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  • Articles  (224)
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  • Springer  (224)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 239-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Magnetic field ; IR light ; Light absorption constant ; Efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Enhancement of photovoltage has been found in bone and its two major constituents when placed in a magnetic field in standard Hall geometry. Infrared light has been used for carrier excitation. From data obtained in this manner, values for the light absorption constant, extinction constant, mass absorption constant, and efficiency have been estimated. All these parameters increase with the increase of magnetic field. A possible explanation for the observed phenomena is presented.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Vitamin D deficiency ; Cartilage ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary To test the importance of 24-hydroxylation of vitamin D3 on bone mineralization, rat pups born to vitamin D-deficient females were given either 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 or 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 for 16 days beginning at the time of weaning. Following such treatment analysis of blood samples revealed no detectable 24R,25-(OH)2D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the rats given the difluoro compound while revealing the expected 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The rats given 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 had the expected levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Following sacrifice at day 17, postweaning bone mineralization and modeling were studied in long bones using histological methods. Bones taken from vitamin D-deficient rats at the beginning and end of the experimental period had lesions typical of rickets. These included wide growth plates, excessive amounts of osteoid, and metaphyseal fibrosis. Following treatment with either 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 or 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3, bone mineralization returned to normal. Growth plate widths and the amount of osteoid on bone surfaces were both substantially reduced and to a similar degree in both treatment groups. Normal cartilage core formation and trabecularization of the metaphyseal primary spongiosa were also restored to a similar degree in both groups. In effect, no difference was observed in any bone parameter studied between the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3- and the 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3-treated animals. These results provide strong evidence that 24-hydroxylation of the vitamin D molecule plays little or no role in the modeling and mineralization of bone.
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 655-661 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ; 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 ; 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ; Receptors ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The hormonal metabolite of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], exerts its biological effects by binding to a cytosolic receptor protein. Such a protein has been demonstrated in vitamin D3 target organs including fetal rat calvariae and more recently in rat osteogenic sarcoma cells. In this study we have compared the binding of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3] to that of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in fetal rat calvariae and osteogenic sarcoma (OS) cells. Sucrose density sedimentation, DNA-cellulose chromatography, and intracellular uptake studies have been employed to evaluate these interactions. In cytosol preparations from calvariae, [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 bound to a 3.3S macromolecule and to a much greater extent to a 5.8S macromolecule while both [3H]25(OH)D3 and [3H]24,25(OH)2D3 bound to the 5.8S macromolecule. By incubating intact calvariae and OS cells with labeled metabolites and thus establishing binding intracellularly prior to cell disruption, we have found that the 3.3S protein which has high specificity for 1,25(OH)2D3 occurs inside the cells; the 5.8S protein, however, does not occur inside the cells but is generated after cell disruption. The [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3-receptor complex adsorbed to DNA-cellulose and was eluted from this affinity resin at 0.28M KCl. In contrast, [3H]25(OH)D3 and [3H]-24,25(OH)2D3 binding activity did not adsorb to DNA-cellulose. We conclude that, in contrast to the 3.3S protein, the 5.8S macromolecule does not fulfill receptor criteria but is rather generated by the experimental manipulation of the bone cells. Our data suggest that the vitamin D3 actions on bone are mediated only via the 3.3S receptor, and hence quantitative but not qualitative differences of the effects of the various metabolites are feasible.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 309-315 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoblast ; Matrix ; Bone ; Scanning electron microscope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les territoires sécrétoires des ostéoblastes d'os pariétal de rats sont déterminées en utilisant la microscopie électronique à balayage. Le territoire moyen de 4.620 cellules, dans 19 territoires, est de 154 μm2 par ostéoblaste. Les valeurs extrêmes par champ varient de 136 à 177 μm2 par ostéoblaste. Quatre cent cellules sont mesurées individuellement; la valeur moyenne par ostéoblaste est de 143 μm3 avec une déviation standard de 33. Le taux d'apposition journalier, mesuré par la tétracycline pendant 8 jours, est de 3.12 μm (déviation standard 0.22). Ce qui correspond à une production matricielle journalière d'environ 470 μm3 par ostéoblaste.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Ausscheidungsbereiche von Ratten-Osteoblasten des Scheitelbeines wurden mit dem Raster-Elektronenmikroskop direkt gemessen. Der durchschnittliche Bereich von 4620 Zellen in 19 Gesichtsfeldern war 154 μm2 per osteoblast. Der Streubereich lag in den verschiedenen Gesichtsfeldern zwischen 136 und 177 μm2 per Osteoblast. 400 Zellen wurden einzeln gemessen. Bei diesen war der Durchschnittswert per Osteoblast 143 μm2, mit einer Standard-Abweichung von 33. Die tägliche Anlagerungsrate während einer Periode von 8 Tagen war 3,12 μm (Standard-Abweichung 0,22); sie wurde mittels Tetracyclinmarkierung der Mineralisierungsfront gemessen. Dies ergab eine tägliche Produktionsrate der Matrix von etwa 470 μm3 per Osteoblast.
    Notes: Abstract The secretory territories of rat osteoblasts on the parietal bone were measured directly using scanning electron microscopy. The mean territory of 4620 cells in 19 fields was 154 μm2 per osteoblast. The range for the fields was 136 to 177 μm2 per osteoblast. Four hundred cells were measured individually—for these the mean value per osteoblast was 143 μm2 with a standard deviation of 33. The daily rate of apposition over an 8 day period was 3.12 μm (standard deviation 0.22) measured by tetracycline marking of the mineral front. This gave a daily matrix production rate of approximately 470 μm3 per osteoblast.
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  • 5
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Piezoelectricity ; Collagen ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The piezoelectric constant of mature and immature bone (defined herein) has been measured in an effort to determine whether it varies with age. It was found that the average value of the piezoelectric constantd 14 of femur from three week old calves was 58% of the value of femur from three year old bulls. The results were interpreted to indicate qualitative differences in the corresponding collagen matrices. Mature human tibia from males ranging in age from 21 to 53 years of age showed a small but significant increase ind 14 with age. Some data concerning diseased human bone, and well-preserved human bone excavated in Peru are also presented.
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  • 6
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 333-337 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Materials ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des métaux poreux et des céramiques sont implantés dans l'osin vivo et sont prélevés, après différents intervalles, pour étudier histologiquement la colonisation tissulaire. Les implants prélevés sont fixés avec les tissus environnants et inclus dans des epoxy-résines, de faible viscosité. Les échantillons sont coupés à l'aide d'une scie diamantée et fixés sur des lames pétrographiques, pour être ensuite amincis à environ 75 μm. Ils sont légèrement colorés au bleu de méthylène et à l'alizarine rouge S, qui donne un bon contraste entre tissus durs et mous et démontrent la présence d'os calcifié dans les implants poreux métalliques et céramiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Poröse Metall- und Keramikstücke wurden in vivo in Knochen implantiert und nach verschiedenen Intervallen entnommen, um histologisch zu untersuchen, wie weit sie ins Gewebe eingewachsen waren. Die entnommenen Implantate mit dem sie umgebenden Gewebe wurden fixiert, dehydriert und in ein niedrigvisköses Epoxy-Harz eingebettet. Die Proben wurden mit einer Diamantsäge in dicke Schnitte zerteilt, auf Steinscheiben zementiert und von Hand auf etwa 75 μm geschliffen. Sie wurden mit Methylenblau und Alizarin-Rot S schwach gefärbt; dies ergibt einen großen Kontrast zwischen Knochen und Weichgewebe und zeigt die Bildung von verkalktem Knochen innerhalb poröser Metall- und Keramik-Implantate deutlich.
    Notes: Abstract Porous metals and ceramics were implanted in bonein vivo and retrieved at intervals for histological evaluation of tissue ingrowth. Recovered implants with surrounding tissues were fixed, dehydrated and embedded in a low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium. The embedded samples were cut into thick sections with a diamond saw, cemented to petrographic slides, and hand-ground to approximately 75 μm. They were lightly stained with methylene blue and Alizarin Red S, which provided great contrast between the bone and soft tissues, and clearly demonstrated the formation of calcified bone within porous metal and ceramic implants.
