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  • Articles  (7,273)
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  • 1974  (7,273)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (7,226)
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  • Articles  (7,273)
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  • 1970-1974  (7,273)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 15-19 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kompressibilität und der Ausdehnungskoeffizient des Polyäthylens wurden bei Drucken bis zu 5000 kg/cm2 und bei Temperaturen bis zu 250 °C mit der Dilatometermethode gemessen. In der Bruchfläche des untersuchten Polyäthylens beobachtet man gestreckte Ketten. Der Wert für die Kompressibilität der Probe stimmt mit der theoretischen Kompressibilität vom vollständig kristallinen Polyäthylen annähernd überein. Die Enthalpie bzw. Entropie der Schmelze kann mit derClausius-Clapeyronschen Gleichung befriedigend berechnet werden. Die Schmelzentropie des Polyäthylens wurde bis zu Drucken von 5000 kg/cm2 berechnet, und es stellte sich heraus, daß die Schmelzentropie mitzunehmendem Druck abnimmt. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß sich die Struktur der Schmelze unter Druck verändert.
    Notes: Summary The compressibility and expansion coefficient of polyethylene were measured under the pressure up to 5000 kg/cm2 and the temperature up to 250°C by dilatometry. The used polyethylene was an extended-chain type crystallized under high pressure. The value of compressibility coefficient of this sample coincided well with the theoretical value of pure crystalline polyethylene. The experimental volume was applied to theClausius-Clapeyrons equation and enthalpy of fusion of polyethylene up to the pressure of 5000 kg/cm2, and consequently entropy of fusion were evaluated. It was found out that the entropy decreased with pressure. The results seem to suggest that some structure change occurred under high pressure in the amorphous state of polyethylene.
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  • 2
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 46-49 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Applying the method of continuous variation of concentration of precipitating components the precipitation bodies (PB) (as a plot of logarithm of concentration of the cationic components against anionic one) are used for description and discussion of experimental results of Hg2Cl2, Hg2Br2 and Hg2J2 systems. The precipitation inside of PB is characterized by a region of crystal aggregates and a colloidal region.
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  • 3
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 66-67 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 4
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 75-75 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 95-96 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 6
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 784-785 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A new statistical theory leads to a simple relation [eq. 3] between the crystallinity and the branching ratio e for polyethylene (PE) cold drawn to the natural draw ratio. Three assumptions are made: 1) The branches all are incorporated in the amorphous phase, 2) they are distributed randomly along the chain and 3) the sample tends to obtain the highest possible crystallinity during the stretching process. Ifm is the mean number of monomers in chain direction within one paracrystal, then this optimum can never be attained, ifmε during the whole process of necking is larger than 1. Now the theory gives no answer and the experiments give a crystallinity of ∼ 0.55 for all observed cases. Formε 〈 1, where the optimal crystallinity is established the volume occupied by the direct backfolds is about two third of the volume of the amorphous phase. Comparison with the crystallinity obtained from other methods proves that the superstructure consists of paracrystalline lamellae and not of clusters of lamellae imbedded into a amorphous matrix.
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  • 8
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 836-847 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The present paper deals with experimental results of time dependent currents, steady conductivity and discharge currents studied in a high density polyethylene over a field range up to 2.8 · 105 V/cm. Some of these properties have been investigated as a function of time and temperature at samples with thicknesses of 36, 60 and 115 μm. By considering a modifiedPoole-Frenkel-model it is possible to describe quantitatively the field and temperature dependence of the steady conductivity. This model includes the thermal activation of electrons of ionizable sites in case of overlapping coulomb-potential fields of three neighbouring Poole-Frenkelsites. The good agreement between calculated and experimental results indicates that charge transfer occurs by a hopping mechanism in which the electrons jump over intermolecular barriers after having been thermally activated out of deep lying Poole-Frenkelsites.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An einem Niederdruck-Polyäthylen (HDPE) wurden die Aufladeströme, die stationäre Gleichstromleitfähigkeit sowie die Entladeströme im Feldstärkenbereich bis zu 2,8 × 105 V/cm gemessen. Einige elektrische Meßgrößen wurden in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit und der Temperatur an 36, 60 und 115 μm dicken Proben untersucht. Durch ein modifiziertesPoole-Frenkel-Modell, das auf der thermischen Befreiung von Elektronen aus ionisierbaren Zentren beruht, kann die Feld- und Temperaturabhängigkeit der stationären elektrischen Leitfähigkeit quantitativ beschrieben werden. In diesem Modell wird die Überlappung benachbarter Coulombpotentiale berücksichtigt, wobei der Potentialverlauf zwischen drei benachbarten Poole-Frenkel-Zentren betrachtet wird. Die gute Übereinstimmung der berechneten und experimentellen Ergebnisse stützt die Annahme, daß der Ladungstransport nach Befreiung von Elektronen aus energetisch tiefliegenden Zentren durch Sprünge über intermolekulare Schwellen in Form eines thermisch aktivierten Prozesses erfolgt.
