the Canton of Berne (Switzerland), 5 Premolars with a third lateral root have been found (4 times in P2, 1 time in P4). Time and place of killing point to a genetic connection. Ecological aspects are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Chez 4 parmi 488 renards (Vulpes vulpes L.) du canton de Berne (Suisse), il y avait 5 prémolaires avec une troisième racine latérale (4 fois chez P2, 1 fois chez P4). Lieu et date des tirs indiquent une relation génétique. Des aspects écologiques sont discutés.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 4 von 488 Füchsen aus dem Kanton Bern (Schweiz) fanden sich 5 Prämolaren im Unterkiefer mit einer dritten lateralen Wurzel (viermal bei P2, einmal bei P4). Zeit und Ort der Abschüsse weisen auf eine genetische Verbindung hin. Ökologische Aspekte werden diskutiert.
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 165-169 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two unusual finds ofGoniodes sp. are described in the present paper. In the first capercaillie cook, 8 specimens ofGoniodes sp. were found within the quill cavity of the 10th primary just moulted (Fig. 1, 2). A facultative occurrence of the respective Mallophaga in such an uncommon milieu follows from the finds of its excrements and of the damaged interior of the quill. Bloody remains of mesodermal tissue filling the cavity of quills in two middle rectrices and in one secondary respectively were found on another cock shot not far from the place of the foregoing observation. In this latter case, a blood consumation byGoniodes sp. is presumed in some of living larvae as well as of adults according to the colour of their intestine (Fig. 3, 4).
    Abstract: Résumé On rend compte de la découverte de 8 exemplaires deGoniodes sp. dans le calamus d'une des 10ièmes rémiges primaires, récemment muée, d'un Grand Tétras (figures 1 et 2). L'examen des matières fécales et des septa distaux du calamus interne atteint milite en faveur d'une colonisation facultative deGoniodes sp. dans un site aussi inhabituel. Dans un autre Grand Tétras tiré à proximité on a constaté que les septa du calamus interne avaient été ensanglantés au niveau des deux rectrices médianes et dans une rémige secondaire. La couleur du conduit intestinal de certaines larves et imagos indique qu'ils se sont nourris de sang (figures 3 et 4).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Fund von 8 ExemplarenGoniodes sp. in der Federspule einer frisch gemauserten 10. Handschwinge eines Auerhahnes beschrieben (21. 5. 1972 Abb. 1, 2). Der Kot und die beschädigte Federseele sprechen für ein fakultatives Besiedeln dieses für die o. g. Gattung abnormalen Lebensraumes. Ein anderer unweit des ersten Fundortes erlegter Auerhahn hatte eine blutige Federseele in den zwei mittleren Stoßfedern und einer Armschwinge; bei einigen Larven und VollkerfenGoniodes sp. deutet die Farbe des Darmkanals auf Blutaufnahme (13. 5. 1973 Abb. 3, 4).
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 207-209 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The similarity of antler form, which can repeat itself for decades in a small region, is illustrated with the help of 4 photographs.
    Abstract: Résumé On relève, avec quatre documents photographiques à l'appui, les analogies de la forme des bois qui se sont reproduites sur un espace fort exigu, parfois au-delà de plusieurs dizaines d'années.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Hand von 4 Photos wird auf Ähnlichkeiten in der Gehörnform hingewiesen, die sich zum Teil nach Jahrzehnten auf engstem Raum wiederholten.
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 215-215 
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    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 209-212 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Three measurements were taken on each of 25 lower jaws of hare to estimate the possible interdependence in growth in length of the jaw, the tooth, and in width of the oral cavity. The date were not sufficient to establish clearly an age dependence, but a high probability points in this direction. This work will hopefully instigate further collection of data to enable age-estimation with the aid of age-dependent growth factors.
    Abstract: Résumé Trois mensurations (croissance en longueur du maxillaire inférieur, croissance en longueur des dents et croissance en largeur de la cavité dentaire) ont été effectuées sur les maxillaires inférieurs de 25 lièvres en vue de relever d'éventuelles corrélations avec leur âge. Malgré l'insuffisance du matériel examiné, une relation hautement probable a pu être mise en évidence. Ce travail devrait inciter les milieux cynégétiques à recueillir un matériel plus abondant qui permettrait d'élaborer une méthode de détermination de l'âge sur la base de ces relations biométriques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An 25 Unterkiefern von Hasen wurden drei Meßwerte zum Längenwachstum des Unterkiefers, zum Längenwachstum des Zahnes und zum Breitenwachstum der Zahnhöhle auf ihre möglichen Abhängigkeiten zum Alter überprüft. Für eine exakten Nachweis der Altersabhängigkeit reichte das Material nicht aus, aber die hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit der Abhängigkeit konnte doch erhärtet werden. Durch diese Arbeit sollen größere Kreise veranlaßt werden, weiteres Kiefermaterial zu sammeln, um Abhängigkeiten nachweisen und zu einer Altersbestimmungsmethode ausbauen zu können.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Daten der thermischen Struktur der Atmosphäre, die mit dem mehrere Strahlungsbänder umfassenden SIRS-Instrument (Satellite Infrared Radiometer Spectrometer) des Nimbus III gemessen wurden, wurden zur Berechnung von Parametern der allgemeinen Zirkulation in der Nordhemisphäre herangezogen. Die thermische Struktur unterhalb der 10mb-Fläche wird mittels einer Regressionsmethode bestimmt, welche die Schichtdicke zwischen Isobarenflächen als abhängige Veränderliche benützt. Die täglich berechneten Parameter der allgemeinen Zirkulation umfassen die zonale mittlere und die wirbelpotentielle Energie sowie die zonale und wirbelkinetische Energie. Unabhängig davon wurden dieselben Parameter von Netzdaten des National Meteorological Center (NMC) bestimmt. Ein Vergleich zwischen den beiden Kollektiven von Daten zeigt, daß Maxima, Minima und allgemeine Tendenzen in beiden Berechnungen gut übereinstimmen. Die mittels SIRS berechneten Energiewerte stellen allerdings eine Unterschätzung dar. Die Energieveränderungen in der mittleren Stratosphäre während des Zusammenbruches des Polarwirbels werden als Beispiel angeführt.
    Notes: Summary General circulation parameters in the northern hemisphere are calculated using atmospheric thermal structure obtained from Nimbus III SIRS multi-channel radiance information. The thermal structure up to 10 mb is obtained by using a regression technique with thickness between pressure levels as the dependent variable. General circulation parameters calculated on a daily basis include zonal and eddy available potential energy, and zonal and eddy kinetic energy. A second set of calculations is performed using National Meteorological Center (NMC) grid data. A comparison of the two sets of calculations indicates that, although the energies calculated from the SIRS-derived structure underestimate the actual energies, maxima, minima and trends are well identified. An example of mid-stratospheric energy changes during a breakdown of the polar-night vortex is also given.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 13-27 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Gesamtozongehalt kann auf globaler Basis täglich von Satelliten aus gemessen werden, die die Erde umkreisen. Solche Messungen wurden durch den Nimbus-III-Satelliten durchgeführt. Ein Vergleich der zeitlichen und longitudinalen Veränderlichkeit der von der Stratosphäre emittierten langwelligen Strahlung in 60° südlicher Breite mit dem Gesamtozongehalt zeigte, daß niedrige (hohe) Strahlungswerte gut mit niedrigen (hohen) Gesamtozonwerten übereinstimmen. Die Phasengeschwindigkeit der nach Osten wandernden “Ozonwellen” ist in der Winterhemisphäre am größten. Die Ostwärtsbewegung nimmt gegen niedere Breiten der Winterhalbkugel ab. In äquatorialen Breiten scheinen sich die Wellen langsam gegen Westen zu bewegen. Im Sommer der Nordhemisphäre wandern die Wellen langsam gegen Osten. Die Intensität der “Ozonwellen” ändert sich ebenfalls mit der geographische Breite. Die zeitlichen und räumlichen Änderungen im Gesamtozongehalt sind hauptsächlich an die Bewegungen troposphärischer Drucksysteme geknüpft. Die starken, horizontalen Ozongradienten, welche häufig in der Winterhemisphäre beobachtet wperden, hängen mit intensiven baroklinen Zonen in der unteren Stratosphäre und der oberen Troposphäre zusammen, die sich ebenfalls nach Osten hin bewegen. Unter Annahme einer gleichförmigen zonalen Grundströmung konnten in der Ozonverteilung Rossby-Wellen festgestellt werden, deren Wellenlänge zwischen 2500 und 3700 km variierte.