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  • 7
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 8-15 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Insulin ; Bone ; Calcium ; Resorption ; Orthophosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'administration d'insuline cristallisée à des rats thyroparathyroidectomisés provoque une augmentation de la calcémie et de la phosphorémie. Le calcium plasmatique s'élève de façon linéaire entre 31 et 250 m Unités d'insuline/100 g de poids corporel. La courbe obtenue n'est guère différente de celle obtenue par extrait parathyroidien. L'administration simultanée d'insuline et d'extrait parathyroidien à des rats thyro-parathyroidectomisés agit sur la calcémie et la phosphorémie par un effet additif. Lorsque des os frontaux d'embryons de poulet sont cultivésin vitro en présence d'insuline cristallisée, le taux de résorption augmente. L'insuline augmente le taux de consommation en glucose des explants et induit une accumulation de citrate dans le milieu de culture. L'insuline stimule donc la résorption osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Plasmagehalt an Calcium und Phosphor bei thyroparathyreoidektomierten Ratten wurde durch die Verabreichung von kristallinem Insulin erhöht. Das Plasmacalcium verhielt sich zwischen 31 und 250 m Einheiten Insulin pro 100 g Körpergewicht linear. Die Steigung der erhaltenen Kurve ist nicht signifikant verschieden von derjenigen, die nach Parathyreoidea-Extrakt erhalten wird. Die gleichzeitige Verabreichung von Insulin und Parathyreoidea-Extrakt von thyroparathyreoidektomierten Ratten hatte eine kumulative Wirkung auf den Gehalt von Calcium und Phosphor im Plasma. Wenn Stirnbeine von Kükenembryos mit kristallinem Insulinin vitro kultiviert wurden, erhöhte sich die Resorptionsrate. Das Insulin steigerte den Glucoseverbrauch der Explantate und verursachte eine Anreicherung von Citrat im Kulturmedium. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine Stimulation der Knochenresorption durch Insulin.
    Notes: Abstract the administration of crystalline insulin to thyroparathyroidectomized rats raised their calcium and phosphorus plasma levels. The plasma calcium gave a linear response between 31 and 250 mU of insulin/100 g body weight. The slope obtained is not significantly different from that obtained with parathyroid extract. The simultaneous administration of insulin and parathyroid extract to thyroparathyroidectomized rats affected the calcium and phosphorus plasma levels in an additive fashion. When chick embryo frontal bones were cultivatedin vitro with crystalline insulin the rate of resorption increased. Insulin increased the rate of glucose consumption by the explants and induced the accumulation of citrate in the culture medium. It is concluded that insulin stimulates bone resorption.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteopetrosis ; Diphosphonates ; Bone Resorption ; Mouse ; Calcium ; Tooth ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet de doses quotidiennes, administrées depuis la naissance, de deux types de diphosphonates, à savoir l'éthane-1-hydroxyle-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) et le dichlorométhylène diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), sur la croissance et le squelette de souris a été étudié. Les diphosphonates freinent la croissance: les incisives ne font pas leur éruption ou elle est plus tardive. La calcémie est normale. L'administration de Cl2MDP à une dose quotidienne de 10 mg P/kg/jour provoque des modifications squelettiques identiques à celles des souris grises létales atteintes d'ostéopétrose et les animaux meurent après quatre semaines de traitement. Par rapport aux témoins, les souris traitées présentent des os plus étroits, plus denses et plus déformés: les cavités médullaires sont comblées avec de l'os calcifié et du cartilage. La quantité totale de calcium d'un animal n'est pas augmentée par traitement au diphosphonate, par rapport à un témoin de même âge. Chez les souris grises létales et celles traitées aux diphosphonates, la plupart des anomalies est secondaire à une résorption osseuse diminuée. Ces résultats sont commentés en fonction de l'emploi des diphosphonates au cours de remaniements osseux pathologiques augmentés et en fonction du rôle de la résorption osseuse dans le maintien de la calcémie.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mäuse erhielten von der Geburt an tägliche Dosen folgender zwei Diphosphonate: entweder Äthan-1-Hydroxy-1,1-Diphosphonat (EHDP) oder Dichloromethylen-Diphosphonat (Cl2MDP). Es wurde deren Wirkung auf das Wachstum und das Skelet untersucht. Die Diphosphonate verlangsamten das Wachstum, die Schneidezähne brachen nicht oder erst später durch, aber die Höhe des Plasmacalciums blieb normal. Die Verabreichung von Cl2MDP in Dosen von 10 mg P/kg/Tag führt zu Skeletveränderungen, welche denjenigen der „grey-lethal” osteopetrotischen Mäuse gleichen. Die Tiere sterben nach einer Behandlungsdauer von etwa 4 Wochen. Verglichen mit normalen Mäusen von ungefähr gleichem Alter hatten die behandelten Mäuse kleinere, dichtere und mehr keulenförmige Knochen, und die Markhöhlen waren gefüllt mit verkalktem Knochen oder Knorpel. Die Gesamtcalciummenge im Skelet wurde durch die Diphosphonatbehandlung nicht erhöht; dies ergab sich aus einem Vergleich mit der bei normalen Mäusen desselben Alters gefundenen Menge. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß bei den „grey-lethal” und bei den Diphosphonat-behandelten Mäusen viele der Abnormalitäten als Folge der herabgesetzten Knochenresorption angesehen werden müssen. Die Ergebnisse werden einerseits im Hinblick auf den Gebrauch der Diphosphonate bei pathologischen Bedingungen eines erhöhten Knochenumbaus diskutiert; andererseits werden sie im Zusammenhang mit der Rolle der Knochenresorption bei der Erhaltung des Plasmacalcium-Spiegels besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of daily doses from birth of two diphosphonates, namely either ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) or dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), on the growth and the skeleton of mice has been studied. Diphosphonates slowed growth, the incisors did not erupt or erupted later, but the level of plasma calcium remained normal. The administration of Cl2MDP at a dose rate of 10 mg P/kg/day leads to skeletal changes that are similar to those observed in grey-lethal osteopetrotic mice, and the animals die after about four weeks of treatment. As compared with normal mice of similar age, treated mice had bones that were smaller, denser and more clubshaped, and the marrow cavities were filled with calcified bone or cartilage. The total amount of calcium in the carcass was not increased by diphosphonate treatment, as compared with the amount in normal mice of the same age. It is suggested that both in the grey-lethal and diphosphonate-treated mice many of the abnormalities are secondary to decreased bone resorption. The results are discussed with respect to the use of diphosphonates in pathological conditions of increased bone turnover and with respect to the role of bone resorption in the maintenance of plasma calcium levels.
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  • 9
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 101-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ageing ; Osteoporosis ; Bone ; Muscle ; Fat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des mesures radiologiques de la masse minérale osseuse de la partie proximale du radius et l'épaisseur du muscle et du tissu graisseux sous-cutané de l'avant-bras ont été relevées chez l'homme et la femme adultes normaux. La masse minérale osseuse ne montre pas de modification significative jusqu'à 60 ans chez l'homme et 50 ans chez la femme, puis on observe une chute. L'épaisseur musculaire décroit, chez l'homme, à partir de 30 ans, alors que chez la femme on n'observe aucune modification significative avant 60 ans. Les corrélations entre ces variables diffèrent selon le sexe. Alors que la masse minérale et l'épaisseur musculaire varient positivement chez l'homme en fonction de l'âge, il n'y a pas de rapport significatif chez la femme, après 60 ans. Cependant, chez ces dernières, la masse osseuse et le tissu graisseux sous-cutané sont en corrélation nette après 60 ans, bien qu'aucun rapport significatif ne soit noté chez l'homme quel que soit le groupe d'âge. Chez des sujets ostéoporotiques, la masse minérale osseuse et l'épaisseur musculaire sont plus faibles chez les hommes par rapport à des sujets normaux du même âge. Chez des femmes ostéoporotiques, cependant, bien que la masse minérale osseuse et le tissu graisseux sous-cutané soient inférieures par rapport à des sujets normaux, l'épaisseur du muscle n'est pas modifiée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden bei gesunden erwachsenen Männern und Frauen radiologische Messungen der Knochenmineralmasse im proximalen Radius, der Dicke des Muskels und des subkutanen Fettes des Vorderarmes durch die ganze Altersspanne durchgeführt. Die Knochenmineralmasse zeigte keine signifikante Veränderung bis zum 60. Altersjahr bei den Männern und bis zum 50. Altersjahr bei den Frauen; dann jedoch sank sie ab. Die Muskeldicke nahm bei den Männern über 30 Jahren ab, bei den Frauen konnte jedoch eine signifikante Abnahme erst ab 60 Jahren festgestellt werden. Die Korrelation zwischen diesen beiden Werten war bei Männern und Frauen ebenfalls verschieden. Während bei den Männern Knochenmineralmasse und Muskeldicke in jedem Alter meistens eine positive Korrelation zeigte, konnte bei den Frauen nach dem 60. Altersjahr keine signifikante Korrelation gefunden werden. Bei den Frauen zeigten hingegen Knochenmasse und subkutanes Fett eine deutliche Korrelation in der Gruppe nach dem 60. Altersjahr, während bei den Männern in keiner Altersgruppe eine signifikante Korrelation gefunden werden konnte. In einer osteoporotischen Gruppe waren Knochenmineralmasse und Muskeldicke niedriger bei Männern, verglichen mit Kontrollen bei Gesunden desselben Alters. Bei weiblichen osteoporotischen Patienten hingegen zeigte die Muskeldicke keinen Unterschied, während Knochenmineralmasse und subkutanes Fett niedriger waren als bei Gesunden.