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  • 9
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 880-885 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In PMMA there is a transition from slow subcritical to fast critical crack growth accompanied by a change in the fracture surface and a sharp increase in the crack velocity. The crack velocities were measured by two different methods; the limiting velocities in the slow crack propagation region were in the range 6–21 cm/s; at the transition the velocity increases by about three orders of magnitude. Such crack propagation behaviour has been attributed byWilliams to an isothermal/adiabatic transition. With the help of recent calculations byWeichert andSchönert of the isothermal field around a moving heat source, it is shown that these limiting velocities of slow crack propagation can be estimated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In PMMA ist der Übergang von der langsamen, unterkritischen Bruchausbreitung zur schnellen, überkritischen Bruchausbreitung mit einer Änderung in der Bruchflächenstruktur und einem Geschwindigkeitssprung verbunden. Die Bruchgeschwindigkeiten wurden mit zwei verschiedenen Methoden gemessen; die registrierten Endgeschwindigkeiten des langsamen Bruchausbreitungsbereiches liegen zwischen 6 und 21 cm/s, der Geschwindigkeitssprung beträgt etwa 3 Zehnerpotenzen. Dieses Bruchverhalten wird nachWilliams auf einen isotherm/adiabatischen Effekt zurückgeführt. Mit Hilfe einer vonWeichert,Schönert angegebenen Berechnung des Isothermenfeldes einer bewegten Wärmequelle kann dieser Effekt konkreter gefaßt und die Endgeschwindigkeit im langsamen Bruchausbreitungsbereich eingegrenzt werden.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In connection with the results of wide angle and small angle X-ray scattering experiments it is possible to get detailed information about molecular motion in the various modifications of n-Tritriacontane (n-C33II68) using wide line NMR measurements on uniaxially oriented samples and IR measurements on single crystals and isotropic specimens. In all modifications motion of the whole molecules about their long axis. occur in addition to the rotation of the CH3-endgroups around the C-C-bonds. The differences, which can be observed from modification to modification, concern the type of rotational motion, additional translations of molecules in chain direction and intrachain defects, which diffuse along the chains and destroy the extended chain conformation. At the end of modification A oscillations of all the molecules with amplitudes of about 25° or rotational 90°-jumps performed by only one third of the molecules are possible types of motion. The preference of the second mechanism is suggested by observations on polar derivatives of n-alkanes, where a similar decrease of the second moment of the NMR spectra is measured. For these compounds dielectric measurements indicate that jump-like relaxation processes are active. The modification B is characterized by the occurrence of cooperative rotational jumps of all the molecules with amplitudes of about 180°. This preserves the orientational short range order. In modification C flip-flop screw jumps (rotational 180-jumps coupled with a simultaneous translation over one CH2-unit in chain direction) are superimposed. *) Die vollständige Fassung dieser Arbeit erscheint in J. Chem. Phys. (1974). In the case of n-C33H68 coupled 180-jumps and flip-flop motion set in consecutively. This separation probably does not hold generally. One might suppose that for samples, which exhibit no phase transition analogous to A-B and B-C both modes set in simultaneously. Especially with regard to PE, for which a similar temperature dependence of the second moment is observed as for n-C33H68 up to the end of modification C, our results suggest that both mechanisms contribute to its α-process. Passing to modification D intramolecular defects appear which diffuse along the chains. At the same time the rotational component of motion changes to a more continuous form. The lateral packing of chains being different from the hexagonal form indicates that certain orientations of the zig-zag planes of the chains are favoured and that the rotational component of motion is not as uniform as it is assumed by the rotator model.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Ergebnisse der Röntgenweitwinkel-und Röntgenkleinwinkeluntersuchungen ist es möglich, aus Breitlinienkernresonanzmessungen an uniaxial orientierten Proben und Infrarotmessungen an Einkristallen und isotropen Proben detaillierte Rückschlüsse auf den Bewegungszustand der Moleküle in den verschiedenen Modifikationen des n-Tritriacontans (n-C33H68) zu ziehen. In allen Modifikationen treten neben der Rotation der CH3-Endgruppen um die C-C-Bindung Bewegungen der Kettenmoleküle um ihre Längsachse auf. Unterschiede ergeben sich durch die Art der Rotationsbewegung, durch zusätzliche Translationen in Kettenrichtung und durch Defekte, die entlang der Kette diffundieren und zu einer Abweichung von der gestreckten Kettenkonformation führen. Am Ende der Phase A kommen bei gestreckter Kettenkonformation als mögliche Bewegungstypen Oszillationen der Kettenebenen um ihre Gleichgewichtslage (mittlere Oszillationsamplitude 25°) oder Rotationssprünge eines Teils der Moleküle mit Sprungweiten von ca. 90° in Betracht. Die mögliche Bevorzugung des 2. Mechanismus wird durch die Beobachtungen an polaren Derivaten der n-Alkane nahegelegt, wo ähnliche Abnahmen des 2. Momentes der Kernresonanzspektren auftreten. Für diese Verbindungen ist aus dielektrischen Messungen bekannt, daß sprunghafte Bewegungsprozesse aktiviert sind. Die Phase B ist durch Rotationssprünge aller Moleküle mit Sprungweiten von 180° gekennzeichnet. Die Sprünge erfolgen kooperativ, so daß die Nahordnung in lateraler Richtung erhalten bleibt. In der Phase C treten zusätzlich zu den 180°-Sprüngen Translationsbewegungen gestreckter Ketten in Kettenrichtung auf. Durch die Translationskomponente ist die Nahordnung in lateraler Richtung auch bei nichtkooperativem Bewegungsablauf gewahrt. Die Rotationssprünge mit und ohne Translationskomponente, die in den Phasen B und C nacheinander einsetzen, treten möglicherweise gleichzeitig auf, wenn keine Phasenübergänge vorliegen, die den Übergängen A-B und B-C entsprechen. Insbesondere scheinen beide Mechanismen zum a-Prozeß im Polyäthylen beizutragen, für den man eine ähnliche Abhängigkeit im Verlauf des 2. Momentes beobachtet wie beim n-C33H68 bis zum Endes der Modifikation C. Der sprunghafte Charakter der Rotationskomponente geht in der Phase D zugunsten einer kontinuierlichen Rotationsbewegung weitgehend verloren. Jedoch deutet das Fehlen der hexagonalen Symmetrie darauf hin, daß sich die Kettenebenen nicht gleichförmig um die Moleküllängsachse drehen, wie es im Rotator-Modell vorausgesetzt wird. Als zusätzlicher Bewegungstyp tritt die Diffusion von innermolekularen Defekten entlang der Kette auf.
