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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 8-15 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Insulin ; Bone ; Calcium ; Resorption ; Orthophosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'administration d'insuline cristallisée à des rats thyroparathyroidectomisés provoque une augmentation de la calcémie et de la phosphorémie. Le calcium plasmatique s'élève de façon linéaire entre 31 et 250 m Unités d'insuline/100 g de poids corporel. La courbe obtenue n'est guère différente de celle obtenue par extrait parathyroidien. L'administration simultanée d'insuline et d'extrait parathyroidien à des rats thyro-parathyroidectomisés agit sur la calcémie et la phosphorémie par un effet additif. Lorsque des os frontaux d'embryons de poulet sont cultivésin vitro en présence d'insuline cristallisée, le taux de résorption augmente. L'insuline augmente le taux de consommation en glucose des explants et induit une accumulation de citrate dans le milieu de culture. L'insuline stimule donc la résorption osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Plasmagehalt an Calcium und Phosphor bei thyroparathyreoidektomierten Ratten wurde durch die Verabreichung von kristallinem Insulin erhöht. Das Plasmacalcium verhielt sich zwischen 31 und 250 m Einheiten Insulin pro 100 g Körpergewicht linear. Die Steigung der erhaltenen Kurve ist nicht signifikant verschieden von derjenigen, die nach Parathyreoidea-Extrakt erhalten wird. Die gleichzeitige Verabreichung von Insulin und Parathyreoidea-Extrakt von thyroparathyreoidektomierten Ratten hatte eine kumulative Wirkung auf den Gehalt von Calcium und Phosphor im Plasma. Wenn Stirnbeine von Kükenembryos mit kristallinem Insulinin vitro kultiviert wurden, erhöhte sich die Resorptionsrate. Das Insulin steigerte den Glucoseverbrauch der Explantate und verursachte eine Anreicherung von Citrat im Kulturmedium. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine Stimulation der Knochenresorption durch Insulin.
    Notes: Abstract the administration of crystalline insulin to thyroparathyroidectomized rats raised their calcium and phosphorus plasma levels. The plasma calcium gave a linear response between 31 and 250 mU of insulin/100 g body weight. The slope obtained is not significantly different from that obtained with parathyroid extract. The simultaneous administration of insulin and parathyroid extract to thyroparathyroidectomized rats affected the calcium and phosphorus plasma levels in an additive fashion. When chick embryo frontal bones were cultivatedin vitro with crystalline insulin the rate of resorption increased. Insulin increased the rate of glucose consumption by the explants and induced the accumulation of citrate in the culture medium. It is concluded that insulin stimulates bone resorption.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteopetrosis ; Diphosphonates ; Bone Resorption ; Mouse ; Calcium ; Tooth ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet de doses quotidiennes, administrées depuis la naissance, de deux types de diphosphonates, à savoir l'éthane-1-hydroxyle-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) et le dichlorométhylène diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), sur la croissance et le squelette de souris a été étudié. Les diphosphonates freinent la croissance: les incisives ne font pas leur éruption ou elle est plus tardive. La calcémie est normale. L'administration de Cl2MDP à une dose quotidienne de 10 mg P/kg/jour provoque des modifications squelettiques identiques à celles des souris grises létales atteintes d'ostéopétrose et les animaux meurent après quatre semaines de traitement. Par rapport aux témoins, les souris traitées présentent des os plus étroits, plus denses et plus déformés: les cavités médullaires sont comblées avec de l'os calcifié et du cartilage. La quantité totale de calcium d'un animal n'est pas augmentée par traitement au diphosphonate, par rapport à un témoin de même âge. Chez les souris grises létales et celles traitées aux diphosphonates, la plupart des anomalies est secondaire à une résorption osseuse diminuée. Ces résultats sont commentés en fonction de l'emploi des diphosphonates au cours de remaniements osseux pathologiques augmentés et en fonction du rôle de la résorption osseuse dans le maintien de la calcémie.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mäuse erhielten von der Geburt an tägliche Dosen folgender zwei Diphosphonate: entweder Äthan-1-Hydroxy-1,1-Diphosphonat (EHDP) oder Dichloromethylen-Diphosphonat (Cl2MDP). Es wurde deren Wirkung auf das Wachstum und das Skelet untersucht. Die Diphosphonate verlangsamten das Wachstum, die Schneidezähne brachen nicht oder erst später durch, aber die Höhe des Plasmacalciums blieb normal. Die Verabreichung von Cl2MDP in Dosen von 10 mg P/kg/Tag führt zu Skeletveränderungen, welche denjenigen der „grey-lethal” osteopetrotischen Mäuse gleichen. Die Tiere sterben nach einer Behandlungsdauer von etwa 4 Wochen. Verglichen mit normalen Mäusen von ungefähr gleichem Alter hatten die behandelten Mäuse kleinere, dichtere und mehr keulenförmige Knochen, und die Markhöhlen waren gefüllt mit verkalktem Knochen oder Knorpel. Die Gesamtcalciummenge im Skelet wurde durch die Diphosphonatbehandlung nicht erhöht; dies ergab sich aus einem Vergleich mit der bei normalen Mäusen desselben Alters gefundenen Menge. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß bei den „grey-lethal” und bei den Diphosphonat-behandelten Mäusen viele der Abnormalitäten als Folge der herabgesetzten Knochenresorption angesehen werden müssen. Die Ergebnisse werden einerseits im Hinblick auf den Gebrauch der Diphosphonate bei pathologischen Bedingungen eines erhöhten Knochenumbaus diskutiert; andererseits werden sie im Zusammenhang mit der Rolle der Knochenresorption bei der Erhaltung des Plasmacalcium-Spiegels besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of daily doses from birth of two diphosphonates, namely either ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) or dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), on the growth and the skeleton of mice has been studied. Diphosphonates slowed growth, the incisors did not erupt or erupted later, but the level of plasma calcium remained normal. The administration of Cl2MDP at a dose rate of 10 mg P/kg/day leads to skeletal changes that are similar to those observed in grey-lethal osteopetrotic mice, and the animals die after about four weeks of treatment. As compared with normal mice of similar age, treated mice had bones that were smaller, denser and more clubshaped, and the marrow cavities were filled with calcified bone or cartilage. The total amount of calcium in the carcass was not increased by diphosphonate treatment, as compared with the amount in normal mice of the same age. It is suggested that both in the grey-lethal and diphosphonate-treated mice many of the abnormalities are secondary to decreased bone resorption. The results are discussed with respect to the use of diphosphonates in pathological conditions of increased bone turnover and with respect to the role of bone resorption in the maintenance of plasma calcium levels.
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 101-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ageing ; Osteoporosis ; Bone ; Muscle ; Fat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des mesures radiologiques de la masse minérale osseuse de la partie proximale du radius et l'épaisseur du muscle et du tissu graisseux sous-cutané de l'avant-bras ont été relevées chez l'homme et la femme adultes normaux. La masse minérale osseuse ne montre pas de modification significative jusqu'à 60 ans chez l'homme et 50 ans chez la femme, puis on observe une chute. L'épaisseur musculaire décroit, chez l'homme, à partir de 30 ans, alors que chez la femme on n'observe aucune modification significative avant 60 ans. Les corrélations entre ces variables diffèrent selon le sexe. Alors que la masse minérale et l'épaisseur musculaire varient positivement chez l'homme en fonction de l'âge, il n'y a pas de rapport significatif chez la femme, après 60 ans. Cependant, chez ces dernières, la masse osseuse et le tissu graisseux sous-cutané sont en corrélation nette après 60 ans, bien qu'aucun rapport significatif ne soit noté chez l'homme quel que soit le groupe d'âge. Chez des sujets ostéoporotiques, la masse minérale osseuse et l'épaisseur musculaire sont plus faibles chez les hommes par rapport à des sujets normaux du même âge. Chez des femmes ostéoporotiques, cependant, bien que la masse minérale osseuse et le tissu graisseux sous-cutané soient inférieures par rapport à des sujets normaux, l'épaisseur du muscle n'est pas modifiée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden bei gesunden erwachsenen Männern und Frauen radiologische Messungen der Knochenmineralmasse im proximalen Radius, der Dicke des Muskels und des subkutanen Fettes des Vorderarmes durch die ganze Altersspanne durchgeführt. Die Knochenmineralmasse zeigte keine signifikante Veränderung bis zum 60. Altersjahr bei den Männern und bis zum 50. Altersjahr bei den Frauen; dann jedoch sank sie ab. Die Muskeldicke nahm bei den Männern über 30 Jahren ab, bei den Frauen konnte jedoch eine signifikante Abnahme erst ab 60 Jahren festgestellt werden. Die Korrelation zwischen diesen beiden Werten war bei Männern und Frauen ebenfalls verschieden. Während bei den Männern Knochenmineralmasse und Muskeldicke in jedem Alter meistens eine positive Korrelation zeigte, konnte bei den Frauen nach dem 60. Altersjahr keine signifikante Korrelation gefunden werden. Bei den Frauen zeigten hingegen Knochenmasse und subkutanes Fett eine deutliche Korrelation in der Gruppe nach dem 60. Altersjahr, während bei den Männern in keiner Altersgruppe eine signifikante Korrelation gefunden werden konnte. In einer osteoporotischen Gruppe waren Knochenmineralmasse und Muskeldicke niedriger bei Männern, verglichen mit Kontrollen bei Gesunden desselben Alters. Bei weiblichen osteoporotischen Patienten hingegen zeigte die Muskeldicke keinen Unterschied, während Knochenmineralmasse und subkutanes Fett niedriger waren als bei Gesunden.
    Notes: Abstract Radiologic measurements of bone mineral mass in the proximal radius, muscle width and thickness of the subcutaneous fat of the forearm were studied in normal men and women throughout the adult age range. Bone mineral mass showed no significant change to age 60 in men and age 50 in women, but fell thereafter. Muscle width declined from age 30 in the male population, though no significant reduction was found in women before age 60. The correlations between these variables also differed between males and females. While bone mineral mass and muscle width tended, in males, to be positively correlated at all ages, in females no significant correlation was found after age 60. In females, however, bone mass and subcutaneous fat were distinctly correlated in the over 60 age group, though no significant correlation was found in males in any age group. In an osteoporotic group, bone mineral mass and muscle width were lower in male patients than in normals of similar age. In female osteoporotic patients, however, while bone mineral mass and subcutaneous fat were less than in normals, muscle width showed no difference.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 175-192 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Surface ; Calcium ; Exchange ; Adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une analyse mathématique de résultats autoradiographiques de l'absorption et de l'élimination du45Ca à la surface des os de lapin, de chien et de l'homme montre qu'un modèle de diffusion à la surface osseuse n'est pas valable. Les résultatsin vivo, par contre, sont compatibles avec un compartiment superficiel unique. Les résultatsin vitro peuvent être représentés, d'un autre côté, par une série de trois compartiments: celiu du milieu est identique avec le compartiment superficiel de la situationin vivo. Le temps de séjour du calcium dans ce compartiment peut être mis en rapport avec l'énergie de liaison de l'ion clacium, au niveau du côté superficiel d'un cristal d'apatite. Il semble que l'environnement des cristaux d'apatite, 1–4 μ sous la surface osseuse, soit identique à celui d'une solution aqueuse, les rendant susceptibles d'un échange rapide de calcium, mais cette possibilité est tellement réduite dans le volume osseux que le modèle de percolation proposé par Arnold et coll, parait indéfendable.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine mathematische Analyse von autoradiographischen Daten betreffend Aufnahme und Abgabe von45Ca an Knochenoberflächen beim Kaninchen, beim Hund und beim Menschen zeigte, daß ein Diffusionsmodell die Knochenoberfläche nicht überzeugend beschreibt. Hingegen werdenin vivo-Daten durch ein einziges Oberflächenkompartiment gut erfaßt. Diein vitro. Daten können andererseits durch eine Serie von drei Kompartimenten dargestellt werden; das mittlere dieser Kompartimente ist identisch mit dem Oberflächenkompartiment der Versuchein vivo. Die Verweildauer des Calciums in diesem Kompartiment kann zur Bindungsenergie eines Calciumions an der Oberfläche eines Apatitkristalls in Beziehung gebracht werden. Es wird daraus abgeleitet, daß die Umgebung der Apatitkristalle, die 1–4 μ unter der Knochenoberfläche liegen, derjenigen in wässeriger Lösung gleicht und sie dadurch für einen raschen Calciumaustausch zugänglich macht, da\ jedoch diese Zugänglichkeit innerhalb des Knochenvolumens derart drastisch reduziert wird, daß das Perkolationsmodell von Arnoldet al. nicht brauchbar ist.
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical analysis of autoradiographic data for the uptake and release of45Ca at bone surfaces in rabbit, dog, and man showed that a diffusion model of bone surface is not tenable. Datain vivo are, instead, well represented by a single surface compartment. Thein vitro data, on the other hand, can be represented by a series of three compartments; the middle one of these compartment is identical with the surface compartment of thein vivo situation. The residence time of calcium in this compartment can be related to the binding energy of a calcium ion at a surface site on an apatite crystal. It is concluded that the environment of the apatite crystals 1–4 μ below bone surfaces is similar to that in aqueous solution, making them available for rapid exchange of calcium but that this availability is so drastically reduced within the volume of bone that the percolation model of Arnoldet al. is untenable.
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  • 5
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Corticosteroids ; Hydrocortisone ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de l'hydrocortisone, administrée sous deux formes physiques différentes (solubles et cristallines), à une dose identique de 5 mg/kg/jour ont été étudiés sur l'os en croissance chez 52 lapins pendant 6 semaines. Les animaux sont divisés en 1) un groupe témoin, 2) un groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone soluble et 3) un groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone cristalline. Les lapins traités à l'hydrocortisone soluble présentent quelques différences avec ceux traités à l'hydrocortisone cristalline. Par rapport aux témoins, le groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone soluble a augmenté plus faiblement de poids, présente moins de croissance osseuse longitudinale, montre un arrêt de l'ostéogenèse des surfaces et présente une augmentation de la résorption osseuse au niveau des surfaces corticales et de l'endoste. Cependant, le groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone cristalline a perdu de poids, ne présente pas de croissance osseuse longitudinale, ni d'apposition osseuse au niveau de toutes les surfaces, avec cependant une résorption osseuse marquée au niveau des surfaces corticales et de l'endoste, provoquant un amincissement net des corticales. Il semble que le facteur déterminant de cette action différente est l'élévation prolongée du cortisol plasmatique après injection d'hydrocortisone crystalline. Alors que d'autres aufeurs ont montré un rapport étroit médicament-dose, cette étude indique que la durée de l'action du médicament ou la fréquence de son administration par jour peut également être importante.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Hydrocortison auf den wachsenden Knochen wurde bei 52 Kaninchen untersucht. Das Hydrocortison wurde in zwei Formen (löslich und kristallin), bei gleicher Dosierung von 5 mg/kg/Tag, während 6 Wochen verabreicht. Die Tiere wurden in folgende Gruppen unterteilt: 1. Kontrollen; 2. mit löslichem Hydrocortison behandelte Tiere; 3. mit kristallinem Hydrocortison behandelte Tiere. Die mit löslichem Hydrocortison behandelten Kaninchen wiesen nicht dieselben Veränderungen auf wie die mit kristallinem Hydrocortison behandelten. Im Vergleich mit der Kontrollgruppe zeigte die mit löslichem Hydrocortison behandelte Gruppe folgende Veränderungen: weniger Gewichtszunahme, weniger Wachstum der longitudinalen Knochen, leichte Unterdrücklung der Knochenbildung auf allen Oberflächen und leicht erhöhte Knochenresorption an der corticalen Endostoberfläche. Die mit kristallinem Hydrocortison behandelten Tiere jedoch zeigten: Gewichtsverlust, Stillstand des longitudinalen Knochenwachstums, Stillstand der Knochenbildung auf allen Oberflächen und deutliche Knochenresorption an der corticalen Endostoberfläche, welche zu dramatischer corticaler Verdünnung führte. Es wird vermutet, daß der ausschlaggebende Faktor in dieser unterschiedlichen Wirkung die anhaltende Erhöhung der Cortisolkonzentration im Plasma ist, welche auf die Injektion von kristallinem Hydrocortisol folgt. Während andere Forscher eine starke Dosisabhängigkeit gezeigt haben, deutet diese Untersuchung an, daß die Wirkungsdauer der Substanz oder die Häufigkeit ihrer Verabreichung pro Tag ebenso wichtig sein können.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of hydrocortisone on growing bone administered in two different physical forms (soluble and crystalline) in an identical dosage of 5 mg/kg/day for six weeks were studied in 52 growing rabbits. The animals were divided into (1) controls, (2) soluble hydrocortisone treated and (3) crystalline hydrocortisone treated. The rabbits treated with soluble hydrocortisone showed changes different from those given crystalline hydrocortisone. When compared with the control group, the soluble hydrocortisone treated group gained less weight, had less longitudinal bone growth, had some suppression of bone formation at all surfaces and had some increased bone resorption at the cortical-endosteal surface. However, the crystalline hydrocortisone treated group lost weight, ceased longitudinal bone growth, ceased bone formation at all surfaces and had marked bone resorption at the cortical-endosteal surface resulting in dramatic cortical thinning. It is believed that the determining factor in this differential effect is the prolonged elevation of plasma cortisol folloing injection of the crystalline hydrocortisone. While other investigators have shown a strong drug-dose relationship, this study indicates that the duration of action of the drug or the frequency of its administration per day may be equally important.
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  • 6
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Analysis ; Osteon ; Bone ; Composition ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude microscopique de la composition du tissu osseux, réalisée initialement au niveau des ostéones, a été étendue à l'os lamellaire interstitiel périosté et aux ≪Mittellinien≫. Le phosphore, calcium, l'azote total, les mucopolysaccharides (sous forme d'hexosamines) et le collagène (sous forme d'hydroxyle-proline) ont été déterminés dans ce tissu au point de vue pondéral et volumétrique. Le calcium a également été déterminé dans les ostéones aux stades initial et final de la calcification. Malgré des rapports Ca/P sensiblement identiques, l'os lamellaire interstitiel périosté et les Mittellinien diffèrent en composition organique. L'os interstitiel a un contenu plus élevé en azote (absolu et par rapport au phosphore) et en hydroxyle-proline et azote non-collagénique que les Mittellinien. En étudiant les résultats sur la composition du tissu ostéoide, les ostéones à divers degrés de calcification et les structures décrites ci-dessus, on se rend compte de la composition variable du tissu osseux d'une plage à l'autre. D'après les résultats analytiques, il semble que dans tout processus de calcification rapide, des protéines non-collagéniques (probablement des protéoglycanes) sont présentes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Untersuchung der Zusammensetzung des Knochengewebes auf der Stufe mikroskopischer Strukturen, welche früher auf die Haversianischen Systeme begrenzt war, ist auf den interstitiellen Lamellenknochen des Periosts und auf die Mittellinien ausgedehnt worden. Phosphor, Calcium, Gesamtstickstoff, Mucopolysaccharide (als Hexosamine) und Kollagen (als Hydroxyprolin) wurden in diesen Materialien in bezug auf Gewicht und Volumen bestimmt. Calcium wurde auch in den Osteonen in der Anfangs- und Endphase der Verkalkung bestimmt. Trotz praktisch identischem Ca/P-Verhältnis unterscheiden sich interstitieller Lamellenknochen des Periosts und Mittellinien in ihrer organischen Zusammensetzung. Interstitieller Knochen hat einen höheren Gesamtstickstoffgehalt (absolut sowie auf Phosphorgehalt bezogen), ebenso mehr Hydroxyprolin und nicht-kollagenen Stockstoff als die Mittellinien. Eine Zusammenstellung von Daten über die Zusammensetzung des Osteoid-Gewebes, der Osteonen in verschiedenen Stadien der Verkalkung und der oben aufgeführten Strukturen zeigt, wie unterschiedlich die Zusammensetzung des Knochengewebes sogar von einer mikroskopischen Struktur zur angrenzenden sein kann. Es wurde versucht, aus den analytischen Daten eine allgemeine Regel betreffend den verkalkungsprozess zu erhalten, nämlich: Wo immer eine Verkalkung rasch stattfindet, sind nicht-kollagene Proteine (möglicherweise Proteoglycane) anwesend.
    Notes: Abstract A study of the composition of bone tissue at the level of microscopic structures, previously limited to the Haversian systems, has been extended to interstitial periosteal lamellar bone and to the “Mittellinien”. Phosphorus, calcium, total nitrogen, mucopolysaccharides (as hexosamines) and collagen (as hydroxyproline) were determined in these materials on both weight and volume basis. Calcium was also been determined in osteones at the initial and final stage of calcification. In spite of virtually identical Ca/P ratios, interstitial periosteal lamellar bone and Mittellinien differ in their organic composition. Interstitial bone has a higher total nitrogen content (both absolute and relative to phosphorus) as well as higher hydroxyproline and non-collagenous nitrogen than the Mittellinien. A compilation of data on the composition of osteoid tissue, osteones at different degrees of calcification and the above structures, shows how variable is the composition of bone tissue even from one microscopic structure to the one adjacent. Tentative indications of a general rule governing the process of calcification were obtained from the analytical data; namely that wherever calcification is taking place rapidly, non-collagenous proteins (possibly proteoglycans) are present.