    Notes: Summary With total ozone sensors on earth-orbitung satellites the ozone distribution over the entire earth may be measured daily. The conclusions from some of the Nimbus III measurements are discussed in this paper. A comparison of time-longitude variations of stratospheric radiance values at 60°S with values of the total ozone indicated that low (high) radiance values correspond very closely with the low (high) total ozone amounts. The speed at which these ozone ‘waves’ progress eastward is greatest in the winter hemisphere. The speed of eastward progression decreases as one approaches the lower latitudes in the winter hemisphere. In the equatorial region the progression of the ozone ‘waves’ appears to be slowly westward. In the Northern Hemisphere the waves progress slowly eastward during summer. The intensity of the ozone ‘waves’ was also observed to change with latitude. These temporal and spatial fluctuations are related mainly to the motion of dynamic tropospheric systems. The extremely tight ozone gradients, which may be seen in the winter hemisphere data, have been shown to be associated with strong baroclinic zones in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, which are moving eastward. Assuming uniform zonal velocity we found Rossby wavelengths that varied from 2500 to 3700 km.
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    European journal of nutrition 13 (1974), S. 72-72 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
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    European journal of nutrition 13 (1974), S. 73-80 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The protein quality of some species of freshwater algae was determined by balance-tests with rats (table 1). The microalgal substances used for feeding had been subjected to short-term high-temperature treatment on a roller dryer, which causes an optimal cell disruption and consequently, a good protein digestibility. The green algaScenedesmus obliquus proved to be a plant protein source of best quality, as revealed by a PER of 3.21, a NPU of 68 and a BV of 81 (table 3). — Protein fromCoelastrum proboscideum is of good quality with values of 3.18 (PER), 59 (NPU) and 75 (BV). Depending on the culture medium abnormally high concentrations of non-essential N can be obtained in this alga, which influences negatively the value of the crude protein fraction in the rat-test. — The crude protein of the green algaUronema sp., the largest species of the above test series, is of comparably low quality, with protein values of 2.47 (PER), 45 (NPU) and 55 (BV).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Proteinqualität einiger Algenarten des Süßwassers wurde in Ratten-Bilanzversuchen bestimmt (Tab. 1). Die verfütterten Mikroalgen-Substanzen waren mittels Feinschicht-Walzentrocknung kurzzeitig hocherhitzt worden, was einen optimalen Zellaufschluß und eine gute Eiweißverdaulichkeit bewirkt. Die GrünalgeScenedesmus obliquus erwies sich als eine pflanzliche Proteinquelle bester Qualität, gekennzeichnet durch eine PER von 3,21, eine NPU von 68 und eine BV von 81 (Tab. 3). — Von guter Qualität ist das Eiweiß der GrünalgeCoelastrum proboscideum, mit Werten von 3,18 (PER), 59 (NPU) bzw. 75 (BV). In Abhängigkeit vom Kulturmedium kann es bei dieser Alge zu abnorm hoher Konzentration von nichtessentiellem N kommen, was den Wert der Rohprotein-Fraktion im Rattentest negativ beeinflußt. — Das Roheiweiß der GrünalgeUronema sp., der größten Algenspezies der vorliegenden Testreihen, ist mit Proteinkennzahlen von 2,47 (PER), 45 (NPU) und 55 (BV) von vergleichsweise mäßiger Qualität.
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The course of cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase activity was observed for 14 days in 3 groups of rats on 20% fat diets which were of different fatty acid compositions. Determinations were done at 09.00 and 23.00 hr. In the controls the circadian variations of the enzyme were confirmed. Feeding of saturated fatty acids lead to a reduced 7α-hydroxylation of cholesterol in the dark period, whereas feeding of polyunsaturated fatty acids (13% as well as 56% of total fatty acids) showed an enzyme activity unchanged in the dark period but slightly enhanced in the light period.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Verlauf der Cholesterin-7α-Hydroxylase-Aktivität wurde während 14 Tagen an 3 Gruppen fettreich (20%) ernährter Ratten beobachtet (Messungen jeweils um 9.00 und 23.00 Uhr), wobei die einzelnen Diäten sich in der Fettsäurenzusammensetzung unterschieden. Während die Werte der Kontrollgruppe den Circadianrhythmus des untersuchten Enzyms bestätigten, führt Ernährung mit gesättigten Fettsäuren zu einem Absinken der 7α-Hydroxylierung des Cholesterins in der Dunkelphase. Dagegen weisen die Diäten mit polyungesättigten Fettsäuren (13% bzw. 56% des Fettsäurengehaltes) in der Dunkelphase unveränderte, in der Hellphase eher erhöhte Cholesterin-7α-Hydroxylase-Aktivität auf.
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    European journal of nutrition 13 (1974), S. 186-188 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Kombinierung der dritten FormelCowgills und der vonRathbun undPace und eines daraus errechneten Nomogramms ergibt sich ein einfaches Verfahren zur Beurteilung des prozentualen Fettgehaltes des Körpers aus Körpergewicht und Körperhöhe.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 199-208 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary It has been experimentally observed that one-inch thick soil-cement slab (fine-grained soil), upon drying from the top face, first deforms with a concave surface at the top and gradually assumes an opposite curvature with convex surface at the top. The latter shape contradicts the classical analysis ofPickett. A theory whereby the doming can be predicted is proposed in this paper. Moisture migration in the drying slab is determined by the unsaturated capillary flow theory, modified to account for the fact that soil-cement will exhibit hysterisis in the relation between pressure head (capillary tension) and its moisture content. By postulating that moisture tension (stress) results in deformation or shrinkage, a relation between shrinkage and moisture tension is obtained from experimental data. The results seem to violate an intuitive feeling that the exposed top face should shrink more than the sealed bottom face. The creep compliance of soil-cement specimens is determined for a range of humidities from 55–100%. Finite difference techniques have been employed to compute the relaxation modulus from creep compliance which are related throughBoltzmann integral. To include the dependence of the modulus upon a variable humidity field, constitutive law is modified on the basis of time-humidity equivalence hypothesis. Imposing on the theoretical shrinkage distribution, computations for stresses and deflections are made from two points of view: 1. Using the simplifying assumption that the relaxation modulusG(t) does not vary with humidity and 2. allowing for the humidity variation in the transient problem and using a generalG(t, H). The solution from the first point of view is obtained by equivalent shrinkage concept and from the latter by finite element method. The computed deflections not only predict doming but also show good agreement with the observed values. It should be noted that the current theory predicts deflections opposite to those predicted by conventional analysis when the moisture movement is assumed to be governed by diffusion law and shrinkage to be proportional to moisture loss.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 223-227 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Formeln für die Bestimmung der Schwellrate von Kunststoffschmelzen wurden behandelt. Die kritischen Bedingungen für die Ergebnisse von Schmelzbruch und Schwellrate sind kombiniert, um das Flußverhalten beim Einsetzen der Instabilität zu erklären. Es wurde dargestellt, daß der Faktor $$\bar M_z \bar M_{z + 1} /\bar M_w^2 $$ in der Schwellrate sowie im Schmelzbruch der wichtigste Parameter ist.
