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  • Articles  (13,627)
  • Springer  (13,627)
  • 2020-2020
  • 1970-1974  (13,627)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1974  (7,363)
  • 1973  (6,264)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (13,327)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science  (300)
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  • Articles  (13,627)
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  • 1970-1974  (13,627)
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 34-40 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Änderung einer Reihe von Parametern, die die Mikrostruktur von Kohlenfasern charakterisieren, als Funktion der Streckgeschwindigkeit bei höheren Temperaturen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß im Wesentlichen drei Typen von Verformungsprozessen vorliegen: Eine irreversible Glättung von bandförmigen Kohlenstoffschichten bei kleinen Streckgeschwindigkeiten, eine Glättung verbunden mit Gleiten von Gruppen von Bändern bei mittleren Dehnungsgeschwindigkeiten und das Gleiten einzelner Bänder bei hohen Streckgeschwindigkeiten. Die Festigkeit der Fasern, wie sie durch die Bruchdehnung charakterisiert ist, bleibt am besten bei einem Deformationsprozeß erhalten, der keine Gleitung bedingt.
    Notes: Summary The changes in a number of parameters characterizing the microstructure of carbon fibers have been studied as a function of the strain rate at elevated temperatures. The results indicate that there are essentially three types of deformation processes, an irreversible unwrinkling of the ribbon-shaped carbon layers at low strain rates, unwrinkling accompanied by gliding of groups of ribbons at medium strain rates and gliding of individual ribbons at high strain rates. The intrinsic mechanical quality of the fibers as characterized by the elongation on fracture seems to be best preserved by a deformation process which does not involve gliding.
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  • 2
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 772-773 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Partially brominated 1,4-polybutadiene is degraded by an olefin metathesis with 2-butene. The degradation products are separated by gas chromatography and identified by means of mass spectrometry.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Teilweise bromiertes 1,4-Polybutadien wird durch eine Olefin-Metathese mit 2-Buten abgebaut. Die Abbauprodukte werden gaschromatographisch getrennt und massenspektrometrisch identifiziert.
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  • 3
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 782-783 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 4
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 788-793 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 356-358 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 6
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 363-366 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 7
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 932-940 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Investigations of dielectric loss in the temperature range 1–80 °K and with frequencies between 10 c/sec and 10 kc/sec for diverse polymers a presented. For all polymers the dielectric loss decreases in principle monotonely with the approximation of the absolute Zero-point. Thus we suppose the existence of a common dielectric background loss depending from the thermal fluctuations in the material. Moreover this background losses are higher for substances with polar groups. At the lowest temperatures in most cases there seems to appear a loss peak. For temperatures down to 1 °K often this can be only suggested from the constancy of losses. But it seems to be a quite normal fact, that for extremely deep temperatures something as a singular relaxation mechanism may exist. Further discrete mechanisms exist for the range between 15 and 40 °K. Activation energy evaluated formally from the experimental dates in the normal manner after separation of the peaks from the background becomes smaller and smaller with decreasing temperatures. In all investigated cases the dielectric losses are very sensible to prehistory of the samples. It seems, that expecially stress, by deformation and other treatments, gives rise for an increase of loss for the background as for discrete mechanisms.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Messungen des dielektrischen Verlustes tanδ im Temperaturbereich von 1 bis 80 °K und bei verschiedenen Frequenzen zwischen 10 Hz und 10 kHz an einer Reihe von Polymeren mitgeteilt. Der dielektrische Verlust sinkt im allgemeinen mit Annäherung an den absoluten Nullpunkt monoton ab. Es scheint dies anzudeuten, daß immer ein dielektrischer Untergrund, beruhend auf allgemeinen thermischen Fluktuationen, existiert, der im übrigen für Polymere mit polaren Gruppen höher liegt als für unpolar gebaute. Zu tiefsten Temperaturen hin überlagert sich diesem allgemeinen Trend oft noch ein Maximum, wenngleich bei Temperaturen bis 1 °K herab zuweilen nur erst in einer Konstanz der Verlustwinkel-Werte angedeutet. Es sieht also so aus, als ob auch noch bei tiefsten Temperaturen singuläre Relaxationsmechanismen eine Rolle spielen können. In einer Reihe von Fällen findet man weitere Relaxationsprozesse zwischen 15 und 40 °K. Soweit sich Aktivierungsgrößen aus der Auftragung der Maximallage in der Temperatur mit der Frequenz nach Abtrennung des allgemeinen Untergrundes abschätzen lassen, werden diese mit sinkender Temperaturlage immer kleiner. Die dielektrischen Verluste sind in allen Fällenextrem abhängig von der Vorgeschichte der Proben und zwar insofern, daß offensichtlich Verspannungen im Material infolge von Deformationsprozessen und anderen Behandlungen zu einer erheblichen Erhöhung der Verluste führen, sowohl des Untergrundes als der singulären Mechanismen.
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  • 8
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 424-431 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Critical micelle concentrationsc M have been determined in aqueous mixed solutions of two surface active agents from surface-tension-concentration curves. Mixed systems of two homologous nonionic or anionic agents as well as of one nonionic and one ionic agent were involved. The results have been compared with an earlier derived equation forc M as a function of the mixing ratio. The validity of this equation presupposes that the mixed micelles behave thermodynamically like ideal mixtures. It was found that thec M values measured in mixed systems of two homologous surface active agents agree with the equation within the limits of experimental error. However, with mixtures of one nonionic and one ionic agent thec M values of the mixed solutions are considerably smaller than those calculated by the equation. If both components have nearly equalc M values a strong diminution ofc M below this value is observed. The results are discussed in terms of the mixing behaviour of the hydrophobic and the hydrophilic groups of the components. The surface activity of the mixed system shows a trend very similar to that of the tendency of micelle formation. This result is discussed on the basis of considerations on the adsorption from mixed solutions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kritische Mizellbildungskonzentrationenc M wurden in wäßrigen Mischlösungen je zweier Tenside aus Oberflächenspannungs-Konzentrationskurven ermittelt. Dabei handelte es sich um Mischungsreihen aus je zwei homologen nichtionogenen oder anionischen Tensiden sowie zwischen je einem nichtionogenen und einem ionogenen Tensid. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit einer früher abgeleiteten Gleichung fürc M in Abhängigkeit vom Mischungsverhältnis verglichen. Die Gültigkeit dieser Gleichung setzt voraus, daß die Mischmizellen sich thermodynamisch wie ideale Mischungen verhalten. Es wurde gefunden, daß in Mischungsreihen zweier homologer Tenside die gemessenenc M -Werte innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen mit der Gleichung übereinstimmen. Bei Mischungen aus je einem nichtionogenen und einem ionogenen Tensid liegen diec M -Werte der Mischlösungen jedoch erheblich niedriger als es von der Gleichung gefordert wird. Wenn die beiden Endglieder annähernd gleichec M -Werte haben, wird in den Mischlösungen eine beträchtliche Herabsetzung vonc M unter diesen Wert beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf das Mischungsverhalten der hydrophoben und der hydrophilen Gruppen der Mischunspartner diskutiert. Die Oberflächenaktivität in den Mischungsreihen zeigt im wesentlichen den gleichen Gang wie die Mizellbildungstendenz. Dieses Ergebnis wird anhand von Überlegungen über die Adsorption aus Mischlösungen diskutiert.