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  • 7
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 303-312 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Collagen ; Degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De la poudre osseuse est décalcifiée et extraite à l'aide de l'E.D.T.A.0.5 M, puis d'un tampon de McIlvaine à pH 7.4. Trois fractions contenant de l'hydroxyproline ont été obtenues à partir de l'extrait de l'E.D.T.A., purifié par filtration sur gel. Ces 3 fractions sont considérées comme des produits de dégradation du collagène, étant donné leur analogie en composition en acides aminés. Le tampon de McIlvaine est fractionné par le sulfate d'ammonium. A partir de la fraction de saturation 0.3 M, après reconstitution avec l'ATP, un fragment de 700 Å de long est observé au microscope électronique. Une comparaison avec du collagène à segment espacé long semble indiquer que ce fragment est un produit de dégradation partielle de collagène et comprend environ un quart de la molécule collagénique de l'extrémité aminée terminale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Knochenpulver wurde mit 0.5 M EDTA entkalkt und anschließen mit McIlvaine-Puffer bei pH 7,4 extrahiert. Aus dem durch Gel-Filtrations-Chromatographie gereinigten EDTA-Extrakt konnten 3 Hydroxyprolin enthaltende Fraktionen gewonnen werden. Diese wurden wegen ihrer kollagenähnlichen Aminosäurenstruktur für Abbauprodukte des Kollagens gehalten. Der McIlvaine-Puffer-Extrakt wurde mittels Ammoniumsulfat fraktioniert. Nach Rekonstitution mit ATP wurde aus der zu 0.3 gesättigten Fraktion ein Fragment in der Länge von 700 Å entnommen und unter dem Elektronenmikroskop geprüft. Vergleiche mit „segment-longspacing collagen” ließen vermuten, daß es sich bei diesem Fragment um teilweise abgebautes Kollagen handelte, das aus ungefähr einem Viertel des Kollagenmoleküls mit der endständigen Aminogruppe besteht.
    Notes: Abstract Bone powder was decalcified and extracted with 0.5 M EDTA and then with McIlvaine buffer at pH 7.4. From the EDTA extract, purified by gel filtration chromatography, three hydroxyproline-containing fractions were obtained which were considered to be degradation products of collagen because of their collagen-like amino-acid composition. The McIlvaine buffer extract was fractionated by ammonium sulfate. From the 0.3 saturation fraction, after reconstitution with ATP, a fragment 700 Å in length was observed with the electron microscope. Comparison with segment-long-spacing collagen suggested that this fragment was a partially-degraded product of collagen and consisted of approximately one quarter of the collagen molecule from the terminal-amino end.
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  • 8
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 323-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteoporosis ; Resorption ; Deer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des biopsies de côte, métacarpe et tibia sont prélevées chez des daims, cinq fois, pendant le cycle de croissance annuelle des andouillers. Les tissus sont étudiés par des méthodes histométriques ou densitométriques, suivies par l'analyse minérale à l'aide de la spectrophotométrie d'absorption atomique. Peu de remaniement s'observe dans le tissu osseux pendant la période de repos, mais pendant la période de croissance maximale des andouillers en juin, le remaniement osseux interne atteint son maximum. La résorption la plus élevée de 22,99% s'observe dans les côtes: elles est de 13,10% dans le métacarpe et 10,37% dans le métatarse. A l'automne, à la fin de la croissance des andouillers, on note une diminution du remaniement qui atteint des valeurs voisines de celle de la période de repos. Au niveau des côtes, les valeurs les plus faibles de poids de cendre, par unité de volume, s'observent au milieu de la période de croissance des andouillers, mais aucune variation cyclique de ces valeurs n'est trouvée dans le métacarpe, le métatarse et le tibia. Le pourcentage de calcium, magnésium et phosphore dans la cendre d'os ne varie pas pendant le cycle de croissance de l'andouiller. Il ne semble donc pas y avoir de changement de composition osseuse pendant les periodes de remaniement élevé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden beim Wild in 5 Intervallen während des jährlichen Geweihwachstums-Cyclus folgende Biopsie-Proben entnommen: Rippe, Metacarpus, Metatarsus und Tibia. Die Gewebe wurden entweder mit histometrischen Methoden oder mit densitometrischen Messungen untersucht, welche durch eine Mineralanalyse mittels Atom-Absorptions-Spektrophotometrie ergänzt wurden. Während der Ruheperiode des Geweihwachstums erfolgte wenig Knochenneubildung; während der Hauptgeweihwachstumszeit im Juni hingegen erreichte die Knochenneubildung einen Höhepunkt. Die höchste Resorption von 22,99% erfolgte in den Rippen, beim Metacarpus waren es 13,10% und beim Metatarsus 10,37%. Beim Stillstand des Geweihwachstums im Herbst sank auch die Knochenneubildung wieder auf das niedere Niveau ab, das vor dem Geweihwachstum festgestellt wurde. Bei den Rippen zeigten sich die niedrigsten Werte des Aschgewichts per Volumeneinheit in der Mitte des Geweihwachstums; aber bei Metacarpus, Metatarsus und Tibia wurden für diese Werte keine cyclischen Veränderungen festgestellt. Der Prozentsatz von Calcium, Magnesium und Phosphor in der Knochenasche veränderte sich während des Geweihwaschstums-Cyclus nicht, was darauf hindeutet, daß die Zusammensetzung des Knochens während der Perioden erhöhter Neubildung gleich blieb.
    Notes: Abstract Biopsy samples of rib, metacarpus, metatarsus and tibia were obtained from deer at five intervals during the annual antler growth cycle. Tissues were examined by either histometric methods or by densitometric measurements followed by mineral analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Little remodelling occurred in bones during the period of antler quiescence, but during the peak of antler growth in June, internal bone remodelling reached a peak. The highest resorption of 22.99% occurred in ribs with lower levels of 13.10% for metacarpus and 10.37% for metatarsus. At the cessation of antler growth in the fall, remodelling again decreased to the low level found preceeding antler growth. In ribs lowest values of ash weight per unit volume occurred during the middle of antler growth but no cyclic variations were found for these values in metacarpus, metatarsus and tibia. Percentage of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in bone ash did not vary during the antler growth cycle indicating no change in bone composition during periods of high remodelling.
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  • 9
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 271-285 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Glycosaminoglycans ; Extraction ; Epiphysis ; Cartilage ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des glycosaminoglycanes de zones au repos, sériées, hypertrophiques et calcifiées de la métaphyse épiphysaire et du cartilage du septum nasal ont été extraits à l'aide d'un solvant, 3 M GuCl, selon Sajdera et Hascall (1969), pour séparer les glycosaminoglycanes en une partie que l'on peut extraire et une partie qui reste liée au tissu. Le cartilage épiphysaire nécessite des temps d'extraction plus prolongés que le cartilage du septum nasal pour extraire des quantités similaires de glycosaminoglycanes acides suggérant une liaison plus étroite de ces derniers dans le tissu. Vers le front de calcification, les glycosaminoglycanes sont extraits plus facilement alors que dans la zone calcifiée pas plus de 30% ne peut être extrait. Des résultats obtenus par le procédé de microfractionnement CPC d'Antonopoulos et coll. (1964) indiquent une distribution similaire selon le poids moléculaire et/ou la densité de charge pour le chondroitine sulfate qui se laisse extraire ou non du cartilage du septum nasal et le chondroitine sulfate que l'on ne peut extraire du cartilage du septum nasal et des zones au repos et sériées de la métaphyse. Les glycosaminoglycanes des zones hypertrophiques et calcifiées que l'on ne peut extraire sont surtout de faible poids moléculaire et/ou leur densité de charge se compare au pool que l'on peut extraire. L'acide hyaluronique ne peut être extrait du septum nasal et des zones au repos, sériées et hypertrophiques avec des concentrations croissantes vers le front de calcification. Dans la zone calcifiée, un changement avec augmentation de l'acide hyaluronique que l'on peut extraire est noté. Ces résultats sont discutés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die sauren Glycosaminoglycane von ruhenden, säulenförmigen, hypertrophischen und verkalkten Zonen der Epiphysen-Wachstumsplatte und des Nasenseptum-Knorpels vom Kalb wurden mittels eines dissoziierenden Lösungsmittels, 3 M Guanidinchlorid, nach Sajdera und Hascall (1969) extrahiert, um die Glycosaminoglycane in einen extrahierbaren und einen unextrahierbaren Anteil — dieser bleibt ans Gewebe gebunden — zu trennen. Der Epiphysenknorpel beanspruchte längere Extraktionszeiten als der Nasenseptumknorpel, um vergleichbare Mengen saurer Glycosaminoglycane abzugeben. Dies deutet auf eine stärkere Bindung der Proteoglycane im Gewebe. Die Glycosaminoglycane ließen sich leichter aus dem Bereich der Verkalkungsfront extrahieren, während aus der verkalkten Zone nicht mehr als 30% extrahiert werden konnten. Die Resultate, die mit dem Cetylpyridinchlorid-Mikrofraktionierungsverfahren von Antonopouloset al. (1964) erhalten wurden, deuteten auf eine ähnliche Verteilung entsprechend dem Molekulargewicht und/oder der Ladungsdichte für extrahierbares und unextrahierbares Chondroitinsulfat im Nasenseptumknorpel und in ruhenden und säulenförmigen Zonen der Epiphysen-Wachstumsplatte. Die unextrahierbaren Glycosaminoglycane in hypertrophischen und verkalkten Zonen zeigten vorwiegend niederes Molekulargewicht und/oder niedere Ladungsdichte im Vergleich zum extrahierbaren Anteil. Die Hyaluronsäure ließ sich aus Nasenseptum und ruhenden, säulenförmigen und hypertrophischen Zonen nicht extrahieren und zeigte höhere Konzentrationen als in der Verkalkungsfront. In der verkalkten Zone erfolgte eine Verschiebung zu meist extrahierbarer Hyaluronsäure. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The acid glycosaminoglycans of resting, columnar, hypertrophic and calcified zones of calf epiphyseal growth plate and of nasal septum cartilage were extracted with a dissociative solvent, 3M GuCl, according to Sajdera and Hascall (1969), to separate the glycosaminoglycans into an extractable pool and an unextractable pool which remains bound within the tissue. Epiphyseal cartilage required longer extraction times than did nasal septum cartilage to extract comparable amounts of acid glycosaminoglycans suggesting a stronger binding of proteoglycans within the tissue. Towards the calcification front the glycosaminoglycans were extracted more easily while in calcified zone not more than 30% could be extracted. Data obtained by the CPC microfractionation procedure of Antonopouloset al. (1964) indicated similar distribution according to molecular weight and/or charge density for extractable and unextractable chondroitin sulphate in nasal septum cartilage and in resting and columnar zones of epiphyseal growth plate. Unextractable glycosaminoglycans in hypertrophic and calcified zones were of predominantly low molecular weight and/or charge density compared to the extractable pool. Hyaluronic acid was unextractable in nasal septum and in resting, columnar and hypertrophic zones with increasing concentrations towards the calcification front. In calcified zone a shift to mainly extractable hyaluronic acid occurred. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 93-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Sodium ; Rickets ; Vitamin D3 ; Exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les échanges du sodium au niveau d'os de poulet ont été étudiés chez des animaux témoins, rachitiques et reachitiques traités par vitamine D3. L'os reachitique présente une augmentation du contenu en eau, avec des échanges en sodium osseux identiques à ceux des témoins, de mêne âge. L'administration de vitamine D3 à des poulets rachitiques est suivie par une décroissance du contenu de l'os en eau et par une augmentation des échanges du sodium osseux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Natriumaustausch in Kükenknochen wurde bei Kontroll-und rachitischen Tieren sowie bei rachitischen, mit Vitamin D3 behandelten Tieren untersucht. Der rachitische Knochen, der einen erhöhten Wassergehalt aufweist, hat einen ähnlichen Natriumaustausch wie der Knochen gleichaltriger Kontrolltiere. Die Behandlung von rachitischen Küken mit Vitamin D3 bewirkte eine Abnahme des Wassergehaltes im Knochen und eine Zunahme des Natriumaustausches.
    Notes: Abstract Sodium exchange in chick bone has been studied on control, rachitic and rachitic treated with vitamin D3 animals. The rachitic bone, which shows increased water content, has similar bone exchange than that of their age control group. Vitamin D3 treatment of rachitic chicks was followed by a decrease in bone water content and increase in bone sodium exchange.
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  • 11
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 99-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Age ; Pregnancy ; Lactation ; Bone ; Mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les fémora de rats jeunes et âgés sont comparés à l'aide de tests mécaniques en estimant leur capacité de résister à des stress physiologiques de grossesse et de lactation. Dans les deux groupes, on note une tendance de résistance plus élevée de l'os à la fin de la grossesse par rapport à des animaux vierges de même âge. Cet effet est plus net chez des animaux plus âgés. D'où les os des animaux plus âgés sont presque aussi résistals, à la fini de la lactation, que ceux d'animaux vierges du même âge, bien que les os soient résistants pendant la lactation. Les os d'animaux jeunes en lactation sont moins résistants que ceux d'animaux vierges du même âga. L'augmentation de la force d'animaux, après délivrance, est en rapport avec le poids plus élevé de ces animaux par rapport à des animaux vierges: la surface transversale des os d'animaux âgés, après délivrance, et le poids qu'ils supportent, sont en rapport direct avec le poids de l'animal à sa mort.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Femora von jüngeren und älteren Ratten wurden mittels mechanischer Tests miteinander in Bezug auf ihre Fähigkeit verglichen, der physiologischen Beanspruchung von Schwangerschaft und Lactation standzuhalten. In beiden Altersgruppen zeigte sich eine Tendenz der Knochen, am Ende der Schwangerschaft stärker zu sein als diejenigen von ungedeckten Tieren desselben Alters. Diese Wirkung war ausgeprägter in den älteren Tieren. Als Folge waren die Knochen der älteren Tiere am Ende der Lactation beinahe so stark wie diejenigen der ungedeckten Tiere deselben Alters, obwohl die Knochen während der Lactation schwächer wurden. Bei den jüngeren Tieren waren die Knochen am Ende der Lactation schwächer als diejenigen der ungedeckten Tiere. Möglicherweise hat die Zunahme der Knochenstärke nach der Schwangerschaft einen Zusammenhang mit dem höheren Gewicht dieser Tiere im Vergleich mit den ungedeckten Tieren; die Querschnittfläche der Knochen älterer postpartaler Tiere und die Last, die sie aushielten, hatten einen engen Zusammenhang mit dem Gewicht des Tieres bei dessen Tod.
    Notes: Abstract The femora of younger and older rats were compared, by means of mechanical tests, for their ability to withstand the physiological stresses of pregnancy and lactation. In both age groups there was a tendency for the bones at the end of pregnancy to be stronger than those of virgins of the same age. This effect was much more clearly marked in the older than in the younger animals. As a result, the bones of older animals were almost as strong, at the end of lactation, as those of virgins of the same, age, even though the bones became weaker during lactation. The bones of younger lactators were weaker than those of virgins of the same age. It is possible that the increase in strength of the postpartum animals is related to the greater weight of such animals compared with virgins; the cross-sectional area of the bones of the older postpartums, and the load they bore, had a high correlation with the weight of the animal at death.
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  • 12
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Parathyroid ; Calcitonin ; Bone ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet du fluor, de la parathormone et de la calcitonine sur le métabolisme du calcium osseux a été étudié en culture de tissu en utilisant des demi-calottes crâniennes de souris âgées de cinq jours. Les concentrations de fluor dans les cendres des calottes crâniennes de 0,007% (groupe peu fluoré), 0,041% (groupe moyennement fluoré) et 0,107% (groupe hautement fluoré) ont été obtenues en variant l'ingestion maternelle et post-natale en fluor. Le fluor inhibe la perte de calcium des os cultivés dans le milieu témoin et celui contenant la parathormone et favorise l'enrichissement en laccium des os cultivés dans un milieu contenant de la calcitonine. De l'os mort des groupes fortement et moyennement fluorés s'enrichit plus en calcium à partir du milieu de culture que les os du groupe pauvre en fluor. Le fluor semble agir sur le métabolisme du calcium osseux essentiellement par diminution de la solubilité minérale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Fluorid, Parathormon und Calcitonin auf den Calciumstoffwechsel im Knochen wurde in einem Knochenkultur-System untersucht, wobei Halbcalvarien von 5 Tage alten Mäusen verwendet wurden. Fluoridgehalte in der Asche der Halbcalvarien von 0,007% (Gruppe mit niedrigem Fluoridgehalt), 0,041% (Gruppe mit mittlerem Fluoridgehalt) und 0,1075 (Gruppe mit hohem Fluoridgehalt) wurden erhalten, indem die Fluorideinnahme der Mütter oder der Neugeborenen verändert wurde. Fluorid hemmte den Calciumverlust aus Knochen, welche im Kontrollmedium oder in Parathormon-enthaltenden Medien kultiviert worden waren, und es förderte die Calciumaufnahme von Knochen, welche in Calcitoninenthaltendem Medium kultiviert worden waren. Die toten Knochen der Gruppen mit mittlerem und hohem Fluoridgehalt nehmen mehr Calcium aus dem Kulturmedium auf als die Knochen der Gruppe mit niederem Fluorid. Fluorid scheint vor allem durch eine Herabsetzung der Mineral-Löslichkeit auf den Calciumstoffwechsel der Knochen zu wirken.
    Notes: Abstract The influence of fluoride, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin on bone calcium metabolism was investigated in a bone culture system using half-calvaria of five-day old mice. Fluoride levels in the ash of half-calvaria of 0.007% (low fluoride group), 0.041% (moderate fluoride group), and 0.107% (high fluoride group) were achieved by varying the maternal and neonatal intake of fluoride. Fluoride inhibited the loss of calcium from bones cultured in control medium and parathyroid hormone-containing media, and promoted the uptake of calcium by bones cultured in medium containing calcitonin. Dead bones of the moderate and high fluoride groups took up more calcium from the culture medium than bones of the low fluoride group. Fluoride appears to exert its effect on bone calcium metabolism predominantly via a reduction in mineral solubility.
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  • 13
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 249-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Organ Culture ; Inhibitor ; Mithramycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La mithramycine, qui est un antibiotique bloquant le métabolisme de l'ARN, lié à l'ADN, possède des propriétés hypocalcémiquesin vivo. Cette action pourrait être en rapport avec une inhibition de la résorption osseuse. La résorption osseuse de cet antibiotique a été testéein vitro en utilisant des calottes craniennes de souris nouveau-nés. Il semble que la mithramycine, non seulement inhibe la résorption osseusein vitro, mais inhibe aussi la formation osseuse et se révèle cytotoxique à toutes le concentrati ons qui inhibent la résorption osseuse. L'efficacité de l'antibiotique comme inhibiteur de résorption parait liée au degré d'activité de résorption observée lorsqu'on l'introduit dans ce système. Des observations morphologiques posent le problème des anomalies provoquées par cet agent dans le processus normal de différenciation de cellules osseuses au cours de la formation du cartilage.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mithramycin, ein Antibioticum, welches den DNS-abhängigen RNS-Stoffwechsel blockiert, wirktin vivo hypocalcämisch. Es wurde vermutet, daß diese Wirkung durch eine Hemmung der Knochenresorption erzielt wurde. Wir haben dieses Antibioticum auf seine Wirkungen auf die Knochenresorptionin vitro geprüft und verwendeten zu diesem Zwecke Schädeldächer von neugeborenen Mäusen. Die vorliegende Arbeit enthält den Beweis, daß Mithramycin nicht nur die Knochenresorptionin vitro, sondern auch die Knochenbildung hemmt und daß es in allen Konzentrationen, welche die Resorptionshemmung bewirken, cytotoxisch ist. Die Wirksamkeit dieses Antibioticums als Resorptionshemmer scheint im Zusammenhang zu stehen mit dem Ausmaß der Knochenresorptions-Aktivität zum Zeitpunkt, da das Antibioticum in das System eingeführt wird. Morphologische Beobachtungen ließen auch die Frage aufkommen, ob Mithramycin Abnormalitäten im normalen Ablauf der Knochenzell-Verwandlungen, welche zur Bildung von Knorpel führen, verursachen könne oder nicht.
    Notes: Abstract Mithramycin, an antibiotic which blocks DNA-dependent RNA metabolism, has been demonstrated to be hypocalcaemicin vivo. It has been suggested that this effect is obtained by an inhibition of bone resorption. We have tested this antibiotic for its effects on bone resorptionin vitro using new-born mouse calvaria and this report presents evidence that mithramycin not only inhibits bone resorptionin vitro but also inhibits the formation of bone and is cytotoxic at all concentrations which appear to be effective at inhibiting resorption. The effectiveness of this antibiotic at inhibiting resorption appears to be related to the degree of bone resorption activity present when it is introduced to the system. Morphological observations also raised the question as to whether or not this agent may cause abnormalities in the normal processes of bone cell modulation resulting in the formation of cartilage.