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  • 11
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 933-943 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Korngrenzenrelaxationsphänomene, die in der mechanischen Relaxation einer Serie von aus Graft-Copolymeren von Polymethylacrylat mit Styrol gefunden wurden, wurden erneut geprüft, um den Relaxations-mechanismus zu verstehen, unter Verwendung einer besonderen Serie von heterogenen Systemen zweier Komponenten, die verschiedene Wechselwirkungen zwischen den zwie Phasen besitzen und deshalb verschiedene Korgrenzenstrukturen. Das heißt, wir verwendeten zwei Serien von Polyvinylacetaten, gefüllt mit zwei Rußtypen von vergleichsweise hoher und niedriger Oberflächenaktivität, eine Serie von mechanischen Mischungen aus Polyvinylacetat mit Polystyrol und eine Serie von Styrol-Isopren-Dreiblockcopolymeren. Die Korngrenzenrelaxationsphänomene, wurden für die Serie der Dreiblockcopolymeren wiederum festgestellt, aber definitiv nicht für die Serie der mechanischen Mischungen. Das läßt vermuten, daß Korngrenzenrelaxation nicht von heterogenen Strukturen selbst, sondern von charakteristischen Anordnungen der molekularen Kette an der Grenze von zwei Phasen herrührt. Das heißt, es muß eine beträchtlich strenge Wechselwirkung zwischen den zwei Phasen bestehen, und es muß eine Zwischenphase existieren, in welcher die Polymersegmente der weichen Komponente versteift werden, während die anderen Polymersegmente der harten Komponente erweicht werden. Mit anderen Worten, es müssen cooperative Bewegungen von Kettensegmenten der zwei Komponenten vorhanden sein, um eine mechannische Relaxation unter gewissen Umgebungsbedingungenzuerzeugen, Umgebungsbedingungen wie Temperatur und Zeitskala der Beobachtungen.
    Notes: Summary The grain boundary relaxation phenomena, which have been found in the mechanical relaxation of the cast films of a series ofgraft copolymers ofpoly(methyl acrylate) with styrene, are examined again, in order to understand its relaxation mechanism, by using some particular series of heterogeneous systems of two components having different interaction between the two phases and, subsequently, different grain boundary structure; i. e., two series of poly(vinyl acetate) filled with two types of carbon blacks having relatively high and low surface activities, respectively, a series ofmechanical mixtures ofpoly(vinyl acetate) with polystyrene, and a series of styrene-isoprene-styrene tri-block copolymers. The grain boundary relaxation phenomena are again detected for the series of the tri-block copolymers but definitely not for the series of the mechanical mixtures, suggesting that the grain boundary relaxation phenomena must arise not from the heterogeneous structures themselves but from characteristic arrangements of molecular chains at the boundary of the two phases. That is, there must be a considerably strong interaction between the two phases, and there exists an intermediate phase in which the polymer segments of soft component are rigidified while the other polymer segments of hard component are softened. In other words, there must be a cooperative motions of chain segments of the two components to produce a mechanical relaxation under a certain environmental condition, such as temperature and time scale of observation.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The molecular weight of different gelatin samples (bone and skin gelatin; pI = 4.9 and 8.1) in various buffer solutions and at different temperatures was determined by sedimentation in an analytical ultracentrifuge using both theArchibald method and the sedimentation equilibrium method. The same molecular weight was found for the gelatin in dilute salt solutions at 40 °C, in concentrated KSCN solutions at 25 °C and in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride solution at 40 °C. The gelatin was found to be molecularly disperse under these experimental conditions. The gelatin was fractionated by precipitation and by solvent gradient chromatography. From the fractions obtained the limiting viscosity number [η]40, the sedimentation constants 40,w 0 and the molecular weight were determined. The following equations show the relationship between the molecular weight and the limiting viscosity number and between the molecular weight and the sedimentation constant of the examined fractions: $$\begin{gathered} [\eta ]_{40} = 7,75 \cdot 10^{ - 2} ml/g M_w^{0,51} \hfill \\ s_{40,w}^{0,w} = 0,61 Svedberg M_w^{0,17} . \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ The differing [η]-M w -relationships published for gelatin are due to the varying degrees of branching and cross-linkage of the samples. The small exponent of the s-M-relation is probably caused by the partial draining effect of the gelatin molecules. In gel chromatography the dependence of the molecular weight on the elution volume of the examined gelatin fractions and of various proteins is shown by the same calibration curve. A possible explanation of this is that the gel chromatographical separation of the two molecule types does not depend on the hydrodynamic volume [η] ·M, but probably on the radius of gyration $$(\overline {r^2 } )^{1/2} $$ for the coiled gelatin molecules and on the semimajor axis for the ellipsoidal protein molecules. The molecular weight distribution of the gelatin was determined by solvent gradient chromatography and by gelchromatography. The distribution curves obtained coincide well. The solution of the investigated bone gelatin contains no aggregate at 40 δC but individual molecules in the molecular weight range from 4 · 103 to 10 · 106.