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  • 9
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 149-153 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A dielectric spark discharge is made in a plate condensor, of which the dielectric is a solution of macromolecules. A compression ring grows around the expanding gas channel, it consists of a solution of macromolecules and very high pressure and compression. The compression rings of solution of Polystyrene, Polyvinylacetate and Polyglycol are photographed by x-ray flashes and analysed, The compression grows over 1,5; the dynamic pressure is about 50000 atm. This high-compressed condition exists for about 200μs, so it becomes possible to examine other physical properties.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Plattenkondensator, dessen Dielektrikum aus einer Lösung von Makromolekülen besteht, wird ein dielektrischer Durchschlag erzeugt. Um das entstehende Gasplasma herum bildet sich ein unter sehr hohen Drucken und Verdichtungen stehender Kompressionsring der makromolekularen Lösung aus. Es werden Kompressionsringe der Lösungen von Polystyrol, Polyvinylacetat und Polyglykol erzeugt, mit Röntgenblitzen photographiert und ausgewertet. Die Verdichtungen steigen über den Wert 1,5 an, die dynamischen Drucke liegen um 50000 atm. Dieser hochkomprimierte Zustand hält etwa 200μs an, so daß Untersuchungen anderer physikalischer Eigenschaften möglich werden.
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  • 10
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 11
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 12
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 193-214 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine experimentelle Apparatur sowie ein Verfahren wurden entwickelt zur Untersuchung der Kristallisation von Polyäthylen aus Lösungen, welche oszillatorischen Dehnströmungen mit konstanten Dehngeschwindigkeiten unterworfen waren. Untersuchungen der resultierenden Fasermorphologie, die aus Versuchen mit unterschiedlichen Temperaturen und Dehngeschwindigkeiten resultierten, ergeben ein perlen- und kettenförmiges Erscheinungsbild der Faser. Prüfung des Schmelzverhaltens, der Säure-Ätzbarkeit und der selektiven Löslichkeit der Faser erlauben den Schluß, daß das Faserwachstum in einer Art und Weise vonstatten geht, die sofort zur perlen- und kettenförmigen Morphologie führt, und daß diese Morphologie nicht durch sekundäres, epitaxiales Kristallwachstum entsteht, wie man bisher annahm. Auf der Grundlage der experimentellen Ergebnisse wurde ein Modell für den Wachstumsprozeß vorgeschlagen. Fernerhin wird der Beweis erbracht, daß in gewissen Temperatur- und Deformationsgeschwindigkeits-Bereichen eine trikline Phasentransformation während des Fließprozesses vonstatten geht. Zwei unterschiedliche Schmelzeinheiten werden erzeugt, welche von der Dehngeschwindigkeit abhängig sind, ein Ergebnis, das in Einvernehmen mit früher veröffentlichten Untersuchungen über den Einfluß von Dehnbeanspruchungen auf das Verhalten von festen Polymeren ist.
    Notes: Summary An experimental apparatus and technique were developed for studying the crystallization of polyethylene from solutions undergoing an oscillatory, constant stretch rate, extensional flow. Investigation of the resulting fiber morphology, obtained at various temperatures and stretch rates, shows that the fibers exhibit a bead and stringlike appearance. Study of the melting, acid etching, and selective dissolution behavior of the fibers leads to the conclusion that fiber growth occurs in a fashion which directly results in the bead and string morphology and that the morphology is not a result of secondary, epitaxial crystal growth as previously believed. A model for the growth process, as suggested by the data, is presented. Evidence is also presented to suggest that at certain temperatures and stretch rates, a triclinic phase transformation occurs during the flow process. The effect is to produce two separate melting entities which appear to be stretch rate sensitive, in line with previously published studies on the effects of stretching on the behavior of bulk polymer.
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  • 13
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 236-240 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Respecting water association it is possible to characterize a surface solution by measurement of surface tension. It could be shown that a carboxylic acid crystal on the water surface is in equilibrium; sometimes with a condensed film, seldom with a liquid expanded film but in most cases with a collapsed film. The values of enthalpy are discussed, applying the rule ofHess to the surface films of myristic acid.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Voraussetzungen genannt, die erfüllt sein müssen, um aus Oberflächenspannungsmessungen die Grenzflächenlösung zu kennzeichnen. Der Kristall auf der Wasseroberfläche gestattet es, manchmal einen flüssig kondensierten Film, selten einen flüssig expandierten Film und häufig einen kollabierten Film auszubilden. Die Enthalpiewerte der verschiedenen Oberflächenlösungen werden unter Zuhilfenahme desHessschen Satzes diskutiert.
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  • 14
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 262-267 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 15
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 329-336 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A theory of steric stabilization is developed that is essentially an extension ofFischer's solvency theory. It treats both interpenetration and compression using a latice approach. This permits the introduction of segment density distribution functions. One virtue of the new theory is that it is in good qualitative agreement with the results of experiment. Some limitations of the theory are also noted.
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 353-355 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 17
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 348-352 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um allgemeine Information über die kolloide Stabilität eines Mischsystems zu erhalten, untersuchten wir das System Silber-Thallium-Jodid. Die Molfraktionen der Metallef Ag undf Tl wurden kontinuierlich um 5% geändert, so daß insgesamt 21 Silber-Thallium-JodidProben untersucht wurden. Zur Bestimmung der kolloidalen Stabilität der untersuchten Systeme wurde als eine einfache und genügend genaue Methode dieTyndallometrie angewendet. Die Ag-Tl-J-Niederschläge wurden röntgenographisch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß bei hohen Silberoder Thalliumgehalten die Stabilität durch die Hauptsubstanz bestimmt wird, während im Mittelbereich zwei Maxima in der Stabilität auftreten.
    Notes: Summary In order to obtain general information on the colloid stability of a mixed system, silver-thallous iodide systems were preliminarily examined. In all the systems observed, the molar fractions of each metal, fAg and fTl were continuously changed by 5% so that the silver-thallous iodide systems consisted of 21 different samples. Tyndallometry was used as a simple and sufficiently accurate method for determination of colloid stability of investigated systems. For the control of the substance change in the suspensions X-ray diffraction analysis was employed. The results obtained show that at the higher percentage of silver or thallium in the systems, resulting stabilities are dependent on the stability of the main component, while in the case of equal amounts of metals two stability maxima were attained. Maxima were pointed out in discussion as the prominent points of the system.