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  • 14
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 16-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Culture ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Sephadex ; Collagen ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cultures de monocouches cellulaires d'épiphyses fémorales distales d'embryons de veaux sont étudiées immédiatement après la première sub-culture, réalisée après culture primaire. L'examen au microscope optique classique montre des dépôts disséminés de matériel métachromatique: en microscopie électronique, de fines fibrilles, considérées comme des fibres de collagène, en voie de développement, ont été observées. La nature des sécrétions cellulaires a été étudiée à l'aide de précurseurs radioactifs, fractionnés sur Sephadex G200, ainsi qu'à l'aide de chromatographie par échange d'ions. La digestion enzymatique par hyaluronidase et chondroitinase AC et ABC, bactérienne et testiculaire, démontre que les cellules synthétisent 70% de glycosaminoglycanes sulfatés et 30% de glycosaminoglycanes non sulfatés. Parmi les glycosaminoglycanes, 70% sont constitués par du chondroitine-4-sulfate, 20% par du chondroitine-6-sulfate et le reste probablement par du keratane-sulfate. Les études avec des acides aminés marqués indiquent que les cellules synthétisent une protéine de poids moléculaire élevé, contenant de l'hydroxyleproline, ainsi qu'une protéine non-collagénique, mise en évidence par incorporation de tryptophane.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Einschichtige Zellkulturen von der distalen Femurepiphyse von Kalbsembryonen wurden nach der ersten Subkultur untersucht, welche nach der Verschmelzung der primären Kulturen angesetzt wurde. Die lichtmikroskopische Untersuchung zeigte verstreute Ablagerungen von metachromatisch gefärbtem Material; bei der Elektronenmikroskopie wurden feine Fibrillen festgestellt, welche als Collagenvorstufe angesehen wurden. Nach einer Kultur von mehreren Tagen zeigte sich eine lacunäre Anordnung der Zellen. Die Beschaffenheit der Zellsekretionen wurde mittels radioaktiv markierten Verbindungen untersucht, welche auf Sephadex G200 und durch Ionenaustausch-Chromatographie fraktioniert wurden. Die enzymatische Verdauung mit bakterieller und testikulärer Hyaluronidase und Chondroitinase-AC und-ABC zeigte, daß die Zellen 70% sulfatierte und 30% nichtsulfatierte Glycosaminoglycane synthetisierten. Die sulfatierten Glycosaminoglycane enthielten 70% Chondroitin-4-Sulfat, 20% Chondroitin-6-Sulfat, und der Rest war wahrscheinlich Keratansulfat. Untersuchungen mit markierten Aminosäuren-Vorläufern deuteten darauf hin, daß die Zellen ein Hydroxyprolinhaltiges, hochmolekuläres Protein synthetisierten und dazu etwas Eiweiß, bei dem es sich auf Grund des Tryptophaneinbaues nicht um Collagen handeln kann.
    Notes: Abstract Monolayer cell cultures from the distal femoral epiphyses of embryo calves were studied following the first subculture, which was carried out after confluence in primary culture. Light microscopic examination revealed scattered deposits of metachromatic-staining material; on electron microscopy fine fibrils considered to be developmental collagen were seen. After several days in culture lacuna-like patterns of cells were seen. The nature of the cell secretions were studied by radioactive precursors, which were fractionated on Sephadex G200 and by ion exchange chromatography. Enzyme digestion with bacterial and testicular hyaluronidase and chondroitinase-AC and-ABC revealed that the cells synthesized 70% sulphated, and 30% non-sulphated glycosaminoglycans. Of the sulphated glycosaminoglycans 70% was chondroitin-4-sulphate, 20% chondroitin-6-sulphate, and the remainder probably keratansulphate. Studies were labelled amino acid precursors suggested that the cells synthesized a high-molecular weight protein containing hydroxyproline, as well as some non-collagenous protein, shown by tryptophan incorporation
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  • 15
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 247-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Collagenase ; Heparin ; Collagen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La quantité de collagénase d'os de souris, obtenue dans un milieu de culture d'os, cultivéin vitro, est augmentée pas l'addition d'héparine à une concentration optimale d'environ 50 unités/ml de milieu de culture. Le sulfate de dextrane et le Treburon (un ester polysaccharide-sulfurique synthétique), qui sont voisins au point de vue chimique et structural à l'héparine, sont aussi efficaces que l'héparine pour augmenter la quantité de collagénase de l'os de souris, récupérée dans le milieu de culture. L'héparine, outre son action de stimulation de synthèse et/ou de libération de callogénase d'os de souris, augmente aussi l'activeté spicifique des préparations globales et purifiées de l'enzyme, dont l'activité est testée sur du collagène à l'état solide comme substrat. Aucune augmentation d'activité enzymatique n'est notée lorsque du collagène en solution est utilisé comme substrat. Le sulfate de dextrane est aussi effectif que l'héparine pour obtenir une augmentation de l'activité enzymatique, en utilisant le collagène solide comme substrat. Ni l'héparine ou le sulfate de dextrane augmente l'activité de la collagénase deClostridium histolyticum. Pour la première fois, une collagénase tissulaire purifiée dégrade et solubilise du collagène tissulaire non dénaturé et insoluble à 37° C. De plus, étant donné que cette action est nettement augmentée par l'addition d'héparine, il semble que cette dernière et des substances similaires peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la régulation de la dégradation collagénique pendant le remaniement des tissus collagéniquesin vivo.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Menge von Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase, die sich im Gewebezucht-Medium vonin vitro gezüchteten Knochen wiederfindet, konnte durch Zusatz von Heparinat in einer optimalen Konzentration von ungefähr 50 E/ml Medium erhöht werden. Dextransulfat und Treburon (ein synthetischer Polysaccharid-Sulfatester), welche strukturmäßig und chemisch dem Heparin nahestehen, wirkten sich auf die Erhöhung der im Gewebezucht-Medium zurückgewonnenen Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase im gleichen Maße aus wie Heparin. Nebst der stimulierenden Wirkung auf die Synthese und/oder die Freisetzung von Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase vermochte Heparin auch die spezifische Aktivität von ungereinigten und von gereinigten Enzympräparaten zu erhöhen, wenn für den Versuch Kollagen in fester Form als Substrat verwendet wurde. Mit gelöstem Kollagen als Substrat trat diese Wirkung dagegen nicht ein. Dextransulfat zeigte die gleiche Wirksamkeit wie Heparin, indem es die Enzymaktivität zu erhöhen vermochte, wenn Kollagen in fester Form als Substrat vorlag. Weder Heparin noch Dextransulfat erhöhten die Aktivität der Kollagenase ausClostridium histolyticum. Erstmals konnte gezeigt werden, daß eine gereinigte Gewebe-Kollagenase in der Lage ist, nicht-denaturiertes, unlösliches Gewebekollagen bei 37° sowohl abzubauen als auch aufzulösen. Da diese Wirkung durch Zusatz von Heparin noch deutlich erhöht werden konnte, läßt sich überdies vermuten, daß Heparin und heparinähnlichen Substanzen bei der Regulierung des Kollagen-Abbaues während der Umgestaltung von Kollagengewebein vivo eine wichtige Rolle zufällt.
    Notes: Abstract The amount of mouse bone collagenase recovered in the tissue culture medium of bone culturedin vitro was increased by the addition of heparin at an optimal concentration of approximately 50 units/ml of tissue culture medium. Dextran sulfate and Treburon (a synthetic polysaccharide-sulfuric ester) which are structurally and chemically related to heparin were as effective as heparin in increasing the amount of mouse bone collagenase recovered in the tissue culture medium. In addition to stimulating the synthesis and/or release of mouse bone collagenase, heparin was also found to increase the specific activity of both crude and purified preparations of the enzyme when assayed using collagen in the solid state as the substrate, but showed no enhancement of enzyme activity when assayed using collagen in solution as the substrate. Dextran sulfate was as effective as heparin in increasing the activity of the enzyme using collagen in the solid state as a substrate. Neither heparin or dextran sulfate enhanced the activity ofClostridium histolyticum collagenase. For the first time, a purified tissue collagenase has been shown to both degrade and solubilize undenatured, insoluble tissue collagen at 37°. Moreover, since this action was markedly enhanced by the addition of heparin, it suggests that heparin and similar substances may play an important role in the regulation of collagen degradation during the remodeling of collagenous tissuesin vivo.
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  • 16
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 295-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Vitamin D ; Resorption ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Deux métabolites de la vitamine D3, le 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) et 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3), stimulent la résorption osseuse dans deux systèmestests alors que la vitamine D3 est inactive. Ces substances sont testées a) en comparant directement leur action dans les explants osseux de calottes craniennes de sourisin vitro et b) en les injectant dans de jeunes souris et en mesurant le degré de résorptionin vitro, lorsque les explants sont réalisés 18 heures après l'injection. Dans les deux tests, le métabolite 1,25 est environ 100 fois plus puissant que 25-OHD3. La courbe dose-résponse de 1,25-(OH)2D3 indique que des doses au-dessus d'environ 0.2 ng/g de poids corporel sont capables d'induire une augmentation de la résorption osseuse chez de jeunes souris normales. Ces résultats montrent que 1,25-(OH)2D3 est une des substances connues les plus actives qui agit sur le métabolisme osseux. Le rôle possible de 1,25-(OH)2D3 sur la mobilisation normale du calcium osseux est envisagé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei Anwendung zweier verschiedener Versuchsanordnungen konnte gezeigt werden, daß die beiden Vitamin D3-Metaboliten 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) und 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) als starke Stimulatoren der Knochenresorption wirken, während sich Vitamin D3 selbst inaktiv verhält. Diese Substanzen wurden folgendermaßen geprüft: a) durch direkten Vergleich ihrer Wirkung auf Knochenexplantate (Hälften von Mäusecalvarien)in vitro und b) indem die Metaboliten jungen Mäusen injiziert wurden und der Resorptionsgrad an Explantaten 18 Std nach Injektionin vitro gemessen wurde. Bei beiden Versuchsanordnungen war der 1,25-Metabolit etwa 100mal wirksamer als der 25-OHD3-Metabolit. Aus der Dosiswirkungskurve für 1,25-(OH)2D3 geht hervor, daß es möglich ist, mit Dosen über ca. 0,2 ng/g Körpergewicht bei normalen jungen Mäusen bereits eine erhöhte Knochenresorption auszulösen. Diese Resultate zeigen, daß 1,25-(OH)2D3 eine der wirksamsten bisher bekannten Substanzen ist, die auf den Knochenmetabolismus einwirken können. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit der Rolle, die das 1,25-(OH)2D3 bei der normalen Freisetzung von Calcium aus dem Knochen spielt, besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract Two metabolites of vitamin D3, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) and 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) are potent stimulators of bone resorption in two test systems whereas vitamin D3 itself is inactive. These substances were tested (a) by directly comparing their action on bone explants of mouse half-calvariain vitro, and (b) by injecting them into young mice and measuring the degree of resorptionin vitro when explants were made 18 hours atter the injection. In both tests the 1,25-metabolite was about 100 times more potent than 25-OHD3. The dose-response curve for 1,25-(OH)2D3 indicates that doses above about 0.2 ng/g body weight are capable of inducing an increase in bone resorption in normal young mice. These data show that 1,25-(OH)2D3 is one of the most potent substances known that affects bone metabolism. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the normal mobilization of calcium from bone.
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  • 17
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 11-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Bending ; Measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La courbure des tibias de chiens et de lapins a été étudiéein vivo. Une nouvelle méthode physique (avec une marge d'erreur inférieure à 1%) donne des valeurs de stabilité osseuse aisément reproductibles. Les résultats de rigidité de courbure, mesuréein vivo etin vitro, sont trés voisins lorsque les extrémités sont minces. Lorsqu'elles sont épaisses, des tissus mous sont présents dans la région à tester et différentes valeers de charges suivent la même courbure. Une formule pour compenser l'effet des tissus mous (peau, muscles et tendons) est proposée. La rigidité vraie de courbure est déterminée à l'aide des valeursin vivo sans devoir mesurer par la suite l'os mis à nu. La comparaison des mesures montrent que les valeurs obtenues à l'aide de la formule traduisent la rigidité vraie de courbure avec une marge d'erreurs de 0,3 à 10,5%. Une charge de 4700±719 g donne une rigidité vraie de courbure de 0,1 mm, d'une surface osseuse de 1,0 cm2.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Beugung von Hunde- und Kaninchen-Tibias wurdein vivo untersucht. Eine neue einfache physikalische Methode (Fehlergrenze weniger als 1%), welche reproduzierbare Werte der Knochenstabilität vermittelt, wurde dabei angewandt. Die Resultate der Beugungs-Steifheit, welchein vivo undin vitro gemessen wurde, zeigten nur dann fast identische Werte, wenn die Extremitäten dünn waren. Sobald dicke, weiche Stellen im gemessenen Bereich vorhanden waren, erfolgten bei der gleichen Beugung unterschiedliche Belastungswerte. Es wird eine Formel vorgeschlagen, die den Einfluß der weichen Stellen (Haut, Muskeln und Sehnen) korrigieren soll. Die richtige Beugungs-Steifheit wurde mit Hilfe derin vivo-Werte bestimmt, ohne daß nachher der freigelegte Knochen gemessen werden mußte. Vergleichende Messungen zeigten, daß die mit dieser Formel gefundenen Werte die richtige Beugungs-Steifheit mit einer Fehlergrenze zwischen 0,3 und 10,5% wiedergaben. Eine Belastung von 4700±710 g ergab die korrekte Beugungs-Steifheit von 0,1 mm in einem Knochenbereich von 1,0 cm2.
    Notes: Abstract The bending of the tibiae of dogs and rabbitsin vivo was studied. A new physical method (margin of errors less than 1%) which gives readily reproducible values of bone stability is reported. The results of bending stiffness, measuredin vivo andin vitro, were nearly identical only if the extremities were slim. If thick, soft parts in the measuring area were present, different loading values followed the same bending. A formula to correct the influence of the soft parts (skin, muscles and tendons) was proposed. The true bending stiffness was determined with the aid of thein vivo values without having to measure the exposed bone afterwards. Comparisons of measurements showed that the values found with the formula reflected the true bending stiffness in a range of errors between 0.3 and 10.5%. A load of 4700±710 g gave a true bending stiffness of 0.1 mm and of a bone area of 1.0 cm2.
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  • 18
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 41-46 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Tetracycline ; Bone ; Calcium ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Du calcium radioactif est administréper os à des rattes albinos, soumises pendant 6 mois à une alimentation contenant du sel calcique d'oxytétracycline (0.3 g/100 g de régime sec) et le métabolisme du calcium a été étudié. Les résultats indiquent que le porcentage d'absorption de calcium radioactif est environ similaire dans le groupe expérimental recevant l'oxytétracycline et le groupe témoin recevant la même alimentation sans tétracycline. Cependant le groupe, recevant l'antibiotique, consomme plus de nourriture, de telle sorte qu'avec le même pourcentage d'absorption et d'élimination, plus de calcium est retenu. Ce fait se traduit par des valeurs plus élevées de calcium stabilisé au niveau des carcasses et des poids plus élevés du fémur, mais la différence entre les deux groupes n'est pas significative.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Weibliche Albinoratten erhielten radioaktives Calcium per os, nachdem sie 6 Monate lang mit einer Diät gefüttert worden waren, die das Calciumsalz von Oxytetracyclin (0,3 g/100g Trockennahrung) zusätzlich enthielt. Dann wurde der Calciumstoffwechsel untersucht. Die Resultate zeigten, daß die prozentuale Absorption von radioaktivem Calcium in der experimentellen Gruppe, welche Oxytetracyclin erhielt, und in der Kontrollgruppe, welche die gleiche Nahrung ohne das Antibioticum erhielt, etwa gleich war. Die Gruppe mit der Oxytetracyclindiät nahm jedoch mehr Futter zu sich, so daß bei gleichem Prozentsatz von Absorption und Ausscheidung mehr Calcium im Körper zurückgehalten wurde. Dies zeigte sich in höheren Konzentrationen des nicht radioaktiven Calciums im Skelet und in höherem Femurgewicht, aber der Unterschied zwischen den zwei Gruppen war nicht signifikant.
    Notes: Abstract Radioactive calcium was orally applied to female albino rats fed for 6 months on a diet supplemented with the calcium salt of oxytetracycline (0.3 g/100 g dry food) and calcium metabolism was investigated. The results show that the percentage absorption of radioactive calcium was approximately equal in the experimental group which received oxytetracycline and in the control group which ate the same food without the antibiotic. However, the group which received the oxytetracycline supplemented diet consumed more food, so that with the same percentage absorption and elimination more calcium was retained in the body. This was reflected in higher stable calcium values in the carcass and in higher femur weights, but the difference between two groups was not significant.
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  • 19
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bioelectric potentials ; Bone ; Negativity ; Cells ; viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des potentiels électriques sont enregistrés au niveau du tibia, au repos, d'un lapin anesthésié, et cela à l'aide d'électrodes d'argent/chlorure d'argent, reliées à des ponts salins et un voltmètre à haute impédance. Les potentiels enregistrés à partir des surfaces antérieures, médianes et latérales du tibia indiquent que le voltage de surface est constant autour de l'axe transversale de l'os, mais varie en rapport avec l'axe longitudinal. Les voltages sont indépendants des limites osseuses et points d'attaches musculaires. Ces potentiels bioélectriques varient peu après résection du nerf sciatique ou ligature de l'artère fémorale. Les potentiels décroissent nettement trente minutes après administration intra-artérielle de dinitrophénol ou iodoacétamide. Les potentiels chutent nettement dans un segment localisé du tibia, endommagé par application d'ultra-sons. La mort de l'animal provoque une chute lente de potentiel en rapport avec la perte graduelle de viabilité des cellules osseuses. Il semble que les potentiels de repos, observés à la surface de l'os non stressé, ne sont pas directement liés à la circulation sanguine ou la transmission neurale. Ces potentiels semblent plutôt liés à l'existence d'une population cellulaire osseuse active et chaque potentiel mesuré constitue la somme des forces électromotrices de toutes les cellules d'une région localisée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Am anaesthesierten Kaninchen wurden die Biopotentiale der unbelasteten Tibia gemessen. Dazu wurden Silber/Silberchlorid-Elektroden benützt, welche über Salzbrücken an ein Voltmeter mit hohem Eingangswiderstand angeschlossen waren. Die an der vorderen, seitlichen und hinteren Tibia-Oberfläche gemessenen Potentiale zeigten, daß die Oberflächenspannung an der Querachse eines Knochens konstant ist, jedoch in bezug zur Längsachse variiert. Die Spannungen waren nicht beeinflußt durch knochentopographische und Muskelansatz-Punkte. Nach Sciaticus-Durchtrennung oder Ligatur der Arterie femoralis änderten sich die bioelektrischen Potentiale nur wenig. Ein eindrücklicher Abfall der Potentiale wurde jedoch 30 min nach intraarterieller Verabreichung von Dinitrophenol oder Jodacetamied beobachtet. Ebenso stark fielen die Potentiale in einem umgrenzten Tibia-Segment ab, das durch Ultraschallbehandlung lädiert worden war. Beim Tod der Tiere wurde ein langsamer Abfall der Potentiale, entsprechend dem allmählichen Verlust an lebenden Knochenzellen, beobachtet. Auf Grund der mit dieser Studie gewonnenen Resultate kann vermutet werden, daß die im Gleichgewicht bleibenden Potentiale der unbelasteten Knochenoberfläche nicht direkt von der Durchblutung oder der nervösen Reizleitung abhängig sind. Es scheint eher, daß dafür eine intakte Knochenzell-Population vorliegen muß, wobei jedes aufgezeichnete Potential eine Summierung der elektromotorischen Kräfte aller Zellen einer bestimmten Region darstellt.
    Notes: Abstract Bioelectric potentials were recorded from the unstressed tibia in the anesthetized rabbit by means of silver/silver chloride electrodes connected to saline bridges and a high impedence voltmeter. Potentials recorded from the anterior, medial, and lateral surfaces of the tibia indicated that the surface voltage was constant around the transverse axis of a bone but varied in relation to its long axis. Voltages were independent of bony landmarks and points of muscle attachment. The bioelectric potentials changed little after sciatic nerve denervation or ligation of the femoral artery. The potentials decreased dramatically thirty minutes following the intra-arterial administration of dinitrophenol or iodoacetamide. Also, the potentials fell sharply in a localized segment of tibia injured through the application of ultrasound energy. Animal death brought about a slow decay of potential commensurate with the gradual loss of bone cell viability. The experimental evidence from this study suggests that the steady state potentials observed from the surface of unstressed bone are not directly dependent on blood flow or nerve transmission. Rather, such potentials are dependent on a functioning bone cell population, and each recorded potential represents a summation of the electromotive forces from all cells in a localized area.
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  • 20
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Apatite ; Hydroxide ; Carbonate ; Infrared
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude de spectres infra-rouges montre que le minéral osseux de jeune rat et les apatites synthétiques, formés à des pH, force ionique et température physiologiques sont très déficients en ion OH; ces apatites biologiques et synthétiques présentent d'importants défauts internes de maille. En outre, une proportion significative des ions CO3 2- de mineral osseux de rat est structurée de façon lâche dans un environnement amorphe ou superficiel. Les ions carbonate dans l'os chauffé sous vide ou dans les apatites synthétiques formés à pH physiologique paraissent être situés dans des environnements locaux multiples. Le CO3 2- contenu dans ces structures peut se substituer dans des positions PO4 3- et (à un degré moindre) OH−, bien que des variations importantes de ou dans ces positions sont dues à des défauts de maille. Les carbonato-apatites, formés par transformation thermique (600o) de phosphates calciques amorphes et contenant 4–9% de CO3 2-, présentent surtout du CO3 2- dans des environnements OH−. Une recristallisation thermique des apatites biologiques et synthétiques, dans une atmosphère d'air, augmente le contenu en OH− et redispose les positions CO3 2-. Cependant, de telles formations bien cristallisées sont différentes des précurseurs apatitiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Infrarotspektroskopie ergab, daß sowohl natives Rattenknochenmineral als auch synthetische Apatite, welche bei physiologischem pH, Ionenstärke und Temperatur gebildet wurden, an Hydroxydionen stark defizient sind. Es ist ebenfalls ersichtlich, daß diese biologischen und synthetischen Apatitkristalle beträchtliche innere Verzerrungen aufweisen (Gitterdefekte). Weiterhin zeigt ein bedeutender Anteil der CO3 2--Ionen im Rattenknochenmineral eine lockere Struktur in amorpher Umgebung oder an der Oberfläche. In Vakuumerhitzem Knochen oder in synthetischen Apatit (mit physiologischem pH), welches in der Lösung gebildet wurde, scheinen sich die Carbonationen in verschiedenen Umgebungen zu finden. CO3 2- im Inneren dieser Stoffe kann in PO4 3--und (in viel kleineren Mengen) OH−-Positionen ausgetauscht werden, obwohl eine beträchtliche Abweichung von und innerhalb dieser Stellen wahrscheinlich auf Gitterdefekte zurückzuführen ist. Carbonat-Apatite, welche durch die thermische Umwandlung (600°C) von 4–9% CO3 2- enthaltendem amorphem Calciumphosphat gebildet wurden, zeigen in erster Linie in OH−-Umgebung CO3 2-. Die thermische Umkristallisierung von biologischen und synthetischen Apatiten in einer Luftatmosphäre erhöht den OH−-Gehalt und verteilt die CO3 2--Lokalisationen neu. Solche sehr schön kristallisierten Produkte spiegeln jedoch durchaus nicht ihre nativen Apatitvorbilder wider.