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Molekulargewicht verschiedener Gelatinepraparate (Knochen- und Hautgelatine; pI = 4,9 bzw. 8,1) wurde durch Sedimentation in der analytischen Ultrazentrifuge nach der Methode vonArchibald und der Sedimentationsgleichgewichtsmethode in verschiedenen Pufferlösungen und bei unterschiedlicher Temperatur bestimmt. Für die Gelatine wurde jeweils in verdünnten Salzlösungen bei 40°C, in konzentrierten KSCN-Lösungen bei 25°C und in 6 m Guanidinhydrochloridlösung bei 40°C das gleiche Molekulargewicht gefunden. Die Gelatine lag bei diesen Versuchsbedingungen molekulardispers vor. Die Gelatine wurde durch Ausfällen und durch Lösungsmittel-Gradienten-Chromatographie fraktioniert. Von den Fraktionen wurden die Viskositätszahlen [η]40, die SedimentationskonstantenS 40,w 0 und die MolekulargewichteM w mit Hilfe der Ultrazentrifuge bestimmt. Für die Molekulargewichtsabhängigkeit der Viskositätszahlen und der Sedimentationskonstanten der untersuchten Fraktionen gelten die Beziehungen: $$\begin{gathered} [\eta ]_{40} = 7,75 \cdot 10^{ - 2} ml/g M_w^{0,51} \hfill \\ s_{40,w}^{0,w} = 0,61 Svedberg M_w^{0,17} . \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ Die für Gelatine in der Literatur publizierten unterschiedlichen [η]-M w -Beziehungen werden auf den unterschiedlichen Verzweigungs- und Vernetzungsgrad der Präparate zurückgeführt. Der kleine Exponent ders-M-Beziehung wird u. E. von der Durchspülbarkeit der untersuchten Gelatinemoleküle verursacht. Bei der Gelchromatographie läßt sich die Molekulargewichtsabhängigkeit des Elutionsvolumens der untersuchten Gelatinefraktionen und von verschiedenen Proteinen durch die gleiche Eichkurve darstellen. Zur Erklärung dieses Befundes wird gezeigt, daß die gelchromatographische Trennung beider Molekülarten nicht nach dem hydrodynamischen Volumen [η] ·M, sondern mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit bei den knäuelförmigen Gelatinemolekülen nach dem Trägheitsradius $$(\overline {r^2 } )^{1/2} $$ und bei den ellipsoidförmigen Proteinmolekülen nach der großen Halbachse erfolgt. Die Molekulargewichtsverteilung der Gelatine wurde durch Lösungsmittel-Gradienten-Chromatographie und durch Gelchromatographie bestimmt. Die erhaltenen Verteilungskurven stimmen gut überein. Die Lösung der untersuchten Knochengelatine enthält bei 40°C keine Aggregate, sondern Einzelmoleküle im Molekulargewichtsbereich 4 · 103 bis 10 · 106.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 1003-1004 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 1012-1012 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 1014-1014 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 169-169 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 179-179 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 186-186 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 189-189 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 172-172 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 173-173 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 886-895 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The theological properties of dilute solutions of high-polymers with a molal mass of about 106 to 107 g and concentrations smaller than one mass percent are given by a shear dependent viscosity (flow-curve) and an elastic relaxation behaviour. The technique of measuring the flow-curve is well developed, but relaxation timet 0 characterizing the elastic properties of the fluid is difficult to measure. Three methods of measuring relaxation time will be discussed: 1. Steady-flow, for instance represented by a spheresphere-rheometer. The simultaneous influence of elasticity, inertia and variable viscosity demands a high quality technique. 2. Non-steady-flow, for instance represented by a startingCouette-flow. 3. Boundary-layer-phenomena, which are modified by non-Newtonian behaviour in a characteristic way. In the turbulent pipe flow one finds the well-known drag reduction. Thef = overlg (Re, f1/2) - friction-curve is a straight line with a significant change of the shape compared with theNewtonian fluid. The shape is only material dependant, while the cross-point with the straight curve for theNewtonian fluid is a linear relation of the diameter, the factor being material dependent too. This factor is related to relaxation timet 0 up to the universal constantx. A new rheometer with two capillaries makes it possible to measure as well the flow-curve as — in turbulent régime — relaxation timex to.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die rheologischen Eigenschaften verdünnter Lösungen von Hochpolymeren mit Molmassen zwischen 106 und 107 g sowie Konzentrationen um und erheblich unter einem Massenprozent werden durch eine ausgeprägt schergeschwindigkeitsabhängige Viskosität (Fließkurve) sowie durch ein elastisches Relaxationsverhalten beschrieben. Während die Fließkurve heute wegen der wesentlich verbesserten Meßtechnik in der Regel im gesamten interessierenden Beanspruchungsbereich zu ermitteln ist, bereitet die Bestimmung der Relaxationszeit, die eine charakteristische Größe für das elastische Verhalten ist, bei den genannten viskoelastischen Flüssigkeiten Schwierigkeiten. Es bieten sich drei, Methoden an, die in diesem Zusammenhang diskutiert werden: Die stationäre Strömung, für die das Kugel-Kugel-Rheometer als Anwendungsbeispiel angeführt wird. Das gleichzeitige Auftreten der entgegengesetzt gerichteten Terme der Elastizität und der Trägheit stellt für die obengenannte Flüssigkeit an die Meßtechnik hohe, z. T. nicht erfüllbare Anforderungen. Ähnliche Schwierigkeiten bereitet die instationäre Strömung, für die der Anlaufvorgang der Couette-Strömung hier näher beschrieben wird. Die größten Erfolgsaussichten verspricht das Heranziehen der bekanntermaßen bei viskoelastischen Flüssigkeiten gegenüberNewtonschen Flüssigkeiten veränderten Grenzschichtphänomene : In der turbulenten Rohrströmung kommt es zu einer Widerstandsabsenkung. Die Widerstandscharakteristik zeigt bei geeigneter Darstellung als Gerade eine deutlich andere Steigung als dieNewtonschen Flüssigkeiten. Die Steigung der Gerade ist materialabhängig. Der Schnittpunkt mit derPrandtl-Gerade fürNewtonsche Flüssigkeiten ist material-spezifisch dem Durchmesser proportional. Darüber läßt sich die Relaxationszeit to bis auf eine universelle Größe x gewinnen. Ein hier beschriebenes Doppelkapillarrheometer gestattet sowohl die Ermittlung der Fließkurve als auch — über Turbulenzmessungen — die Bestimmung von κ ·t 0.