    Notes: Summary The equations for determining die swell of molten polymers are discussed. The critical conditions for melt fracture and die swell results are combined in order to explain the flow behavior at the onset of instability. It is shown that the factor $$\bar M_z \bar M_{z + 1} /\bar M_w^2 $$ is the most important parameter in die swell and melt fracture studies.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 236-240 
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    Notes: Résumé Les premiers essais réalisés sur la planche à peindre nous ont permis de chiffrer l'ordre de grandeur des efforts d'application et de mettre en évidence l'importance pour une peinture donnée, du rapport de l'effort normal sur l'effort tangentiel. Cette technique simple peut permettre un contrôle rapide, en cours de fabrication, de la brossabilité d'une peinture. Toutefois la mise au point d'un applicateur automatique éliminant sur les résultats la dispersion due au peintre semble indispensable si l'on veut lier la brossabilité aux caractéristiques rhéologiques d'une peinture.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 265-273 
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    Notes: Summary In order to investigate the short time response of solid polymers, a high resolution laser interferometer has been employed to observe the detailed structure of stress waves produced by the impact of polymeric plates. From the observed stress waves the loading and unloading stress-strain paths followed by the material can be determined. For the polymer, polymethyl methacrylate, over the stress range from 0–60 kbar such observations have disclosed a stress-strain behavior which exhibits large strain nonlinearities and significant rate-dependence. For stress levels below ≈7 kbar and above ≈40 kbar, rate-effects are of secondary importance and the observed wave profiles may be modeled using a nonlinear elastic description of the material behavior. However, at about 7 kbar, a transition is observed in the dynamic stress-strain behavior which is characterized by greater stress relaxation and significant hysteresis upon unloading. This transition, which we attribute to a yield phenomenon, requires a rate-dependent description of the material behavior to be used in the stress range of approximately 7–40 kbar.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 289-295 
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 283-288 
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 296-304 
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 318-322 
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 278-282 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine einfache und zuverlässige Relativmethode vorgeschlagen, um die Uneinheitlichkeit linearer Polymere abzuleiten. Es wird gezeigt, daß alle beide, Nullschergradient-viskositätη 0, und Grenzviskositätszahl [η], einfach logarithmisch vom Gewichtsmittel des Molekulargewichts $$\bar M_w $$ , und vom Polymolekularitätsindex $$Q = \bar M_w /\bar M_n $$ , abhängig sind. Die Koeffizienten dieser Beziehungen können mit statistischer Analyse festgesetzt werden, wenn $$\bar M_w $$ undQ einer Probenreihe bekannt sind. Mit den zwei vorher festgesetzten Beziehungen besteht die Bestimmung von $$\bar M_w $$ undQ einer gegebenen Polymersprobe nur aus den experimentellen Massen seinerη 0- und [η]-Werte. Eine Analyse wurde ausgeführt, um die Bedeutung des experimentellen Irrtums über die berechnete Uneinheitlichkeit zu wissen. Es wurde gefunden, daß ein experimenteller Irrtum betreffs [η] schwer an endlichem Irrtum der Uneinheitlichkeit teilnimmt.
    Notes: Summary A simple and reliable relative method to derive the molecular weight distribution of linear polymers is proposed. It is shown that both the zero-shear viscosity,η 0, and the intrinsic viscosity, [η], have a logarithmic dependence on the weight average molecular weight, $$\bar M_w $$ , and the polydispersity, $$Q = \bar M_w /\bar M_n $$ . The coefficients of these relationships can be determined by applying a multiple regression analysis to a series of samples for which $$\bar M_w $$ andQ are known. By making use of the two established relationships, the determination of $$\bar M_w $$ andQ for a given polymer sample reduces to the experimental measurement of itsη 0 and [η]. An analysis has been performed to estimate to what extent experimental errors onη 0 and [η] affect the calculated molecular weight distribution. It has been found that only the experimental error on [η] contributes heavily to the final error on the polydispersity.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 323-332 
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 305-317 
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    Notes: Summary High shear capillary viscometry at 37.8°C (100°F) of concentrated solutions of a series of polyalkylmethacrylate viscosity index improvers in a petroleum lubricating oil is reported. Viscosity average molecular weights of the four polymers varied from 355 000–1650 000 and solution concentrations varied from 2–20 wt.-%. An approximating function based on the error function was computerfit to the complete flow curves by correlating the distribution of apparent viscosity with the product ( $$\dot \gamma $$ τ), the rate of viscous energy dissipation. This gave an estimate of the secondNewtonian viscosity (η ∞ ) and two parameters of the approximating function. The fourth quantity required to completely define the flow curve is the low shear or firstNewtonian viscosity (η 0 ). Representation of the original data was within 2%, by this technique. The parameters of the flow function — the energy level at the inflection point and the slope of the transformed flow function — were found to vary in a regular manner with both molecular weight of the polymer and polymer concentration, expressed as relative viscosity (η rel). The limiting asymptotes of the approximating function —η 0 andη ∞ — could not be treated according to the conventionalHuggins equation, but they were fit adequately by theMartin equation: log(η sp/C)=log[η]+K[η]C. The intrinsic viscosities thus determined for both low shear ([η M ]0) and high shear ([η M ]0) demonstrate aMark-Houwink relationship, i.e., [η M ]0=5.668×10−5 M v 0.660 and [η M ]∞=2.574×10−5 M v 0.0669 so that ([η M ]∞≈[η M ]0/2) over the range studied. The relationship of these results to other reports of high shear viscometry of polymer solutions is discussed.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 381-394 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Schrifttumsüberblick und eine Experimentaluntersuchung über die kurzzeitigen Festigkeitsveränderungen von G.F.V.K.-Versuchskörpern vorgelegt, die der gleichzeitigen Einwirkung von Belastung und verschiedenen Umweltbedingungen unterworfen waren. Es wurden folgende Beobachtungen gemacht: a) Ein Abfall der verbleibenden Axialfestigkeit wurde jenseits eines Vorbelastungsmaßes von etwa 25–35% der entsprechenden Vergleichsfestigkeit festgestellt — wenn der Prüfung die Einwirkung von heißem Wasser (80 °C) vorausgegangen war, sogar wenn die umweltbeeinflußte Belastungsdauer (Environmental-loading history, oder E.L.H.) nur 48 Std. betrug. b) Die Einwirkung von kaltem Wasser (22 °C) und von trocken-heißer Umgebung (80 °C) verursachten keinen Verlust an verbleibender Axialfestigkeit (Residual longitudinal strength oder R.L.S.). Die folgenden Schlüsse werden gezogen: a) Frühzeitiger Abfall der verbleibenden Festigkeit wird von der vereinten Wirkung von Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit bedingt, wogegen jeder Faktor allein, selbst bei hoher Vorbelastung, keinerlei Festigkeitsverlust hervorruft. b) Der Hauptfaktor für den Beginn innerer Zerstörung in der Glasfaserkomponente ist Feuchtigkeit, wobei die Wirkung wahrscheinlich durch einen Abfall in der Oberflächenenergie des Glases infolge oberflächenabsorbierten Wassers verursacht wird, begleitet von einem drastischem Festigkeitsverlust (Griffiths Theorie). Temperatur hat nur mittelbare Einwirkung, indem sie den Diffusionsprozeß beschleunigt und damit das Zeitmaß bis zum Eintritt des Bruches verkürzt.