    Notes: Abstract Infrared spectral data indicate that both native rat bone mineral and synthetic apatites formed at physiological pH, ionic strength and temperature are extensively deficient in hydroxide ion content; the data also indicate that these biological and synthetic apatites contain considerable internal distortions (lattice defects). In addition, a significant portion of the CO3 2- ions in rat bone mineral is loosely-structured in either an amorphous or surface environment. Carbonate ions in vacuum-heated bone or solution-ripened synthetic (physiological pH) apatites appear to be in multiple local environments. Internal CO3 2- in these materials may be substituted in PO4 3- and (in much lesser amounts) OH− positions, although considerable deviation from or within these sites is probable due to lattice defects. Carbonateapatites produced by thermal conversion (600o) of amorphous calcium phosphates containing 4–9% CO3 2- exhibit CO3 2- mainly in OH− environments. Thermal recrystallization of biological and synthetic apatites in an air atmosphere increases OH− content and reorganizes CO3 2- locales. However, such extremely well-crystallized products are not at all representative of their native apatitic precursors.
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  • 21
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 311-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Immunochemistry ; Serum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du sérum non chauffé normal de lapin et de rat stimule la résorption osseuse en culture de tissu. Cet effet est augmenté, lorsque le sérum est incubé avec un précipité antigène-anticorps. Du sérum chauffé avant traitement par le précipité antigène-anticorps n'a pas d'effet sur la résorption osseuse. La stimulation de la résorption osseuse par le sérum est associée à une apparition d'ostéoclastes. Ces résultats semblent indiquer l'existence d'un facteur sensible à la chaleur dans certains sérums, qui stimule la résorption osseuse. Il n'a pas pu être établi si ce facteur est un constituent du complément.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Unerhitztes, normales Serum von Kaninchen und Ratten regt die Knochenresorption in der Gewebekultur an. Diese Wirkung wird erhöht, wenn das Serum mit einem Antigen-Antikörper-Niederschlag inkubiert wurde. Serum, welches vor der Behandlung mit Antigen-Antikörper-Niederschlag erhitzt wurde, hatte keine Wirkung auf die Knochenresorption. Die Stimulation der Knochenresorption durch Serum ging mit Osteoclastenbildung einher. Unsere Ergebnisse stimmen mit der Annahme überein, daß ein hitzelabiler Faktor in einigen Seren vorkommt, welcher die Knochenresorption anregt. Unsere Untersuchungen geben keinen Aufschluß darüber, ob dieser Faktor ein Bestandteil des Komplementes ist oder nicht.
    Notes: Abstract Unheated-normal rabbit and rat sera stimulate bone resorption in tissue culture. The magnitude of this effect is enhanced when the sera were incubated with an antigen-antibody precipitate. Sera heated prior to treatment with antigen-antibody precipitate had no effect on bone resorption. The stimulation of bone resorption by sera was associated with osteoclast formation. Our results are consistent with a heat labile factor in some sera which stimulates bone resorption. Whether this factor is a component of complement or not is not answered by our studies.
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  • 22
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 335-337 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Morphogenesis ; Calcification
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  • 23
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 73-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Mineral ; Properties ; Deproteination ; Hydrazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode, utilisant 95% d'hydrazine, permet de déprotéiniser et de déshydrater légèrement l'os dans des conditions presqu'anhydres, avec une élévation de température modérée. Cette méthode ne provoque que des modifications chimiques mineures, sans altération des propriétés structurales de la phase minérale. Les résultats physico-chimiques démontrent que bien que les cristaux d'os de rat sont viosins de cristaux synthétiques témoins constitués dans des milieux, riches en carbonate plutôt qu'en hydroxyde, l'apatite osseux de rat ne parait pas analogue à des modèles cristallins connus ou imaginés. Des déterminations de bande infra-rouge CO 3 2− , réalisées à partir de spectre d'os total, semblent faussées par la présence de bandes d'absorption protéique. L'absorption d'HPO 4 2− est étudiée à l'aide de spectres infra-rouges de minéral osseux de jeunes rats. Des comparaisons détaillées en diffraction par raysons X d'os déprotéinisé de rats, avant et après hydrolyse, démontrent nettement la présence de phosphate de calcium amorphe. La microscopie électronique indique que de petits cristaux d'apatite dans l'os de rat sont susceptibles de contribuer au pool minéral amorphe en diffraction en rayons X. La microscopie électronique montre des plages de minéral osseux de rat où des cristaux d'apatite en forme de plaque, présentent une maille cristalline avec axe C malgré l'élimination de leur matrice fibreuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, wobei durch Anwendung von 95% Hydrazin ohne Wasserzugabe und mit nur geringem Erhitzen dem Knochen das gesamte Protein und ein kleiner Teil des Wassers entzogen wird. Diese Methode führte nur zu geringen chemischen Veränderungen und veränderte die strukturellen Eigenschaften der Mineralphase in keiner Weise. Physikochemische Daten wurden erbracht, welche zeigen, daß — obwohl die Kristalle von Rattenknochen den synthetischen Kontrollen (in Karbonat- und nicht hydroxydreichen Medien hergestellt) eher gleichen — Apatit aus Rattenknochen nicht auf sinnvolle Weise mittels bekannten oder postulierten Kristallmodellen interpretiert werden kann. CO 3 2− -Infrarotbandenzuteilungen, welche von Spektren aus dem Gesamtknochen gemacht wurden, geben wegen der Anwesenheit von Proteinabsorptionsbändern falsche Resultate. Die Absorption von HPO 4 2− wurde in den Infrarotspektren von Knochenmineral aus jungen Ratten beobachtet. Ein Vergleich der detaillierten Röntgendiffraktion von deproteinisiertem Rattenknochen vor und nach der Hydrolyse wies deutlich auf die Anwesenheit von amorphem Calciumphosphat hin. Die Elektronenmikroskopie zeigte kleine Apatitkristalle im Rattenknochen, welche zum Gesamtmineralpool beitragen könnten, der bei der Röntgendiffraktion amorph ist. Die Elektronenmikroskopie zeigte auch Gebiete im Rattenknochenmineral, wo plättchenartige Apatitkristalle eine deutlichec-Achsenorientierung beibehielten, obwohl ihre fibröse Matrix entfernt worden war.
    Notes: Abstract A method is described employing 95% hydrazine which completely deproteinates and slightly dehydrates bone under nearly anhydrous conditions with only moderate heating. This method induced only minor chemical changes and no alterations in structural properties of the mineral phase. Physicochemical data are presented demonstrating that although rat bone crystals more closely resemble synthetic controls made in carbonate-rather than hydroxide-rich media, rat bone apatite cannot be interpreted in terms of known or postulated crystal models in any meaningful fashion. CO 3 2− infrared band assignments made from spectra of whole bone are shown to be in error due to the presence of protein absorption bands. Absorotion of HPO 4 2− was observed in infrared spectra of young rat bone mineral. Detailed X-ray diffraction comparisons of deproteinated rat bone before and after hydrolysis clearly demonstrated the presence of amorphous calcium phosphate. Electron microscopy indicated that very small apatite crystals were present in rat bone which might also contribute to the overall mineral pool amorphous to X-ray diffraction. Electron microscopy also showed domains in rat bone mineral where plate-like apatite crystals maintained a netc-axis orientation despite the removal of their fibrous matrix.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 197-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cortisone ; Metabolism ; Bone ; Thyroidectomy ; Calcitonin ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des lapins blancs néo-zélandais adultes sont répartis selon les groupes suivants: 1) témoin, sans traitement; 2) administration intramusculaire de 5 mg/kg de poids d'acétate de cortisone (CA); 3) thyroidectomie totale avec administration intramusculaire quotidienne de 25 μg de thyroxine; 4) thyroidectomie totale avec traitement à l'acétate de cortisone et de thyroxine, selon 2 et 3. Après 21, 28 et 35 jours de traitement, les fémurs et les corps vertébraux sont étudiés histologiquement, radiographiquement et par détermination du poids par unité devolume. Le calcium total, l'hydroxyproline et la rapport hexosamine-collagène sont déterminés dans les côtes, les fémurs et les corps vertébraux. La calcémie et la phosphorémie ont également été déterminées. Les animaux traités à la cortisone, non opérés ou thyroidectomisés, présentent une diminution de la masse osseuse: la diminution de tous les paramètres étudiés est surtout nette dans le groupe 4. Ces animaux étant surtout déficients en calcitonine, on peut penser que la décroissance de la masse osseuse est en rapport avec une telle déficience. Ces observations semblent indiquer que la calcitonine endogène contribue au maintien de la masse osseuse au cours des stades précoces d'hyperactivité surrénalienne, vraisemblablement induite par une hyperactivité de compensation de la parathyroide.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Erwachsene männliche weiße neuseeland-Kaninchen wurden in folgende Gruppen eingeteilt: 1) Kontrolle, keine Behandlung; 2) Cortison-Acetat (CA) 5 mg/kg Körpergewicht/Tag intramuskulär; 3) Totale Thyreoidektomie mit täglicher Ersatzgabe von 25 μg Thyroxin, i.m. wie bei Gruppe 2; 4) Totale Thyreoidektomie mit Thyroxingabe wie in Gruppe 3 und Ca-Gabe wie in Gruppe 2. Nach 21, 28 und 35 Behandlungstagen wurden die Femora und Wirbel histologisch, röntgenographisch und durch die Bestimmung des Gewichtes pro Volumeneinheit untersucht. Rippen, Femora und Wirbel wurden auf Gesamtcalcium, Hydroxyprolin und Hexosamin-Collagen-Verhältnis analysiert. Es wurden auch Serienbestimmungen von Calcium und anorganischem Phosphor im Serum gemacht. Cortisonbehandelte Tiere, mit oder ohne Thyreoidea, zeigten alle eine verminderte Knochenmasse, aber die Verminderung war in allen Parametern signifikanter in Gruppe 4. Da diese Tiere bekanntlich genügend Thyroxin aber einen Calcitoninmangel hatten, kann die verminderte Knochenmasse in der Gruppe 4 wahrscheinlich mit einer Calcitonin-Insuffizienz in Verbindung gebracht werden. Diese Beobachtungen lassen vermuten, daß endogenes CT zur Erhaltung der Knochenmasse in den Frühstadien der Nebennierenrinden-Hyperfunktion beiträgt, vermutlich indem es der Hyperaktivität der Parathyreoidea entgegenwirkt.
    Notes: Abstract Adult male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into the following groups: 1) control, no treatment; 2) cortisone acetate (CA) 5 mg/kg body weight/day intramuscularly; 3) total thyroidectomy with daily replacement of 25 μg thyroxine given intramuscularly as in Group 2; 4) total thyroidectomy with thyroxine replacement as above and CA treatment as in Group 2. After 21, 28, and 35 days of treatment, the femora and vertebral bodies were examined histologically, roentgenographically, and by determination of mass per unit volume. Ribs, femora and vertebral bodies were analyzed for total calcium, hydroxyproline, and hexosaminecollagen ratio. Serial determinations of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus were also made. Cortisone-treated animals, intact or thyroidectomized, had decreased bone mass, but by all parameters the decrease was more significant in Group 4. Since these animals were known to be euthyroid but calcitonin-deficient, the decreased bone mass observed in Group 4 may be correlated with CT insufficiency. These observations suggest that endogenous CT contributes to the maintenance of bone mass in the early stages of hyperadrenocorticism, possibly by offsetting hyperactivity of the parathyroid gland.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Parathyroid ; Thyrocalcitonin ; Vitamin D ; Bone ; Calcium Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'administration deSolanum Malacoxylon (SM) provoque une augmentation transitoire du phosphate sérique et une diminution précoce du calcium sérique chez des rats témoins et thyro-parathyroidectomisés (TPTX). Les doses quotidiennes de SM provoquent une plus grande augmentation du calcium sérique chez les TPTX que chez les rats témoins et augmentent aussi de façon significative la calcium sérique chez des rats déficients en vitamine D. SM semble agir sur le métabolisme du calcium et du phosphate sans passer par l'intermédiaire de parathormone, de la calcitonine ou de la vitamine D.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Verabreichung vonSolanum Malacoxylon (SM) bewirkte eine vorübergehende Erhöhung des Serumphosphates und eine frühe Abnahme des Serumcalciums in Kontroll- und thyroparathyreoidektomierten (TPTX) Ratten. Tägliche Gaben von SM führten zu einem größeren Anstieg von Serumcalcium in TPTX- als in Kontrollratten und bewirkten auch in Vitamin-D-Mangelratten eine signifikante Erhöhung des Serumcalciums. SM scheint unabhängig von Parathormon, Calcitonin oder Vitamin D auf den Calcium- und Phosphat-Stoffwechsel zu wirken.
    Notes: Abstract The administration ofSolanum malacoxylon (SM) produced a transient rise of serum phosphate and an early decrease of serum calcium in control and thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats. Daily doses of SM caused a greater increase of serum calcium in TPTX than in control rats and also raised serum calcium significantly in vitamin D deficient rats. SM appears to act on calcium and phosphate metabolism without mediation of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin or vitamin D.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyapatite ; Bone ; Amorphous ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Hydrogen Bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De l'hydroxyapatite (HA) est préparé en mélangeant du phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP), contenant du Cl comme oligo-élément, dans de l'eau distillée tamponnée à pH 7,4 par du Tris-HCl à 25, 37, 60, 80 et 100°. Un tel Ha contient moins de 1% (25°) à11% (100°) de Cl initialement contenu dans le précurseur ACP. Ces résultats suggèrent que le mécanisme principal de conservion consiste en une série de processus contrôlés par des vitesses de solubilité, permettant aux ions de s'échapper des ACP en voie de disolution avant le début de la nucléation de l'HA.In situ, le réarrangement de l'ACP n'explique pas la fuite ionique et ne semble pas responsable de la conversion. Le spectre infra-rouge de surface hautement spécifique d'HA, préparé à 25° et 37°, ne montre pas d'élongation OH ou des bandes OH équilibrées, alors que la surface spécifique inférieure de l'HA (60°, 80°, 100°) présente des bandes nettes de ces modes vibrationnels. Cet effet est atrribué à une liaison hydrogène de groupement OH structural à la surface de cristaux d'HA, présentant une monocouche d'eau fortement adsorbée à la surface de l'HA. Comme dans les autres systèmes, la formation de liaison hydrogene élimine probablement les bandes d'absorption OH, de telle sorte que seuls les groupements OH, situés à l'intérieur des cristaux, donnent des bandes OH nettes, non perturbées. Au fur et à mesure que la surface spécifique de l'HA diminue, l'effet d'élimination s'atténue par suite d'une décroissance concomittante du pourcentage de groupements OH superficiels. Ainsi peut s'expliquer l'absence de modes vibrationnels OH dans le spectre infra-rouge du minéral osseux, étant donné que l'apatite osseux a une surface spécifique identique à celle de l'HA synthétisé à 25° et 37°.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Hydroxyapatit (HA) wurde hergestellt, indem amorphes Calciumphosphat (ACP), welches eingeschlossenes Cl als ein Tracer-Ion enthielt, in destilliertem Wasser, mit Tris-HCl auf pH 7,4 gepuffert, bei 25, 37, 60, 80 und 100° gerührt wurde. So hergestelltes HA enthielt bei 25° weniger als 1%, bei 100° 11% der Cl-Menge, welche ursprünglich im ACP eingeschlossen war. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß der Hauptmechanismus der Umwandlung eine Reihe von durch die Lösung hervorgerufenen Veränderungen ist, welche es den Ionen ermöglichen, aus dem sich auflösenden ACP auszutreten, bevor die HA-Nukleation einsetzt. In situ ist der Ionenaustritt aus dem umgebildeten ACP nicht möglich und ist wahrscheinlich bei der Umwandlung nicht beteiligt. Die Infrarotspektren von hochspezifischem Oberflächen-HA, welches bei 25° und 37° hergestellt worden war, zeigten keine OH-Dehnungs- oder Schwankungsstreifen, während weniger spezifisches Oberflächen-HA (60°, 80°, 100°) Scharfe Streifen von diesen Vibrationsarten zeigt. Diese Wirkung wird der Tatsache zugeschrieben, daß strukturelle OH-Gruppen auf der Oberfläche der HA-Kristalle mit der dort vorhandenen stark adsorbierten Wassermonolayer eine Wassersotffbindung eingehen. Wie in anderen Systemen verwischt die Wasserstoffbindung wahrscheinlich die OH-Absorptionsstreifen, so daß nur die OH-Gruppen im Inneren der Kristalle scharfe, unveränderte OH-Streifen liefern. Je mehr die spezifische Oberfläche des HA abnimmt, desto kleiner wird die verwischende Wirkung, denn der Prozentsatz der an der Oberfläche liegenden OH-Gruppen nimmt ebenfalls ab. Dies erklärt eventuell die beobachtete Abwesenheit von OH-Vibrationsarten im Infrarotspektrum von Knochenmineral, da Knochenapatit eine spezifische Oberfläche hat, die mit derjenigen von HA verglichen werden kann, welches bei 25° und 37° synthetisiert wurde.
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HA) was prepared by stirring amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), which contained occluded Cl− as a tracer ion, in distilled water buffered to pH 7.4 by tris-HCl at 25, 37, 60, 80 and 100°. HA made in this manner contained from less than 1% (25°) to 11% (100°) of the amount originally occluded in the precursor ACP. These results suggest that the principal mechanism of conversion is a series of solution- mediated rate processes that enable ions to move away from the dissolving ACP before the onset of HA nucleation.In situ ACP rearrangement does not provide for ion escape and is probably not involved in the conversion. The infrared spectra of high specific surface HA prepared at 25° and 37° showed no OH stretching or OH librational bands, while the lower specific surface HA (60°, 80°, 100°) displayed sharp bands of these vibrational modes. This effect is attributed to hydrogen bonding of structural OH groups on the surface on HA crystals with the strongly adsorbed water monolayer present on HA. As in other systems, hydrogen bond formation probably smears out the OH absorption bands so that only OH groups in the crystal interior yield sharp, unperturbed OH bands. As the HA specific surface decreases, the smearing effect becomes minimal due to a concomitant decrease in the percentage of surface-located OH groups. This may explain the observed absence of OH vibrational modes in the infrared spectrum of bone mineral, since bone apatite has a specific surface comparable to that of HA synthesized at 25° and 37°.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 85-96 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Lampetra ; Physiological biliary atresia ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A morphologic and histochemical study was carried out on the liver of larval and adult lampreys at the optical and electron microscopic level. In the larva the liver is composed of blind ending single cell thick tubules of hepatocytes. The tubular lumina provided with microvilli are morphologically comparable with the canalicular lumens of the higher species of animals. The cytoplasm of the hepatocytes contains numerous inclusions with heterogeneous appearance and crystalline material. The biliary system is composed of numerous bile ductules and ducts. In the adult lamprey, the biliary system has disappeared. The hepatocytes loose their tubular arrangement and the characteristic differentiation of their biliary pole. In contrast to previous reports in the literature the presence of bile pigment in the adult lamprey liver could not be demonstrated with any histochemical technique.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Interstitial cells, genesis ; Hen's ovary ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Zwischenzellen des Hühnerovars gibt es embryonal und post-embryonal bindegewebige und epitheliale Quellen. Die bindegewebigen Mutterzellen sind Mesenchymzellen und Fibrozyten, die epithelialen Mutterzellen sind Wandepithelzellen der Markstranglakunen und Epoophorontubuli. Kriterien zur Unterscheidung dieser vierfachen Abstammungsmöglichkeiten der Zwischenzellen werden angegeben.