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  • 18
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 415-423 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden thermodynamische Kriterien entwickelt, die es gestatten vorauszusagen, ob Festkörperpartikel, die in einer flüssigen Phase enthalten sind, in eine feste Phase eingelagert werden können. Eine Methode zur Bestimmung der verschiedenen freien Grenzflächenenergien aus Randwinkeldaten wird kurz diskutiert. Die thermodynamischen Überlegungen werden auf zwei verschiedene experimentelle Untersuchungen angewandt: Die Einlagerung bzw. das Hinwegschieben von Polymerpartikeln von der Erstarrungsfront von geschmolzenem Naphthalin bzw. Biphenyl, undin vitro Phagozytose, d. h. das Einverleiben von Bakterien in weißen Blutkörperchen (Neutrophil) des Menschen. Die Übereinstimmung zwischen den thermodynamischen Voraussagen und dem Verhalten der Polymerpartikel sowohl als auch der Bakterien ist ausgezeichnet.
    Notes: Summary The thermodynamics of the engulfment of particles embedded in a liquid phase by a solid is discussed. A technique based on the interpretation of contact angles is described by which the various specific interfacial free energies contained in the expressions for the overall free energy changes for engulfment can be obtained. The analysis is applied to two types of experiments: The engulfing of polymer particles embedded in the melt of biphenyl and naphthalene, respectively, by the solidification front, and to in vitro phagocytosis, i.e. engulfment of bacteria by human neutrophils. The agreement between the thermodynamic predictions and the actual behaviour of the particles as well as the bacteria is excellent.
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 434-434 
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 434-436 
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 441-443 
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 447-448 
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 456-473 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Erklärung des relativ hohen kristallinen Anteils in ataktischem Polyvinylchlorid sind die Kettenkonformationen von PVC untersucht worden. Es zeigt sich, daß isotaktisches PVC nebst der Helixkonformation eine lineare Konformation besitzt, die der syndiotaktischen Zickzackkette in einigen wesentlichen Aufsichten ähnlich ist. Diese gerade isotaktische Konformation hat eine etwas höhere Energie im Vergleich zu der isotaktischen Helix, aber sie kommt trotzdem mit großem Anteil vor. Es wird gezeigt, daß ataktische Kettensegmente in das orthorhombische Kristallgitter des syndiotaktischen PVC eingepaßt werden können. Die Längenverteilung dieser ataktischen Kettensegmente wird berechnet. Daraus ergibt sich ein kristalliner Anteil von etwa 10%. Dieser Wert der Kristallinität stimmt gut überein mit dem experimentellen Wert.
    Notes: Summary Chain conformations of poly(vinyl chloride) have been investigated in order to explain the relatively high crystalline content of atactic PVC. A study of chain configurations and conformations leads to the conclusion that three different regular straight chain structures exist: the syndiotactic zig-zag chain, the isotactic helix and an isotactic straight chain. This isotactic straight chain conformation has a slightly higher energy than the isotactic helix but it nevertheless occurs in bulk PVC in appreciable amounts. It is shown that atactic chain segments can exist which fit into the orthorhombic crystal lattice of syndiotactic PVC. The calculated length of these atactic chain segments predicts an amount of crystallinity of about 10% which is in satisfactory agreement with the experimentally observed value.
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 496-497 
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 498-499 
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 508-508 
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 522-543 
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 587-593 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this paper long chain branching reactions occurring in the photosensitized bulk polymerization of vinyl acetate have been examined. The number of C-C branching points is increased by decreasing the degree of polymerization. These branching points-which cannot be hydrolized-were formed in reactions between growing polymer radicals and polymer molecules showing a terminal double bond resulting from a termination reaction by disproportionation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der Untersuchung der Langketten-Verzweigungsreaktionen wurde für die photosensibilisierte Substanzpolymerisation von Vinylacetat festgestellt, daß mit abnehmendem Polymerisationsgrad zunehmend C-C-Hauptketten-Verzweigungen gebildet werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß diese nicht durch Verseilung abbaubaren Verzweigungen in einer Reaktionsfolge entstehen, die mit Disproportionierungsabbruch beginnt und sich in einer Wachstumsreaktion zwischen zwei Polymerpartikeln fortsetzt. Auf die allgemeine Bedeutung dieser Hauptketten-Verzweigung wird hingewiesen.
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 603-604 
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 609-610 
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 637-638 
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 643-652 
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    Notes: Summary We have investigated by near Infra-red Spectroscopy the structure of water in a system soap-water which presents micellar solutions and mesomorphic gels. The organization of soap molecules in space have a great influence on the structure of water. A model explaining the variation of this structure in dependence on concentration is proposed.
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 605-606 
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 613-621 
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 638-640 
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 653-664 
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    Notes: Summary In a previous paper it was reported, that four definitely adsorbed water molecules at the COOH-group change alcylcarbonic acids, which are spread on water, to a new substance with physical properties different from the properties of the acids and also different from the properties of the underlying water. In this paper it is shown, that there are some other states of aggregation in respect to the adsorbed water. These states could not be found hitherto, because the energies to form them, respectively to destroy them, are so small, that they could not be detected by film pressure measurements but by film potential measurements. The film potential/area isotherms show slopes and kinks. It could be found, that the A-values of the kinks correspond to arrangements of different numbers of water molecules adsorbed at the COOH-group. The values of the film potential were used for calculations of the dipole moment in the surface. It was found that one, two, four, nine and sixteen water molecules are able to build their own coordination states. Thereby it could be shown, that the dipole moment depends on the number of water molecules adsorbed at the COOH-group and that the values of the dipole moments are smaller than the values of the free movable molecules hitherto published.
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    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 689-694 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Anomalies in the temperature dependence of the retractive force in the range of −50 to 90 °C are described and discussed at gels of atactic crosslinked polymethylmethacrylate and aromatic solvents. Compared to the normal behaviour of similar polystyrene gels one finds at temperatures lower than about 30 °C elevated values of the modulus. This is explained by long living intermolecular associations, which might be similar to the stereo complexes between pure isotactic and syndiotactic polymethylmethacrylates. They might be formed in the so called atactic material between tactic sequences. At low temper-aturesonefindsafteraloadingastronglyretardedapproach to mechanical equilibrium, which is due to unspecific interactions between the polymer chains, as they occur at all polymers at sufficient low temperatures.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anomalien in der Temperaturabhängigkeit der elastischen rücktreibenden Kraft im Bereich von −50 bis 90 °C bei Gelen aus ataktischem vernetztem Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) und aromatischen Lösungsmitteln werden beschrieben und diskutiert. Im Gegensatz zu dem normalen Verhalten von entsprechenden Polystyrolgelen findet man bei PMMA-Gelen bei Temperaturen unter etwa 30 °C erhöhte Modulwerte. Dies wird durch relativ stabile intermolekulare Assoziate zwischen Polymermolekülen erklärt, die vermutlich von ähnlicher Art sind wie die Stereokomplexe zwischen rein isotaktischen und syndiotaktischen PMMA-Molekülen. Sie können im sog. ataktischen Material zwischen taktischen Sequenzen ebenfalls ausgebildet werden. Unter 0 °C beobachtet man bei den PMMA-Gelen nach einer Belastung eine stark verzögerte Einstellung der mechanischen Gleichgewichtswerte, die aufgrund der unspezifischen Wechselwirkung zwischen den Ketten bei hinreichend tiefen Temperaturen bei allen Polymeren auftritt.