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 899-911 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper treatsn-paraffin lamellae in which the chain molecules may be affected with conformational defects. The equilibrium states of these lamellae are calculated by means of theBragg-Williams approximation. The ideal assembly (without any interaction of the chains) is identical with aSchottky assembly if the possible maximum of defects per chain and the number of the seats available along the chain for a single defect correspond. In the cooperative assembly (with interaction between the nearest neighbours) a discontinuous transition may take place. The transition, however, occurs only from a certain chain length and if the defects combine as arrangements favourable as regards their energy. With respect to the homophase pre-melting there are three classes of lamellae to be distinguished: 1. Lamellae consisting of short chains: the pre-melting proceeds continuously. 2. Lamellae consisting of chains of medium length: the pre-melting may be interrupted by a first order transition. 3. Lamellae consisting of long chains: a first order transition is possible, but without pre-melting caused by defects.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Betrachtet werden n-Paraffin-Lamellen, in denen die Kettenmoleküle mit Konformationsfehlem behaftet sein können. Die Gleichgewichtszustände dieser Lamellen werden mit Hilfe derBragg-Williams-Näherung berechnet. Die ideale Gesamtheit (ohne Wechselwirkung der Ketten untereinander) ist identisch mit einerSchottky-Gesamtheit, wenn die maximal mögliche Anzahl von Defekten pro Kette und die Anzahl der einem Einzeldefekt längs der Kette zur Verfügung stehenden Plätze übereinstimmen. In der kooperativen Gesamtheit (mit Wechselwirkung zwischen nächsten Nachbarn) kann das Vorschmelzen von einer gewissen Kettenlänge an mit einer diskontinuierlichen Umwandlung verbunden sein. Die Umwandlung tritt jedoch nur dann auf, wenn sich die Defekte zu energetisch günstigen Arrangements zusammenfinden. In bezug auf das einphasige Vorschmelzen sind drei Klassen von Lamellen zu unterscheiden: 1. Lamellen aus kurzen Ketten: das Vorschmelzen verläuft kontinuierlich; 2. Lamellen aus Ketten mittlerer Länge: das Vorschmelzen kann von einer Umwandlung erster Ordnung unterbrochen sein; 3. Lamellen aus langen Ketten: eine Umwandlung erster Ordnung ist möglich, jedoch ohne Defekt-Vorschmelzen.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 912-919 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer vorangegangenen Arbeit wurde die Struktur von verstrecktem nativem Kollagen diskutiert. Es war und bleibt dabei eine offene Frage, ob die darin auftretenden Mikroparakristalle bereits in der unverstreckten Probe verkippt sind, oder ob dies erst unter Spannung geschieht. Für den Fall, daß letzteres zutrifft, wird dieser Vorgang in der vorliegenden Arbeit ähnlich wie bei Elastomeren durch heterogene Dehnung der Tripel-Helizes erklärt. Jeweils nach 135 Å trifft man auf „amorphe” nicht helixförmige Bereiche, in denen die Ordnung der Polypeptidketten stärker gestört ist, als in den parakristallinen Mikrodomänen. In synthetischen Elastomeren werden diese Teile eines Moleküls „weiche Segmente” (soft segments) genannt. Falls die Dehnung nur in den „amorphen” Bereichen stattfindet, und falls diese Zonen 20 Å lang sind, können die früher publizierten (beobachteten) Daten quantitativ durch eine 11%ige Dehnung der Protofibrillen in den amorphen Bereichen erklärt werden. Ein Beispiel wird angegeben, in dem die Dichte der amorphen Bereiche sich während des Verstreckens nicht ändert. Die Dehnung um 11% findet statt, weil die Polypeptidketten innerhalb der Tripel-Helizes gestreckt werden. Sie laufen mehr oder weniger parallel zu den Schraubenlinien der Tripel-Helix durch diese Zonen. Die Langperiode wächst nur um 0.3%. Falls die Dichte der amorphen Bereiche um mehr als ein paar Prozent abnehmen würde, müßte die Langperiode merklich größer werden. Dies widerspricht dem experimentellen Befund. Die mittlere Dichte ändert sich demnach in den amorphen Bereichen während des Verstreckens nicht. Der größte Teil der makroskopischen Längenänderung um 10% findet außerhalb der Fibrillen mit der 670 Å Periode statt. Nur etwa 1/7 davon ist elastisch und wird durch die Rückstellkraft der Netzwerkpeptide bewirkt, die zwischen benachbarten Oktafibrillen und Bündeln vor ihnen liegen. Die wichtige Rolle dieser „intermizellaren” Moleküle und Ähnlichkeiten mit der Affintransformation in synthetischen Hochpolymeren werden diskutiert. Das Modell der „staggered collagen molecules” von Schmitt (1956), welches die 670 Å Periodizität auf ganz andere Weise begründet, vermag eine elastomerartige Erzeugung von verkippten parakristallinen Tripel-Helixbereichen nicht zu erklären.