    Notes: Abstract Radiologic measurements of bone mineral mass in the proximal radius, muscle width and thickness of the subcutaneous fat of the forearm were studied in normal men and women throughout the adult age range. Bone mineral mass showed no significant change to age 60 in men and age 50 in women, but fell thereafter. Muscle width declined from age 30 in the male population, though no significant reduction was found in women before age 60. The correlations between these variables also differed between males and females. While bone mineral mass and muscle width tended, in males, to be positively correlated at all ages, in females no significant correlation was found after age 60. In females, however, bone mass and subcutaneous fat were distinctly correlated in the over 60 age group, though no significant correlation was found in males in any age group. In an osteoporotic group, bone mineral mass and muscle width were lower in male patients than in normals of similar age. In female osteoporotic patients, however, while bone mineral mass and subcutaneous fat were less than in normals, muscle width showed no difference.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 175-192 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Surface ; Calcium ; Exchange ; Adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une analyse mathématique de résultats autoradiographiques de l'absorption et de l'élimination du45Ca à la surface des os de lapin, de chien et de l'homme montre qu'un modèle de diffusion à la surface osseuse n'est pas valable. Les résultatsin vivo, par contre, sont compatibles avec un compartiment superficiel unique. Les résultatsin vitro peuvent être représentés, d'un autre côté, par une série de trois compartiments: celiu du milieu est identique avec le compartiment superficiel de la situationin vivo. Le temps de séjour du calcium dans ce compartiment peut être mis en rapport avec l'énergie de liaison de l'ion clacium, au niveau du côté superficiel d'un cristal d'apatite. Il semble que l'environnement des cristaux d'apatite, 1–4 μ sous la surface osseuse, soit identique à celui d'une solution aqueuse, les rendant susceptibles d'un échange rapide de calcium, mais cette possibilité est tellement réduite dans le volume osseux que le modèle de percolation proposé par Arnold et coll, parait indéfendable.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine mathematische Analyse von autoradiographischen Daten betreffend Aufnahme und Abgabe von45Ca an Knochenoberflächen beim Kaninchen, beim Hund und beim Menschen zeigte, daß ein Diffusionsmodell die Knochenoberfläche nicht überzeugend beschreibt. Hingegen werdenin vivo-Daten durch ein einziges Oberflächenkompartiment gut erfaßt. Diein vitro. Daten können andererseits durch eine Serie von drei Kompartimenten dargestellt werden; das mittlere dieser Kompartimente ist identisch mit dem Oberflächenkompartiment der Versuchein vivo. Die Verweildauer des Calciums in diesem Kompartiment kann zur Bindungsenergie eines Calciumions an der Oberfläche eines Apatitkristalls in Beziehung gebracht werden. Es wird daraus abgeleitet, daß die Umgebung der Apatitkristalle, die 1–4 μ unter der Knochenoberfläche liegen, derjenigen in wässeriger Lösung gleicht und sie dadurch für einen raschen Calciumaustausch zugänglich macht, da\ jedoch diese Zugänglichkeit innerhalb des Knochenvolumens derart drastisch reduziert wird, daß das Perkolationsmodell von Arnoldet al. nicht brauchbar ist.
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical analysis of autoradiographic data for the uptake and release of45Ca at bone surfaces in rabbit, dog, and man showed that a diffusion model of bone surface is not tenable. Datain vivo are, instead, well represented by a single surface compartment. Thein vitro data, on the other hand, can be represented by a series of three compartments; the middle one of these compartment is identical with the surface compartment of thein vivo situation. The residence time of calcium in this compartment can be related to the binding energy of a calcium ion at a surface site on an apatite crystal. It is concluded that the environment of the apatite crystals 1–4 μ below bone surfaces is similar to that in aqueous solution, making them available for rapid exchange of calcium but that this availability is so drastically reduced within the volume of bone that the percolation model of Arnoldet al. is untenable.
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  • 11
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Corticosteroids ; Hydrocortisone ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de l'hydrocortisone, administrée sous deux formes physiques différentes (solubles et cristallines), à une dose identique de 5 mg/kg/jour ont été étudiés sur l'os en croissance chez 52 lapins pendant 6 semaines. Les animaux sont divisés en 1) un groupe témoin, 2) un groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone soluble et 3) un groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone cristalline. Les lapins traités à l'hydrocortisone soluble présentent quelques différences avec ceux traités à l'hydrocortisone cristalline. Par rapport aux témoins, le groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone soluble a augmenté plus faiblement de poids, présente moins de croissance osseuse longitudinale, montre un arrêt de l'ostéogenèse des surfaces et présente une augmentation de la résorption osseuse au niveau des surfaces corticales et de l'endoste. Cependant, le groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone cristalline a perdu de poids, ne présente pas de croissance osseuse longitudinale, ni d'apposition osseuse au niveau de toutes les surfaces, avec cependant une résorption osseuse marquée au niveau des surfaces corticales et de l'endoste, provoquant un amincissement net des corticales. Il semble que le facteur déterminant de cette action différente est l'élévation prolongée du cortisol plasmatique après injection d'hydrocortisone crystalline. Alors que d'autres aufeurs ont montré un rapport étroit médicament-dose, cette étude indique que la durée de l'action du médicament ou la fréquence de son administration par jour peut également être importante.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Hydrocortison auf den wachsenden Knochen wurde bei 52 Kaninchen untersucht. Das Hydrocortison wurde in zwei Formen (löslich und kristallin), bei gleicher Dosierung von 5 mg/kg/Tag, während 6 Wochen verabreicht. Die Tiere wurden in folgende Gruppen unterteilt: 1. Kontrollen; 2. mit löslichem Hydrocortison behandelte Tiere; 3. mit kristallinem Hydrocortison behandelte Tiere. Die mit löslichem Hydrocortison behandelten Kaninchen wiesen nicht dieselben Veränderungen auf wie die mit kristallinem Hydrocortison behandelten. Im Vergleich mit der Kontrollgruppe zeigte die mit löslichem Hydrocortison behandelte Gruppe folgende Veränderungen: weniger Gewichtszunahme, weniger Wachstum der longitudinalen Knochen, leichte Unterdrücklung der Knochenbildung auf allen Oberflächen und leicht erhöhte Knochenresorption an der corticalen Endostoberfläche. Die mit kristallinem Hydrocortison behandelten Tiere jedoch zeigten: Gewichtsverlust, Stillstand des longitudinalen Knochenwachstums, Stillstand der Knochenbildung auf allen Oberflächen und deutliche Knochenresorption an der corticalen Endostoberfläche, welche zu dramatischer corticaler Verdünnung führte. Es wird vermutet, daß der ausschlaggebende Faktor in dieser unterschiedlichen Wirkung die anhaltende Erhöhung der Cortisolkonzentration im Plasma ist, welche auf die Injektion von kristallinem Hydrocortisol folgt. Während andere Forscher eine starke Dosisabhängigkeit gezeigt haben, deutet diese Untersuchung an, daß die Wirkungsdauer der Substanz oder die Häufigkeit ihrer Verabreichung pro Tag ebenso wichtig sein können.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of hydrocortisone on growing bone administered in two different physical forms (soluble and crystalline) in an identical dosage of 5 mg/kg/day for six weeks were studied in 52 growing rabbits. The animals were divided into (1) controls, (2) soluble hydrocortisone treated and (3) crystalline hydrocortisone treated. The rabbits treated with soluble hydrocortisone showed changes different from those given crystalline hydrocortisone. When compared with the control group, the soluble hydrocortisone treated group gained less weight, had less longitudinal bone growth, had some suppression of bone formation at all surfaces and had some increased bone resorption at the cortical-endosteal surface. However, the crystalline hydrocortisone treated group lost weight, ceased longitudinal bone growth, ceased bone formation at all surfaces and had marked bone resorption at the cortical-endosteal surface resulting in dramatic cortical thinning. It is believed that the determining factor in this differential effect is the prolonged elevation of plasma cortisol folloing injection of the crystalline hydrocortisone. While other investigators have shown a strong drug-dose relationship, this study indicates that the duration of action of the drug or the frequency of its administration per day may be equally important.