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beim Feinstmahlen von Kristallzucker in einer Kugelschwingmühle kommt es nach wenigen Stunden zu einem Maximum der Oberflächenentfaltung. Die spezifische Oberfläche nimmt bei längerem Mahlen auf einen konstanten Wert ab, der weniger als die Hälfte des Maximalwertes beträgt. Die gesamte Energiezunahme des Mahlgutes — über die Lösungswärme bestimmt — nähert sich dagegen einem Grenzwert, der erst bei Mahldauern von mehreren Tagen erreicht wird und einer Energieaufnahme in der Höhe der Schmelzenthalpie entspricht. Wie auch Röntgendiffraktogramme bestätigen, wird Kristallzukker bei der Schwingmahlung in einen glasartigen Zustand übergeführt. Eine allgemeine Deutung der Befunde im Hinblick auf den Einfluß der Bindungsverhältnisse im Kristall und der damit zusammenhängenden physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften wird gegeben.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 15-19 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kompressibilität und der Ausdehnungskoeffizient des Polyäthylens wurden bei Drucken bis zu 5000 kg/cm2 und bei Temperaturen bis zu 250 °C mit der Dilatometermethode gemessen. In der Bruchfläche des untersuchten Polyäthylens beobachtet man gestreckte Ketten. Der Wert für die Kompressibilität der Probe stimmt mit der theoretischen Kompressibilität vom vollständig kristallinen Polyäthylen annähernd überein. Die Enthalpie bzw. Entropie der Schmelze kann mit derClausius-Clapeyronschen Gleichung befriedigend berechnet werden. Die Schmelzentropie des Polyäthylens wurde bis zu Drucken von 5000 kg/cm2 berechnet, und es stellte sich heraus, daß die Schmelzentropie mitzunehmendem Druck abnimmt. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß sich die Struktur der Schmelze unter Druck verändert.
    Notes: Summary The compressibility and expansion coefficient of polyethylene were measured under the pressure up to 5000 kg/cm2 and the temperature up to 250°C by dilatometry. The used polyethylene was an extended-chain type crystallized under high pressure. The value of compressibility coefficient of this sample coincided well with the theoretical value of pure crystalline polyethylene. The experimental volume was applied to theClausius-Clapeyrons equation and enthalpy of fusion of polyethylene up to the pressure of 5000 kg/cm2, and consequently entropy of fusion were evaluated. It was found out that the entropy decreased with pressure. The results seem to suggest that some structure change occurred under high pressure in the amorphous state of polyethylene.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 46-49 
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    Notes: Summary Applying the method of continuous variation of concentration of precipitating components the precipitation bodies (PB) (as a plot of logarithm of concentration of the cationic components against anionic one) are used for description and discussion of experimental results of Hg2Cl2, Hg2Br2 and Hg2J2 systems. The precipitation inside of PB is characterized by a region of crystal aggregates and a colloidal region.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 66-67 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 75-75 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 95-96 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 784-785 
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    Notes: Summary A new statistical theory leads to a simple relation [eq. 3] between the crystallinity and the branching ratio e for polyethylene (PE) cold drawn to the natural draw ratio. Three assumptions are made: 1) The branches all are incorporated in the amorphous phase, 2) they are distributed randomly along the chain and 3) the sample tends to obtain the highest possible crystallinity during the stretching process. Ifm is the mean number of monomers in chain direction within one paracrystal, then this optimum can never be attained, ifmε during the whole process of necking is larger than 1. Now the theory gives no answer and the experiments give a crystallinity of ∼ 0.55 for all observed cases. Formε 〈 1, where the optimal crystallinity is established the volume occupied by the direct backfolds is about two third of the volume of the amorphous phase. Comparison with the crystallinity obtained from other methods proves that the superstructure consists of paracrystalline lamellae and not of clusters of lamellae imbedded into a amorphous matrix.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 836-847 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The present paper deals with experimental results of time dependent currents, steady conductivity and discharge currents studied in a high density polyethylene over a field range up to 2.8 · 105 V/cm. Some of these properties have been investigated as a function of time and temperature at samples with thicknesses of 36, 60 and 115 μm. By considering a modifiedPoole-Frenkel-model it is possible to describe quantitatively the field and temperature dependence of the steady conductivity. This model includes the thermal activation of electrons of ionizable sites in case of overlapping coulomb-potential fields of three neighbouring Poole-Frenkelsites. The good agreement between calculated and experimental results indicates that charge transfer occurs by a hopping mechanism in which the electrons jump over intermolecular barriers after having been thermally activated out of deep lying Poole-Frenkelsites.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An einem Niederdruck-Polyäthylen (HDPE) wurden die Aufladeströme, die stationäre Gleichstromleitfähigkeit sowie die Entladeströme im Feldstärkenbereich bis zu 2,8 × 105 V/cm gemessen. Einige elektrische Meßgrößen wurden in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit und der Temperatur an 36, 60 und 115 μm dicken Proben untersucht. Durch ein modifiziertesPoole-Frenkel-Modell, das auf der thermischen Befreiung von Elektronen aus ionisierbaren Zentren beruht, kann die Feld- und Temperaturabhängigkeit der stationären elektrischen Leitfähigkeit quantitativ beschrieben werden. In diesem Modell wird die Überlappung benachbarter Coulombpotentiale berücksichtigt, wobei der Potentialverlauf zwischen drei benachbarten Poole-Frenkel-Zentren betrachtet wird. Die gute Übereinstimmung der berechneten und experimentellen Ergebnisse stützt die Annahme, daß der Ladungstransport nach Befreiung von Elektronen aus energetisch tiefliegenden Zentren durch Sprünge über intermolekulare Schwellen in Form eines thermisch aktivierten Prozesses erfolgt.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 880-885 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In PMMA there is a transition from slow subcritical to fast critical crack growth accompanied by a change in the fracture surface and a sharp increase in the crack velocity. The crack velocities were measured by two different methods; the limiting velocities in the slow crack propagation region were in the range 6–21 cm/s; at the transition the velocity increases by about three orders of magnitude. Such crack propagation behaviour has been attributed byWilliams to an isothermal/adiabatic transition. With the help of recent calculations byWeichert andSchönert of the isothermal field around a moving heat source, it is shown that these limiting velocities of slow crack propagation can be estimated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In PMMA ist der Übergang von der langsamen, unterkritischen Bruchausbreitung zur schnellen, überkritischen Bruchausbreitung mit einer Änderung in der Bruchflächenstruktur und einem Geschwindigkeitssprung verbunden. Die Bruchgeschwindigkeiten wurden mit zwei verschiedenen Methoden gemessen; die registrierten Endgeschwindigkeiten des langsamen Bruchausbreitungsbereiches liegen zwischen 6 und 21 cm/s, der Geschwindigkeitssprung beträgt etwa 3 Zehnerpotenzen. Dieses Bruchverhalten wird nachWilliams auf einen isotherm/adiabatischen Effekt zurückgeführt. Mit Hilfe einer vonWeichert,Schönert angegebenen Berechnung des Isothermenfeldes einer bewegten Wärmequelle kann dieser Effekt konkreter gefaßt und die Endgeschwindigkeit im langsamen Bruchausbreitungsbereich eingegrenzt werden.