    Notes: Summary A literature survey and an experimental study are presented on the short term strength variation of G.R.P. specimens subjected to the combined effect of loading and different environmental conditions. Findings are as follows: a) Residual longitudinal strength was found to decrease above a preloading level of about 25–35% of the corresponding reference strength — on exposure to hot (80 °C) water, even after an environmental-loading history (E.L.H.) stage of 48 h. b) No reduction in residual longitudinal strength (R.L.S.) was observed on exposure to cold water (22 °C) and to a dry-hot environment (80 °C). Conclusions are as follows: a) Early reduction of the residual strength is conditional on a combination of temperature and humidity, whereas each factor alone does not cause any deterioration, even under high preloading. b) Humidity is the main factor in the onset of internal failure in the glass-fiber phase, the effect being probably due to reduction of the surface energy of the glass by water adsorbed on its surface, accompanied by drastic reduction of its strength (Griffiths theory). Temperature has an indirect effect, accelerating the diffusion process and reducing the time scale for failure initiation.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 400-407 
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 408-412 
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 395-399 
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    Notes: Summary One of the main problems in Rheology is the determination of the yield condition for which no satisfactory form seems to exist. If a start is made with the stress tensor field, one soon runs into a number of difficulties. It is therefore better to deal with the geometry of the field. The change from elastic to plastic deformation can be interpreted as a mapping of one space into another, and the yield as an asymptotic sub-space. If the elastic strain field ise ij , whose invariants areJ 1,J 2,J 3, then an asymptotic behaviour may be represented by the existence of a functional relationf(J 1, J2,J 3) = 0, between theJ's, which are independent of one another in the normal part of the field. This does not fix the nature of the functionf, for which we can invoke the additional geometric condition that yielding can result from infinite contraction or expansion of a macro-element. Thus theJacobian of the mapping must take on the singular values zero or infinite. These concepts give rise to the yield condition in the strain tensor field in the form 8J 3 − 4J 2 + 2J 1 → 1. If generalized measure of strain is used, which is necessary for creep problems, this takes the formn 3 J 3 −n 2 J 2 +nJ 1 → 1.n being a real constant, which is equal to 2 for theAlmansi measure. These conditions do not depend on either the isotropicity or homogeneity of the field, and hence should be used for all types of yield conditions.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 413-417 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die zeitabhängige Viskosität von Bentonit-Wasser Suspensionen wurde in derCouette-Strömung für verschiedene Übergänge zwischen konstanten Schergeschwindigkeiten gemessen. Im allgemeinen werden die charakteristischen Zeiten länger, a) wenn die Endschergeschwindigkeit kleiner wird, und b) bei gleicher Endschergeschwindigkeit, wenn die Differenz zwischen Anfangs-und Endschergeschwindigkeit kleiner wird. Die charakteristische Zeit wird ebenfalls länger mit steigender Temperatur und abnehmender Konzentration. Die Kinetik der Zeitabhängigkeit wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The time-dependent behavior of the viscosity of bentonite-water suspensions was studied experimentally inCouette flow for various transitions between constant shear rates. It was found that, in general, the characteristic times become longer as the final shear rate becomes smaller and, for the same final shear rate, as the differences in shear rates become smaller. The characteristic time increases with increasing temperature and decreasing concentration. A discussion of the kinetics of the time dependence is given.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 457-462 
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    Notes: Summary For viscometric, axial, annular flow, the second normal stress differenceN 2 is related to the difference in normal thrust across the annular space,ΔT rr . Past attempts using this method have yielded values ofN 2 for polymer solutions which are different in magnitudeand opposite in sign from those obtained in other experiments. This inconsistency is attributed to errors resulting from the use of pressure holes in the measurement ofΔT rr , and is supported by a second-order fluid analysis. The present work focuses on the measurement of the effect of pressure hole errors on the determination ofN 2 with aqueous polymer solutions. In the measurement ofΔT rr , simultaneous use is made of both pressure holes and miniature pressure transducers to measure and account for pressure hole errors. Results indicate that hole errors are sufficiently large to reverse the sign of the computedN 2. This technique is therefore suggested as a preferred method for determiningN 2, especially at high shear rates.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 443-456 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dieser Bericht behandelt eine Methode zur Messung der zweiten Normalspannungsdifferenz in einer viskoelastischen Strömung in einem offenen, halbkreisförmigen, geneigten Kanal. Die theoretische Behandlung des Problems ist ebenfalls angegeben und zeigt die einfachen Zusammenhänge auf, welche zwischen der zweiten Normalspannungsdifferenz, der Schubspannung und dem Profil (Wölbung) der freien Oberfläche der Strömung bestehen. Der Einfluß der Oberflächenspannung, in einer früheren Untersuchung vernachlässigt, ist jetzt berücksichtigt und in die mathematische Behandlung einbezogen worden. Polyisobutylen/Cetan, einige wäßrige Lösungen sowie eine Probe N.B.S. No. 1 wurden untersucht. Als Kanal gelangten zwei Röhren verschiedener Größe und aus verschiedenem Material bei veränderlicher Neigung zur Anwendung. Übereinstimmung der Resultate von verschiedenen Kanalgrößen und Neigungswinkeln zeigen, daß Theorie und Experiment im Einklang stehen. Die hier veröffentlichten Ergebnisse zeigen weiter, daß das Verhältnis der zweiten zur ersten Normalspannungsdifferenz negativ ist, und die funktionale Form der zweiten Normalspannungsdifferenz mit guter Näherung dem Quadrat der Schubspannung folgt. Relativ betrachtet ergibt sich für verdünnte Lösungen ein höherer Wert |N 2 /N 1|. Abschließend wird eine Übersicht über die verfügbaren Messungen vonN 2 an Polyisobutylen gegeben und vernünftige Übereinstimmung zwischen den Resultaten verschiedener Autoren festgestellt. Eine Darstellung vonN 2 als Funktion der Konzentration für verschiedene Polymerlösungen vervollständigt den Bericht.