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  • 12
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Analysis ; Osteon ; Bone ; Composition ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude microscopique de la composition du tissu osseux, réalisée initialement au niveau des ostéones, a été étendue à l'os lamellaire interstitiel périosté et aux ≪Mittellinien≫. Le phosphore, calcium, l'azote total, les mucopolysaccharides (sous forme d'hexosamines) et le collagène (sous forme d'hydroxyle-proline) ont été déterminés dans ce tissu au point de vue pondéral et volumétrique. Le calcium a également été déterminé dans les ostéones aux stades initial et final de la calcification. Malgré des rapports Ca/P sensiblement identiques, l'os lamellaire interstitiel périosté et les Mittellinien diffèrent en composition organique. L'os interstitiel a un contenu plus élevé en azote (absolu et par rapport au phosphore) et en hydroxyle-proline et azote non-collagénique que les Mittellinien. En étudiant les résultats sur la composition du tissu ostéoide, les ostéones à divers degrés de calcification et les structures décrites ci-dessus, on se rend compte de la composition variable du tissu osseux d'une plage à l'autre. D'après les résultats analytiques, il semble que dans tout processus de calcification rapide, des protéines non-collagéniques (probablement des protéoglycanes) sont présentes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Untersuchung der Zusammensetzung des Knochengewebes auf der Stufe mikroskopischer Strukturen, welche früher auf die Haversianischen Systeme begrenzt war, ist auf den interstitiellen Lamellenknochen des Periosts und auf die Mittellinien ausgedehnt worden. Phosphor, Calcium, Gesamtstickstoff, Mucopolysaccharide (als Hexosamine) und Kollagen (als Hydroxyprolin) wurden in diesen Materialien in bezug auf Gewicht und Volumen bestimmt. Calcium wurde auch in den Osteonen in der Anfangs- und Endphase der Verkalkung bestimmt. Trotz praktisch identischem Ca/P-Verhältnis unterscheiden sich interstitieller Lamellenknochen des Periosts und Mittellinien in ihrer organischen Zusammensetzung. Interstitieller Knochen hat einen höheren Gesamtstickstoffgehalt (absolut sowie auf Phosphorgehalt bezogen), ebenso mehr Hydroxyprolin und nicht-kollagenen Stockstoff als die Mittellinien. Eine Zusammenstellung von Daten über die Zusammensetzung des Osteoid-Gewebes, der Osteonen in verschiedenen Stadien der Verkalkung und der oben aufgeführten Strukturen zeigt, wie unterschiedlich die Zusammensetzung des Knochengewebes sogar von einer mikroskopischen Struktur zur angrenzenden sein kann. Es wurde versucht, aus den analytischen Daten eine allgemeine Regel betreffend den verkalkungsprozess zu erhalten, nämlich: Wo immer eine Verkalkung rasch stattfindet, sind nicht-kollagene Proteine (möglicherweise Proteoglycane) anwesend.
    Notes: Abstract A study of the composition of bone tissue at the level of microscopic structures, previously limited to the Haversian systems, has been extended to interstitial periosteal lamellar bone and to the “Mittellinien”. Phosphorus, calcium, total nitrogen, mucopolysaccharides (as hexosamines) and collagen (as hydroxyproline) were determined in these materials on both weight and volume basis. Calcium was also been determined in osteones at the initial and final stage of calcification. In spite of virtually identical Ca/P ratios, interstitial periosteal lamellar bone and Mittellinien differ in their organic composition. Interstitial bone has a higher total nitrogen content (both absolute and relative to phosphorus) as well as higher hydroxyproline and non-collagenous nitrogen than the Mittellinien. A compilation of data on the composition of osteoid tissue, osteones at different degrees of calcification and the above structures, shows how variable is the composition of bone tissue even from one microscopic structure to the one adjacent. Tentative indications of a general rule governing the process of calcification were obtained from the analytical data; namely that wherever calcification is taking place rapidly, non-collagenous proteins (possibly proteoglycans) are present.
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  • 13
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 303-312 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Collagen ; Degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De la poudre osseuse est décalcifiée et extraite à l'aide de l'E.D.T.A.0.5 M, puis d'un tampon de McIlvaine à pH 7.4. Trois fractions contenant de l'hydroxyproline ont été obtenues à partir de l'extrait de l'E.D.T.A., purifié par filtration sur gel. Ces 3 fractions sont considérées comme des produits de dégradation du collagène, étant donné leur analogie en composition en acides aminés. Le tampon de McIlvaine est fractionné par le sulfate d'ammonium. A partir de la fraction de saturation 0.3 M, après reconstitution avec l'ATP, un fragment de 700 Å de long est observé au microscope électronique. Une comparaison avec du collagène à segment espacé long semble indiquer que ce fragment est un produit de dégradation partielle de collagène et comprend environ un quart de la molécule collagénique de l'extrémité aminée terminale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Knochenpulver wurde mit 0.5 M EDTA entkalkt und anschließen mit McIlvaine-Puffer bei pH 7,4 extrahiert. Aus dem durch Gel-Filtrations-Chromatographie gereinigten EDTA-Extrakt konnten 3 Hydroxyprolin enthaltende Fraktionen gewonnen werden. Diese wurden wegen ihrer kollagenähnlichen Aminosäurenstruktur für Abbauprodukte des Kollagens gehalten. Der McIlvaine-Puffer-Extrakt wurde mittels Ammoniumsulfat fraktioniert. Nach Rekonstitution mit ATP wurde aus der zu 0.3 gesättigten Fraktion ein Fragment in der Länge von 700 Å entnommen und unter dem Elektronenmikroskop geprüft. Vergleiche mit „segment-longspacing collagen” ließen vermuten, daß es sich bei diesem Fragment um teilweise abgebautes Kollagen handelte, das aus ungefähr einem Viertel des Kollagenmoleküls mit der endständigen Aminogruppe besteht.
    Notes: Abstract Bone powder was decalcified and extracted with 0.5 M EDTA and then with McIlvaine buffer at pH 7.4. From the EDTA extract, purified by gel filtration chromatography, three hydroxyproline-containing fractions were obtained which were considered to be degradation products of collagen because of their collagen-like amino-acid composition. The McIlvaine buffer extract was fractionated by ammonium sulfate. From the 0.3 saturation fraction, after reconstitution with ATP, a fragment 700 Å in length was observed with the electron microscope. Comparison with segment-long-spacing collagen suggested that this fragment was a partially-degraded product of collagen and consisted of approximately one quarter of the collagen molecule from the terminal-amino end.