    Notes: Summary In a previous paper the structure of extended native collagen was discussed. It was and still remains an open question if these kinks, are already established in the unstretched sample or are only formed under stress. If so, their production is explained in this paper by a heterogeneous expansion of the protofibrils similar as in elastomers. All 135 Å one meets “amorphous” non helical regions where the polypeptide-chains are more disordered as in the paracrystalline triple helical domains. In synthetic elastomers these parts of a molecule are called “soft segments”. If this expansion solely takes place in the “amorphous” ranges and if these zones are 20 Å long, then the earlier published (observed) data of the kink model quantitatively can be explained by expanding the protofibrils 11% in the “amorphous” ranges. An example is given, where the density of the “amorphous” region does not change during stretching. The expansion by 11% takes place because the polypeptide chains within the triple helices are straightenend. They run more or less parallel to the screw lines of the triple helix through this zone. The long period only increases by 0.3%. If the density of the “amorphous” regions diminishes more than a few percent, an appreciable increase of the long period would happen. This contradicts the experiments. The mean density does not change in the “amorphous” regions during stretching. Most of the macroscopic elongation takes place outside of the fibrils with the 670Å periodicity. Only about 1/7 of it is elastic and is produced by the restoring force of network peptides aligned in between adjacent octafibrils and bundles of them. The important role of these “intermicellar” molecules and similarities with the affine transformation in synthetic high polymers is discussed. The model of staggered collagen molecules ofSchmitt (1956) which explains the 670 Å-period in quite another way cannot explain an elastomeric production of tilted paracrystalline triple helical regions under strain.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 991-996 
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    Notes: Summary The degree of aggregation of some commercial polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters (Tweens) and sorbitan fatty acid esters (Spans) in cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform has been investigated by light-scattering, vapour pressure osmometry and sedimentation velocity techniques. Light-scattering results were corrected for the contribution of fluorescence to the scattered light, which was appreciable at excitation wavelengths of 436 nm. Mean aggregation numbers of 26 and 12 monomers were determined for sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) in cyclohexane and carbon tetrachloride respectively. No significant aggregation of this compound was observed in chloroform. Other detergents studied showed only limited aggregation, if any, in these solvents. Correlation of the aggregation numbers of Span 80 with the solubility parameters, δ, of the solvents (including results from a previous investigation) indicated that the degree of aggregation approached a minimum value when the δ values of the solute and solvent were matched.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 982-990 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der Oberflächenviskosität auf die Verdünnungsgeschwindigkeit und die kritische Zerreißdicke von Schaumfilmen wird untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß dieser Effekt stark von der charakteristischen Flußgröße abhängt. Folglich kann man bei der Berechnung der Verdünnungsgeschwindigkeit die Oberflächenviskosität unberücksichtigt lassen und sie bei der von den thermischen Fluktuationen verursachten wellenartigen Bewegung als unendlich groß annehmen. Die auf diese Art erhaltenen Gleichungen für die kritische Dicke stimmen verhältnismäßig gut mit den experimentellen Daten überein. Eine mögliche Erklärung der Abhängigkeit der kritischen Dicke von der Konzentration des Tensids wird vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Summary The influence of surface viscosity on the rate of thinning and on the critical thickness of rupture of foam films has been studied. It is shown that this effect depends strongly on the length-scale of the flow. Therefore it is possible to neglect it when calculating the rate of thinning, but to assume for the wave motion, caused by the thermic fluctuations, that the surface viscosity is infinitely great. The expression for the critical thickness, obtained in this way, agrees relatively well with the experimental results. A possible explanation of the dependence of critical thickness on surfactant concentration is suggested.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 1001-1002 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 179-180 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 180-180 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 180-180 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 1014-1014 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 181-182 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 182-183 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 183-183 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 184-185 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 186-186 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 187-187 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 171-171 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 188-188 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 189-189 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 190-190 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 190-190 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 191-191 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 222-233 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The complexing abilities of 44 dyes, 36 of which were azo dyes, with amylose in aqueous solution have been investigated by means of absorption spectroscopy and CD-measurements. 13 of these — all of them direct dyes — build chiral complexes with the polysaccharide. The complexing ability is shown to be strongly dependent on the nature and position of the dye's substituents. Complex compositions, equilibrium constants of complex formation, and dissymmetry factors have been determined for three of the dyes. Furthermore, the complexing abilities of several dyes with salep mannan and low molecular model compounds have been investigated. In their amylose complexes, isolated dye molecules are bound to the polysaccharide in preferred orientations. The nature of the binding forces is discussed. A satisfactory explanation of the results as a whole requires the assumption of an ordered amylose structure in solution.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 44 Farbstoffe, darunter 36 Azofarbstoffe, wurden mit Hilfe von Absorptions- und CD-Messungen auf ihre Fähigkeit untersucht, mit Amylose in wäßriger Lösung chirale Komplexe zu bilden. Die 13 als komplexbildend erkannten Farbstoffe sind sämtlich Azofarbstoffe und zugleich substantive Baumwollfarbstoffe. Für eine Komplexbildung ist darüberhinaus die Anwesenheit bestimmter Substituenten in definierten Positionen des Farbstoffgerüstes erforderlich. In drei Fällen wurde die Zusammensetzung der Komplexe, die Gleichgewichtskonstante der Komplexbildung und der Dissymmetriefaktor bestimmt. Weiterhin wurden ausgewählte Farbstoffe auf ihre Fähigkeit zur Komplexbildung mit Salepmannan sowie mit niedermolekularen Modellverbindungen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für eine Bindung isolierter Farbstoffmoleküle in bevorzugten Orientierungen. Die Art der Bindungskräfte wird diskutiert. Die aufgefundenen Zusammenhänge lassen sich nur auf der Basis einer geordneten Struktur der Amylose in Lösung befriedigend deuten.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 186-187 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 187-187 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 269-269 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 188-188 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 189-189 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 190-190 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 190-190 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 191-191 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 339-339 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 340-341 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 341-341 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 340-340 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 343-343 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 288-293 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung DerYoungs-Modul von HDPE-Fäden, kaltgestreckt in verschiedenem Ausmaß, wurde bestimmt. Die Orientierungsverteilung der Kristallite und der Moleküle in den amorphen Bereichen wurden quantitativ bestimmt. Unter Voraussetzung eines Einphasen-Modelles für die Berechnung derYoung-Modulen wird gezeigt, daß der Modul primär mit der mittleren Orientierung der Moleküle in den amorphen Bezirken gekoppelt ist.