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with the measurement of the second normal stress difference in a viscoelastic flow in an open semi-circular inclined channel; associated theory is also given. The theory shows that simple correlations exist for the second normal stress difference, the shear stress, and the profile (or the deflection) of the free surface of the flow. It leads to a method for deducing the second normal stress from the measured surface profile. A treatment of surface tension, whose effect has been ignored in previous analyses is given as an integral part of the formulation. Samples of polyisobutylene/cetane and some aqueous solutions of different concentrations were used for measurements using two tubes of different materials and sizes tilted at different angles. The N.B.S. No. 1 nonlinear sample was also tested. Agreements between results for different tube sizes and angles indicate the consistency of the theory and measurements. The results presented here show that the ratio of the second to the first normal stress differences is negative and the functional form of the second normal stress difference is close to a square law in shear stress in the range investigated. Relatively speaking, we find the ratio |N 2 /N 1| to be greater for more dilute solutions. A summary of available data onN 2 is given for polyisobutylene, and reasonable consistency between various investigators is demonstrated for this material. Besides, a correlation ofN 2 for various polymer solutions is also shown.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 501-512 
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    Notes: Summary The total momentum-energy tensor describing the interaction of a polarizable and magnetizable continuum with an electromagnetic field is constructed on the basis ofLorentz invariance. The equations of balance of energy and momentum are deduced and applied to the study of the magnetooptical, electrooptical and photoelastic behavior of an elastic polarizable and magnetizable isotropic continuum. This model exhibits theCotton-Mouton andKerr effects but thePockels andFaraday rotations don't appear.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 352-366 
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    Notes: Summary A model to describe bond rupture and fracture in polymeric fibers is described. An experimentally determined distribution in stresses is incorporated with absolute reaction rate theory in the model to predict bond rupture. Model predictions are compared with experimentally determined fracture and free radical concentrations for various loadings. The experimental parameters in the model are discussed and their “best fit” values given. In general, these values are found to compare quite satisfactorily with accepted values from theory or other tests in the literature.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 830-835 
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    Notes: Summary Apparatus for the measurement of extensional viscosity of polymer solutions is described. The range of extensional strain rates is 100–800 sec−1. Two converging liquid jets of high velocity impinge on a central low-velocity jet, causing the liquid in the central jet to be rapidly stretched. The force causing extension of this jet is measured from the change in reaction on the central capillary nozzle, whilst the initial and final velocities are obtained by jet thrust and photographic methods respectively. The Instron system provides accurately-controlled liquid flowrates and continuous recording of the various forces involved. Tests are reported on polyacrylamide solutions of concentration 0.10% and 0.07%, and on poly (ethylene oxide) solutions of concentration 0.10%. The extensional viscosity of the more concentrated polyacrylamide solution is over 30 poise at an extensional strain rate of 600 sec−1, exceeding the shear viscosity by a factor of 400 (the “Trouton” ratio). For the poly (ethylene oxide) solution, theTrouton ratio reaches 1400 at an extensional strain rate of only 200 sec−1. The results are shown to be consistent with orifice jet thrust data for similar solutions at higher strain rates. The axial stress rises rapidly with increasing extensional strain rate, but there is no evidence of an abrupt increase of stress in the range of strain rates between 102 and 104 sec−1. The triple jet method is of value in giving data for intermediate extensional strain rates and being dependent on fewer assumptions than the orifice jet thrust experiment.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 886-889 
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 877-882 
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    Notes: Summary A unique shear stress-shear rate relationship exists for laminar flow of any time independent substance in a tube, whereas this is not the case for turbulent flow. In order to obtain a unique relationship for turbulent flow, a new approach based on the elementary theoretical interpretation of experimental data is adopted in the present paper. In particular, wall shear stress is found to be a unique function of a new turbulent pseudo shear rate term. In this relationship therè are two parameters which characterize a given substance — the limiting viscosity at high shear rateµ m and a factorα m which takes into account modification of turbulent structure by the non-Newtonian properties. Both of these parameters must be determined experimentally. Methods of predicting pressure gradients and of scaling up are outlined. In applying the approach to suspensions in which the solid phase has a density greater than that of the liquid medium, it may be important to determine the increment in shear stress equivalent to the energy required to maintain the solid particles in suspension. The validity of this approach is confirmed by data for the flow of a variety of substances including kaolin suspensions and Carbopol solutions in tubes ranging in diameter from 1.5 to 20 mm.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 891-896 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the work carried out to investigate the pore pressures occurring in secondary consolidation. A theoretical approach and an experimental technique was developed in order to conduct the study. By considering compression to occur only due to water leaving the soil it was possible to derive an expression for the dissipation of pore pressure in the secondary phase. By further simplified assumptions which are based on experimental observations, the above general solution was reduced to a simple formula which predicted the observed behaviour of pore water pressures during secondary consolidation.
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  • 76
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Abhängigkeit der Haftfestigkeit im System Polymer-Faser von der Geschwindigkeit der Belastung untersucht. Die Versuche wurden mit Metalldraht von 150µm Durchmesser, alkalifreien Glasfasern von 12 und 200µm Durchmesser und wärmehärtenden Polymeren: Epoxidharz, Polyesterharz, siliziumorganischen und Butvar-Phenolharzen durchgeführt. Der Großteil der Messungen erfolgte bei Zimmertemperatur, bei Butvar-Phenol-Polymeren auch bei Temperaturen oberhalb und unterhalb der Zimmertemperatur. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Haftfestigkeit aller untersuchten Systeme eine lineare Funktion des Logarithmus der Belastungsgeschwindigkeit darstellt. Während sich der absolute Wert der Haftfestigkeitτ merklich beim Übergang von System zu System ändert, hängt die Empfindlichkeit vonτ gegenüber der Belastungsgeschwindigkeit wenig von der Natur der Unterlage und des Adhäsivs sowie vom Härtungsregime des Polymers ab. Aus den erhaltenen Daten wurde mittels desBailey-Kriteriums und der Lebensdauerformel vonShurkov die Aktivierungsenergie des adhäsiven Zerstörungsprozesses bestimmt. Es erwies sich, daß die Aktivierungsenergien der adhäsiven und der kohäsiven Zerstörung ähnlich sind.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 836-839 
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 33-39 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Drei Typen von Koordinatensystemen für die Analyse von Relaxationsdaten werden untersucht. Sind die Daten mittels einer einzigen Relaxationszeit beschreibbar, dann besteht die graphische Darstellung aus geraden Linien. Die Steigungen und Achsenschnittpunkte dieser Linien können dazu benützt werden, um die den Prozeß charakterisierenden Parameter, z. B. die Relaxationszeit, abzuschätzen. Die Vor- und Nachteile der Datendarstellung mit jedem dieser drei Koordinatensystemtypen sind wohlbekannt und können hier angewandt werden. Gibt es mehr als eine Relaxationszeit, dann bestehen die graphischen Darstellungen aus Kurven. Jedoch können die begrenzenden Steigungen und Schnittpunkte immer noch benützt werden, um die Relaxationsparameter abzuschätzen. In diesem Fall werden verschiedene mittlere Relaxationszeiten 〈τ〉 p erhalten: $$\left\langle \tau \right\rangle _p = {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\Delta _i } \tau _i^p } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\Delta _i } \tau _i^p } {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\Delta _i } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\Delta _i } }}$$ wobeim die Zahl der Relaxationsprozesse ist,τ i undΔ i die Zeit und Größe desi-ten Prozesses sind, undp irgendeine ganze Zahl zwischen −3 und +4 ist. Diese Mittelwerte sind zur Charakterisierung der Verteilung von Relaxationszeiten sowie zur Bestimmung anderer Parameter, die den Relaxationsprozeß beschrieben, nützlich. Die Anwendung dieser graphischen Methode wird in zwei bestimmten Gebieten erläutert, und zwar für die Frequenzabhängigkeit des Schermoduls und der Ausbreitung von longitudinalen Ultraschallwellen. Für diese zwei Beispiele werden die Ausdrücke für Schnittpunkte und begrenzenden Steigungen abgeschätzt. Mit diesen Ausdrücken können die graphischen Darstellungen von experimentellen Daten zur Abschätzung der entsprechenden Parameter benützt werden. Der spezielle Fall eines Systems mit zwei Relaxationszeiten wird auch diskutiert. Dieser Abschnitt zeigt, inwieweit intuitive Verallgemeinerung aus dem Fall einer einzigen Relaxationszeit irreführend sein kann.