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  • 14
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 323-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteoporosis ; Resorption ; Deer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des biopsies de côte, métacarpe et tibia sont prélevées chez des daims, cinq fois, pendant le cycle de croissance annuelle des andouillers. Les tissus sont étudiés par des méthodes histométriques ou densitométriques, suivies par l'analyse minérale à l'aide de la spectrophotométrie d'absorption atomique. Peu de remaniement s'observe dans le tissu osseux pendant la période de repos, mais pendant la période de croissance maximale des andouillers en juin, le remaniement osseux interne atteint son maximum. La résorption la plus élevée de 22,99% s'observe dans les côtes: elles est de 13,10% dans le métacarpe et 10,37% dans le métatarse. A l'automne, à la fin de la croissance des andouillers, on note une diminution du remaniement qui atteint des valeurs voisines de celle de la période de repos. Au niveau des côtes, les valeurs les plus faibles de poids de cendre, par unité de volume, s'observent au milieu de la période de croissance des andouillers, mais aucune variation cyclique de ces valeurs n'est trouvée dans le métacarpe, le métatarse et le tibia. Le pourcentage de calcium, magnésium et phosphore dans la cendre d'os ne varie pas pendant le cycle de croissance de l'andouiller. Il ne semble donc pas y avoir de changement de composition osseuse pendant les periodes de remaniement élevé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden beim Wild in 5 Intervallen während des jährlichen Geweihwachstums-Cyclus folgende Biopsie-Proben entnommen: Rippe, Metacarpus, Metatarsus und Tibia. Die Gewebe wurden entweder mit histometrischen Methoden oder mit densitometrischen Messungen untersucht, welche durch eine Mineralanalyse mittels Atom-Absorptions-Spektrophotometrie ergänzt wurden. Während der Ruheperiode des Geweihwachstums erfolgte wenig Knochenneubildung; während der Hauptgeweihwachstumszeit im Juni hingegen erreichte die Knochenneubildung einen Höhepunkt. Die höchste Resorption von 22,99% erfolgte in den Rippen, beim Metacarpus waren es 13,10% und beim Metatarsus 10,37%. Beim Stillstand des Geweihwachstums im Herbst sank auch die Knochenneubildung wieder auf das niedere Niveau ab, das vor dem Geweihwachstum festgestellt wurde. Bei den Rippen zeigten sich die niedrigsten Werte des Aschgewichts per Volumeneinheit in der Mitte des Geweihwachstums; aber bei Metacarpus, Metatarsus und Tibia wurden für diese Werte keine cyclischen Veränderungen festgestellt. Der Prozentsatz von Calcium, Magnesium und Phosphor in der Knochenasche veränderte sich während des Geweihwaschstums-Cyclus nicht, was darauf hindeutet, daß die Zusammensetzung des Knochens während der Perioden erhöhter Neubildung gleich blieb.
    Notes: Abstract Biopsy samples of rib, metacarpus, metatarsus and tibia were obtained from deer at five intervals during the annual antler growth cycle. Tissues were examined by either histometric methods or by densitometric measurements followed by mineral analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Little remodelling occurred in bones during the period of antler quiescence, but during the peak of antler growth in June, internal bone remodelling reached a peak. The highest resorption of 22.99% occurred in ribs with lower levels of 13.10% for metacarpus and 10.37% for metatarsus. At the cessation of antler growth in the fall, remodelling again decreased to the low level found preceeding antler growth. In ribs lowest values of ash weight per unit volume occurred during the middle of antler growth but no cyclic variations were found for these values in metacarpus, metatarsus and tibia. Percentage of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in bone ash did not vary during the antler growth cycle indicating no change in bone composition during periods of high remodelling.
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  • 15
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 271-285 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Glycosaminoglycans ; Extraction ; Epiphysis ; Cartilage ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des glycosaminoglycanes de zones au repos, sériées, hypertrophiques et calcifiées de la métaphyse épiphysaire et du cartilage du septum nasal ont été extraits à l'aide d'un solvant, 3 M GuCl, selon Sajdera et Hascall (1969), pour séparer les glycosaminoglycanes en une partie que l'on peut extraire et une partie qui reste liée au tissu. Le cartilage épiphysaire nécessite des temps d'extraction plus prolongés que le cartilage du septum nasal pour extraire des quantités similaires de glycosaminoglycanes acides suggérant une liaison plus étroite de ces derniers dans le tissu. Vers le front de calcification, les glycosaminoglycanes sont extraits plus facilement alors que dans la zone calcifiée pas plus de 30% ne peut être extrait. Des résultats obtenus par le procédé de microfractionnement CPC d'Antonopoulos et coll. (1964) indiquent une distribution similaire selon le poids moléculaire et/ou la densité de charge pour le chondroitine sulfate qui se laisse extraire ou non du cartilage du septum nasal et le chondroitine sulfate que l'on ne peut extraire du cartilage du septum nasal et des zones au repos et sériées de la métaphyse. Les glycosaminoglycanes des zones hypertrophiques et calcifiées que l'on ne peut extraire sont surtout de faible poids moléculaire et/ou leur densité de charge se compare au pool que l'on peut extraire. L'acide hyaluronique ne peut être extrait du septum nasal et des zones au repos, sériées et hypertrophiques avec des concentrations croissantes vers le front de calcification. Dans la zone calcifiée, un changement avec augmentation de l'acide hyaluronique que l'on peut extraire est noté. Ces résultats sont discutés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die sauren Glycosaminoglycane von ruhenden, säulenförmigen, hypertrophischen und verkalkten Zonen der Epiphysen-Wachstumsplatte und des Nasenseptum-Knorpels vom Kalb wurden mittels eines dissoziierenden Lösungsmittels, 3 M Guanidinchlorid, nach Sajdera und Hascall (1969) extrahiert, um die Glycosaminoglycane in einen extrahierbaren und einen unextrahierbaren Anteil — dieser bleibt ans Gewebe gebunden — zu trennen. Der Epiphysenknorpel beanspruchte längere Extraktionszeiten als der Nasenseptumknorpel, um vergleichbare Mengen saurer Glycosaminoglycane abzugeben. Dies deutet auf eine stärkere Bindung der Proteoglycane im Gewebe. Die Glycosaminoglycane ließen sich leichter aus dem Bereich der Verkalkungsfront extrahieren, während aus der verkalkten Zone nicht mehr als 30% extrahiert werden konnten. Die Resultate, die mit dem Cetylpyridinchlorid-Mikrofraktionierungsverfahren von Antonopouloset al. (1964) erhalten wurden, deuteten auf eine ähnliche Verteilung entsprechend dem Molekulargewicht und/oder der Ladungsdichte für extrahierbares und unextrahierbares Chondroitinsulfat im Nasenseptumknorpel und in ruhenden und säulenförmigen Zonen der Epiphysen-Wachstumsplatte. Die unextrahierbaren Glycosaminoglycane in hypertrophischen und verkalkten Zonen zeigten vorwiegend niederes Molekulargewicht und/oder niedere Ladungsdichte im Vergleich zum extrahierbaren Anteil. Die Hyaluronsäure ließ sich aus Nasenseptum und ruhenden, säulenförmigen und hypertrophischen Zonen nicht extrahieren und zeigte höhere Konzentrationen als in der Verkalkungsfront. In der verkalkten Zone erfolgte eine Verschiebung zu meist extrahierbarer Hyaluronsäure. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The acid glycosaminoglycans of resting, columnar, hypertrophic and calcified zones of calf epiphyseal growth plate and of nasal septum cartilage were extracted with a dissociative solvent, 3M GuCl, according to Sajdera and Hascall (1969), to separate the glycosaminoglycans into an extractable pool and an unextractable pool which remains bound within the tissue. Epiphyseal cartilage required longer extraction times than did nasal septum cartilage to extract comparable amounts of acid glycosaminoglycans suggesting a stronger binding of proteoglycans within the tissue. Towards the calcification front the glycosaminoglycans were extracted more easily while in calcified zone not more than 30% could be extracted. Data obtained by the CPC microfractionation procedure of Antonopouloset al. (1964) indicated similar distribution according to molecular weight and/or charge density for extractable and unextractable chondroitin sulphate in nasal septum cartilage and in resting and columnar zones of epiphyseal growth plate. Unextractable glycosaminoglycans in hypertrophic and calcified zones were of predominantly low molecular weight and/or charge density compared to the extractable pool. Hyaluronic acid was unextractable in nasal septum and in resting, columnar and hypertrophic zones with increasing concentrations towards the calcification front. In calcified zone a shift to mainly extractable hyaluronic acid occurred. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 16
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 93-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Sodium ; Rickets ; Vitamin D3 ; Exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les échanges du sodium au niveau d'os de poulet ont été étudiés chez des animaux témoins, rachitiques et reachitiques traités par vitamine D3. L'os reachitique présente une augmentation du contenu en eau, avec des échanges en sodium osseux identiques à ceux des témoins, de mêne âge. L'administration de vitamine D3 à des poulets rachitiques est suivie par une décroissance du contenu de l'os en eau et par une augmentation des échanges du sodium osseux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Natriumaustausch in Kükenknochen wurde bei Kontroll-und rachitischen Tieren sowie bei rachitischen, mit Vitamin D3 behandelten Tieren untersucht. Der rachitische Knochen, der einen erhöhten Wassergehalt aufweist, hat einen ähnlichen Natriumaustausch wie der Knochen gleichaltriger Kontrolltiere. Die Behandlung von rachitischen Küken mit Vitamin D3 bewirkte eine Abnahme des Wassergehaltes im Knochen und eine Zunahme des Natriumaustausches.