    Notes: Summary The interstitial cells of the hen's ovary have two sources: connective tissue mother cells, which are mesenchymal cells or fibrocytes, and epithelial mother cells, which are wall epithelial cells of the medullary cord lacunae or of the tubuli of the epophoron. Criteria are provided for differentiating this fourfold genesis of the interstitial cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 101-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Infundibulum ; Rat ; Neuro-glial synapses ; Neuro-Vascular contacts ; Corticotropin-Releasing Factor ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Gefäßfortsätze von ependymalen und subependymalen Zellen bilden in der subependymalen Zone und in der Zona interna des Ratteninfundibulum mit Nervenfasern kompakte neuro-gliöse Faserbündel, die sich in der Zona externa aufzweigen. 2. In allen Zonen des Infundibulum kommen zwischen den Nervenfasern und den Gefäßfortsätzen zahlreiche neuro-gliöse Synapsen vor. In den Gefäßfortsätzen fällt die hohe Zahl an Mikrotubuli sowie die zahlreichen, vielgestaltigen Einschlüsse auf. 3. In der subependymalen Zone sind die Interzellularspalten an bestimmten Stellen außerordentlich weit. Sie haben eine kanalartige Beschaffenheit und enthalten feine Bündel von Nervenfasern. 4. Von den lateralen Anteilen des Infundibulum her erreichen Dendriten von Ganglienzellen des Nucleus infundibularis die Mitte des Infundibulum. In dieser Region sind axodendritische Synapsen anzutreffen. 5. Morphometrische Analysen der Nervenfaserendigungen der Zona externa von Normaltieren zeigen, daß die prozentuale Verteilung der nach Granulagröße differenzierten Nervenfaserklassen für Mitte und Seite der Zona externa etwa gleich ist. Zwischen der Größe der Elementargranula und der Anschnittfläche der zugehörigen Nervenfasern besteht eine direkte Beziehung. 6. Die Nervenfaserendigungen erreichen die Basalmembran des perikapillären Raumes fast ausschließlich im Bereich von gefäßwärts gerichteten Vorwölbungen der Zona externa. Das Ausmaß, in dem Nervenfasern im Vergleich zu den Gefäßfortsätzen von Ependymund Gliazellen den perivaskulären Raum erreichen, ist medial weitaus größer als lateral. 7. Bei bilateral adrenalektomierten Ratten nimmt in bestimmten, vorwiegend lateral gelegenen Nervenfasern die Zahl und Größe der Elementargranula in Abhängigkeit von der Überlebensdauer zu. Dies dürfte auf eine verstärkte Synthese und Speicherung von Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in diesen Nervenfasern zurückzuführen sein. Gegenüber dem Normalbefund ist die neurohämale Kontaktfläche erheblich vergrößert. Der perivaskuläre Raum enthält zerfallene Nervenfaserteile, die durch Bindegewebszellen phagocytiert werden. Diese Veränderungen dürften durch eine unter Versuchsbedingungen verstärkte Wachstumstendenz der Nervenfasern in Richtung auf die Blutgefäße und durch eine Abschnürung der Nerven-faserendigungen ausgelöst werden.
    Notes: Summary 1. In the subependymal and internal zones of the rat median eminence nerve fibres and vascular processes of ependymal and subependymal cells form neuro-glial bundles. They branch in the external zone. 2. In all these three zones of the infundibulum numerous neuro-glial synapses are found between nerve fibres and vascular processes of glial cells. The vascular processes contain a high number of microtubules as well as polymorphous granular inclusions. 3. In certain regions of the subependymal layer the intercellular spaces are enlarged. They form channel-like spaces containing small bundles of delicate nerve fibres. 4. Nerve cells of the infundibular nucleus located in the lateral parts of the infundibulum send dendrites to the medial parts of the infundibulum. In this area axo-dendritic synapses are found. 5. For morphometric analysis, the nerve fibres of the external zone were classified according to the diameter of their granules. It is shown that in the different regions of the external zone the distribution of the various types of nerve fibre is similar. Moreover it can be seen that a direct correlation exists between the size of the sectional plane of a given nerve fibre and the size of the granules it comprises. 6. Nerve fibre endings abutting on the basement membrane of the pericapillary space are mostly found in bulb-like protrusions of the external zone. The extent to which nerve fibres reach the perivascular space—as compared with the vascular processes of ependymal and glial cells—is higher in the medial than in the lateral parts of the infundibulum. 7. In bilaterally adrenalectomized rats the number and diameter of elementary granules increases in nerve fibres located laterally. This increase is directly related to the survival time and may be due to an enhanced synthesis and storage of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in these nerve fibres. Compared with the findings in untreated animals the neurohemal contact area is significantly enlarged. The perivascular space contains degenerating nerve fibres which are undergoing phagocytosis by connective tissue cells. It is assumed that these alterations are due to the increased growth of nerve fibres towards the vessels of the “Mantelplexus”, and that, following adrenalectomy, this excessive growth leads to a pinching off of nerve fibres.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 75-83 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Invertebrate ganglia ; Spisula solida ; ynapses ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An examination using the electron microscope was carried out on the visceral ganglion of the marine bivalve mollusc Spisula solida. A range of fixation, block staining and section staining technique was used to study the structure of chemical synapses. Phosphotungstic acid employed as a block stain specifically stained pre- and post-synaptic structures associated with the membrane at synapses as well as one class of granular vesicle. The specialised contacts were however shown to be rare and in many parts completely absent. Many axons, containing several types of vesicle, were shown to be varicose and it is proposed that they may function in a similar way to the unspecialised varicose terminals of vertebrate autonomic neurons. The role of membrane specialisations in intercellular adhesion is discussed. This study concludes that many synapses may be morphologically unidentified using present criteria.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 171-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tooth germs ; Organ culture ; Differentiation ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tooth germs from foetal rats of 17 days post-insemination were maintained in vitro for 12 days. Odontoblasts and ameloblasts differentiated and secreted their respective matrices in which mineralization occurred. The ultrastructure of the cells was qualitatively similar to that observed in normal development. Odontoblasts contained more lysosome-like bodies and were found to degenerate in some sites. Mantle dentine was formed but few von Korff fibres were observed. Calcospherites were rarely seen and the mineralizing front of dentine was predominantly linear, associated with numerous small early foci of mineral formation. Enamel showed prism formation associated with the Tomes' process of the ameloblast but some local disturbances in the pattern of enamel formation were observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 273-282 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleoli ; Type ; Influence of histone ; Tissue culture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The frequency of various types of nucleoli was investigated in tissue cultures of human embryonal lung and HeLa cells cultured in the presence of calf thymus histone. The nucleolar morphology and the frequency of various nucleolar types were dependent on the concentration of histone in the tissue cultures of the human embryonal lung cells. HeLa cells required longer cultivation with histone to manifest some effect on nucleoli. In both cases, the observed nucleolar changes suggest the depression of nucleolar RNA synthesis.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 261-272 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Extrarenal blood vessels ; Rat ; Adrenergic nerves ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation of the extrarenal blood vessels of the rat left kidney was investigated by fluorescence histochemistry and by electron microscopy. The trunk of the renal artery proximal to the aorta is elastic and appears to be very sparsely innervated. In contrast, near the kidney the renal artery—which divides into 3 to 4 large branches of the muscular type possesses a dense adrenergic innervation. The adrenergic terminal axons are situated in the adventitia close to the external elastic lamella, but only rarely in close contact with smooth muscle cells. In most instances several terminal axons are grouped and enclosed by a Schwann cell, single axons being rare. All terminal axons are able to take up and to store 5-hydroxydopamine which strongly suggests that they are adrenergic. The innervation of the renal vein is more sparse than that of the muscular arteries but somewhat denser than that of the elastic artery. In addition, close to the origin of the renal artery the presence of “small intensively fluorescent” (SIF) cells as well as of some adrenergic ganglion cells is noted. The latter are situated in the adrenergic nonterminal axon bundles, which run parallel to the blood vessels. It is concluded that the uneven adrenergic innervation along the artery as well as individual variations in the branching of the artery are the main causes of the unusually high individual variations of the NA content of this organ such as used in pharmacological experiments.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 295-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cornea epithelium ; Precorneal film ; Domestic fowl ; Ruthenium red ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das vordere Corneaepithel des Haushuhnes besteht aus 5 Schichten. Die oberflächlichste Lage hat einen Zottenbesatz. Die 0,2 μ langen Mikrovilli haben eine Dicke von 0,04–0,05 μ und einen Abstand von höchstens 0,1 μ voneinander. Auf der freien Oberfläche liegt ein mit Rutheniumrot anfärbbarer Film von Glykosaminoglykanen von 0,26–0,3 μ Dicke. Die Mikrovilli ragen in diesen Film hinein. Dieser Film ist für den spiegelnden Glanz der Cornea verantwortlich. Die Tränensekretion kann sehr gering sein, weil ein Teil der Flüssigkeit an die sauren Mukopolysaccharide gebunden ist. Die Moleküle dieses Films werden wahrscheinlich in der oberen Zellage synthetisiert.
    Notes: Summary The anterior cornea epithelium of the house-hen consists of 5 layers. The outermost layer has a villus border. The 0.2 μ long microvilli are 0.04–0.05 μ thick and are not more than 0.1 μ apart. A film of ruthenium red stainable glycosamine Glycans of 0.26–0.3 μ thickness lies on the free surface. The microvilli protrude into this film. This film is responsible for the reflecting shine of the cornea. The tear secretion can be kept at a low level as a part of the fluid is bound to the acid mucopolysaccharides. The molecules for this film are probably synthesized in the outermost cell layer.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 345-370 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axonal migration ; Catecholamines ; Sciatic nerve ; Radioautography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The radioautographic technique has been used to study the axonal migration of catecholamines in sympathetic fibres of the sciatic nerve of rats after ligature. A first series of experiments aimed at ascertaining the capacity of the proximal portion of adrenergic fibres to take up and store exogenous tritiated catecholamines (3H-DOPA; 3H-DA and 3H-NA) 3 to 22 hours after ligation. The results are qualitatively similar in rats pretreated and non-pretreated with IMAO, but the intensity of the radioautographic reaction is lower in the latter cases. Most of the labeled axons are filled mainly with vesicular and tubular profiles of endoplasmic reticular origin, large dense bodies (probably lysosomes) and/or mitochondria. The silver grains are generally superimposed on the vesicular and/or the tubular profiles, but in some cases on the large dense bodies, suggesting that exogenous catecholamines can be stored in lysosomes. The question whether SGV specifically store catecholamines also in the modified adrenergic fibres has been investigated in KMnO4 fixed material. These results show that beside a large number of fibres in which there is a strict correlation between labeling and SGV, some fibres containing SGV do not retain the 3H-NA. Conversely some fibres which contain mainly agranular vesicles display radioautographic reaction. Therefore, in case of ligated fibres, SGV cannot be considered the specific organelles for storage of catecholamines. The axonal migration of labeled catecholamines has been studied in animals pretreated with IMAO. A moderate, but selective, labeling is present in the proximal portion of sciatic fibres of rats in which administration of labeled catecholamine preceeded of 2 hours the ligature and this was performed 22 hours before fixation. From these combined types of experiments, it is concluded that despite the presence of all the structures necessary for the storage of a high amount of catecholamines in the modified adrenergic fibres, only a small fraction of catecholamines accumulated above the ligature has been transported by axonal migration. Therefore, the axonal migration of catecholamines appears as an epiphenomenon related to the distal migration of enzymatic and storage proteins from the perikaryon.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 447-460 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatids (rat) ; Manchette ; Microtubules ; Influence of Colcemid ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Links unusual for their length and variable morphology have been described between manchette microtubules in late stages of rat spermiogenesis. In earlier stages of rat spermiogenesis obvious links longer than ∼160 Å are rare, the majority being ∼80 or ∼120 Å in length. The most easily discernible geometric pattern in cross-sections of assemblies of manchette microtubules in intermediate stages of rat spermiogenesis is that of linear arrays sometimes resulting in long and irregularly folded chains of closely linked microtubules. Colcemid disrupts these arrays and is responsible for the formation of more complex geometric patterns. Six hours after drug administration the manchette is dramatically reduced in length. Sheet-like links of variable dimensions and 〉160 Å in length interconnect not only microtubules but C-type microtubules as well as other links. These links are similar in morphology to those found in later stages of rat spermiogenesis. It is suggested that the formation of these links may perhaps be dependent upon aspects of microtubule disassembly.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 463-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gallbladder (Human) ; Mucus secretion ; Reverse pinocytosis ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mucous secretory activity of the human gallbladder epithelium was investigated by light and electron microscopy and with histochemical techniques. There are two types of granules in the supranuclear region of the epithelial cells. The one low in density contains a fine filamentous material and gives a strongly positive silver methenamine reaction. The other is dense and only faintly positive. The granules of the former are considered to be mucous secretory granules and the granules of the latter may be lysosomes. PAS positive granules correspond presumably to both types of granules mentioned above. The mucous secretory granules are considered to be synthesized by the Golgi apparatus and the granular endoplasmic reticulum as has been confirmed in other mucous secretory cells. Their content is released from the cell by reverse pinocytosis. Typical goblet cells occur frequently in the fetal epithelium, but cannot be observed in the adult specimens.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 421-434 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Giant mitochondria ; Transitional epithelium ; Urinary bladder (mole) ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Harnblasenepithel des Maulwurfs wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Bei bestimmten Tieren finden sich in den Intermediärzellen „matrixreiche“ Riesenmitochondrien. Diese Riesenmitochondrien scheinen aus normalen Mitochondrien hervorzugehen und enthalten verschieden geformte Einschlüsse. Andere Organe und Zellen bei Maulwürfen mit Riesenmitochondrien in den Intermediärzellen des Harnblasenepithels weisen normale Mitochondrien auf. Es handelt sich demnach hier um eine sog. „Mitochondriose der Intermediärzellen“. Bedeutung, Bildung und Abbau der Riesenmitochondrien werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Giant mitochondria containing an enormous matrix volume were found in the intermediary cells of the urinary bladder transitional epithelium of the mole. Regularly shaped mitochondria develop club-like protrusions forming giant mitochondria that contain several types of inclusions. Various other tissues were examined, but we could state that giant mitochondria exist only in the intermediary cells of the urinary bladder epithelium. Thus a peculiar “intermediary cell mitochondriosis” is described in this paper, not regularly occurring in the mole. The functional significance of the giant mitochondria is discussed.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Annulate lamellae ; Annelidae ; Oogenesis ; Endocrinology ; Electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'évolution en l'absence d'hormone cérébrale provoque, dans les ovocytes de N. diversicolor, la formation de lamelles annelées cytoplasmiques (L.A.). Le processus débute par l'apparition de lames de réticulum à proximité du noyau (15 jours d'évolution à 15° C). Les lames se rapprochent ensuite du noyau et des pores apparaissent, situés le plus souvent face à ceux de l'enveloppe nucléaire (20ème jour). La différenciation des lames du réticulum en L.A. progresse ensuite depuis les éléments les plus proches du noyau vers les plus externes. Dans le cytoplasme des ovocytes ayant évolué à la température de 20° C, on assiste en outre à la formation d'empilements de citernes ergastoplasmiques. Ces citernes, non situées à proximité du noyau, subissent également une transformation progressive en L.A. L'étude cytochimique effectuée par digestion enzymatique a montré que la pepsine dégrade fortement le matériel dense des lamelles annelées. Ce matériel semble donc renfermer une teneur élevée en protéines auxquelles pourrait se trouver associé du RNA.
    Notes: Summary Experimental elimination of brain activity leads to the formation of cytoplasmic annulate lamellae (L.A.) in oocytes of N. diversicolor. This process begins with the appearance of cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum in the vicinity of the nucleus (15 days of development at 15° C). Then, the cisternae move closer to the nucleus and pores appear, often facing the pores of the nuclear envelope (20th day). The differentiation of endoplasmic reticulum into L.A. progresses from the elements closest to the nucleus to the more peripheral ones. In the cytoplasm of oocytes which developed at 20° C, stacks of cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum have been observed. These cisternae, which are not localized near the nucleus, also undergo a progressive transformation into annulate lamellae. A cytochemical study, based on enzymatic digestion, shows that pepsin strongly digests the dense material of L.A. This material, therefore, seems to contain a high amount of proteins, perhaps associated with RNA.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 553-561 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung (frog) ; Alveolar epithelium ; Cytosomes ; Alveolar lining layer surfactant ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Alveolarepithel der Froschlunge weist nur einen einzigen Zelltyp auf. Die Zellkörper sitzen in den Nischen zwischen den Kapillaren, die sie mit Zytoplasmaausläufern überdecken. Die Epithelzellen enthalten große Zytosomen mit osmiophilen Lamellen mit einer Periode von 40–42 Å. Sie sind den Typ II-Pneumozyten der Säugerlunge vergleichbar. Das Alveolarepithel der Froschlunge ist mit einer Grenzschicht bedeckt, die in Abhängigkeit von der Fixierung eine 40–42 Å-Periode aufweist oder aus einer oder mehreren Doppelmembranen zusammengesetzt ist. Gittermuster und Myelinfiguren sind vorhanden. Das bedeutet, daß Surfactant in der Froschlunge in gleicher Weise wie in der Säugerlunge dargestellt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary The alveolar epithelium of the frog exhibits only one type of cells. The cell-bodies are situated in the spaces among the capillaries, which they cover with cytoplasmic extensions. The epithelial cells contain large bodies (cytosomes) with osmiophilic lamellae having a period of 40–42 Å. The alveolar cells are considered to be similar to the type II-pneumocytes of mammalian lungs. The alveolar epithelium of the lung of the frog is covered with a lining layer, which depending on the method of fixation consists of periods of 40–42 Å or of one or more double membranes. Lattice formations and myelin figures are seen. This means that the surfactant in the lung of the frog can be demonstrated in the same way as in mammalian lungs.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 481-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptosomes ; Dense projections ; Complex vesicles ; Serial sections ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptosomes and synaptic junctions have been examined employing serial sections, with emphasis placed on four areas of investigation. 1. Starting from unequivocal synaptosomal profiles and tracing them through consecutive sections to the periphery of the synaptosomes, it is clear that vesicles are the one constant feature of the presynaptic terminal. In no instance was it possible to identify an empty membranous profile as synaptosomal. 2. Following a similar procedure it was found that the criteria required to predict the existence of a junctional region within a synaptosomal profile are: the accumulation of synaptic vesicles at one locus within its presynaptic component, and the presence of a postsynaptic profile characterized by two or more junctional features. 3. Serial sections of non-osmicated, PTA stained synaptic junctions confirm the regularity and orderliness of dense projection distribution along the length of the junction. 4. Complex vesicles can usually be followed in two and sometimes three adjacent sections, appearing either as intact vesicles or empty shells. Further observations confirmed that the latter profiles may be sections through the periphery of intact vesicles or through isolated shell fragments. They are more common in the latter form in unbuffered material.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 255-283 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glandula harderiana ; Anatidae ; Electron microscopy ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Hardersche Drüse von Anser anser, Anas platyrhynchos und Cygnus olor wurde cytochemisch, licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Vergleichend-anatomisch ergibt sich für die drei Species derselbe Drüsenaufbau. Sie bestehen aus Läppchen bzw. kurzen Tubuli, die von einem einschichtigen, hochprismatischen Epithel ausgekleidet sind, das sich auf die in die Tubuli hineinragenden Leisten bzw. Zotten fortsetzt. Es müssen zentrale und periphere Drüsenabschnitte unterschieden werden. Nur die zentralen Zellen enthalten neutrale und saure Mukosubstanzen. In Semidünnschnitten (Richardson) erweisen sich die peripheren Drüsenzellen als stark vakuolisiert. Zentralwärts nimmt die Vakuolisierung ab, die basale Basophilie nimmt zu. In den Harderschen Drüsen von Gänsen und Enten wurden neben Hydrolasen eine Reihe von Oxydo-Reduktasen aus der Glykolysekette, dem Citratzyklus und der Atmungskette sowie die Enzyme G-6-PDH, GDH, β-HBDH und GLuDH nachgewiesen. Die zentralen Drüsenabschnitte sind mit hohen Aktivitäten der glykolytischen Oxydo-Reduktasen und der NADPH2-liefernden Enzyme ausgestattet. Hydrolytische lysosomale Enzyme, Esterasen und Phosphatasen sind in der Harderschen Drüse nur in geringer Menge vorhanden. Stets können cholinerge Nerven nachgewiesen werden. — Elektronenmikroskopie: Alle Drüsenzellen werden an den apikalen seitlichen Kontaktflächen durch ein differenziertes Schlußleistennetz (Zonulae occludentes, Zonulae adhaerentes, Desmosomen) verbunden. An den zentralen Drüsenzellen lassen sich eine Basalzone (Zellkern, ER), eine ausgedehnte Golgi-Zone und ein apikales Zell-areal unterscheiden. Die Sekretvakuolen entstehen durch Membranabknospung aus dem Golgi-Apparat, ihr Sekret wird durch Ruptur des apikalen Plasmalemms extrudiert. Die peripheren Drüsenzellen weisen strukturelle Merkmale von Becherzellen auf. Ein schmaler basaler Cytoplasmabezirk enthält den komprimierten Kern, der übrige Zellraum überwiegend leere Vakuolen, Membranreste, Lamellenkörper und Lysosomen. Terminale Nervenfasern mit bekannter Innenstruktur durchbrechen die Basalmembran und lagern sich den Drüsenzellen eng an, teilweise in Vertiefungen ihrer basalen und basolateralen Oberfläche eingebettet. Diese terminalen Axone enthalten massenhaft synaptische Vesikel, vereinzelt Bläschen mit einem massendichten Granulum und Mitochondrien. Spezialisierte prae- und postsynaptische Membranen kommen nicht vor.