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In connection with the results of wide angle and small angle X-ray scattering experiments it is possible to get detailed information about molecular motion in the various modifications of n-Tritriacontane (n-C33II68) using wide line NMR measurements on uniaxially oriented samples and IR measurements on single crystals and isotropic specimens. In all modifications motion of the whole molecules about their long axis. occur in addition to the rotation of the CH3-endgroups around the C-C-bonds. The differences, which can be observed from modification to modification, concern the type of rotational motion, additional translations of molecules in chain direction and intrachain defects, which diffuse along the chains and destroy the extended chain conformation. At the end of modification A oscillations of all the molecules with amplitudes of about 25° or rotational 90°-jumps performed by only one third of the molecules are possible types of motion. The preference of the second mechanism is suggested by observations on polar derivatives of n-alkanes, where a similar decrease of the second moment of the NMR spectra is measured. For these compounds dielectric measurements indicate that jump-like relaxation processes are active. The modification B is characterized by the occurrence of cooperative rotational jumps of all the molecules with amplitudes of about 180°. This preserves the orientational short range order. In modification C flip-flop screw jumps (rotational 180-jumps coupled with a simultaneous translation over one CH2-unit in chain direction) are superimposed. *) Die vollständige Fassung dieser Arbeit erscheint in J. Chem. Phys. (1974). In the case of n-C33H68 coupled 180-jumps and flip-flop motion set in consecutively. This separation probably does not hold generally. One might suppose that for samples, which exhibit no phase transition analogous to A-B and B-C both modes set in simultaneously. Especially with regard to PE, for which a similar temperature dependence of the second moment is observed as for n-C33H68 up to the end of modification C, our results suggest that both mechanisms contribute to its α-process. Passing to modification D intramolecular defects appear which diffuse along the chains. At the same time the rotational component of motion changes to a more continuous form. The lateral packing of chains being different from the hexagonal form indicates that certain orientations of the zig-zag planes of the chains are favoured and that the rotational component of motion is not as uniform as it is assumed by the rotator model.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Ergebnisse der Röntgenweitwinkel-und Röntgenkleinwinkeluntersuchungen ist es möglich, aus Breitlinienkernresonanzmessungen an uniaxial orientierten Proben und Infrarotmessungen an Einkristallen und isotropen Proben detaillierte Rückschlüsse auf den Bewegungszustand der Moleküle in den verschiedenen Modifikationen des n-Tritriacontans (n-C33H68) zu ziehen. In allen Modifikationen treten neben der Rotation der CH3-Endgruppen um die C-C-Bindung Bewegungen der Kettenmoleküle um ihre Längsachse auf. Unterschiede ergeben sich durch die Art der Rotationsbewegung, durch zusätzliche Translationen in Kettenrichtung und durch Defekte, die entlang der Kette diffundieren und zu einer Abweichung von der gestreckten Kettenkonformation führen. Am Ende der Phase A kommen bei gestreckter Kettenkonformation als mögliche Bewegungstypen Oszillationen der Kettenebenen um ihre Gleichgewichtslage (mittlere Oszillationsamplitude 25°) oder Rotationssprünge eines Teils der Moleküle mit Sprungweiten von ca. 90° in Betracht. Die mögliche Bevorzugung des 2. Mechanismus wird durch die Beobachtungen an polaren Derivaten der n-Alkane nahegelegt, wo ähnliche Abnahmen des 2. Momentes der Kernresonanzspektren auftreten. Für diese Verbindungen ist aus dielektrischen Messungen bekannt, daß sprunghafte Bewegungsprozesse aktiviert sind. Die Phase B ist durch Rotationssprünge aller Moleküle mit Sprungweiten von 180° gekennzeichnet. Die Sprünge erfolgen kooperativ, so daß die Nahordnung in lateraler Richtung erhalten bleibt. In der Phase C treten zusätzlich zu den 180°-Sprüngen Translationsbewegungen gestreckter Ketten in Kettenrichtung auf. Durch die Translationskomponente ist die Nahordnung in lateraler Richtung auch bei nichtkooperativem Bewegungsablauf gewahrt. Die Rotationssprünge mit und ohne Translationskomponente, die in den Phasen B und C nacheinander einsetzen, treten möglicherweise gleichzeitig auf, wenn keine Phasenübergänge vorliegen, die den Übergängen A-B und B-C entsprechen. Insbesondere scheinen beide Mechanismen zum a-Prozeß im Polyäthylen beizutragen, für den man eine ähnliche Abhängigkeit im Verlauf des 2. Momentes beobachtet wie beim n-C33H68 bis zum Endes der Modifikation C. Der sprunghafte Charakter der Rotationskomponente geht in der Phase D zugunsten einer kontinuierlichen Rotationsbewegung weitgehend verloren. Jedoch deutet das Fehlen der hexagonalen Symmetrie darauf hin, daß sich die Kettenebenen nicht gleichförmig um die Moleküllängsachse drehen, wie es im Rotator-Modell vorausgesetzt wird. Als zusätzlicher Bewegungstyp tritt die Diffusion von innermolekularen Defekten entlang der Kette auf.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 933-943 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Korngrenzenrelaxationsphänomene, die in der mechanischen Relaxation einer Serie von aus Graft-Copolymeren von Polymethylacrylat mit Styrol gefunden wurden, wurden erneut geprüft, um den Relaxations-mechanismus zu verstehen, unter Verwendung einer besonderen Serie von heterogenen Systemen zweier Komponenten, die verschiedene Wechselwirkungen zwischen den zwie Phasen besitzen und deshalb verschiedene Korgrenzenstrukturen. Das heißt, wir verwendeten zwei Serien von Polyvinylacetaten, gefüllt mit zwei Rußtypen von vergleichsweise hoher und niedriger Oberflächenaktivität, eine Serie von mechanischen Mischungen aus Polyvinylacetat mit Polystyrol und eine Serie von Styrol-Isopren-Dreiblockcopolymeren. Die Korngrenzenrelaxationsphänomene, wurden für die Serie der Dreiblockcopolymeren wiederum festgestellt, aber definitiv nicht für die Serie der mechanischen Mischungen. Das läßt vermuten, daß Korngrenzenrelaxation nicht von heterogenen Strukturen selbst, sondern von charakteristischen Anordnungen der molekularen Kette an der Grenze von zwei Phasen herrührt. Das heißt, es muß eine beträchtlich strenge Wechselwirkung zwischen den zwei Phasen bestehen, und es muß eine Zwischenphase existieren, in welcher die Polymersegmente der weichen Komponente versteift werden, während die anderen Polymersegmente der harten Komponente erweicht werden. Mit anderen Worten, es müssen cooperative Bewegungen von Kettensegmenten der zwei Komponenten vorhanden sein, um eine mechannische Relaxation unter gewissen Umgebungsbedingungenzuerzeugen, Umgebungsbedingungen wie Temperatur und Zeitskala der Beobachtungen.
