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  • Articles  (13)
  • Denitrification  (13)
  • Springer  (13)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • International Union of Crystallography
  • Springer Nature
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  • 2020-2024
  • 2000-2004  (6)
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  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • Articles  (13)
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  • Springer  (13)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • International Union of Crystallography
  • Springer Nature
  • Wiley
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  • 2020-2024
  • 2000-2004  (6)
  • 1995-1999  (7)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the acetylene inhibition method for measuring denitrification in soilless plant culture systems (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 111-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Acetylene inhibition method ; Nitrous oxide release ; Soilless plant culture ; Root growth ; Cucumis sativus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Denitrification measurements by means of the acetylene inhibition method require a continuous presence of acetylene to block the microbial reduction of N20 to N2. To examine the effect of such steady exposures on the growth of plants, roots of cucumber and tomato seedlings were treated with different acetylene concentrations. Acetylene concentrations of ≥1 vol% in the gas phase, which were necessary for complete inhibition of N2 formation, led to a significant retardation of root growth. This was partly due to trace amounts of ethylene contained in the acetylene gas which could not be removed with the usual prescrubbing through a sulfuric acid train. As a result of the growth impairment, oxygen consumption in the root zone decreased after 4 days of exposure. In order to avoid these side effects, the denitrification measurements in soilless cultures were performed on individual plants over a limited period of 2–3 days. The flow-through chamber method proved to be suitable for determining the gaseous N losses in a closed-loop system. It avoided greater air variations from the environmental conditions (substrate temperature, airflow and plant composition) and excluded errors in measurement caused by injury to roots and spatial variability of denitrification activity in the root medium. For exact estimation of the gaseous N losses, preceding 24-h acetylene fumigation was necessary. Subsequently at least three gas samples had to be taken throughout the day, because the N2O+N2 emissions were subject to a pronounced diurnal variability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420230
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrification and denitrification in the rhizosphere of rice: the detection of processes by a new multi-channel electrode (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 427-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Rice ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Rhizosphere ; Microelectrode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  N turnover in flooded rice soils is characterized by a tight coupling between nitrification and denitrification. Nitrification is restricted to the millimetre-thin oxic surface layer while denitrification occurs in the adjacent anoxic soil. However, in planted rice soil O2 released from the rice roots may also support nitrification within the otherwise anoxic bulk soil. To locate root-associated nitrification and denitrification we constructed a new multi-channel microelectrode that measures NH4 +, NO2 –, and NO3 – at the same point. Unfertilized, unplanted rice microcosms developed an oxic-anoxic interface with nitrification taking place above and denitrification below ca. 1 mm depth. In unfertilized microcosms with rice plants, NH4 +, NO2 – and NO3 – could not be detected in the rhizosphere. Assimilation by the rice roots reduced the available N to a level where nitrification and denitrification virtually could not occur. However, a few hours after injecting (NH4)2HPO4 or urea, a high nitrification activity could be detected in the surface layer of planted microcosms and in a depth of 20–30 mm in the rooted soil. O2 concentrations of up to 150 μM were measured at the same depth, indicating O2 release from the rice roots. Nitrification occurred at a distance of 0–2 mm from the surface around individual roots, and denitrification occurred at a distance of 1.5–5.0 mm. Addition of urea to the floodwater of planted rice microcosms stimulated nitrification. Transpiration of the rice plants caused percolation of water resulting in a mass flow of NH4 + towards the roots, thus supporting nitrification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003749900190
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilised grassland: A 2-year study of the effects of N fertiliser form and environmental conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 252-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grassland ; Denitrification ; N-fertiliser ; Nitrification ; Nitrous oxide emissions ; Global warming ; Ozone layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim was to investigate the effects of different N fertilisers on nitrous oxide (N2O) flux from agricultural grassland, with a view to suggesting fertiliser practices least likely to cause substantial N2O emissions, and to assess the influence of soil and environmental factors on the emissions. Replicate plots on a clay loam grassland were fertilised with ammonium sulphate (AS), urea (U), calcium nitrate (CN), ammonium nitrate (AN), or cattle slurry supplemented with AN on three occasions in each of 2 years. Frequent measurements were made of N2O flux and soil and environmental variables. The loss of N2O-N as a percentage of N fertiliser applied was highest from the supplemented slurry (SS) treatment and U, and lowest from AS. The temporal pattern of losses was different for the different fertilisers and between years. Losses from U were lower than those from AN and CN in the spring, but higher in the summer. The high summer fluxes were associated with high water-filled pore space (WFPS) values. Fluxes also rose steeply with temperature where WFPS or mineral N values were not limiting. Total annual loss was higher in the 2nd year, probably because of the rainfall pattern: the percentage losses were 2.2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.1 and 0.4 from SS, U, AN, CN and AS, respectively. Application of U in the spring and AN twice in the summer in the 2nd year gave an average emission factor of 0.8% – lower than from application of either individual fertiliser. We suggest that similar varied fertilisation practices, modified according to soil and crop type and climatic conditions, might be employed to minimise N2O emissions from agricultural land.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050311