    Notes: Summary The Harderian gland of Anser anser, Anas platyrhynchos and Cygnus olor has been investigated cytochemically, light microscopically and ultrastructurally. Comparison of these glands within the three species reveals identical structures. The surface of the short glandular tubules carries a single-layered, cylindrical epithelium, which continuously covers all the villi protruding into the tubular lumen. There is evidence for a significant difference between the central and peripheral parts of the glandular tubules. Cytochemical reactions for neutral and acid mucosubstances are positive only in central glandular parts. The semi-thin sections (Richardson staining) show highly vacuolated glandular cells within the peripheral areas. This vacuolisation decreases the more centrally the cells are situated, but conversely their basal basophilic staining increases towards the center. Within the Harderian gland of geese and ducks we have localized by histochemical means several hydrolases and oxydoreductases which reflect enzyme activities of the glycolytic pathway, the citrate cycle, and related metabolic pathways. The activities of glycolytic oxydoreductases and the pentose phosphate pathway enzymes are remarkably high within the central glandular parts. Lysosomal hydrolases, esterases and phosphatases are only to be demonstrated in very moderate degree of activity. All specimens of the Harderian gland contain cholinergic nerves. The ultrastructural analysis reveals highly differentiated apical cellular contacts (zonulae adhaerentes, desmosomes). There are only small intercellular spaces. The centrally located glandular cells can be divided into three compartments, a basal zone containing the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi zone and an apical zone containing abundant secretory vacuoles, which emerge from the Golgi apparatus. The secretory products are extruded by rupture of the apical cellular membrane. — The peripheral glandular cells show many similarities to goblet cells. There is only a small basal cytoplasmic are which contains a compressed nucleus, whereas the whole cell is filled with mostly empty vacuoles, membranes, lamellar bodies and lysosomes. — Terminal nerve fibres penetrate the basal lamina and make contact with the glandular cells. The terminal axons contain abundantly synaptic vesicles, sporadic dense cored vesicles and mitochondria. Until now, we could not find any specialized presynaptic or postsynaptic membranes.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 401-412 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pulmonary epithelium ; Human fetus ; Endocrine cells ; APUD cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic investigations of the pulmonary epithelium of human foetuses reveal the occurrence of cells exhibiting fine-structural characteristics of polypeptide hormone producing APUD cells. Three types of cells were identified mainly on basis of the morphology of their secretory granules. Cells of type 1 have the appearance of monoamine storing cells and the dense core of vesiculated granules of these cells are reactive to argentaffine reaction performed directly on ultra-thin sections. Cells of type 2 contain granules of uniform shape and size and of rather homogeneous appearance. Besides in larger bronchial tubules these cells are localized in the epithelium of developing alveoli. Cells of type 3 with large osmiophilic granules tightly bound by a membrane are few and scattered. These cells are observed in larger bronchial tubuli only.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 413-425 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seminiferous tubules, human ; Lamina propria ; Contractile cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the lamina propria of human seminiferous tubules was analyzed in normal specimens and compared to biopsies showing great thickenning of this area in light microscopy. The contractile cells are stellate in shape, the intercellular gaps between their branchings being less than 150 Å. The cytoplasmic features of these cells are similar to those described by Ross and Long (1966) and do not differ significantly in the pathological cases examined. The intercellular components, namely collagen fibers, microfibrils and an incomplete basement membrane-like coating of the contractile cells, are strikingly increased in the thickenned lamina propria, although the number of layers making up this structure needs not be increased. Occasionally, the intercellular space is occupied by only one of these materials. The distribution of collagen permits identification of two main patterns in the thickenned lamina propria: a) one where the basement membrane of the seminiferous epithelium is separated from the first layer of contractile cells by a wide collagen zone, and b) another case where the layer displaying greater thickness because of increased collagen deposition is located further away from the germinal epithelium. The functional activity of the contractile cells, the physiological implication of structural alterations of the lamina propria and the necessity to correlate these observations to andrological findings, are discussed.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 459-468 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell adhesion ; Morphogenesis ; Chick Embryo ; Cell membrane ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The unincubated chick blastoderm, which consists of a complete upper epithelial layer of one cell thickness (epiblast) and an incomplete lower layer (hypoblast), was examined with the electron microscope in order to define the types of cell contact present. The terminal contacts between the cells of the epiblast invariably involved several focal tight junctions, but only occasionally involved tight junctions. Desmosomes were not observed in these areas, but were encountered in various phases of development in the deeper contact regions between epiblast cells. This deeper region also showed sporadic focal tight junctions and frequent micropapillae. These micropapillae were also common on the surfaces of hypoblast cells. Intercellular spaces between epiblast and hypoblast cells and within the hypoblast were often wide, narrowing to occasional focal tight junctions. Tight junctions and desmosomes were not observed in association with hypoblast cells. Gap junctions were not observed in any region of the embryo. These observations are discussed in relation to the morphogenetic movements occurring in the forming hypoblast and also the influence of this layer on the subsequent development of the embryo. Comparisons are drawn between the contact morphology in the unincubated blastoderm and that in later stages of development.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 479-492 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Malpighian tubule ; Carausius morosus ; Water balance ; Diuretic hormone ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Carausius morosus starved and deprived of water lose about 30% of their body weight in 4 days, mainly due to water loss. Isolated inferior tubules from starved dehydrated insects secrete urine at 0.041 nl·mm−1·min−1 compared with 0.118 nl·mm−1·min−1 in those from fed hydrated insects. This difference is due partly to the level of a diuretic (and perhaps also an antidiuretic) hormone in the haemolymph acting directly on the urine-secreting mechanism and partly to changes in the intrinsic capacity of the tubule cells for urine secretion. This latter change is accompanied by structural changes in the tubules. During starvation and dehydration the lumen becomes packed with white granules, the height of the type 1 cells is reduced, their basal infoldings and brush border become shorter and their mitochondrial volume is reduced.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 529-544 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclast ; Parathyroid hormone ; Lysosomes ; Bone resorption ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Young rats were treated with high doses of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Osteoclasts from these animals revealed characteristic alterations in comparison to control cells: a) The cytoplasm contained large vacuoles with phagocytosed cells, some of which resembled osteoblasts or osteocytes. The vacuoles were interpreted as lysosomes because the engulfed cells often appeared partly digested and the vacuoles contained acid phosphatase as demonstrated histochemically, b) lipid droplets were present in the cytoplasm and usually located close to the endoplasmic reticulum and/or in regions with many free ribosomes, c) the Golgi complex was more frequently separated from the nuclei than in control cells, d) small coated cytoplasmic bodies were numerous in the peripheral cytoplasm, e) the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were fused in some places, f) cytoplasmic regions with numerous free ribosomes were frequent, g) large ring-shaped granules occurred in some mitochondria. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of these granules provided evidence that they contained calcium and probably phosphorus, h) in some osteoclasts the mitochondria were enlarged. — The findings are consistent with an increased activity of osteoclasts and in particular a stimulation of the lysosomal system in these cells.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paracrystals ; Reinke crystals ; Leydig cells ; Normal human testis ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary One of two types of paracrystalline inclusions, other than Reinke crystals, was encountered in the Leydig cells of the normal mature testes of 9 out of 10 patients. The basic ultrastructure of these formations was that of parallel arrays of fine filaments (8 cases) or tubules (1 case). The filamentous structures, designated as type A paracrystals, consisted of fascicles of parallel rows of 4 or 5 dense fibrils. The latter typically contained dense granules or banded striations spaced at regular intervals. In 4 cases the inclusions were found in the cytoplasm while in 4 others they were confined to the nuclei. The tubular type of paracrystal, type B, was observed in only one patient. Here, groups of closely packed tubular inclusions occupied large portions of cytoplasm. The tubular walls were composed of closely applied, small, circular profiles. In no instance were paracrystals and Reinke crystals encountered in the same cell. A possible role of the former as precursors of the latter is discussed but there is no strong supporting evidence for this despite certain suggestive similarities in unit and subunit measurements.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence (Rabbit) ; Dense-core vesicles depletion ; Releasing factors ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The effects of mating on the depletion of osmiophilic material from dense-core vesicles (DCV) within the external layer of the rabbit median eminence (ME) were investigated. Two different populations of DCV were demonstrated within the ME external layer of the non-mated control animals. A plot of the diameters of these vesicles showed two peaks, one at 90–100 nm, and the other at 120–130 nm. These two populations of DCV were found in separate axons and axon terminals in contact with, or near the perivascular spaces of, portal capillaries. Within these axons and terminals an occasional membrane profile or “vesicle ghost” was also observed. The same two populations of DCV were evident in the ME external layer of animals that were sacrificed at 10 minutes post-coitus. In these experimental animals, the number and size of the smaller population of DCV were the same as those of the none-mated controls. However, there was an obvious decrease in the number of the large (120–130nm) DCV, together with a simultaneous marked increase in the number of “vesicle ghosts”. These ghosts had a mean diameter of 137±14 nm. On the basis of their size, it is suggested that the “vesicle ghosts” represent large DCV that have been depleted of their content following mating. Ultrastructural evidence for the depletion of osmiophilic material from the large DCV of mated animals is provided. According to previous writers the smaller DCV within the ME are aminergic, whereas the larger DCV may contain releasing factors (RF). Our findings provide further morphological evidence to support this hypothesis. Furthermore, RF and biogenic amines appear to be contained within separate nerve terminals in the rabbit ME.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 63-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Snail ; Regeneration of eye ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The distal half of the posterior tentacle of adult Helix aspersa and Cryptomphallus aspersa was removed and the proximal half was studied with light and electron microscopy after different intervals. The tentacle itself does not regenerate, but the receptor organs at the distal end of the normal tentacle differentiate at the level of the section. The newly formed eye is smaller than the control; however, its components and subcellular characteristics resemble those of the normal eye.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Integument ; Hirudinea ; Sensory organs ; Nerves ; Electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le tégument de Glossiphonia complanata comprend, outre les cellules épithéliales banales, de nombreux organes particuliers ou organes de Bayer, regroupés essentiellement sur la face dorsale de l'animal. Ils sont formés par une cellule apicale saillante enchassée dans une cellule musculaire en anneau. L'ensemble de ces formations est étudié du point de vue ultrastructural. Des cellules épithéliales partent des fibres nerveuses afférentes, sans doute vecteur des perceptions de stimuli mécaniques de pression au niveau du tégument; la réponse se faisant sans doute par la contraction de la cellule basale de chaque organe de Bayer, innervée par des fibres nerveuses efférentes, entrainant la saillie de la cellule apicale. Le hérissement de ces nombreuses papilles du tégument dorsal pourrait être un signal perçu par le partenaire sexuel, chez cette Hirudinée à fécondation hypodermique.
    Notes: Summary The integument of Glossiphonia complanata, built up by epithelial cells, contains numerous particular organs (Bayer organs), mainly on the dorsal side of the animal. They consist of a protuberant apical cell, which is surrounded by a ring-shaped muscle cell. All the integumentary formations are studied from an ultrastructural point of view. From the epithelial cells issue afferent nerve fibres, considered as vectors of the perception of mechanical stimuli of pressure at the level of the integument; the response no doubt operating by the contraction of the basal muscle cell of each Bayer organ, innervated by efferent nerve fibres, bringing forth the protrusion of the apical cell. The erection of these numerous papillae of the dorsal integument might be a signal perceived by the sexual partner, fecundation occurring in this group of leeches under the integument.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 505-515 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endoplasmic reticulum ; Paracervical ganglion (Rat) ; Neurosecretion ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Two new types of structure of the cytoplasm of an autonomic neuron were described: (1) Inclusions of the rough ergastoplasmic reticulum, which were named “ergastosomes”, contain finely granular material with moderately electron opaque staining with both glutaraldehyde-OsO4 and KMnO4 fixations. A short comment was made on the nature of the contents of the ergastosomes. (2) Tubular formations of endoplasmic reticulum were found in the axons and/or dendrites of the paracervical ganglion.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Stick insect ; Blood-brain barrier ; Development ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The fat body sheath which surrounds the ventral nerve cord of the adult stick insect, Carausius morosus, is absent in the hatchling. Since the haemolymph sodium ion compositions of the two stages are similar, it is suggested that the fat body sheath is not a site of a blood-brain barrier dealing with extra-axonal regulation of sodium. Similarities of ultrastructure in connectives of adults and hatchlings are demonstrated, and tight junctions are shown to occur in perineural cells of both stages. The possible significance of this to the blood-brain barrier of this insect is discussed.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 363-388 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Monkey ; A-V node and bundle ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The atrio-ventricular (A-V) node of the monkey heart is located in the focus of converging atrial muscle. Three main atrial muscle strands, coming from the atrio-ventricular ring, the dorsal wall of the atria, and the ventral part of the atrial septum, converge in the nodal region where they overlap and are interconnected. The junctional type of fibers establishing interconnection between the atrial muscle and the nodal tissue are not strictly localized at the periphery of the node, but may be traced further, along the A-V ring and coronary sinus. The A-V node consists of a loose peripheral and a compact distal part. In the former, typical nodal fibers were found, while the compact part shows an important individual variation in structure and cell-types. In some monkey hearts, the nodal fibers gradually become broader bundle fibers, while in other specimens the junctional fibers surround the compact part and than penetrate the nodal-His (N-H) region. These junctional fibers become nodal fibers or are in terminal contact with large clear cells up to 50 μ in diameter. Clear cells of various diameters are often intercalated between the cell rows of the nodal and His-bundle fibers and may form a distinct cellular gate between the node and the His-bundle.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 167-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Striated muscle ; Chick ; Sarcomere formation ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Sarcomere assemblage in striated muscle of the early developing chick embryo was studied with the electron microscope. In myogenic chick somites, non-striated myofibrils are seen with the electron microscope, prior to striated ones. These crude myofibrils are traversed at regular periodic intervals by a tubular system which is associated with dense Z-line material shortly after its appearance. Longer sarcomeres as well as banding patterns similar to those found in mature striated muscle follow and possibly depend on prior Z-line formation.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 191-211 
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    Keywords: Heart ; Monkey (Macaca mulatta) ; Conducting system ; Atrium ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary In the sino-atrial (S-A) node of the monkey heart two types of muscle cells occur: 1. typical nodal cells which are the predominant cells and form the nodal fibers. 2. “Intercalated clear cells” with various diameters (4 to 12 μm) and containing poorly developed myofibrils, rich in glycogen and demonstrating poor staining properties. These latter cells are dispersed, few in number, and never form discrete fibers of themselves, but are intercalated between the cell rows of the typical nodal fibers. Such intercalated clear cells become more numerous at the periphery of the node. Interconnection between the S-A node and the conventional atrial muscle is established by a progressive transformation of nodal fibers into atrial fibers producing an intermediate (or junctional) type of fiber at the nodal periphery. However, in addition, few nodal fibers make direct contact with the atrial cardiocytes. Our light and EM studies have failed to prove the existence of truly specialized internodal pathways. Nevertheless intercalated clear cells, nodal-like cells, junctional or intermediate type of cells are relatively frequent in valvular regions (Thebesian, Eustachian, A-V, fossa ovalis) and less frequent in other regions of the atrial wall.
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 459-469 
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    Keywords: Pars tuberalis ; Rana temporaria ; Seasonal changes of ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary In the pars tuberalis of the hypophysis of Rana temporaria, which shows the ultrastructural characteristics of a polypeptide hormone secreting endocrine gland, seasonal changes of the ultrastructure are described. In accordance with the literature, these seasonal changes of ultrastructure are interpreted as the morphological expression of seasonal changes of endocrine activity of the pars tuberalis.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 453-461 
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    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Primordium ; Rat ; Organ culture ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary To see whether adenohypophysial tissue has the capacity of self-differentiation, Rathke's pouch together with part of the neurohypophysial primordium was isolated from 12-(Group A), 14- (Group B) and 15-day-old (Group C) rat fetuses and cultivated for 9, 6 and 5 days, respectively. Electron microscopic examination of these explants showed many adenohypophysial cells containing electron dense granules, indicative of cytodifferentiation in all groups. Three cell types were distinguishable on the basis of the size of their granules. Variable amounts of neurohypophysial tissue were seen in some explants of Groups B and C, but not A. This “pars nervosa” contained pituicytes with lipid-like inclusions in their cytoplasm but no neurosecretory axons. The adenohypophysial cells abutting on the pars nervosa were arranged rather regularly like cells of the pars intermedia which contained a few granules of about 200 mμ diameter. From these data it is concluded that in rats granule formation in the adenohypophysial primordial cells starts in the absence of hypothalamic neurosecretory substances. It is uncertain from this study whether these cells actually contain hypophysial hormones.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1973), S. 75-85 
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    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Denervation ; Development ; Fiber types, myofibrils ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural diversification of muscle fibers, with regard particularly to myofibrillar changes, has been investigated in the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and the slow-twitch soleus muscles of the rat during fetal and postnatal development in the presence and in the absence of motor innervation. The band pattern and the shape of the myofibrils were uniform in fetal and neonatal muscle fibers and underwent differential changes during the first weeks after birth, concomitantly with fiber type specialization. The most evident variations in myofibrillar structure arising in this period concern the thickness of the Z band and the arrangement of the myofibrils. Myofibril formation was at first not impaired by denervation of rat muscles performed in utero and, although focal disintegration of myofibrils and detachment and loss of orientation of filaments became apparent by one week, atrophic muscle fibers with well-organized myofibrils could be seen as late as 2 months after birth. However, denervated muscle fibers of EDL and soleus did not display any significant and consistent difference in myofibrillar band pattern and shape. No variation in mitochondrial content and sarcoplasmic reticulum development was likewise seen in muscle fibers of EDL and soleus after fetal denervation. The findings emphasize the importance of neuromuscular interactions in muscle differentiation.
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  • 60
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    Keywords: Corpus luteum (Rat) ; Cycloheximide ; Hypophysectomy ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats, one large intravenous dose of cycloheximide leads to extensive development of two types of membrane-formations in the cells of corpora lutea, within two hours. Both the laminated dense bodies (concentric layers of smooth membranes showing high electron density) and the tubular aggregates (tightly packed smooth tubules with diameter smaller than usual) exhibited obvious connections with endoplasmic reticulum membranes. The reorganization of tubular aggregates gave rise to “crystalloids” showing hexagonal symmetry. The crystalloids, being obviously unstable, were transformed into smooth fingerprints (concentric arrays of paired agranular membranes showing the same density as endoplasmic reticulum membranes). Hypophysectomy, performed 24 hours previously, moderated but did not totally abolish the development of membranous configurations. The described effect of cycloheximide is considered to represent cellular injury, probably due to membrane-denaturation.
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  • 61
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 395-408 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Cattle ; Influence of cationic surface active agent ; Acrosome reaction ; Centrifugation ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Ejaculated bull spermatozoa (SZ) were washed and incubated with a cationic surface active agent, Hyamine 2389, and centrifuged using 2-step discontinuous sucrose density gradient. The washed SZ, Hyamine-treated SZ and subcellular spermatozoal fractions obtained after centrifugation were prepared for electron microscopy. The washing did not cause any major structural changes in SZ. The Hyamine treatment of SZ disrupted the outer acrosome membranes. The anterior part of acrosome (the acrosomal cap) was detached retaining its integrity, or forming vesicles by fusing with the cell membrane as in “true” acrosome reaction. Because of this structural similarity in vesicle formation, Hyamine is assumed to be a suitable experimental initiator for acrosome reaction. The loosened acrosomal membranes were harvested almost totally by the centrifugation. The acrosomes were seen as loosened U-shaped unbroken acrosomal caps or as vesicles with fuzzy acrosomal material. The lightest particles were vesicles consisting of smooth membranes, formed evidently of sperm cell membrane. A negligible amount of fibrous sheaths were also among acrosomal membranes but no other sperm parts were encountered.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 467-473 
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    Keywords: Muscle ; Colchicine ; Myofibrils ; Acid phosphatase ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Colchicine was intraperitoneally administered chronically to adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The ultrastructural study of hind-limb muscles revealed that myofilament desorientation resulted. Bundles of myofilaments were found coursing perpendicular or oblique to the longitudinal axis of the muscle fiber. It is concluded that a colchicine-sensitive factor is involved in maintaining normal orientation of myofibrils in mature muscle. Also found in the sarcoplasm of the colchicine treated animals were complex spheromembranous bodies. These bodies enveloped mitochondria or other organelles and appeared to be derived from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The lysosomal nature of these bodies is indicated by the localization of acid phosphatase activity in them. Acid phosphatase activity was also displayed in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The spheromembranous bodies seem to be part of a sarcotubulo-lysosomal system in skeletal muscle.
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  • 63
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    Keywords: Glandular cells ; Isopoda ; Golgi apparatus development ; Electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans ce travail, les auteurs présentent les résultats de leurs recherches, au niveau de la microscopie électronique, concernant les processus sécrétoires dans les cellules glandulaires de la partie antérieure, réniforme, du canal déférent chez Porcellio scaber Latreille. Les observations sont dirigées spécialement sur l'appareil de Golgi qui est poursuivi dans toutes les phases d'élaboration de la sécrétion, dans laquelle il paraît avoir un rôle essentiel. Après avoir obtenu la conviction que, dans le processus délaboration de la sécrétion, les dictyosomes s'usent complètement et disparaissent, les auteurs recherchent l'origine de nouveaux dictyosomes qui participeront au cycle de sécrétion suivant.
    Notes: Summary In this paper the authors present an investigation at infrastructural level concerning the secretory process in the glandular cells of the anterior kidney-like portion of the deferent ducts in Porcellio scaber Latreille. The observations are directed especially to the Golgi apparatus in all phases of elaboration of secretion in which it seems to have an essential role. After ascertaining that in the process of elaboration of secretion the dictyosomes waste away and disappear, the authors investigated the origin of the new dictyosomes that become involved in the following secretory cycle.