    Notes: Summary Three types of coordinate systems for the analysis of relaxation data are examined. When the data can be described by a single relaxation time, the graphs are straight lines. The slopes and intercepts of these lines can be used to evaluate the parameters which characterize the process, such as relaxation time. The advantages and disadvantages of displaying data with each of these types of coordinate systems are known and can be applied here. When more than one relaxation time is present, the graphs are curves. Nevertheless, the limiting slopes and intercepts can still be used to estimate the relaxation parameters. In this case various average relaxation times, 〈τ〉 p , are obtained, $$\left\langle \tau \right\rangle _p = {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\Delta _i } \tau _i^p } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\Delta _i } \tau _i^p } {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\Delta _i } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\Delta _i } }}$$ wherem is the number of relaxation processes,τ i andΔ i are the time and magnitude of thei-th process andp is any integer between −3 and +4. These averages are useful both as a means of characterizing the distribution of relaxation times and determining other parameters describing the relaxation process. The application of these graphical methods is illustrated in two specific areas: the frequency dependence of the shear modulus and ultrasonic longitudinal wave propagation. For these two examples the expressions for the intercepts and limiting slopes are evaluated. With these expressions the graphs of experimental data can be used to estimate the relevant parameters. A section discussing the special case of a system with two relaxation times is also included. This section illustrates how intuitive generalization from a case with one relaxation time can be misleading.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 93-98 
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 78-85 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein analytischer Vergleich von einem spannungsaktivierten nichtlinearen Modell (E) und einem linearen Spektralmodell (M) für visco-elastische Körper in Relaxation, Kriechen, Relaxationkriecherholung, Dehnung mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit und periodische Dehnung wird gemacht. Eine spezielle Ursache dafür ist eine „Invarianz“ in der Relaxation [1]. Signifikante Parameter sind die FrequenzfunktionH für (M) und die Geschwindig-keitskonstanteα für (E).H sollte in grober Näherung in der Relaxation konstant sein und in noch gröberer Näherung auch in Kriecherholung.α sollte aber im inversen Verhältnis zur Spannung stehen, und weiter sollteα (Kriecherholung)/α (Relaxation) ≈ 22 sein. Für Dehnung geben beide Modelle ungefähr dieselben Resultate, keines nimmt aber das plastische Kriechen von größerer Geschwindigkeit in Betracht. Für periodische Dehnung sieht (M) ein konventionelles Verhalten voraus, für (E) findet man aber signifikante zeitabhängige Frequenzeffekte. Mögliche physikalische Mechanismen zur Erklärung der Resultate werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary An analytical comparison is made of a stress-activated nonlinear model (E) and a linear spectral model (M) for visco-elastic bodies in relaxation, creep, relaxation-creep recovery, constant strain-rate extension and periodic strain. A special reason for this is an observed “invariance” in relaxation (eq. [1]). Significant parameters are the frequency functionH for (M) and the rate constantα for (E).H should be roughly constant in relaxation and in still rougher approximation also in creep recovery, whileα should be inversely proportional to the stress and in additionα (creep-recovery)/α (relaxation) ≈ 22. For strain extension both models predict similar results but none takes the plastic creep of large rate in consideration. Regarding periodic strain model (M) gives a conventional behaviour, while model (E) predicts significant time dependent frequency effects. Possible physical mechanisms for explanation of the results obtained are discussed.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 86-92 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Elastizitätsmodul-Theorie der zusammengesetzten Stoffe, in welchen eine Phaseninversion vorkommen kann, wird untersucht. Die Systemmorphologie und die Packungsfraktion der dispersen Phase sind für die Modulbestimmung wichtig. Die Anwendbarkeit der theoretischen Gleichungen ist für vier Systeme von Blockpolymeren und Polygemischen veranschaulicht. Eine Phaseninversion kommt in drei von den Systemen vor. Die Theorie und Praxis sind in einer guten Übereinstimmung, und da, wo die Morphologie der zusammengesetzten Stoffe bekannt ist, stimmen die Moduli mit den für die Morphologie erwarteten Werten überein.
    Notes: Summary The theory of the elastic moduli of composite materials in which an inversion of the phases can occur is reviewed. The morphology of the system and the packing fraction of the dispersed phase are important in determining the moduli. The applicability of the theoretical equations is illustrated for four systems of block polymers and polyblends. In three of the systems, phase inversion occurs. Agreement between theory and experiment is good, and where the morphology of the composites is known, the moduliagree with the values expected for that morphology.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 99-102 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die dynamisch-mechanischen Eigenschaften von ausgehärteten Epoxydharzen untersucht, die mit kleinen Glimmerplättchen gefüllt sind. Bei den gefüllten Proben wird ein Nebenmaximum der Absorption bei etwa 80 °C beobachtet, wohingegen die ungefüllte Probe nur ein Hauptmaximum bei ungefähr 140 °C aufweist. Der Modul der gefüllten Proben zeigt in dem bei hohen Temperaturen liegenden kautschukelastischen Bereich außergewöhnlich hohe Werte. Zur Erklärung dieses Verhaltens wird angenommen, daß die auf die Probe im Ganzen wirkende Zugspannung in den dünnen Harzschichten, die jeweils zwischen zwei benachbarten Glimmerplättchen vorhanden sind, in eine Schubspannung verwandelt wird.
    Notes: Summary Dynamic mechanical properties of cured epoxy resins filled with small mica flake were investigated. A secondary absorption peak was observed for filled specimens around 80 °C, while unfilled specimen showed only a primary absorption peak around 140 °C. Modulus of filled specimens at high temperature rubbery region showed extraordinary high value. As an explanation to this behavior, it was proposed that the tensile stress applied to specimen was converted to shear stress in a thin resinous layer sandwiched by two mica flakes.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 149-156 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Verarbeitung von Polyimiden ergeben sich zahlreiche rheologische Probleme, für deren Untersuchung übliche Fließmessungen unzureichend sind. So sind die Endeigenschaften solcher Werkstoffe nicht nur von chemischer Struktur und dem Fließverhalten während der Verarbeitung, sondern auch besonders von der thermischen Vorgeschichte abhängig. Torsionsschwingungs-messungen an imprägnierten Glasfasergeweben (Torsional Braid Analysis, Abkürzung: TBA) eignen sich vorzüglich für die Untersuchung solcher Systeme. Dieses Verfahren liefert Aussagen über Zeit-Temperaturabhängigkeit von Ringschluß-, Härtungs- und Nachhärtungsreaktionen sowie thermische Stabilität und Glasumwandlungs-temperatur als Funktion von Struktur und thermischer Vorgeschichte.