    Notes: Summary The grain boundary relaxation phenomena, which have been found in the mechanical relaxation of the cast films of a series ofgraft copolymers ofpoly(methyl acrylate) with styrene, are examined again, in order to understand its relaxation mechanism, by using some particular series of heterogeneous systems of two components having different interaction between the two phases and, subsequently, different grain boundary structure; i. e., two series of poly(vinyl acetate) filled with two types of carbon blacks having relatively high and low surface activities, respectively, a series ofmechanical mixtures ofpoly(vinyl acetate) with polystyrene, and a series of styrene-isoprene-styrene tri-block copolymers. The grain boundary relaxation phenomena are again detected for the series of the tri-block copolymers but definitely not for the series of the mechanical mixtures, suggesting that the grain boundary relaxation phenomena must arise not from the heterogeneous structures themselves but from characteristic arrangements of molecular chains at the boundary of the two phases. That is, there must be a considerably strong interaction between the two phases, and there exists an intermediate phase in which the polymer segments of soft component are rigidified while the other polymer segments of hard component are softened. In other words, there must be a cooperative motions of chain segments of the two components to produce a mechanical relaxation under a certain environmental condition, such as temperature and time scale of observation.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The molecular weight of different gelatin samples (bone and skin gelatin; pI = 4.9 and 8.1) in various buffer solutions and at different temperatures was determined by sedimentation in an analytical ultracentrifuge using both theArchibald method and the sedimentation equilibrium method. The same molecular weight was found for the gelatin in dilute salt solutions at 40 °C, in concentrated KSCN solutions at 25 °C and in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride solution at 40 °C. The gelatin was found to be molecularly disperse under these experimental conditions. The gelatin was fractionated by precipitation and by solvent gradient chromatography. From the fractions obtained the limiting viscosity number [η]40, the sedimentation constants 40,w 0 and the molecular weight were determined. The following equations show the relationship between the molecular weight and the limiting viscosity number and between the molecular weight and the sedimentation constant of the examined fractions: $$\begin{gathered} [\eta ]_{40} = 7,75 \cdot 10^{ - 2} ml/g M_w^{0,51} \hfill \\ s_{40,w}^{0,w} = 0,61 Svedberg M_w^{0,17} . \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ The differing [η]-M w -relationships published for gelatin are due to the varying degrees of branching and cross-linkage of the samples. The small exponent of the s-M-relation is probably caused by the partial draining effect of the gelatin molecules. In gel chromatography the dependence of the molecular weight on the elution volume of the examined gelatin fractions and of various proteins is shown by the same calibration curve. A possible explanation of this is that the gel chromatographical separation of the two molecule types does not depend on the hydrodynamic volume [η] ·M, but probably on the radius of gyration $$(\overline {r^2 } )^{1/2} $$ for the coiled gelatin molecules and on the semimajor axis for the ellipsoidal protein molecules. The molecular weight distribution of the gelatin was determined by solvent gradient chromatography and by gelchromatography. The distribution curves obtained coincide well. The solution of the investigated bone gelatin contains no aggregate at 40 δC but individual molecules in the molecular weight range from 4 · 103 to 10 · 106.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Molekulargewicht verschiedener Gelatinepraparate (Knochen- und Hautgelatine; pI = 4,9 bzw. 8,1) wurde durch Sedimentation in der analytischen Ultrazentrifuge nach der Methode vonArchibald und der Sedimentationsgleichgewichtsmethode in verschiedenen Pufferlösungen und bei unterschiedlicher Temperatur bestimmt. Für die Gelatine wurde jeweils in verdünnten Salzlösungen bei 40°C, in konzentrierten KSCN-Lösungen bei 25°C und in 6 m Guanidinhydrochloridlösung bei 40°C das gleiche Molekulargewicht gefunden. Die Gelatine lag bei diesen Versuchsbedingungen molekulardispers vor. Die Gelatine wurde durch Ausfällen und durch Lösungsmittel-Gradienten-Chromatographie fraktioniert. Von den Fraktionen wurden die Viskositätszahlen [η]40, die SedimentationskonstantenS 40,w 0 und die MolekulargewichteM w mit Hilfe der Ultrazentrifuge bestimmt. Für die Molekulargewichtsabhängigkeit der Viskositätszahlen und der Sedimentationskonstanten der untersuchten Fraktionen gelten die Beziehungen: $$\begin{gathered} [\eta ]_{40} = 7,75 \cdot 10^{ - 2} ml/g M_w^{0,51} \hfill \\ s_{40,w}^{0,w} = 0,61 Svedberg M_w^{0,17} . \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ Die für Gelatine in der Literatur publizierten unterschiedlichen [η]-M w -Beziehungen werden auf den unterschiedlichen Verzweigungs- und Vernetzungsgrad der Präparate zurückgeführt. Der kleine Exponent ders-M-Beziehung wird u. E. von der Durchspülbarkeit der untersuchten Gelatinemoleküle verursacht. Bei der Gelchromatographie läßt sich die Molekulargewichtsabhängigkeit des Elutionsvolumens der untersuchten Gelatinefraktionen und von verschiedenen Proteinen durch die gleiche Eichkurve darstellen. Zur Erklärung dieses Befundes wird gezeigt, daß die gelchromatographische Trennung beider Molekülarten nicht nach dem hydrodynamischen Volumen [η] ·M, sondern mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit bei den knäuelförmigen Gelatinemolekülen nach dem Trägheitsradius $$(\overline {r^2 } )^{1/2} $$ und bei den ellipsoidförmigen Proteinmolekülen nach der großen Halbachse erfolgt. Die Molekulargewichtsverteilung der Gelatine wurde durch Lösungsmittel-Gradienten-Chromatographie und durch Gelchromatographie bestimmt. Die erhaltenen Verteilungskurven stimmen gut überein. Die Lösung der untersuchten Knochengelatine enthält bei 40°C keine Aggregate, sondern Einzelmoleküle im Molekulargewichtsbereich 4 · 103 bis 10 · 106.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 1003-1004 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 1012-1012 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 1014-1014 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 169-169 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 179-179 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 186-186 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 189-189 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 172-172 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 173-173 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 886-895 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The theological properties of dilute solutions of high-polymers with a molal mass of about 106 to 107 g and concentrations smaller than one mass percent are given by a shear dependent viscosity (flow-curve) and an elastic relaxation behaviour. The technique of measuring the flow-curve is well developed, but relaxation timet 0 characterizing the elastic properties of the fluid is difficult to measure. Three methods of measuring relaxation time will be discussed: 1. Steady-flow, for instance represented by a spheresphere-rheometer. The simultaneous influence of elasticity, inertia and variable viscosity demands a high quality technique. 