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  • 64
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 539-547 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catalase ; Peroxisomes ; Fibroblasts ; Enzyme cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The connective tissue of the mucosa of the respiratory tract, of the gastric mucosa and of the mucosa of the tongue was investigated in mice. The tissue was fixed in glutaraldehyde and incubated in an alkaline DAB-medium to demonstrate the peroxidatic activity of catalase. In fibroblasts and fibrocytes, as well as in lymphoid cells, membrane bounded particles from 0.10 to 0.25 μm in diameter were found, whose matrices were intensely stained by the histochemical reaction. The reaction is inhibited by the addition of 2×10−2 M 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. In connective tissue cells of specimens, which were not reacted to demonstrate catalase activity, these organelles show a granular matrix of moderate electron density. They lack a crystalline core. The possibility that these catalase-positive particles (CPs) represent peroxisomes is discussed.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 139-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Giant fiber ; Earthworm ; Septum ; Electrical synapse ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die erneute elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung der dorsalen Riesenfasern der Lumbriciden Lumbricus terrestris (L.t.) und Eisenia foetida (E.f.) zeigt, daß es sich bei den segmentalen Septen um Strukturen bisher unbekannter Komplexität handelt. Bei beiden Tierarten beträgt der Septalspalt nur 65 Å (E.f.) bzw. 75 Å (L.t.) und ist deshalb als „gap junction“ anzusprechen. Daneben fallen folgende Differenzierungen am Septum auf: „septate junctions” (L.t. und E.f.), „intermediate junctions“ (L.t. und E.f.), beidseitig am Septum gelegene und nicht von einer Membran umschlossene Membranappositionen (E.f.), sowie einseitig am Septum gelegene „dense projections“ (L.t.). Bei L.t. kommen außerdem auf beiden Seiten des Septums Vesikel vor, die von einer Elementarmembran umschlossen sind und nach Größe (φ ca. 575 Å), Lage, Haufenbildung und elektronenoptischem Habitus den Vesikeln chemisch übertragender Synapsen gleichen. Die Befunde werden hinsichtlich ihrer möglichen Bedeutung bei der elektrischen Übertragung und als Indizien für das Vorliegen einer gemischten Synapse diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Electronmicroscopical examination of the dorsal giant fibers in the earthworms Lumbricus terrestris (L.t.) and Eisenia foetida (E.f.) reveals that their segmental septa are structures of so far unknown complexity. In both species the extracellular cleft between the two axon membranes of the septum amounts to only 65 Å (E.f.) and 75 Å (L.t.) respectively and is therefore regarded as “gap junction”. The following other structural differentiations of the septum were observed: “septate junctions” (E.f. and L.t.), “intermediate junetions” (E.f. and L.t.), densities apposed to both sides of the septum and not surrounded by a membrane (E.f.), and densities resembling “dense projections” on one side of the septum only (L.t.). In addition the septa of L.t. show vesicles on both sides which are bounded by a unit membrane and resemble the vesicles of chemically transmitting synapses in size (φ ca. 575 Å), location, accumulation, and electronoptical habitus. The significance of the findings in regard to electrotonic transmission and the possible existence of a mixed synapse is discussed.
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  • 66
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 177-182 
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    Keywords: Rat ; Epididymis ; Effect of vasectomy ; Spermatozoa ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epididymal biopsies from rats that had undergone unilateral or bilateral vasectomies from one to eight months previously were compared with biopsies from their contralateral side or from normal controls to ascertain what ultrastructural changes had occurred. After vasectomy, spermatozoa appeared to dissolve in the lumen of the caput epididymidis and to be absorbed by the principal cells. About 5 weeks after vasectomy, numerous lamellar accumulations became apparent in the supernuclear region. Their resemblance to lysosomes or residual bodies was confirmed by an acid phosphatase reaction. After 10 weeks, similar lamellar and polymorphic accumulations on the contralateral side of animals with unilateral vasectomies indicated that resorption had also increased on the unligated side.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nuclear pore ; Amphibian oocyte ; 8-fold symmetry ; Fibrous network ; Electron microscopy ; Negative staining
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pictures, in front view, are presented of the nuclear pores from the oocytes of the newt Taricha granulosa. Negative staining is used. It is directly visible, on a substantial proportion of the pores, that the number of subunits in the annulus is 8. This conclusion had been reached earlier by other writers, who had used the rotation technique to ascertain the radial symmetry. The rotation technique is known to be very unreliable, though on this occasion had produced the correct result. A fibrous mesh network, connecting the subunits of separate pores is described.
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  • 68
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 191-205 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Fine structure ; Avian ; Gallus domesticus ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the normal thymus of the young chicken (Gallus domesticus) is described. Four main cell types, lymphoid cells, epithelial cells, macrophages and myoid cells, can be distinguished. The lymphocytes are more numerous in the cortex than in the medulla, and are quantitatively the most important component of the thymus. The epithelial cells vary greatly in morphology. Reticular epithelial cells, which have long cytoplasmic processes connected by desmosomes, and which appear to afford a supporting network for the free cells of the thymus, are present in the cortex and medulla. Undifferentiated epithelial cells are present in the medulla and cortico-medullary regions and have few intracytoplasmic fibrils or desmosomes. Cystic epithelial cells, showing intercellular and intracellular cyst formation are frequent in the medulla. Also present in the medulla are squamous epithelial cells which contain many intracytoplasmic fibrils and have numerous desmosomes, and which are involved in the formation of Hassall's corpuscles. Macrophages are present in moderate numbers in the cortex and medulla, and immature and fully developed myoid cells are common in the medulla. Other cell types present include granule-containing cells with desmosomes, large pale cells with few cytoplasmic organelles, mast cells, plasma cells, red blood corpuscles and cells of the granular leukocyte series.
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  • 69
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 155-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermiogenesis ; Mouse ; Multinucleate spermatids ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This ultrastructural study confirms and extends the light microscope findings of Bryan (1971) concerning the presence and developmental fate of multinucleate spermatids. Four main classes of cells: uninucleate-individual, uninucleate-conjoined, multinucleate-conjoined, and multinucleate-individual, were identified along with a few instances of more complex syncytial organizations. When the respective nuclei in a given multinucleate are far enough apart, each develops autonomously but in synchrony with its neighbors. When nuclei are intimately associated, the “normal” pattern of spermiogenesis may be altered, giving rise to highly bizarre spermatozoa. Commonly, a single Golgi complex serves a pair of nuclei and gives rise to a “T-shaped” acrosome which binds the nuclei together. During the ensuing nuclear elongation phase, such units are invested by a single manchette. Pairs of axonemes within a common plasma membrane have also been encountered. These ultrastructural findings indicate that multinucleate spermatids are true components (not artifacts) of the seminiferous epithelium of normal animals. The presence of such cells and the unusual developmental consequences which can arise as a result of the multinucleate state must be taken into account when evaluating the course of spermatogenesis in cases of mutation- or chemically-induced infertility.
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  • 70
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    Keywords: Ovary (mouse) ; Granulosa cells ; Steroidogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
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    Notes: Summary A systematic study of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the granulosa cells of immature and mature mice was made. The histochemical results were compared with the ultrastructural findings on the same cells in an attempt to determine whether the granulosa cells are capable of a steroidogenic role. In newborn and immature mice the granulosa cells of a great amount of follicles demonstrated a moderate or strong histochemical activity. In mature mice the granulosa cells demonstrated a weak or moderate activity normally only in preovulatory follicles and in some other atretic follicles. The granulosa cells of the normal developing follicles did not show such activity. In addition the histological control of numerous parallel sections demonstrated particularly in immature ovaries the presence of a great amount of atretic follicles. In the cytoplasm of the granulosa cells of the follicles in immature ovaries only clusters of lipid droplets with ribosomes were noted; while in the preovulatory follicles of mature animals there started to appear mitochondria with tubular cristae, smooth membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and irregular lipid droplets. In the obviously atretic follicles several granulosa cells as well as theca interna cells showed numerous lipid droplets and ribosomes together with different degenerating organelles. The granulosa cells of the normal developing follicles showed a well developed Golgi complex, granular endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. The histochemical and ultrastructural findings suggest a steroidogenic role of the granulosa cells only in the larger preovulatory follicles (probably related to an early luteinization of this layer) but this role was not demonstrated in the same cells in normal developing follicles. In addition, since an histochemical positivity was demonstrated also in the granulosa cells of some obviously atretic follicles, it is possible that many of the follicles having granulosa cells filled with lipid droplets and attached ribosomes and histochemically positive might be, in the immature ovaries, in a very precocious stage of atresia. It is to precise for these cells whether a cytoplasm with these two strictly correlated components (lipid droplets and attached ribosomes) and showing an histochemical positivity could carry-on all the biochemical steps involved in steroid biosynthesis or only has only a temporary capability to produce some precursors of steroids.
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  • 71
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    Keywords: Reproductive tract ; Biomphalaria glabrata ; Desiccation ; Starvation metabolism ; Weighing experiments ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The effects of desiccation (36 weeks), starvation (12 weeks) and recovery (4 weeks following 16 weeks of desiccation and 2 weeks following 9 weeks of starvation) upon the accessory sex glands and some other body parts of Biomphalaria glabrata were studied by means of weighing experiments and histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The results of the weighing experiments show that the various parts of the reproductive tract are not protected from involution processes during the adverse conditions, as some parts (the albumen gland, spermduct and prostate gland) showed a more pronounced decrease in weight than other body parts. Measurements of the epithelial heights of the accessory sex glands and ultrastructural observations corroborate the results of the weighing experiments. During the adverse conditions the organelles involved in the formation of the secretion granules (granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi-apparatus) became involuted. The secretion granules within the cells of the albumen gland, spermduct and prostate gland were broken down by crinophagy. This latter process was less pronounced in the oviduct, muciparous gland, oöthecal gland, uterus and vagina. During the adverse conditions the lipoprotein producing cell types (mainly in the male part) remained active longer than the polysaccharide producing cell types (mainly in the female part). The significance of this observation is discussed. The amounts of glycogen present in most tissues of the reproductive tract and of the other investigated body parts (the foot, columellar muscle and vesicular connective tissue cells) were not apparently diminished, even when the secretory cells showed clear signs of involution, as a result of long periods of adverse conditions. Within the recovery periods 50% of the snails resumed egg production. During recovery the relative increases in weight of the accessory sex glands seemed to exceed that of other body parts, indicating that the restoration of the accessory sex glands is favoured. Histologically, reactivation of the accessory sex glands was apparent after 36–72 hours of recovery. At this time secretory material was again observed within the cisternae of the gland cell Golgi-bodies. Because reactivation is fairly rapid, a nervous or hormonal control of this process appears more likely than control via the general metabolism. The possible functions of various body organs in storing food reserve material is discussed, and it is concluded that the glycogen storing vesicular connective tissue cells (which occur throughout the whole body in the connective tissue) play a major role.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 277-289 
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    Keywords: Protonephridial system ; Turbanella cornuta Remane (Gastrotricha) ; Cyrtocytes ; Fine structure ; Electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Protonephridien des marinen Gastrotrichs Turbanella cornuta Remane werden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Terminalapparate der Macrodasyoidea sind Cyrtocyten. Ein Reusenröhrchen besteht aus acht Längsstäben mit netzartigen Zwischenwänden aus dünnen Fibrillen. Im Lumen des Röhrchens schwingt eine Geißel. Die Wand eines Terminalbechers bildet ein zusätzliches Reusensystem, das mit Poren und Schlitzen versehen ist. Die drei bis vier Cyrtocyten eines Protonephridiums münden in eine Sammelzelle ein. Von dieser geht ein Exkretionsröhrchen mit Treibwimperflamme aus, welches von einer Ausleitungszelle gebildet wird. Die Cyrtocyten der beiden Gastrotrichenordnungen (Chaetonotoidea u. Macrodasyoidea) grenzen sich strukturell gegenüber bisher bekannten Formen dieses Zelltyps ab.
    Notes: Summary The protonephridial system of the marine gastrotrich Turbanella cornuta Remane was studied with the electron microscope. The terminal cells of the Macrodasyoidea are Cyrtocytes. Each tube for filtration consists of eight longitudinal rods with a net of fine fibrils between them; it contains a single whip. The wall of a terminal cup with its pores and slits is an additional system for filtration. Three or four filtration tubes are ending in a collecting cell. From this cell an excretory channel with one whip formed by an outlet cell arises. The filtration tubes of Macrodasyoidea are similar to those of Chaetonotoidea and differ from other forms of this cell-type.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 333-350 
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    Keywords: Placenta ; Human ; Blood vessels ; Endothelium ; Vascular muscle, Myoendothelial junctions ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gefäße der Nabelschnur, Chorionplatte, Stammzotten und das Mikrozirkulationssystem des Zottenbaums der reifen menschlichen Plazenta wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Endothel- und Muskelzellen besitzen auch am Ende der Gravidität alle morphologischen Kennzeichen voller Funktionsfähigkeit. Auffällig sind die zahlreichen myo-endothelialen Verzahnungen und die zahlreichen Kontakte der Muskelzellen untereinander. Sphinkterartige Einrichtungen werden nur an den Verzweigungen der Präkapillaren beobachtet. Gefäßnerven fehlen überall. Möglicherweise kann die Durchströmung der fetalen Placentagefäße durch autonome Kontraktion der Gefäßwände reguliert werden. — Alle Gefäße der Placenta sind elasticafrei. In den Nabelarterien sind elastische Systeme schwach ausgebildet. Eine Elastica interna wird nur in der Nabelvene gefunden. — Das Mikrozirkulationssystem in den Rami und Ramuli chorii sowie den Terminalzotten wird von allen bekannten Endstromeinheiten aufgebaut. Die englumigen Kapillarabschnitte befinden sich vor allem in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft zum organellenreichen Syncytiophoblast, während die weitlumigen Abschnitte, die möglicherweise die venösen Kapillarstrecken sind, den Epithelplatten anliegen.
    Notes: Summary In the human placenta at term the blood vessels of the umbilical cord, chorionic plate and trunks and the microcirculation system of the placental lobes have been investigated. Also at the end of pregnancy the vascular endothelium and the smooth muscle cells exhibit all morphological criteria of full functional activity. The vessel wall is characterized by numerous myoendothelial junctions and many adjacent muscle cells being in close contact with one another. Sphincterlike structures can only be observed at the ramifications of the precapillaries. Vascular nerves are always absent. The blood circulation is perhaps regulated autonomously by means of the contractile vessel wall.—In all placental vessels a special tunica elastica never exists. In the umbilical arteries elastic systems are poorly developed. A genuine internal elastic layer only occurs in the corresponding vein.—In the region of the rami and ramuli chorii as well as in the single villi the microcirculation system consists of all types of terminal vessels. The capillaries with small diameter are preferentially situated close to the organellrich syncytiotrophoblast, whereas the distended segments, which may represent the venous capillaries, are in intimate contact with the epithelial plates.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 369-396 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Giant fibres ; Ventral nerve cord ; Lumbricus terrestris L. ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die proximalen Kollateralen der dorsalen Riesenfasern des Regenwurms wurden in Serienschnitten vom Soma bis zum Eintritt in die Riesenfaser verfolgt und im Hinblick auf ihre Feinstruktur und ihre synaptischen Kontakte Untersucht. Es finden sich sowohl chemische als auch elektrische Synapsen. Ihre Feinstruktur wird mit der bekannter Synapsen anderer Wirbellosen und Wirbeltiere verglichen. In beiden Riesenfasersystemen kommen efferente chemische Synapsen mit feinen postsynaptischen Verzweigungen vor, die anscheinend von Bauchmark-Motoneuronen stammen. Das Axon der medianen Riesenfaser weist darüber hinaus nur noch eine elektrische Synapse mit den Rieseninterneuronen auf. Demgegenüber erhalten die Kollateralen der lateralen Riesenfasern zahlreiche Afferenzen, die zum Teil als sensorische Fasern der Epidermis, multisegmentale Fasern der Hauptfaserzüge und Rieseninterneurone identifiziert werden konnten. Weitere Afferenzen stammen vermutlich von unisegmentalen Interneuronen her. Beide lateralen Riesenzellaxone bilden außerdem miteinander eine elektrische Chiasma-Synapse mit besonderen Membraneinfaltungen.
    Notes: Summary The proximal collaterals of the dorsal giant fibres of the earthworm were traced through serial sections from the cell bodies to the giant axons. Their structure and synaptic connections were examined. There are chemical as well as electrical synapses. Their fine structure is compared to that of other known invertebrate and vertebrate synapses. Both giant fibre systems have efferent chemical connections with thin postsynaptic arborizations which probably belong to ventral cord motoneurons. Moreover the median giant axon is connected by an electrical synapse with the giant interneurons. The lateral giant collaterals on the contrary receive many afferences through chemical synapses which were partly identified as sensory fibers from the epidermis, multisegmental axons from the main fibre bundles or giant interneurones. Other afferences probably come from unisegmental interneurones. In addition both lateral giant axons form an electrical chiasma synapse with special membrane folds.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 397-403 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Visual system ; Musca domestica ; Monopolar cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nur drei von den fünf Monopolarzelltypen L1, L2, L3, die in jeder Cartridge der Lamina vorhanden sind, sind synaptisch mit den sechs Rezeptorendigungen (R1–R6) verbunden. Entsprechend der Verteilung ihrer Dendriten sind zwei von den drei Neuronen (L1 und L2) zur gesamten Länge der Endigungen verbunden, während das dritte Neuron (L3) Verbindungen nur in dem äußeren Zweidrittel der Lamina hat. Obwohl diese drei Zellen als Neurone 2. Ordnung des Neurosuperpositionsauges wirken könnten, deutet ihre anatomische Organisation auf funktionelle Unterschiede hin.
    Notes: Summary Only three of the five types of monopolar cells which are present in each cartridge of the lamina have synaptic connections with receptor endings (R1–R6). Due to the distribution of their dendrites two of these (L1 and L2) contact the whole length of the six receptor endings of their cartridge whereas the third type (L3) contacts only their outer 2/3rds. Although these three cells may function as the second order neurons of the neurosuperposition eye, their anatomical relationship imply functional differences between them.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 431-450 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac muscle ; Frog ; Regeneration ; Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary From the 5th day up to the end of 3rd week following local crushing of the frog ventricle myocardium, ca. 13% of myocyte nuclei, in the vicinity of the damaged zone, were labelled after a single 3H-thymidine (3HTdr) injection, and 30–50% of these were labelled after repeated 3HTdr administration. The number of myocyte mitoses was maximal (ca. 1.3%) at the beginning of the 3rd week. The reactive proliferation of myocytes was accompanied by their “partial dedifferentiation”. This involved the nuclear euchromatic rearrangement, increase in size of nuclei and nucleoli, accumulation of the sarcoplasm rich in free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum, hyperplasia of the Golgi apparatus, and the appearance of 80–100 Å in diameter cytofilaments. Electron microscope autoradiography has shown that all these changes may be more or less pronounced in myocytes incorporating 3HTdr. The myofibril ultrastructure was found to be unchanged during S phase. However, in the mitotically dividing myocytes, the majority of Z-disks were disintegrated resulting in progressive release of myofilament bundles. Both 3HTdr labelled and mitotic myocytes were anchored to the adjacent ones by desmosomes and intercalated disks. No free myoblasts were observed.
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  • 77
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 133-154 
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    Keywords: Carotid body ; Adrenal medulla ; Rabbit ; Osmiophilic vesicles ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die organspezifischen Strukturen im Glomus caroticum und Nebennierenmark zeigen unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen ein unterschiedliches Bild. So läßt sich unter anderem durch Modifizierung der Fixationsmedien (Glutaraldehyd, Osmiumsäure in Kombination mit verschiedenen Puffern) eine optimale Differenzierung der zellulären Strukturelemente von Glomuszellen erreichen. An den osmiophilen Vesikeln fällt eine starke Variabilität ihres Erscheinungsbildes auf. Feinstrukturelle Unterschiede werden in Elektronendichte des Vesikelinhaltes, Größe und Ausbildung des Hofes sowie in Aufbau und Verlauf der Membran deutlich. Auf Grund dieser Kriterien lassen sich im wesentlichen 4 Haupttypen der Granula von seltener vorkommenden Sonderformen abgrenzen.
    Notes: Summary The organospecific structures of the carotid body and the adrenal medulla show a different appearance under various experimental conditions. Thus, it is possible to obtain an optimal differentiation of the cellular structure elements of the carotid body cells by modifying the fixatives (glutaraldehyde, osmic acid, in combination with various buffer systems). Especially the osmiophilic vesicles show a great variability in their appearance. Ultrastructural differences become evident in the electron-density of the vesicle content, in the size of the electron-lucent space (halo of the dense core), as well as in the structure and conduct of the membrane. Based on these criteria four main types of granules can be said to occur in the carotid body. These can be distinguished from more uncommon special types.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 223-237 
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    Keywords: Aorta, endothelium ; Rat ; Transport of serum lipoproteins ; Radioautography ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The transport of 125I-labeled serum lipoproteins through the aortic endothelium was studied by radioautography. Rat aorta and heart was perfused in vitro with a medium containing human very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), delipidated HDL apolipoprotein or rat HDL. In all lipoproteins more than 95% of the radioactivity was TCA precipitable and lipid radioactivity was from 2–4% in HDL, 4–6% in LDL, 7–15% in VLDL. After 18–60 min of perfusion and wash with unlabeled medium, most of the aortic radioactivity was TCA precipitable and the percent of lipid counts was similar to that in the original lipoprotein. Following perfusion with VLDL, LDL, or HDL the radioautographic reaction was seen over the endothelium, the subendothelial space and the inner media, and was separated by an unlabeled zone from the reaction present over the adventitia. Uniform labeling of the entire wall was found after perfusion with HDL apolipoprotein. The presence of silver grains over endothelial cells in regions rich in plasmalemmal vesicles suggested that these organelles participate in the transport of the labeled lipoprotein, as was shown for lactoperoxidase (Stein and Stein, 1972). The present data indicate that cholesterol may enter the aortic wall as a constituent of lipoprotein particles. Since an HDL particle carries less than 1/20 of the cholesterol present in a LDL particle, it seems that the lower susceptibility of the female to atheromatosis might be related to the higher ratio of HDL to LDL particles in the female serum.