    Notes: Summary TheYoungs modulus of HDPE filaments cold-drawn to different extents has been determined. The orientation distribution of the crystallites, of the total molecules and of the amorphous regions have been quantitatively determined. Using a simple one-phase model to predict theYoungs moduli, it is shown that the modulus is related primarily to the average orientation of the molecules in the amorphous regions.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 207-221 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine phänomenologische Analyse der Effekte der molekularen Orientierung und Deformation auf die Kristallisationskinetik gegeben. Es zeigt sich, daß Nukleation und Wachstumsgeschwindigkeiten durch Funktionen von sechs Invarianten des molekularen Verschie-bungsgradienten-Tensors und davon abgeleitete Tensoren dargestellt werden kann. Für einige geometrisch einfache Deformationen (einschließlich einfache Scherung und uniaxiale Dehnung) kann man die Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeitsfunktionen auch als Funktionen des Orientierungsfaktors f (für die einfache Schering) oderf * (für die uniaxiale Dehnung) ausdrücken. Die kinetischen Gleichungen für gleichzeitige Orientierung und Kristallisation werden abgeleitet. Die Integralgleichungen vonKolmogoroff-Avrami-Evans wurden dazu verwendet, mit Keimbildungs- und Wachstumsgeschwindigkeiten als Funktionen des zeitabhängigen Orientierungsfaktorsf In der Orientierungsgleichung wird die Relaxationszeit als eine ansteigende Funktion der Kristallinität wegen der intermolekularen Vernetzung durch makromolekulare Kristallite angenommen. Einfache Beispiele als Lösungen werden gegeben und allgemeinere Gleichungen analysiert. Der Übertragungsparameter δ gleich dem Verhältnis von Orientierungshalbperiodet 1/2 or zur Kristallisationshalbperiodet 1/2 or werden analysiert und diskutiert. Die Kinetik von isotherm orientierter Kristallisation unterscheidet sich qualitativ von unorientierten Prozessen. Bei sehr niedrigen oder sehr hohen Werten des Übertragungsparameters δ kann der Prozeß durch einfache kinetische Gleichungen, derAvrami-Gleichungen, mit modifizierten Geschwindigkeitskonstanten angenähert werden. Die Übertragungsparameter δ, wie sie sich aus erhältlichen experimentellen Daten für einige Polymere ergeben, werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Phenomenological analysis of the effects of molecular orientation and deformation on crystallization kinetics is given. It was shown that nucleation- and growth rates can be represented by functions of six invariants of the molecular displacement gradient tensor and related tensors. For some simple geometries of deformation (including simple shear and uniaxial extension), crystallization rate functions can be also expressed as functions of orientation factorsf (for simple shear) orf * (for uniaxial extension). The kinetic equations of simultaneous orientation and crystallization were derived. The integral equation ofKolmogoroff-Avrami-Evans was used with nucleation-and growth rates being functions of time-dependent orientation factor f In the orientation equation the relaxation time was assumed to be an increasing function of crystallinity as the result of intermolecular “cross-linking” of macromolecules by crystallites. Simple example solutions have been given and more general equations analyzed. The transition parameterδ equal to the ratio of orientation half-periodt 1/2 or to crystallization half-period,t 1/2 or was analyzed and discussed. The kinetics of isothermal oriented crystallization differs qualitatively from that for unoriented processes. At very low, or very high values of the transition parameter S however, the process can be approximated by simple kinetic equations (“Avrami equations”) with modified rate constants. Transition parameters δ as calculated from the available experimental data for several polymers were discussed.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 257-267 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wechselwirkung der diffusen Doppelschichten zwischen zwei parallelen Platten mit verschiedener Oberflächenladung in einer symmetrischen Elektrolytlösung wird betrachtet. Der Einfluß des elektrischen Feldes, der innerhalb der Platten durch das Überlappen der zwei Doppelschichten induziert wird, wird in derDebye-Hückel-Näherung diskutiert. Die Lösung der nichtlinearenPoisson-Boltzmannschen Gleichung wird auch für den Fall dicker Platten gewonnen. Wenn die Oberflächenladungen der zwei Platten dieselben Vorzeichen haben oder wenn eine der Plattenungeladen ist, ist die Wechselwirkungskraft immer abstoßend. Wenn die Ladungen entgegengesetzte Vorzeichen haben, kann die Kraft anziehend oder abstoßend sein.
    Notes: Summary The diffuse double layer interaction between two parallel dissimilar plates with constant surface charge density in a symmetrical electrolyte solution is considered. The influence of the electric field which may be induced within the plates by the overlapping of the two double layers is discussed in theDebye-Hückel approximation. The solution of the non-linearPoisson-Boltzmann equation is also obtained for the case of thick plates. It is shown that if the surface charges of the two plates are of like sign, or if either of the plates is uncharged, the interaction force is always repulsive, whereas if the charges are of opposite sign, the force may be either attractive or repulsive.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 347-347 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 348-348 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 348-348 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 348-348 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 349-349 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 350-350 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 350-350 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 351-351 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 352-352 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 372-376 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Verhalten von monomolekularen Filmen aus Polyvinylbutyral mit verschiedenem Gehalt an Butyral wurde mit verbesserter Wilhelmy-Waage an der Grenzfläche Luft—Wasser studiert. Bei Zunahme des Butyralgehalts im Polymer nimmt der Grenzwert der Filmfläche zu, und dieser Wert erhöht sich auch durch Hinzufügung von Salz zum Substrat. Der Grenzwert der Filmfläche auf einer Salzlösung, in der Konzentration 15%, erreicht fast einen konstanten Wert, der dem theoretischen Wert entspricht. Dieser theoretische Wert wurde aus den Einzelwerten für die Butyral- und Hydroxylgruppe im Polymer berechnet, unter der Annahme von Additivität. Die Tatsache, daß der Wert für die Fläche auf Wasser kleiner als der auf Salzlösung gemessene ist, wird durch Eindringen der hydrophilen Gruppen des Polymers in die wässerige Phase erklärt. Ein Modell der Orientierung der Ligandengruppen in solchen monomolekularen Schichten an der Grenzfläche wurde angegeben.