    Notes: Abstract Sodium exchange in chick bone has been studied on control, rachitic and rachitic treated with vitamin D3 animals. The rachitic bone, which shows increased water content, has similar bone exchange than that of their age control group. Vitamin D3 treatment of rachitic chicks was followed by a decrease in bone water content and increase in bone sodium exchange.
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  • 17
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 99-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Age ; Pregnancy ; Lactation ; Bone ; Mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les fémora de rats jeunes et âgés sont comparés à l'aide de tests mécaniques en estimant leur capacité de résister à des stress physiologiques de grossesse et de lactation. Dans les deux groupes, on note une tendance de résistance plus élevée de l'os à la fin de la grossesse par rapport à des animaux vierges de même âge. Cet effet est plus net chez des animaux plus âgés. D'où les os des animaux plus âgés sont presque aussi résistals, à la fini de la lactation, que ceux d'animaux vierges du même âge, bien que les os soient résistants pendant la lactation. Les os d'animaux jeunes en lactation sont moins résistants que ceux d'animaux vierges du même âga. L'augmentation de la force d'animaux, après délivrance, est en rapport avec le poids plus élevé de ces animaux par rapport à des animaux vierges: la surface transversale des os d'animaux âgés, après délivrance, et le poids qu'ils supportent, sont en rapport direct avec le poids de l'animal à sa mort.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Femora von jüngeren und älteren Ratten wurden mittels mechanischer Tests miteinander in Bezug auf ihre Fähigkeit verglichen, der physiologischen Beanspruchung von Schwangerschaft und Lactation standzuhalten. In beiden Altersgruppen zeigte sich eine Tendenz der Knochen, am Ende der Schwangerschaft stärker zu sein als diejenigen von ungedeckten Tieren desselben Alters. Diese Wirkung war ausgeprägter in den älteren Tieren. Als Folge waren die Knochen der älteren Tiere am Ende der Lactation beinahe so stark wie diejenigen der ungedeckten Tiere deselben Alters, obwohl die Knochen während der Lactation schwächer wurden. Bei den jüngeren Tieren waren die Knochen am Ende der Lactation schwächer als diejenigen der ungedeckten Tiere. Möglicherweise hat die Zunahme der Knochenstärke nach der Schwangerschaft einen Zusammenhang mit dem höheren Gewicht dieser Tiere im Vergleich mit den ungedeckten Tieren; die Querschnittfläche der Knochen älterer postpartaler Tiere und die Last, die sie aushielten, hatten einen engen Zusammenhang mit dem Gewicht des Tieres bei dessen Tod.
    Notes: Abstract The femora of younger and older rats were compared, by means of mechanical tests, for their ability to withstand the physiological stresses of pregnancy and lactation. In both age groups there was a tendency for the bones at the end of pregnancy to be stronger than those of virgins of the same age. This effect was much more clearly marked in the older than in the younger animals. As a result, the bones of older animals were almost as strong, at the end of lactation, as those of virgins of the same, age, even though the bones became weaker during lactation. The bones of younger lactators were weaker than those of virgins of the same age. It is possible that the increase in strength of the postpartum animals is related to the greater weight of such animals compared with virgins; the cross-sectional area of the bones of the older postpartums, and the load they bore, had a high correlation with the weight of the animal at death.
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  • 18
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Parathyroid ; Calcitonin ; Bone ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet du fluor, de la parathormone et de la calcitonine sur le métabolisme du calcium osseux a été étudié en culture de tissu en utilisant des demi-calottes crâniennes de souris âgées de cinq jours. Les concentrations de fluor dans les cendres des calottes crâniennes de 0,007% (groupe peu fluoré), 0,041% (groupe moyennement fluoré) et 0,107% (groupe hautement fluoré) ont été obtenues en variant l'ingestion maternelle et post-natale en fluor. Le fluor inhibe la perte de calcium des os cultivés dans le milieu témoin et celui contenant la parathormone et favorise l'enrichissement en laccium des os cultivés dans un milieu contenant de la calcitonine. De l'os mort des groupes fortement et moyennement fluorés s'enrichit plus en calcium à partir du milieu de culture que les os du groupe pauvre en fluor. Le fluor semble agir sur le métabolisme du calcium osseux essentiellement par diminution de la solubilité minérale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Fluorid, Parathormon und Calcitonin auf den Calciumstoffwechsel im Knochen wurde in einem Knochenkultur-System untersucht, wobei Halbcalvarien von 5 Tage alten Mäusen verwendet wurden. Fluoridgehalte in der Asche der Halbcalvarien von 0,007% (Gruppe mit niedrigem Fluoridgehalt), 0,041% (Gruppe mit mittlerem Fluoridgehalt) und 0,1075 (Gruppe mit hohem Fluoridgehalt) wurden erhalten, indem die Fluorideinnahme der Mütter oder der Neugeborenen verändert wurde. Fluorid hemmte den Calciumverlust aus Knochen, welche im Kontrollmedium oder in Parathormon-enthaltenden Medien kultiviert worden waren, und es förderte die Calciumaufnahme von Knochen, welche in Calcitoninenthaltendem Medium kultiviert worden waren. Die toten Knochen der Gruppen mit mittlerem und hohem Fluoridgehalt nehmen mehr Calcium aus dem Kulturmedium auf als die Knochen der Gruppe mit niederem Fluorid. Fluorid scheint vor allem durch eine Herabsetzung der Mineral-Löslichkeit auf den Calciumstoffwechsel der Knochen zu wirken.
    Notes: Abstract The influence of fluoride, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin on bone calcium metabolism was investigated in a bone culture system using half-calvaria of five-day old mice. Fluoride levels in the ash of half-calvaria of 0.007% (low fluoride group), 0.041% (moderate fluoride group), and 0.107% (high fluoride group) were achieved by varying the maternal and neonatal intake of fluoride. Fluoride inhibited the loss of calcium from bones cultured in control medium and parathyroid hormone-containing media, and promoted the uptake of calcium by bones cultured in medium containing calcitonin. Dead bones of the moderate and high fluoride groups took up more calcium from the culture medium than bones of the low fluoride group. Fluoride appears to exert its effect on bone calcium metabolism predominantly via a reduction in mineral solubility.