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  • 79
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 283-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Middle ear ; Guinea pig ; Epithelial cells ; Intercellular junctions ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study of aldehyde and osmium fixed normal guinea pig middle ear epithelium was made. Numerous branching microvilli occur between the cilia of the ciliated cells. The granules of the secretory cells are always surrounded by a membrane, and they vary in their content of electron dense substance. Half desmosomes are frequent in basal cells. The squamous epithelial cells of the bulla contain few microvilli and pinocytoric invaginations. In the basal part of the squamous epithelium dilations of the intercellular clefts often occur. The luminal part of the intercellular clefts are closed by multiple tight junctions.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 327-332 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroidectomy cell ; Pituitary gland ; Electron microscopy ; TRH and granule extrusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Thyroidectomy cells of the rat pituitary gland were studied by the peroxidase-antibody labeling procedure and by electron microscopy. Secretory granules accumulated in these cells in response to a short-term treatment with thyroxine, and the cells were then reactive to the peroxidase-antibody labeling procedure. An intravenous injection of synthetic thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) to thyroxine-treated, thyroidectomized rats provoked an acute and active extrusion of secretory granules from the thyroidectomy cells. The secretory granules in these cells were mostly “haloed” after primary fixation in osmium tetroxide. It is concluded that TRH causes thyroidectomy cells to release their secretory granules, and presumably TSH, by the usual process of exocytosis or granule extrusion.
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  • 81
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 407-420 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Autonomic innervation ; Acetylcholine-esterase ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and acetylcholine-esterase (AChE) activity was histochemically investigated in certain salivary glands of the cow (submandibular gland), guinea pig and hamster (submandibular and sublingual glands). Adrenergic nerves occur around the secretory acini of the bovine, guinea pig and hamster submandibular glands, as well as around those of the hamster sublingual gland. The mucous secretory acini of the guinea pig sublingual gland, however, seem to be devoid of adrenergic nerve supply. Except in the sublingual gland of the hamster, no adrenergic nerves occur in relation to duct cells. The pattern of AChE activity is similar to that of adrenergic nerves. Thus, AChE-positive nerves form a network around secretory acini of all the five glands examined. Furthermore, AChE activity was also observed in nerve fibres in close proximity to striated duct cells. Both adrenergic and AChE-containing fibres were observed around blood vessels of different sizes. Ganglionic cells are occasionally to be seen; they all display AChE-activity. No adrenergic ganglionic cells were observed in any of the glands examined. All glands were also studied in the electron microscope. Interest was focussed on the fine structure of the autonomic nerves with special reference to their contents and type of storage vesicles. The content of noradrenaline was chemically determined in each type of salivary gland studied.
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  • 82
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 369-388 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus preopticus ; Nucleus lateralis tuberis ; Leuciscus rutilus ; Falck-Hillarp technique ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The hypothalamus of the teleost fish Leuciscus rutilus was investigated with the Falck-Hillarp technique. The nucleus preopticus (NPO) and the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) contain no fluorescent, i.e. catecholaminergic cells. Green fluorescent fibers probably originating from the paraventricular organ and/or the preoptic recess organ, are intermingled with the cells. The electron microscopical study was based on the three fixatives glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide, osmium tetroxide and potassium permanganate. In the NPO two cell types are recognized, characterized mainly by dense core vesicles (dcv) with measured diameter of 130 nm and 170 nm across respectively. The endoplasmic reticulum in the former cell type generally has large dark inclusions measuring from 175 to 375 nm across, which are also found in the neurite. In the NLT, four different cell types are identified, some of which are subject to considerable variations. The rostral and the medial parts of the nucleus include a large cell type (I) with dcv of diameter 170 nm. The medial part also has a small cell type (II) with dcv of 80 nm. The lateral part is characterized by two cell types (III, IV). Cell type III occurs in three forms with dcv of about 140 nm. The fourth cell type (IV) is rare and contains irregularly formed granules, the most circular ones measuring about 130 nm and the most elongated ones 110 nm×210 nm. The ventrolateral part contains the same cell types (except for type II) as those found in the lateral and medial parts. The morphological differentiation of the NLT as well as its different cell types strongly indicates its functional diversity. After permanganate fixation the secretory granules of the different cell types in the NPO and the NLT appear as “empty” vesicles. This method also reveals that the cell types of the two nuclei have dcv of about 90 nm. The possible monoaminergic content and the role of these dcv are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 583-586 
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    Keywords: Organon vomero-nasale (cat) ; Bright Cells ; Crystal-like differentiations ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In bright columnar cells of the vomero-nasal organ of the cat an hitherto unknown hexagonal crystal-like membrane differentiation, connected with the endoplasmic reticulum, was found.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 285-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory neurons ; Lipofuscin pigment ; Mitochondrion ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lipofuscin pigment formation and distribution in the Mes. N.5 neurons, trigeminal and spinal ganglia of male Wistar rats of 2, 14, 32 and 49 months as an indication of aging has been investigated. These intraneuronal pigment granules are found as early as 2 months in all the cells, and continue to accumulate in all the cells in varying amounts until the first year of life. The different rate at which lipofuscin accumulates probably shows the difference in the maturation of the functionally related cells. At later stages the obvious findings are complex pigment body formation and localization of the pigment bodies either at one pole as seen in the Mes. N. 5 neurons or arranged submembranously parallel to the long axis of the cells in the ganglia. The vacuolated lipofuscin pigment bodies are bound by a double limiting membrane and among the vacuoles are found tubular membranous structures resembling residual mitochondrial substructures. These findings suggest a mitochondrial origin of lipofuscin, rather than a lysosomal. The intracellular pigment bodies seen in the perineuronal satellite cells of peripheral ganglia appear to be signs of removal of lipofuscin from the ganglion cells.
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  • 85
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 149-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymphatic valves ; Pulmonary lymphatics ; Lymphatic endothelium ; Lymphatic system ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic investigation has revealed that the pulmonary lymphatic valves of adult rabbits are not simple duplicatures of the lymphatic vessel wall. They consist of an uninterrupted central connective tissue core, covered on both sides with a single layer of flattened endothelial cells. Near their insertion in the lymphatic vessel wall, the connective tissue core reveals a distinct thickening being composed mainly of collagen bundles. In the other parts it contains mainly elastic fibers and fine filaments, enclosing also some rather peculiar connective tissue cells. Nervous and muscular elements were not observed. The endothelium is continuous and exhibits no open junctions. The valvular basement membrane is better developed than in lymphatic capillaries. The endothelial cells contain numerous cytoplasmic filaments which might be endowed with contractile properties. The nuclei of the endothelial and the connective tissue cells are irregularly spaced and frequently clustered near the free edge of the valve. These ultrastructural features suggest that the function of the lymphatic valves is mainly passive. They are firmly inserted in the lymphatic vessel wall by collagen fibers and their moving parts are slender and elastic. Their endothelium appears relatively impermeable and is firmly attached to the subjacent connective tissue.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 273-290 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle fiber types ; Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.) ; Myosatellite cells ; Intranuclear rodlets ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Four types of striated muscle fibers with distinctive ultrastructure were defined in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.): “white”, “intermediate”, and “red” fibers of m. parietalis, and “red” fibers of m. craniovelaris. “White” fibers are thick, contain very few mitochondria and fat vacuoles, and possess distinct and separate myofibrils with thin Z-disks and distinct M-lines. “Intermediate” fibers are thinner, possess largely similar myofibrils that often are even better separated due to a higher content of fat vacuoles and especially mitochondria and glycogen granules. “Red” fibers of m. parietalis contain large amounts of mitochondria, fat vacuoles, and glycogen granules. Their myofibrils possess M-lines, and although branching more, the myofibrils of “red” fibers conform with a “Fibrillenstruktur” pattern like those of “white” and “intermediate” fibers. “Red” fibers of m. craniovelaris are very thin, possess many smaller fat vacuoles, and large amounts of mitochondria and glycogen granules. The myofibrils are significantly thinner than in m. parietalis fibers, run as quite independent well separated units, possess thicker Z-disks, and lack M-lines. Large amounts of myosatellite cells are associated with these “red” fibers. Triads are located near A/I-junctions in all four fiber types and occur irregularly, the density of triads being different in the various fiber types.
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  • 87
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    Keywords: Sites of ultrafiltration ; Gastropoda ; Podocytes ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary In the Gastropoda pressure-ultrafiltration of the blood is assumed to be the first step in urine formation. The most probable site of ultrafiltration is the wall of the heart. Since in other animal groups ultrafilters are characterized by a special cell type, the podocyte, the hearts of two pulmonates (Lymnaea stagnalis, Biomphalaria glabrata) and of four prosobranchs (Viviparus viviparus, Bithynia tentaculata, Ampullaria gigas, Littorina littorea) were ultrastructurally investigated, in order to establish whether or not podocytes occur in these structures. It appeared that only in the wall of the auricle of Viviparus podocytes are present. They form a layer underneath the epicardium, the epithelium covering the auricle. It is assumed that in Viviparus ultrafiltration proceeds in the auricle. The possible route of the pro-urine is discussed. The location of the ultrafilters in the other species studied remains still unknown.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 343-353 
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    Keywords: Surface coat (Paramecium aurelia) ; Ruthenium red staining ; Enzyme treatment ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The plasma membrane of Paramecium aurelia is covered with a ruthenium red stainable surface coat. Results obtained after digestion with pronase, trypsin and neuraminidase suggest the glycoprotein nature of this structure. Lipid extraction also affects the surface coat forming material. The results are consistent with the model proposed by Ginsburg and Kobata dealing with spatial configuration of the surface coat components.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 517-526 
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    Keywords: Middle ear ; Guinea pig ; Capillary permeability ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The middle ear capillaries of the guinea pig have fenestrated endothelium, and the intercellular clefts are closed by tight junctions. Intracardially injected horseradish peroxidase penetrates the fenestrae of the endothelium and gains access to the extra-cellular space beneath the epithelium, and the intercellular clefts of the epithelium.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 587-596 
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    Keywords: Fish muscle (Macropodus opercularis) ; Myofibril ; Longitudinal growth ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Längenwachstum der Myofibrillen erscheint an terminalen, an das Interstitium grenzenden Myofibrillenabschnitten möglich. Diese Myofibrillenabschnitte weisen unterschiedliche Längen auf. Am kleinsten terminalen Myofibrillenabschnitt ist die Ribosomenkonzentration am höchsten. Mit zunehmender Verlängerung des Abschnittes erkennt man Aktinfilamente, die zwischen den dicht gelagerten Ribosomen liegen. Erreicht der terminale Myofibrillenabschnitt etwa die Länge einer Sarkomere, hat die Ribosomenkonzentration abgenommen, die Filamentanzahl zugenommen. In diesem Stadium treten zwischen den Aktinfilamenten erste Myosinfilamente auf. Eine neue Z-Scheibe entsteht in engem Kontakt mit dem Sarkolemm. Letztere löst sich nach und nach über ihre ganze Länge von der stets schräg ansetzenden Zellmembran. Die Frage nach der Spannungsübertragung an undifferenzierten terminalen Myofibrillenabschnitten wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Longitudinal growth of myofibrils in the skeletal muscle of Macropodus opercularis appears to take place at their terminal parts. Since the Z-disks are arranged in lines and perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis, there are repeated terminal myofibril regions of different lengths following the last complete sarcomere. At the shortest terminal myofibril region, which is apparently the youngest one, ribosome concentration is very high. In the adjacent terminal regions of greater length, which probably represent older ones, actin filaments can be detected among the ribosomes. As soon as the terminal myofibril region approaches the full sarcomere length, the concentration of ribosomes is found to be reduced and the number of filaments increased. At this stage the first myosin filaments are clearly observed among actin filaments. Therefore, during longitudinal growth myosin filaments morphologically appear after the formation of actin filaments, whereas during myofibrillogenesis in the same muscle both types appear simultaneously in the differentiating sarcomere. After the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments into the A- and I-bands, a new Z-disk is formed in close contact with the sarcolemma and gradually detached over its entire length from the inclined cell membrane. The problem of tension transmission via the undifferentiated terminal myofibril regions is discussed in relation to these findings.
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 57-74 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collar cells ; Planula ; Larva, Balanophyllia regia (coral) ; Sense organs ; Evolution ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The planula larva of the solitary coral Balanophyllia regia has an ectoderm of flagellate, diplosomal collar cells. The collar of these cells is composed of a ring of microvilli linked with mucus strands. Four types of flagellate gland cells, three types of nematocyst and spirocysts are present in the planula ectoderm. The function of these ectoderm cells is discussed. The mesogloeal muscular and packing tissues of the planula are briefly described. The tentacle of the adult coral, examined for comparison, has an ectoderm of flattened flagellate cells with a shallow collar. Collar cells similar to those of the planula are occasionally found on the tentacle and their function is not known. Independent sensory cells built on a modified collar cell plan with collar of thickened microvilli are common in the tentacle. These are quite separate from the three kinds of tentacular nematocyte. Distended glandular areas occur in the tentacle ectoderm. The flagellate tentacle gastrodermis, muscle and mesogloeal region are briefly described. The evolutionary significance of collar cell ectoderm in a planula is discussed and the occurrence of collar cells throughout the animal kingdom, reviewed.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 75-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Calcitonin ; Bone resorption ; Acid phosphatase ; Autophagocytosis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Osteoclasts from the tibial metaphyses of young rats treated with porcine calcitonin were studied by electron microscopy. The animals were sacrificed 1 1/2, 4, 8 or 12 hours after injection of the hormone. In survey sections examined by light microscopy the osteoclasts appeared smaller than in control animals. At the ultrastructural level the osteoclasts showed the following alterations: 1) The typical ruffled border was absent. 2) Acid phosphatase was not present in the extracellular space between cell and bone. 3) The number of large vacuoles was decreased and there was no local accumulation of vacuoles in the cytoplasm. 4) The vacuoles did not contain bone crystals. 5) Vacuoles with cell organelles were increased in number. The majority of these vacuoles were identified as autolysosomes because they contained acid phosphatase and the enclosed cell organelles were partially digested. The above changes were present at all time intervals studied. The findings suggest that calcitonin decreases or inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts. A decreased function of the osteoclasts may contribute to the hypocalcemic effect of the hormone. The increased number of autolysosomes is evidence of an enhanced autophagocytosis. Possible origins of the autolysosomes in osteoclasts are discussed.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 89-101 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glycogen body ; Avian lumbar spinal cord ; Aminergic innervation ; Drug treatment ; Glycogen bioassay ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit der Methode von Falck-Hillarp lassen sich im Rückenmark der Vögel Bündel fluoreszierender Nervenfasern nachweisen, die in Höhe des Glykogenkörpers (Lumbalwulst) seitlich an dieses Organ grenzen, von wo aus zahlreiche Fasern in den Glykogenkörper eindringen. Vergleichend-anatomisch gehören die fluoreszierenden Areale des Rückenmarks zu den autonomen Zentren. Es wurde versucht, mit Pharmaka, die das autonome Nervensystem beeinflussen oder Krämpfe erzeugen, das Glykogen des Lumbalwulstes zu mobilisieren (Quantitative Glykogenbestimmung nach Krisman, 1962). Besondere Beachtung verdient die elektronenmikroskopische Feinstruktur der Zwickelräume zwischen den großen Glykogenkörperzellen, wo Ausläufer dieser Zellen und Nervenfasern eng beieinander liegen. Die Kapillaren des Glykogenkörpers werden fast vollständig von Ausläufern seiner Zellen umscheidet.
    Notes: Summary With the method of Falck-Hillarp bundles of fluorescent nerve fibers were observed in the vicinity of the avian lumbar glycogen body. They encompass the glycogen body laterally. Numerous fluorescent fibers penetrate from this border zone into the glycogen. The fluorescent regions of the avian lumbar spinal cord belong to the autonomic centers. Attempts were made to decrease the high glycogen content of the glycogen body by administering drugs which act on the autonomic system, and also by using convulsant drugs. Glycogen was estimated quantitatively by the Krisman method (1962). Electron micrographs show that the triangular spaces between the enlarged cells of the glycogen body are occupied by the processes of these cells and by nerve fibers. The capillaries of the glycogen body are nearly completely ensheathed by the processes of the glycogen-body cells.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 119-129 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Iris ; Cephalopod (Octopus vulgaris.) ; Chromatophore ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Octopus iris is composed of five different layers: A, the external epithelium; B, the chromatophore layer; C, the iridocyte layer; D, the layer of muscles and collagen strands; E, the pigment epithelium. The nerves innervating the sphincter and the chromatophore muscles are identified and their neuromuscular junction is described. The motor endings of chromatophore nerves have an additional ending in presynaptic position which probably functions as a modifier of neuromuscular transmission. The chromatophores are naked and exhibit a tubular channel system between plasmalemma and pigment container which looks similar to the T-system of muscle cells.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 151-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Kitten ; Nerve endings ; Influence of Reserpine, Niamid ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Kitten pineal glands were studied cytochemically under normal conditions, after reserpine injection, and after niamid administration. Adrenergic nerve elements were in perivascular spaces while cholinergic terminals were adjacent to pinealocytes, often times in synaptic contact. BA reactions are primarily in dotted vesicles of adrenergic terminals with some reaction in granular vesicles. Positive reaction occurs along neurotubules and membranous structures of adrenergig nerve fibers and terminals indicating membrane-bounded BA's. Niamid increased the number and density of dotted vesicles, and some granular vesicles are increased in density and size. Reserpine produced a loss reaction in dotted vesicles and a loss of vesicle matrix, producing elliptical vesicles. There is loss of reaction of the dotted vesicles, but occasionally, the positive granular reaction remains. Cholinergic terminals demonstrate no changes with either niamid or reserpine. These findings indicate BAs are stored in reserpine sensitive dotted vesicles and membraneous structures. The findings also show that the dotted vesicle matrix is reserpine sensitive and is necessary for storage of the BA's. Possibly biogenic amines cannot be stored or synthesized in terminals unless the matrix of the dotted vesicle is intact.
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  • 96
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    Keywords: Insect sensilla ; Eversible gland ; Neurosecretory innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The eversible sac of the antennal tip in Hypogastrura socialis (Collembola) has been reconstructed from serial ultrathin sections. The organ contains 3 specialized epidermal glandular cells and the dendrites of 2 sensory cells encapsulated by an enveloping cell. The following features of the system are particularly remarkable and have been analyzed in detail: (1) a neurosecretory innervation of the glandular cells, (2) the structure of the dendritic outer segments within the sac, and (3) the structure of the complex sensillum, from which these dendrites may be derived. The system may be thought of as providing an example of phylogenetic transformation of an exteroceptor into a mechanoreceptive proprioceptor. A functional model is proposed which involves control of the mechanism of evagination as well as of the secretory discharge.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 541-555 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastric epithelium ; Ascidia (Botryllus schlosseri) ; Vacuolated and zymogenic cells ; Structure and function ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vacuolated and zymogenic cells, which are two of five cell types identified by electron microscopy in gastric epithelium of B. schlosseri, are described in detail. The vacuolated cells are characterized by one, or a few, supranuclear vacuoles containing myelin figures. A peculiar Golgi apparatus is consistently found at the base of the vacuoles; it consists of cisternae frequently containing small vesicles and tubules of constant diameter and/or a strong electron-opaque material. A variety of vesicles and multivesicular bodies are visible in the apical cytoplasm below long ribbon-like microvilli. The se findings suggest that the vacuolated cells are involved in absorptive and perhaps secretory activity. The zymogenic cells are characterized by a highly developed RER, numerous apical secretory granules and a well developed supranuclear Golgi apparatus. At the apical end, autophagosomes are frequently encountered, some of which contain also zymogen granules. Both cell types contain numerous lipid droplets, which are interpreted as an energy reserve available for the cells and for the entire colony during the change of generation. Correlation between structure and function in both cell types is discussed by taking into account the peculiar life cycle of B. schlosseri, as well as previously reported data on similar cells in other ascidians.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 577-586 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral arteries ; Cerebral cortex ; Arachnoid ; Pia Mater ; Intercellular junctions ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracerebral vessels of the parietal lobe of the rhesus monkey have been examined by electron microscopy with special reference to the relationship between the leptomeninges and the cerebral cortex. A “perivascular reticular sheath”, in apparent communication with the subarachnoid space surrounds intracerebral arterioles. Myo-endothelial junctions occur in intracerebral arterioles, but no nerve fibres are found in association with such vessels. This indicates that the tone of these vessels may be regulated by chemical mechanisms, possibly mediated through the myo-endothelial junctions.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 69-81 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human enamel organ ; Ameloblasts ; Cell junctions ; Tooth development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nature and distribution of cell contacts have been examined in the human enamel organ in bell stage. The lateral cell surfaces of secretory ameloblasts are linked at their distal (apical) and proximal (basal) parts by junctional complexes consisting of tight junctions, large intermediate junctions (zonulae adherentes), occasional gap junctions and one or more series of desmosomes. Scattered desmosomes and large gap junctions link epithelial cells of the external enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum, stratum intermedium and internal enamel epithelium including secretory ameloblasts. Furthermore the above-mentioned layers are also linked together by desmosomes and gap junctions. With increasing maturation of the enamel organ an increase in size and number of gap junctions is observed. Some possible implications of the role of the different junctions are considered. The gap junctions probably participate in cell differentiation in the normal morphogenesis of the teeth as well as in metabolic and ionic coupling of the cells of the enamel organ. By means of tight junctions, adjacent secretory ameloblasts cooperate to form a physical barrier which might prevent the diffusion of some types of molecules or substances (e.g. secretory material distally and acid mucopolysaccharides proximally) through the interspaces between the cells. Adhering junctions might assist in regulation of the mechanical properties of the enamel organ as a whole.
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 139-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amoebocytes ; Globular cells ; Pulmonates ; Cell coat ; Endocytosis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cell coat of the amoebocytes and globular cells occurring in the connective tissue of Helix pomatia and Cepaea nemoralis was studied with colloidal iron, Thorotrast, ruthenium red and Alcian blue methods. The positive reactions of the entire cell surface of amoebocytes to these cationic dyes indicate the presence of an acid sialic-glycoprotein. The cell coat of the invaginations of globular cells proved to be distinct from the remainder cell surface since it has shown the strongest reaction of ruthenium red. The importance of the cell coat in the mechanism of endocytosis is discussed.
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