2. Non-steady-flow, for instance represented by a startingCouette-flow. 3. Boundary-layer-phenomena, which are modified by non-Newtonian behaviour in a characteristic way. In the turbulent pipe flow one finds the well-known drag reduction. Thef = overlg (Re, f1/2) - friction-curve is a straight line with a significant change of the shape compared with theNewtonian fluid. The shape is only material dependant, while the cross-point with the straight curve for theNewtonian fluid is a linear relation of the diameter, the factor being material dependent too. This factor is related to relaxation timet 0 up to the universal constantx. A new rheometer with two capillaries makes it possible to measure as well the flow-curve as — in turbulent régime — relaxation timex to.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die rheologischen Eigenschaften verdünnter Lösungen von Hochpolymeren mit Molmassen zwischen 106 und 107 g sowie Konzentrationen um und erheblich unter einem Massenprozent werden durch eine ausgeprägt schergeschwindigkeitsabhängige Viskosität (Fließkurve) sowie durch ein elastisches Relaxationsverhalten beschrieben. Während die Fließkurve heute wegen der wesentlich verbesserten Meßtechnik in der Regel im gesamten interessierenden Beanspruchungsbereich zu ermitteln ist, bereitet die Bestimmung der Relaxationszeit, die eine charakteristische Größe für das elastische Verhalten ist, bei den genannten viskoelastischen Flüssigkeiten Schwierigkeiten. Es bieten sich drei, Methoden an, die in diesem Zusammenhang diskutiert werden: Die stationäre Strömung, für die das Kugel-Kugel-Rheometer als Anwendungsbeispiel angeführt wird. Das gleichzeitige Auftreten der entgegengesetzt gerichteten Terme der Elastizität und der Trägheit stellt für die obengenannte Flüssigkeit an die Meßtechnik hohe, z. T. nicht erfüllbare Anforderungen. Ähnliche Schwierigkeiten bereitet die instationäre Strömung, für die der Anlaufvorgang der Couette-Strömung hier näher beschrieben wird. Die größten Erfolgsaussichten verspricht das Heranziehen der bekanntermaßen bei viskoelastischen Flüssigkeiten gegenüberNewtonschen Flüssigkeiten veränderten Grenzschichtphänomene : In der turbulenten Rohrströmung kommt es zu einer Widerstandsabsenkung. Die Widerstandscharakteristik zeigt bei geeigneter Darstellung als Gerade eine deutlich andere Steigung als dieNewtonschen Flüssigkeiten. Die Steigung der Gerade ist materialabhängig. Der Schnittpunkt mit derPrandtl-Gerade fürNewtonsche Flüssigkeiten ist material-spezifisch dem Durchmesser proportional. Darüber läßt sich die Relaxationszeit to bis auf eine universelle Größe x gewinnen. Ein hier beschriebenes Doppelkapillarrheometer gestattet sowohl die Ermittlung der Fließkurve als auch — über Turbulenzmessungen — die Bestimmung von κ ·t 0.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 899-911 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper treatsn-paraffin lamellae in which the chain molecules may be affected with conformational defects. The equilibrium states of these lamellae are calculated by means of theBragg-Williams approximation. The ideal assembly (without any interaction of the chains) is identical with aSchottky assembly if the possible maximum of defects per chain and the number of the seats available along the chain for a single defect correspond. In the cooperative assembly (with interaction between the nearest neighbours) a discontinuous transition may take place. The transition, however, occurs only from a certain chain length and if the defects combine as arrangements favourable as regards their energy. With respect to the homophase pre-melting there are three classes of lamellae to be distinguished: 1. Lamellae consisting of short chains: the pre-melting proceeds continuously. 2. Lamellae consisting of chains of medium length: the pre-melting may be interrupted by a first order transition. 3. Lamellae consisting of long chains: a first order transition is possible, but without pre-melting caused by defects.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Betrachtet werden n-Paraffin-Lamellen, in denen die Kettenmoleküle mit Konformationsfehlem behaftet sein können. Die Gleichgewichtszustände dieser Lamellen werden mit Hilfe derBragg-Williams-Näherung berechnet. Die ideale Gesamtheit (ohne Wechselwirkung der Ketten untereinander) ist identisch mit einerSchottky-Gesamtheit, wenn die maximal mögliche Anzahl von Defekten pro Kette und die Anzahl der einem Einzeldefekt längs der Kette zur Verfügung stehenden Plätze übereinstimmen. In der kooperativen Gesamtheit (mit Wechselwirkung zwischen nächsten Nachbarn) kann das Vorschmelzen von einer gewissen Kettenlänge an mit einer diskontinuierlichen Umwandlung verbunden sein. Die Umwandlung tritt jedoch nur dann auf, wenn sich die Defekte zu energetisch günstigen Arrangements zusammenfinden. In bezug auf das einphasige Vorschmelzen sind drei Klassen von Lamellen zu unterscheiden: 1. Lamellen aus kurzen Ketten: das Vorschmelzen verläuft kontinuierlich; 2. Lamellen aus Ketten mittlerer Länge: das Vorschmelzen kann von einer Umwandlung erster Ordnung unterbrochen sein; 3. Lamellen aus langen Ketten: eine Umwandlung erster Ordnung ist möglich, jedoch ohne Defekt-Vorschmelzen.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 912-919 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer vorangegangenen Arbeit wurde die Struktur von verstrecktem nativem Kollagen diskutiert. Es war und bleibt dabei eine offene Frage, ob die darin auftretenden Mikroparakristalle bereits in der unverstreckten Probe verkippt sind, oder ob dies erst unter Spannung geschieht. Für den Fall, daß letzteres zutrifft, wird dieser Vorgang in der vorliegenden Arbeit ähnlich wie bei Elastomeren durch heterogene Dehnung der Tripel-Helizes erklärt. Jeweils nach 135 Å trifft man auf „amorphe” nicht helixförmige Bereiche, in denen die Ordnung der Polypeptidketten stärker gestört ist, als in den parakristallinen Mikrodomänen. In synthetischen Elastomeren werden diese Teile eines Moleküls „weiche Segmente” (soft segments) genannt. Falls die Dehnung nur in den „amorphen” Bereichen stattfindet, und falls diese Zonen 20 Å lang sind, können die früher publizierten (beobachteten) Daten quantitativ durch eine 11%ige Dehnung der Protofibrillen in den amorphen Bereichen erklärt werden. Ein Beispiel wird angegeben, in dem die Dichte der amorphen Bereiche sich während des Verstreckens nicht ändert. Die Dehnung um 11% findet statt, weil die Polypeptidketten innerhalb der Tripel-Helizes gestreckt werden. Sie laufen mehr oder weniger parallel zu den Schraubenlinien der Tripel-Helix durch diese Zonen. Die Langperiode wächst nur um 0.3%. Falls die Dichte der amorphen Bereiche um mehr als ein paar Prozent abnehmen würde, müßte die Langperiode merklich größer werden. Dies widerspricht dem experimentellen Befund. Die mittlere Dichte ändert sich demnach in den amorphen Bereichen während des Verstreckens nicht. Der größte Teil der makroskopischen Längenänderung um 10% findet außerhalb der Fibrillen mit der 670 Å Periode statt. Nur etwa 1/7 davon ist elastisch und wird durch die Rückstellkraft der Netzwerkpeptide bewirkt, die zwischen benachbarten Oktafibrillen und Bündeln vor ihnen liegen. Die wichtige Rolle dieser „intermizellaren” Moleküle und Ähnlichkeiten mit der Affintransformation in synthetischen Hochpolymeren werden diskutiert. Das Modell der „staggered collagen molecules” von Schmitt (1956), welches die 670 Å Periodizität auf ganz andere Weise begründet, vermag eine elastomerartige Erzeugung von verkippten parakristallinen Tripel-Helixbereichen nicht zu erklären.