    Notes: Summary The monomolecular film behavior for polyvinyl butyrals of various degrees of butyral content has been studied with a modifiedWilhelmy-type surface balance at the air-water interface. The limiting areas increase with an increase in the degree of butyral content in these polymers, and they also increase with an increase in the salt concentration in bulk phase. The experimental limiting areas on 15% salt solution correspond well to the theoretical limiting areas which are calculated by assuming the additivity of the areas for both butyral- and hydroxylgroups in the polymer. It can be considered that the limiting area on distilled water is smaller than that on salt solution as some hydrophilic groups in the polymer are submerged in bulk phase. The orientation of radical groups in such monolayers at the interface has been described.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 392-395 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wechselwirkung zwischen den basischen Farbstoffen Acridinorange und Proflavin und dem Polyelektrolyten Natrium-Polyacrylsdure und Polyacrylsäure wurde mit den Methoden der Spektroskopie untersucht. Aus den Bindungsdaten wurde die molare Änderung von Entropie und Enthalpie und die Zahl der Brükkenstellen des Polymers berechnet. Die ΔS°-Werte sind positiv. AS' nimmt mit der Dielektrizitätskonstanten der Lösungsmittel zu. Diese Resultate entsprechen den statistischen Überlegungen.
    Notes: Summary The interaction of basic dyes (acridine orange and proflavine) and polyelectrolyte (sodium polyacrylate and polyacrylic acid) in water-organic solvents was studied by spectral method. From the binding data, the molar changes in entropy and enthalpy, and the number of binding sites on polymer were calculated. The values of ΔS° were positive. ΔS° increases with increasing dielectric constant of solvents. These results were explained by the statistical consideration.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 381-391 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Schwingungsmechanische Messungen der Verlust winkeltangenteLind desdynamischen Modulsan Nashorn-und an Pferdehaar-Keratin wurden über den Tempera turbereich von 20 bis -180°C und bei verschiedenen Wassergehalten ausgeführt. Die Verlusttangente zeigt zwei charakteristische Piks. Der Hochtemperaturpik, mit β bezeichnet, ist mit dem anwesenden Wasser im amorphen Teil des Keratins verknüpft. Der Tieftemperaturpik, bezeichnet mit y, wurde der Bewegung von kleinen Seitenketten in der Struktur zugeordnet. Abschätzung von Aktivierungsenthalpie und -entropie des β-Überganges und deren Vergleich mit ähnlichen Systemen -Eis und Nylon - haben zu einer Sicherstellung der Rolle, die das Wasser spielt, geführt. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß der β-Übergang einer Umverteilung von Wasser entspricht, hervorgerufen durch die Asymmetrie des äußeren Spannungsfeldes, über die erreichbaren Bindungszustände innerhalb der.
    Notes: Summary Oscillatory mechanical measurements of the loss tangent and dynamic modulus of rhinoceros horn and horse hair keratin have been carried out over the temperature range of + 20 °C to –180 °C and at various water contents. The loss tangent displays two characteristic peaks: the higher temperature peak — designated β — has been associated with the water present in the amorphous fraction of the keratin; the lower temperature peak —designated γ-has been tentative ascribed to the motion of small side chains in the structure. Estimates of the activation enthalpy and entropy of the β-transition and its comparison to similar systems—ice and nylon—have led to a reassessment of the role played by water. It has been proposed that the β-transition is due to a redistribution of the water — invoked by the asymmetry of the external stress field — over the accessible binding sites within the keratin structure.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 419-421 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 448-455 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Polymerisationsthermodynamik von plastifizierten Epoxydpolymeren untersucht unter Anwendung einer einfachen Meßvorrichtung welche die kontinuierliche Verfolgung der Polymerisationstemperatur ermöglicht. Hierbei wurde die Form der bei dieser exothermen Reaktion während der Polymerisation entstehenden Temperaturkurven ermittelt und ihr Verlauf in Abhängigkeit der Zeit graphisch dargestellt. Die aus diesen Ergebnissen erhaltenen charakteristischen Werte des Polymerisationsprozesses wie z. B. Gelier- und Härtungszeit, die zugehörigen und maximalen Temperaturen wurden zusammengestellt und verglichen. Die Untersuchung wurde für verschiedene Prozente plastifizierenden Materials in der Mischung durchgeführt und ihr Einfluß auf den Polymerisationsvorgang bestimmt.
    Notes: Summary In this paper the thermodynamics of polymerization of a plasticized epoxy polymer were studied by applying a simple recording device for the instantaneous measurement of polymerization temperature. Especially, the forms of the characteristic exotherm profile during polymerization of a series of plasticized epoxy polymers were investigated, as well as its variation with respect to time. The characteristic points of the exothenn profile were determined, that is the gel point and the peak exotherm temperature as functions of time elapsed during the process of polymerization, as well as the temperature and time of hardening of mixture. The study was also extended to various percentages of plasticizer and to the functional influence of these percentages on the evolution of the polymerization process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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