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  • 19
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 249-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Organ Culture ; Inhibitor ; Mithramycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La mithramycine, qui est un antibiotique bloquant le métabolisme de l'ARN, lié à l'ADN, possède des propriétés hypocalcémiquesin vivo. Cette action pourrait être en rapport avec une inhibition de la résorption osseuse. La résorption osseuse de cet antibiotique a été testéein vitro en utilisant des calottes craniennes de souris nouveau-nés. Il semble que la mithramycine, non seulement inhibe la résorption osseusein vitro, mais inhibe aussi la formation osseuse et se révèle cytotoxique à toutes le concentrati ons qui inhibent la résorption osseuse. L'efficacité de l'antibiotique comme inhibiteur de résorption parait liée au degré d'activité de résorption observée lorsqu'on l'introduit dans ce système. Des observations morphologiques posent le problème des anomalies provoquées par cet agent dans le processus normal de différenciation de cellules osseuses au cours de la formation du cartilage.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mithramycin, ein Antibioticum, welches den DNS-abhängigen RNS-Stoffwechsel blockiert, wirktin vivo hypocalcämisch. Es wurde vermutet, daß diese Wirkung durch eine Hemmung der Knochenresorption erzielt wurde. Wir haben dieses Antibioticum auf seine Wirkungen auf die Knochenresorptionin vitro geprüft und verwendeten zu diesem Zwecke Schädeldächer von neugeborenen Mäusen. Die vorliegende Arbeit enthält den Beweis, daß Mithramycin nicht nur die Knochenresorptionin vitro, sondern auch die Knochenbildung hemmt und daß es in allen Konzentrationen, welche die Resorptionshemmung bewirken, cytotoxisch ist. Die Wirksamkeit dieses Antibioticums als Resorptionshemmer scheint im Zusammenhang zu stehen mit dem Ausmaß der Knochenresorptions-Aktivität zum Zeitpunkt, da das Antibioticum in das System eingeführt wird. Morphologische Beobachtungen ließen auch die Frage aufkommen, ob Mithramycin Abnormalitäten im normalen Ablauf der Knochenzell-Verwandlungen, welche zur Bildung von Knorpel führen, verursachen könne oder nicht.
    Notes: Abstract Mithramycin, an antibiotic which blocks DNA-dependent RNA metabolism, has been demonstrated to be hypocalcaemicin vivo. It has been suggested that this effect is obtained by an inhibition of bone resorption. We have tested this antibiotic for its effects on bone resorptionin vitro using new-born mouse calvaria and this report presents evidence that mithramycin not only inhibits bone resorptionin vitro but also inhibits the formation of bone and is cytotoxic at all concentrations which appear to be effective at inhibiting resorption. The effectiveness of this antibiotic at inhibiting resorption appears to be related to the degree of bone resorption activity present when it is introduced to the system. Morphological observations also raised the question as to whether or not this agent may cause abnormalities in the normal processes of bone cell modulation resulting in the formation of cartilage.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteogenesis ; Osteoinduction ; Bone ; Matrix ; Cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Bone matrix demineralized in 0.6 N HCl at 2° for 24 h and implanted in muscle in allogeneic rats possesses consistently reproducible bone morphogenetic activity. Experiments on implants of matrix, obtained from donors injected with3H-tyrosine or3H-tryptophan, or Na35SO4, suggest that bone morphogenetic property is a protein or apart of a protein that is (1) insoluble in buffer solutions, pH 3.6 and 5.0; (2) degraded in buffer solutions at pH 7.4 by an endogenous sulfhydryl-group neutral proteinase; (3) digested by trypsin at 15° within 8 h without solubilization of the helical regions, possibly even without degradation of the nonhelical ends of the bone collagen molecule, and without any loss of the periodic ultrastructure of the collagen fibrils; (4) degraded or removed by 0.1 N NaOH at 2° within 24 h without solubilization of collagen; (5) biologically active even after nitration of tyrosyl groups with tetranitromethane. The release of only one-third of the radioactivity with loss of nearly all yield of new bone by limited tryptic digestion of3H-borohydride-reduced matrix indicates that the bone morphogenetic response is the function of a non-collagenous component. Autoradiographs of implants of matrix with non-collagenous proteins labelled with3H-tryptophan,3H-tyrosine, or both3H-tyrosine and3H-phenyl-alanine demonstrate random dissemination of the radioactive constituents and no evidence of local transfer of labelled proteins or soluble protein derivatives. Hypothetically, the bone morphogenetic response is controlled by an insoluble acidic bone morphogenetic protein or polypeptide (BMP) and a soluble neutral proteinase (BMP-ase) resembling trypsin in activity except functionally more specific for BMP. Firmly bound but separable from bone collagen, BMP is one of many short-lived morphogenetic substances appearing and disappearing throughout embryonic development and persisting in postfetal life. Where the BMP receptor resides and how it activates cell mechanisms of differential repression and derepression of such genes as code for osteogenesis is unknown.
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  • 21
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 333-339 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Bone ; Resorption ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of analogues of vitamin D have been tested for their ability to stimulate bone resorption in two test systems used previously to investigate the metabolites of vitamine D. These analogues were tested (a) by directly comparing their action on bone explants of mouse half-calvariain vitro, and (b) by injecting them into young mice and measuring the degree of resorptionin vitro when explants were prepared 18 hours after the injection. It is concluded that the key functional groups concerned with enhancing the activity of vitamin D3 are the 1α- and the 25-hydroxyl,both together; the cis ring structure for ring A appears necessary. 1α-Hydroxycholecalciferol (1α-OHD3) is about as active as 25-OHD3 in the direct test, but its potency is much nearer to that of 1,25-(OH)2D3 when tested by the second (indirect) method; it seems likely that 1α-OHD3 is converted into 1,25-(OH)2D3 in vivo. The results are discussed in relation to the designing of analogues for clinical and experimental use.
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  • 22
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: EHDP ; Bone ; Chemistry ; Serum ; Rabbits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on bone and serum chemistry were investigated in adult rabbits. EHDP was administered by subcutaneous injection at doses of 0.25, 2.5 and 10 mg/kg body weight/day for of 28 days. Blood samples were obtained weekly from each rabbit and serum levels of total calcium, ionized calcium, inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were determined. At the end of the treatment period all rabbits were sacrificed and the tibiae removed for chemical analysis and histological evaluation. The effect of EHDP administration on serum chemistry was both dose- and time-related. The highest of the three doses, 10 mg/kg/day, resulted in a time-related decrease in total serum calcium. This dose also caused a rapid but transient reduction in serum ionized calcium. The effect of EHDP on serum inorganic phosphate was biphasic. Administration of 2.5 mg/kg/day resulted in a time-related elevation in this parameter, whereas the 10 mg/kg/day dose resulted in a time-related hypophosphatemic response. There were no significant drug-related changes in tibial fat-free dry weight, ash weight, total calcium or total phosphorus values. However, administration of 2.5 and 10 mg/kg/day EHDP resulted in increased osteoid tissue as measured histologically. These results are compared with data from other EHDP studies, and discussed in relation to the maturity and growth-state of the experimental animals.
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  • 23
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 261-275 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentine ; Bone ; Mineralization ; Density gradient fractionation ; Proteoglycans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to obtain enough material to analyse the organic matrix of mineralizing tissue a technique for preparative separation according to the degree of mineralization was developed. The method employs ultracentrifugation of powdered material in density gradients made from acetone and bromoform. The density range of the fractions is checked by refractive index measurements of the gradient medium. The amount of the material in the fractions is checked by weighing and their degree of mineralization is estimated by determining the Ca/N and P/N ratios. The homogeneity of the fractions is determined by soft X-ray microscopy. Isolated dissected microscopic bone structure (osteones and lamellar bone fragments) with different degrees of mineralization were fractionated in this way. Chromatography on Sepharose 2B of proteoglycans from costal cartilage exposed to an acetone-bromoform gradient revealed no effect of the gradient medium on the molecular size of the proteoglycans.
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  • 24
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 153-160 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Lysosomes ; Bone ; Resorption ; Osteoclast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des techniques histochimiques de microscope photonique et électronique montrent que les ostéoclastes métaphysaires chez des rats “sans incisive” présentent des quantités plus importantes de phosphatase acide, d'acryl sulfatase et de trimétaphosphatase acide lysosomiales. L'activité en phosphatase lysosomiale à pH neutre est aussi plus élevée dans les ostéoclastes métaphysaires, sauf dans les cellules situées sous la métaphyse, où l'enzyme est absente. L'absence de résorption de la matrice organique semble en rapport avec l'absence de bordures en brosse et une absence d'enzyme lysosomiale extracellulaire. Malgré cette absence, une dissolution de cristaux inorganiques a été mise en évidence au microscope électronique, suggérant que la dissolution minérale est un processus distinct de la désintégration enzymatique de la matrice organique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Histochemische Techniken für Licht- und Elektronenmikroskopie zeigten, daß metaphysäre Osteoklasten “Schneidezahl-loser” (SL) Ratten erhöhte Mengen von lysosomaler saurer Phosphatase, von Arylsulfatase und von saurer Trimetaphosphatase enthielten. Die Aktivität der lysosomalen Phosphatase bei neutralem pH war in den metaphysären Osteoklasten ebenfalls erhöht, außer in den Zellen direkt unterhalb der Wachstumsplatte, wo dieses Enzym nicht vorkam. Es konnte überhaupt keine Resorption der organischen Matrix festgestellt werden, was übereinzustimmen schien mit der Abwesenheit eines gekräuselten Saumes und einer gleichzeitigen Abwesenheit des extrazellulären lysosomalen Enzyms. Trotzdem wurde im Elektronenmikroskop das Verschwinden anorganischer Kristalle festgestellt, was darauf schließen läßt, daß die Auflösung des Minerals nicht derselbe Vorgang ist wie die enzymatische Auflösung der organischen Matrix.