    Notes: Summary The processing of polyimides gives rise to a number of rheological problems that cannot be solved using normal flow measurements. In particular, the effect of molecular structure on curing, flow and molecular weight leads to different ultimate properties depending on the thermal history. One technique that has been used to study these systems is the Torsional Braid Analysis (TBA). It is shown that with the TBA one obtains time-temperature relationship for cyclization of the prepolymer; curing and post cure parameters needed for processing. Thermal stability can also be determined. In addition, it is possible to relate the glass temperature of the cured system to the molecular weight of the prepolymer.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 103-112 
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    Notes: Summary The many uses of leather have largely relied on the range of mechanical properties which it can provide, according to the raw material employed in its manufacture and the manufacturing processes themselves. The contrasting behaviour of a stiff sole leather and of a fine gloving leather exemplify this point. The last twenty years have seen intensive investigation of many mechanical properties of leather and the design of test methods now accepted internationally. At ambient temperatures and humidities most types of leather show mainly elastic behaviour, although delayed elastic effects may give the semblance of plasticity. The stress relaxation-time relation for constant linear strain shows the stress decaying linearly with log (time). The stress decay becomes discontinuous after sufficient time. The stress-strain relation for extension of leather strips is often markedly non-linear even at low strains (〈2%). Two dimensional extension of leather has been analysed using an instrument allowing independent extension in two perpendicular directions. To a first approximation each stress component is linearly related to the two elastic strain components in the perpendicular directions. As with other materials of biological origin, the mechanical behaviour of leather varies from place to place in the skin, not only over its area, but also through its thickness. The extent of variation is briefly discussed and related to the underlying fibre structure. Leather which has been strained and then subjected to either heat alone or heat and moisture, shows much more extensive plasticity than occurs at lower temperatures. This behaviour has been used to enable leather to be given appropriate shapes, as in the heat setting of upper leathers. Quantitative studies of heat setting are reported and the influence of such variables as temperature, moisture content of the applied air stream, the air stream velocity and the duration of treatment are discussed. The plastic deformation obtained in this way is contrasted with “run” in gloving leather.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 113-115 
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    Notes: Summary The relation of chain rigidity of thermally stable polypyromellitimide (PI) with the orientation of molecules in the stretched films was looked for in the temperature dependence of the dynamic mechanical properties and also in the thermal shrinkage of the film. In the temperature dependence of the dynamic loss modulus of the commercial PI film, du Pont, Kapton H, a broad peak was found around 300°C at 0.1 ~ 0.2 Hz. This peak was magnified by stretching the film by 40%, and disappeared after heating up to 500°C. Thermal shrinkage of the stretched film was measured by thermomechanical analysis (TMA) at a uniform heating rate, and a significant shrinkage was found over the range 100 to 400°C for the stretched films. When stretched, the rigid polymer chains are extended and frozen in a metastable state. The extended chains recoil back to the more stable state when heated in TMA and also in dynamic measurements.
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    Notes: Summary Measurements of the elasticity or viscoelasticity of various materials by the vibrating-reed method at very low frequencies require the use of long and heavy samples. The effect of gravity on these samples has been considered theoretically, and new equations for the storage and loss moduli have been derived. Vibrating-reed measurements were carried out with several kinds of materials at frequencies ranging from about 1–20 Hz. The experimental results indicate that the above equations are satisfactory in practice.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 127-134 
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    Notes: Summary In this investigation, the repeated chemical stress relaxation measurements were carried out to observe the relaxation behaviors at large deformation. It was found that the repeated chemical stress relaxation curves were affected by both temperature measured and extension ratio of rubber. It was suggested from the results obtained that temperature and mechanical stimulus have a similar effect on the stress relaxation curves. Thus we propose the followingArrhenius type eq. [1] for high extension ratios. $${{f(t)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{f(t)} {f(0)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {f(0)}} = \exp (A \cdot e^{\frac{{E_f }}{\alpha }} \cdot t).[1]$$ Where,α is the extension ratio, andA, andE f are the constants determined experimentally. On the other hand, from eq. [1] and usualArrhenius equation, the universal eq. [2] for the extension ratio and the temperature in large deformation was derived as follows, $$\begin{gathered} \ln \{ (\ln f(0)/f(t))/t\} - E/R(1/T_0 - 1/T) \hfill \\ = \ln A - E_f /\alpha [2] \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ where,T 0 is adequate temperature. The curves obtained for different temperatures and extensions were very well consistent with those by eq. [2] in large deformation.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Spannungsrelaxation und die Bruchzeitt b als Funktion der Spannungσ wurden am gequollenen homogenen und heterogenen Poly(2-Hydroxyäthylmethacrylat) im gleichen Zeit- und Temperaturintervall untersucht. Die homogenen Proben wurden durch Vernetzungspolymerisation von 2-Hydroxyäthylmethacrylat mit Äthylendimethacrylat als Vernetzungsmittel (c = 0,21 und 0,65 104 mol cm−3) und Äthylenglykol als Verdünnungsmittel hergestellt; die heterogenen Proben mit verschiedener Porosität wurden mit Wasser als Verdünnungsmittel hergestellt. Die Verschiebungsfaktoren loga T aus Relaxations- und Bruchversuch stimmen nur bei Proben mit einem höheren Vernetzungsgrad überein. Für Systeme mit einem niedrigeren Vernetzungsgrad sind die viskoelastischen Kenngrößen weniger temperaturempfindlich. Bei höheren Temperaturen (T〉 30°C) ist die Konstruktion der generalisierten Kurven nur mit zusätzlichen Verschiebungsfaktoren möglich; dieses Verhalten wurde schon früher an anderen Polymethacrylaten vonFerry und Mitarb. beobachtet. Der Einfluß von Vernetzungsdichte und von Quellung auf die generalisierten Kurven logE(t) vs. logt/a T und logt b /a T vs. logσ wurde den Differenzen in dem viskoelastischen Mechanismus der Spannungsrelaxation und des Bruches sowie den Differenzen in der Netzwerk-Topologie zugeschrieben.
    Notes: Summary Both stress relaxation behaviour and time-to-breakt b as a function of stressσ were studied in identical time and temperature intervals using poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate) gels in the swollen state, prepared both in the homogeneous and in the heterogeneous form. Homogeneous samples were prepared by means of crosslinking polymerization (concentration of ethylene dimethacrylate as a crosslinking agentc=0.21 and 0.65×10−4mol cm−3) in the presence of ethylene glycol (v 0=0.6−0.3); heterogeneous samples with various degrees of porosity were prepared in the presence of water (v 0=0.8−0.2). Irrespective ofv 0, an agreement was found between the temperature shift factors, loga T , obtained from the viscoelastic and ultimate measurements for the systems prepared with a higher concentration of the crosslinking agent; for the lightly crosslinked systems thea T values from the viscoelastic data were less sensitive to temperature. The temperature dependence of loga T was not the same at temperaturesT〉30°C and additional horizontal-vertical shifts had to be used; this effect is very similar to that observed previously for the other polymethacrylates byFerry and coworkers. In the water preswollen systems the isochronous breaking stress vs.v 0 curves exhibit a maximum which disappears with time. The moduliE(t) of the same systems decrease approximately withv 0 -1 irrespective of the degree of preswelling. The effect of crosslinking and preswelling on the shape of the superimposed logE(t) vs. logt/a T and logt b /a T vs. logσ curves was ascribed to the different role of viscoelastic mechanism in the relaxation and in the ultimate process and to different topological features of the networks prepared.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 139-148 
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    Notes: Summary Temperature dependent properties of some segmented copolyurethanes were compared with those of soft- and hard-segment polyurethanes. To understand the chemical nature of associated phase more explicitly, far-infrared spectral behaviors were precisely analyzed. Mid-infrared frequency shift of NH-stretching vibration of associated carbonamide group was taken as a measure of the strength of hydrogen bond. Dynamic viscoelastic response as well as flow property estimated from viscoelastic shift factor were compared with the infrared spectral behaviors. A strong intersegmental carbonamide association was found through a preferential “solvation” of —(CH2)6NHCOO— group in the soft segment derived from poly-butyleneglycoladipate (PBA) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), to the same group in the hard segment derived from butanediol (BD) and HMDI, yielding a thermoplastic copolyurethane, (PBA + BD) —HMDI, with high activation energy of segmental flow. While, a unique aromatic association was observed in copolyurethane derived from diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). A weakening of hydrogen bond in hard segment by aromatic cohesion of soft segment was observed from mid-infrared measurements, which gave a typical thermoelastic copolyurethane with moderate activation energy of flow. The same effect of weakening of hydrogen bond was observed by the replacement of polyester soft segment by less polar polyether, which gave also thermoelasticity. Polyurethanes derived from toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and xylylene diisocyanate (XDI) did not show the aromatic association of MDI type. The mid-infrared stretching vibration and farinfrared out-of-plane deformation vibration of associated NH-group were found to correlate with hydrogen bond- andvan der Waals-crystals having been assigned from (200) and (002) interferences, respectively, in X-ray scattering measurements byKilian et al.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 168-172 
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 177-179 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für den Fall der Strömung längs einer ruckartig in Bewegung gesetzten unendlichen Platte in einer viscoelastischen Flüssigkeit ist eine Näherungslösung für Geschwindigkeit und Scherspannungabgeleitet. Dabeiwurde beobachtet, daß die Geschwindigkeit mit Zunahme des Elastizitätsparametersk ansteigt und die Scherspannung mit zunehmendemk abnimmt.