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrous oxide emissions from grassland and spring barley, following N fertiliser application with and without nitrification inhibitors (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grassland ; Spring barley ; Nitrification inhibitor ; Nitrous oxide emission ; Denitrification ; Global warming ; Ozone layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aims of this study were to assess the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitors dicyandiamide (DCD) and nitrapyrin on reducing emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) following application of NH4 + or NH4 +-forming fertilisers to grassland and spring barley. DCD was applied to grassland with N fertiliser applications in April and August in 1992 and 1993, inhibiting N2O emissions by varying amounts depending on the fertiliser form and the time of application. Over periods of up to 2 months following each application of DCD, emissions of N2O were reduced by 58–78% when applied with urea (U) and 41–65% when applied with ammonium sulphate (AS). Annual emissions (April to March) of N2O were reduced by up to 58% and 56% in 1992–1993 and 1993–1994, respectively. Applying DCD to ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilised grassland did not reduce emissions after the April 1993 fertilisation, but emissions following the August application were reduced. Nitrapyrin was only applied once, with the April fertiliser applications in 1992, reducing N2O emissions over the following 12 months by up to 40% when applied with U. When N fertiliser was applied in June without DCD, the DCD applied in April was still partly effective; N2O emissions were reduced 50%, 60% and 80% as effectively as the emissions following the April applications, for AS in 1993, U in 1992 and 1993, respectively. In 1992 the persistence of an inhibitory effect was greater for nitrapyrin than for DCD, increasing after the June fertiliser application as overall emissions from U increased. There was no apparent reduction in effectiveness following repeated applications of DCD over the 2 years. N2O emissions from spring barley, measured only in 1993, were lower than from grassland. DCD reduced emissions from applied U by 40% but there was no reduction with AN. The results demonstrate considerable scope for reducing emissions by applying nitrification inhibitors with NH4 + or NH4 +-forming fertilisers; this is especially so for crops such as intensively managed grass where there are several applications of fertiliser nitrogen per season, as the effect of inhibitors applied in April persists until after a second fertiliser application in June.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050312
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Denitrification and total fertilizer-N losses from an irrigated cotton field (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 270-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acetylene inhibition ; Denitrification ; Cotton ; Nitrous oxide entrapment ; 15N-balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In a 2-year field study, denitrification loss was measured from an irrigated sandy-clay loam under cotton receiving urea-N at 158–173 kg ha–1. An acetylene inhibition-soil core method was employed for the direct measurement of denitrification, considering also the N2O entrapped in the soil. Taking into account the N2O evolved from soil cores and that entrapped in the soil, a total of 65.7 kg N ha–1 and 64.4 kg N ha–1 was lost due to denitrification during the 1995 and 1996 cotton-growing seasons, respectively. Most (〉70%) of the denitrification loss occurred during June–August, a period characterized by high soil temperatures and heavy monsoon rains. On average, 35% of the denitrification-N2O was found entrapped in the soil and the amount of entrapped N2O was significantly correlated with head space N2O concentration and with water-filled pore space. 15N-balance during the 1996 growing season revealed a loss of 71.8 kg N ha–1. It was concluded that a substantial proportion of the fertilizer-N applied to irrigated cotton is lost under the semiarid subtropical climatic conditions prevailing in the Central Punjab region of Pakistan and that denitrification is the major N loss process under irrigated cotton in this region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050656
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Denitrification enzyme activity is limited by soil aeration in a wastewater-irrigated forest soil (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 385-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Keywords Aeration ; Chloramphenicol ; Denitrification ; Effluent ; Soil water content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In land-based wastewater treatment systems (LTS), denitrification is an important nitrogen removal process. We investigated the factors limiting the denitrifying population in a forested LTS, by studying the individual and combined effects of soil aeration, water content, nitrate and carbon on denitrification enzyme activity (DEA). The size of the soil denitrifying population in the LTS appeared to be limited by soil aeration, and limiting oxygen availability increased the denitrifying population above that observed in the field. Furthermore, we found that wastewater irrigation altered the short-term response of denitrifiers to anaerobic soil conditions. Under low oxygen conditions, denitrifiers in the wastewater-irrigated soils produced enzymes sooner and at a greater rate than soils without a history of wastewater irrigation. We propose that the size of the denitrifying population cannot be expected to be large in free-draining, coarsely textured soils even when provided with additional nitrogen and water inputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000267