    Notes: Summary In a previous paper the structure of extended native collagen was discussed. It was and still remains an open question if these kinks, are already established in the unstretched sample or are only formed under stress. If so, their production is explained in this paper by a heterogeneous expansion of the protofibrils similar as in elastomers. All 135 Å one meets “amorphous” non helical regions where the polypeptide-chains are more disordered as in the paracrystalline triple helical domains. In synthetic elastomers these parts of a molecule are called “soft segments”. If this expansion solely takes place in the “amorphous” ranges and if these zones are 20 Å long, then the earlier published (observed) data of the kink model quantitatively can be explained by expanding the protofibrils 11% in the “amorphous” ranges. An example is given, where the density of the “amorphous” region does not change during stretching. The expansion by 11% takes place because the polypeptide chains within the triple helices are straightenend. They run more or less parallel to the screw lines of the triple helix through this zone. The long period only increases by 0.3%. If the density of the “amorphous” regions diminishes more than a few percent, an appreciable increase of the long period would happen. This contradicts the experiments. The mean density does not change in the “amorphous” regions during stretching. Most of the macroscopic elongation takes place outside of the fibrils with the 670Å periodicity. Only about 1/7 of it is elastic and is produced by the restoring force of network peptides aligned in between adjacent octafibrils and bundles of them. The important role of these “intermicellar” molecules and similarities with the affine transformation in synthetic high polymers is discussed. The model of staggered collagen molecules ofSchmitt (1956) which explains the 670 Å-period in quite another way cannot explain an elastomeric production of tilted paracrystalline triple helical regions under strain.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 991-996 
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    Notes: Summary The degree of aggregation of some commercial polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters (Tweens) and sorbitan fatty acid esters (Spans) in cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform has been investigated by light-scattering, vapour pressure osmometry and sedimentation velocity techniques. Light-scattering results were corrected for the contribution of fluorescence to the scattered light, which was appreciable at excitation wavelengths of 436 nm. Mean aggregation numbers of 26 and 12 monomers were determined for sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) in cyclohexane and carbon tetrachloride respectively. No significant aggregation of this compound was observed in chloroform. Other detergents studied showed only limited aggregation, if any, in these solvents. Correlation of the aggregation numbers of Span 80 with the solubility parameters, δ, of the solvents (including results from a previous investigation) indicated that the degree of aggregation approached a minimum value when the δ values of the solute and solvent were matched.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 982-990 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der Oberflächenviskosität auf die Verdünnungsgeschwindigkeit und die kritische Zerreißdicke von Schaumfilmen wird untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß dieser Effekt stark von der charakteristischen Flußgröße abhängt. Folglich kann man bei der Berechnung der Verdünnungsgeschwindigkeit die Oberflächenviskosität unberücksichtigt lassen und sie bei der von den thermischen Fluktuationen verursachten wellenartigen Bewegung als unendlich groß annehmen. Die auf diese Art erhaltenen Gleichungen für die kritische Dicke stimmen verhältnismäßig gut mit den experimentellen Daten überein. Eine mögliche Erklärung der Abhängigkeit der kritischen Dicke von der Konzentration des Tensids wird vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Summary The influence of surface viscosity on the rate of thinning and on the critical thickness of rupture of foam films has been studied. It is shown that this effect depends strongly on the length-scale of the flow. Therefore it is possible to neglect it when calculating the rate of thinning, but to assume for the wave motion, caused by the thermic fluctuations, that the surface viscosity is infinitely great. The expression for the critical thickness, obtained in this way, agrees relatively well with the experimental results. A possible explanation of the dependence of critical thickness on surfactant concentration is suggested.
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 1001-1002 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 179-180 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 180-180 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 180-180 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 1014-1014 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 181-182 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 182-183 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 184-185 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 186-186 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 186-186 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 187-187 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 187-187 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 186-186 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 171-171 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 188-188 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 189-189 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 190-190 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 190-190 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 191-191 
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    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 222-233 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The complexing abilities of 44 dyes, 36 of which were azo dyes, with amylose in aqueous solution have been investigated by means of absorption spectroscopy and CD-measurements. 13 of these — all of them direct dyes — build chiral complexes with the polysaccharide. The complexing ability is shown to be strongly dependent on the nature and position of the dye's substituents. Complex compositions, equilibrium constants of complex formation, and dissymmetry factors have been determined for three of the dyes. Furthermore, the complexing abilities of several dyes with salep mannan and low molecular model compounds have been investigated. In their amylose complexes, isolated dye molecules are bound to the polysaccharide in preferred orientations. The nature of the binding forces is discussed. A satisfactory explanation of the results as a whole requires the assumption of an ordered amylose structure in solution.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 44 Farbstoffe, darunter 36 Azofarbstoffe, wurden mit Hilfe von Absorptions- und CD-Messungen auf ihre Fähigkeit untersucht, mit Amylose in wäßriger Lösung chirale Komplexe zu bilden. Die 13 als komplexbildend erkannten Farbstoffe sind sämtlich Azofarbstoffe und zugleich substantive Baumwollfarbstoffe. Für eine Komplexbildung ist darüberhinaus die Anwesenheit bestimmter Substituenten in definierten Positionen des Farbstoffgerüstes erforderlich. In drei Fällen wurde die Zusammensetzung der Komplexe, die Gleichgewichtskonstante der Komplexbildung und der Dissymmetriefaktor bestimmt. Weiterhin wurden ausgewählte Farbstoffe auf ihre Fähigkeit zur Komplexbildung mit Salepmannan sowie mit niedermolekularen Modellverbindungen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für eine Bindung isolierter Farbstoffmoleküle in bevorzugten Orientierungen. Die Art der Bindungskräfte wird diskutiert. Die aufgefundenen Zusammenhänge lassen sich nur auf der Basis einer geordneten Struktur der Amylose in Lösung befriedigend deuten.
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