    Notes: Summary An approximate solution to the flow past an impulsively started infinite plate in an elastico-viscous fluid is derived for the velocity and shearing stress. It is observed that the velocity increases with increasing the elastic parameterk and the shearing stress decreases with increasingk.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 180-184 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary The rheological behaviour of alginate gels with a high D-mannuronate content has been investigated at strains of less than 0.1 and under stresses of 1000–3000 dyne cm−2. Under these conditions linear viscoelastic behaviour was observed. The effects of varying pH, calcium ion and alginate concentrations were examined in gels which had been aged for 25 h. At pH 6.0 the reciprocal of the ten second compliance was directly proportional to the alginate concentration. The compliance of the gels exhibited a pronounced dependence on pH being larger at pH 6.0 than at lower pHs. Syneresis was greater for acid gels than those formed at neutral pH and increased with decreasing polysaccharide concentration. In general an enhanced calcium ion concentration resulted in a decrease in the compliance of the gels. The results are discussed in terms of polymer network theory.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 367-376 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary The shear creep behavior of polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA, samples has been studied in the neighborhood of and above their glass temperatures. One of the materials studied was “ideally” atactic with equal numbers of random isotactic and syndiotactic placements, while the other was a commercial or “conventional” PMMA which was about 76% syndiotactic. The glass temperatures,T g , were found to be 106 and 117 °C respectively. Evacuation above the glass temperature for several weeks was necessary before reproducible creep compliance,J (t), curves could be obtained. It is believed that absorbed water plasticized the polar materials and its removal led to the shifting of theJ (t) curves to longer times. For both materials apparently successful temperature reduction was found to be possible within the temperature range of our investigations, i.e. up to 200 °C. Retardation spectra were calculated from the reduced curves and are compared. The temperature dependences, as described by the time scale shift factors,a T , were similar when allowance is made for the different glass temperature. Botha T curves could not be fitted to theWilliams, Landel, andFerry, WLF, free volume expression. These are the first examples of such a deviation for amorphous high polymers. It is proposed that the primary softening dispersion has two distinctly different groups of viscoelastic mechanisms contributing to it. On this basis the primary dispersion was decomposed into the two contributions. Both of the resulting temperature dependences were satisfactorily fitted to the WLF equation. Differences in the retardation spectra are noted. The glassy compliance of the commercial PMMA appears to be about twice that of the atactic PMMA.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 670-674 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is a valuable and widely used component of food systems. The rheological properties of a series of CMC solutions and gels have been determined under both steady and imposed sinusoidal shear conditions, over a wide range of shear rates and frequencies, using theWeissenberg Rheogoniometer. Depending upon the CMC type, degree of substitution, and method of solution preparation, the rheological behavior ranged from viscolastic solutions to unctuous gels. If certain polyvalent cations, e.g., Al3+, are present, rigid elastic gels may be formed. These results are interpreted in terms of fringe micelles, arising from crystalline residues in the CMC. Gels which show unctuous behavior may be described in terms of a modifiedBingham Body model. Where appropriate, the experimental results are quantitatively analyzed in terms of the parameters of this model. The application of these findings to the use of CMC in food systems is discussed.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 689-695 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Résumé Dans cette étude, on apporte quelques éléments, permettant de mieux comprendre le mode de propagation des fissures de fatigue dans un matériau agrégataire. Le début de fissuration n'a pas pu être défini avec précision. On constate seulement qu'il apparaît à 80% de la durée de vie des éprouvettes.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 681-688 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary Flow patterns of disperse systems such as TiO2-water and ZnO-water suspensions were investigated over a wide shearing range both in laminar and in turbulent regions. The results indicated in fig. 11 a were decided as the laminar and the turbulent flow patterns respectively.f-Re relations were also investigated for the systems which possessed varying non-Newtonian parametern. f-Re diagram was revealed to be affected by varyingn values both in laminar and in turbulent regions similarly as shown in fig. 11 b.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 696-710 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The values of the viscosity factorv of prolate and oblate ellipsoïds are calculated for axial ratiop (or 1/p) between 2 and 600 and up to values of the parameterα = G/D = 500. Relations between the intrinsic viscosity at zero shear rate andp, between the rotary diffusion constantD and the shape of the non-newtonian viscosity curve and a test of rigidity for the ellipsoïds are given. These results have been applied to poly-benzyl-L-glutamate, and show that PBLG, in helicoidal configuration, undergoes transitions at critical molecular weights. The rigidity test shows that PBLG is always rigid in metacresol but not in dichlorethane.
    Notes: Résumé Les valeurs du facteur de viscositév pour les ellipsoïdes allongés et aplatis ont été calculées pour des allongementsp, respectivement 1/p, compris entre 2 et 600 et jusqu'à des valeurs du paramètreα = G/D = 500. Des relations permettant de déterminerp en fonction de la viscosité intrinsèque à gradient nul, la constante de diffusion de rotationD en fonction de la forme de la courbe de viscosité non-newtonienne, et un critère de rigidité des ellipsoïdes ont été établis. Ces résultats sont appliqués au poly-L-glutamate de benzyle et permettent de penser que ce produit, en configuration hélicoïdale subit des transconformations à certaines masses critiques; par ailleurs, toujours rigide dans le metacrésol, il est déformable dans le dichlorétane.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 740-744 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary The amylose molecule is extended by the insertion of iodine in quantities up to a ratio of one molecule per turn of the helix. Ordinary cornstarch and its amylopectin fraction do not respond in the same manner. As the iodine content was increased the intrinsic viscosity [η] rose from 0.55 to 1.45 dl/g, then remained constant. In this same range theHuggins' interaction parameterk′ for the dependence of reduced viscosity [η sp/C] on iodine concentration rose from 0.31 to 5.65 and continued to increase. Reduction ofd[η]/dT by complexing from −0.36 × 10−2 to −0.23 × 10−2 dl/g/deg provided an independent measure of the flexibility of the molecule and revealed that iodine stiffens the helix in some manner. The dipolar interaction between iodine and the helix restricts conformational changes and increases the average extension. As more iodine molecules enter the helical chain the average distribution of molecular segments relative to the center of mass of the molecule spreads outward.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A model concerning the generation of picosecond light pulses in solid state lasers is compared with existing experimental observations. The quality of selected single pulses and their favourable properties for investigations with ultrashort light pulses are discussed. Extensive physical applications of picosecond light pulses are reviewed. Emphasis is given to quantitative investigations of non-linear optics and of ultrafast relaxation processes in condensed matter.
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