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic reoxidation of Mn2+, Fe2+, S0 and S2– in submerged paddy soils (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 302-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Anaerobic reoxidation ; Denitrification ; Iron reduction ; Methane ; Successive reduction ; Sulfur oxidation ; Wetland soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Anaerobic reoxidation of reduced products in paddy soils was investigated. Ferrous iron (Fe2+) and monosulfide ion (S2–) added to the soil chemically reduced MnO2 to Mn2+, and MnO2 and Fe(OH)3 to Mn2+ and Fe2+, respectively, where Fe2+ and S2– were considered to be oxidized to Fe3+ and S0. Elemental sulfur was oxidized to sulfate by anaerobic incubation with NO3 – MnO2 and Fe(OH)3. A new conceptual model for the reduction processes in submerged paddy soil including the reoxidation processes of reduced products, in which soil heterogeneity in paddy fields was taken into consideration, was proposed based on the results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050319
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of iron pyrites and dicyandiamide on nitrification and ammonia volatilization from urea applied to loess brown earths (luvisols) (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 179-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Ammonia volatilization ; Denitrification ; Dicyandiamide ; Iron pyrites ; Luvisols ; Nitrification ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory incubation study showed that iron pyrites retarded nitrification of urea-derived ammonium (NH4 +), the effect being greatest at the highest level (10000 mg kg–1 soil). Nitrification inhibition with 10000 mg pyrite kg–1 soil, at the end of 30 days, was 40.3% compared to 55.9% for dicyandiamide (DCD). The inhibitory effect with lower rates of pyrite (100–500 mg kg–1) lasted only up to 9 days. Urea+pyrite treatment was also found to have higher exchangeable NH4 +-N compared to urea alone. DCD-amended soils had the highest NH4 +-N content throughout. Pyrite-treated soils had about 7–86% lower ammonia volatilization losses than urea alone. Total NH3 loss was the most with urea+DCD (7.9% of applied N), about 9% more than with urea alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050228
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformations of nitrogen-15-labelled urea in a flooded soil as affected by floodwater algae and green manure in a growth chamber (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 53-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Ammonia volatilization ; Denitrification ; Flooded soils ; Green manure ; Nitrogen-15-labelled¶urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of floodwater algae and green manure on transformations of 15N-urea were studied in columns of a sandy loam soil in a growth chamber. The columns were flooded and either kept in the light, to allow algal growth, or in the dark (control) for 17 days before adding the labelled urea. Changes in urea-, NO3 –- and NH4 +-N levels and the pH of the floodwater were measured over the subsequent 41-day period, during which the control column remained in the dark and those containing algae were maintained either in the dark to cause the death of the algae or in the light. Volatilized NH3 was monitored, and on termination of the experiment the distribution of 15N between NO3 –, NH4 + and organic forms was measured in the soil. Urea hydrolysis was most rapid in the presence of both living algae and green manure, followed by dead algae, and was slowest in the control. The concentration of NH4 +-N in the floodwater was, however, reduced in the presence of algae due to assimilation and NH3 volatilization owing to the raised day-time pH in the floodwater. NH3 volatilization for the first 10 days was rather high in the columns kept in the light compared to those in the dark. Total volatilization plus denitrification losses were greatest where dead algae were present, owing to the absence of live algae which assimilated more than half of the applied N. Algal growth in floodwater increased the depth of the aerobic soil layer present at the soil-water interface. Subsequently, under dark conditions, stimulated algal growth reduced the depth of the aerobic layer causing less nitrification, which resulted in lower losses of N due to denitrification, i.e. 17% of the applied urea-N as compared to 39% in the light treatments. Although the presence of green manure caused a marked increase in the rate of hydrolysis, algal assimilation prevented excessive N losses via volatilization, indicating that the retention of higher quantities of NH4 +-N may have increased fertilizer-N use efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050623
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil layer-specific variability in net nitrification and denitrification in an acid coniferous forest (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 427-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Keywords Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Forest soil ; Spatial variation ; Nutrient cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  High spatial variation in nitrification potentials has been observed in forest soils, but explanations for this variability have remained speculative. In the present study we determined whether sample treatment, sample size, denitrification or small-scale variations in abiotic properties could explain spatial variation in nitrogen transformations in the organic horizon of a pine forest soil. Net nitrate production in homogenates of the organic horizon was extremely variable. Sample size (60–600 cm2) had no significant effect on nitrate production. In homogenised samples no increased nitrogen production was observed compared to intact incubated cores. High small-scale variation in nitrate production was observed in the litter (L) horizon. When this stratified L layer was subdivided, high net nitrate production was observed in moss (LM) and fragmented needles, whereas no net nitrate production was found in intact needles. The addition of acetylene, inhibiting nitrous oxide reductase, led to significant nitrous oxide production in the L layer. Low nitrous oxide production was found in the LM layer and none in the fragmentation layer. These results show that denitrification can explain part of the spatial variation and plays a major role in nitrogen transformations in the L layer. The relatively higher pH and the presence of fungi are suggested as factors responsible for high denitrification rates in the L layer. As a consequence homogenisation of the organic horizon could lead to highly variable nitrate production due to denitrifying activity from the needles being introduced into other layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000274
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