    Notes: Abstract Histochemical techniques for light and electron microscopy showed that metaphyseal osteoclasts in “incisors absent” rats contained greater than normal amounts of lysosomal acid phosphatase, aryl sulfatase and acid trimetaphosphatase. Lysosomal phosphatase activity at neutral pH was also elevated in the metaphyseal osteoclasts except in those cells immediately beneath the growth plate, where this enzyme was absent. The failure of any discernable resorption of organic matrix appeared to correlate with the absence of a ruffled border and a concomittant absence of extracellular lysosomal enzyme. Despite this failure, electron microscopic evidence of inorganic crystal removal was noted, suggesting that mineral dissolution represents a separate process from the enzymatic breakdown of organic matrix.
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  • 25
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 13-36 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoclast ; Bone ; Resorption ; Crystals ; Organic-inorganic relationships
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The organic-inorganic relationships in bone matrix undergoing osteoclastic resorption have been studied in rat tibial diaphyses using electron microscope techniques in an attempt to identify the steps of the resorption process. Results suggest that bone resorption occurs in two phases: the first, an extracellular phase, leads to bone matrix fragmentation and partial dissolution, and the second, an intracellular phase, to complete digestion of the breakdown products of the bone matrix. The first component of the bone matrix to be attacked by the osteoclast is the ground substance. This induces the release of the crystals lying between, and on, the collagen fibrils; any crystals lying within fibrils are released later, when the fibrils break up. As this stage proceeds, the collagen fibrils retain their normal intrinsic texture, but gradually loose their lateral aggregation, appearing as individual fibrils (some of them uncovered by crystals), mixed with fragments of fibrils and many free crystals. The loosened but otherwise structurally normal collagen fibrils, and their fragments, are strongly argyrophilic. Complete dissolution of the disaggregated fibrils occurs outside the cell, both in the resorption zone and in the initial portion of the channels of the ruffled border. The free crystals present in the resorption zone and those phagocytosed in cytoplasmic vacuoles are organic-inorganic structures, whose organic component (the crystal ghost) is, at least in part, of proteoglycan nature. Dissolution of inorganic material occurs within the cytoplasmic vacuoles of the osteoclasts. Results are viewed in relation to the process of bone resorption and, as far as crystal ghosts are concerned, to that of bone calcification. A tentative summary of the various steps involved in the mechanism of bone resorption is given.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Parathyroid ; 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol ; Adenosine 3′, 5′ cyclic monophosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Phenytoin, at a concentration which is known to inhibit parathyroid extract-induced bone resorptionin vitro, has been shown to have no significant effect on either the cyclic AMP content of four-day-old mouse calvaria which had been in tissue culture for 48 h or on the increase in cyclic AMP content occurring after the addition of parathyroid extract to the medium. Phenytoin has also been shown to be an effective inhibitor of bone resorptionin vitro induced by 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. These observations suggest that the inhibitory effect of phenytoin on parathyroid extract and hormone-induced bone resorption takes place beyond the cyclic AMP stage.
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  • 27
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 219-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Phosphate ; ATP ; Calcium ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An active constituent of the leaves ofSolanum malacoxylon (SM) is shown to promote calcium resorption and citrate production in embryonic chick frontal bone culturedin vitro. When injected into rats, SM reduces the ATP content of liver and kidneys. This phenomenon may be related to the ability of SM to stimulate mitochondrial ATPase activity at pH 9.4. SM significantly reduces the concentration of phosphate necessary to alter the uptake of calcium and respiration of siolated mitochondria. The data suggest that SM influences calcium and phosphate metabolism by affecting ion movements into and out of mitochondria.
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite ; Amorphous calcium phosphate ; Bone ; Radial distribution function ; Carbonate apatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary When amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was transformed to crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) in a series of aqueous slurry concentrations ranging from low to high, the higher slurry concentrations produced more Ca-deficient HA as measured by Ca/P ratio and heat-produced pyrophosphate. We feel that the excess solution phosphate produced in the higher slurry transformations results in lower Ca/P ratio HA. It has been suggested that an ACP is the precursor to bone apatite. Regulation of the in vivo ACP slurry concentration could then control the stoichiometry and, therefore, the metabolic activity of bone apatite. X-ray radial distribution function (RDF) analyses showed that CO 3 2− substitution in HA creates far greater structural distortions than do Ca deficiencies. The latter, however, do produce small, but observable, structural distortions when compared to stoichiometric HA. It now seems clear that the RDF of bone apatite can be modeled by a synthetic, Ca-deficient, CO 3 2− -containing HA.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Phosphoprotein ; Bone ; 31P-NMR ; Phosphoserine ; Phosphothreonine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fractionation of the EDTA-soluble, noncollagenous proteins of the organic matrix of chicken bone by Sephadex G-100 molecular sieving has revealed that the majority of the organic phosphorus is present in two fractions, from one of which a homogeneous phosphoprotein has been isolated. The purified phosphoprotein has an apparent molecular weight of 12,000 and contains bothO-phosphoserine andO-phosphothreonine.31P-NMR spectroscopy demonstrates that all of the organic phosphorus exists in the form of phosphomonoesters which have an average pK2 of 6.8. The phosphoprotein is highly acidic due to its high content of dicarboxylic acids in addition to the presence of organic phosphorus. The characteristic amino acid composition of the phosphoprotein establishes its noncollagenous nature and highlights the differences among bone, dentin, and enamel phosphoproteins. The absence ofγ-carboxyglutamic acid distinguishes it from osteocalcin, the noncollagenousγ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing peptide of bone matrix.
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  • 30
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 455-457 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteoporosis ; Diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The bone mineral status of fifty-one children with diabetes mellitus was studied by single photon absorptiometry. The mean bone mineral content was 13% below values predicted by age, sex, height, and weight. Those children whose diabetes was one year or less in duration were as osteopenic as those whose diabetes was of longer duration. The demineralized children received a higher daily insulin dose than the others. No association was noted between the degree of skeletal demineralization and sex, statural growth, renal function, and serum calcium and phosphorus. No significant changes in bone mineral content were noted longitudinally.
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  • 31
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 251-255 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Bone ; Vitamin A ; Phosphatases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours d'une étude du cartilage épiphysaire de poulets normaux et déficients en vitamine A, la composition organique et l'activité phosphatasique du cartilage au repos, du cartilage en voie d'ossification et de l'os nouvellement formé ont été mesurées. Le cartilage en voie d'ossification et l'os nouvellement formé ont un contenu plus élevé en matériel inorganique, phosphate et collagène que le cartilage au repos. Une déficience en vitamine A provoque une augmentation du contenu en phospholipide de tous les trois tissus. Le cartilage au repos, en cas de déficience en vitamine A, présente, après homogénéisation et centrifugation, un surnageant dont l'activité en phosphatase alcaline et en glycérophosphatase est plus élevée que celle des témoins. Il semble que les effets enzymatiques de l'avitaminose A soient liés à des altérations de la membrane lysosomiale avec décharge de phosphatases. La minéralisation normale semble aussi faire intervenir une activité phosphatasique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit beschreibt Untersuchungen des Epiphysenknorpels bei normalen Küken und solchen mit Vitamin-A-Mangel. Die organische Zusammensetzung und die Phosphatase-Aktivität in ruhendem Knorpel, ossifizierendem Knorpel und neugebildetem Knochen wurden gemessen. Der ossifizierende Knorpel und der neugebildete Knochen hatten einen höheren Gehalt an anorganischem Material, an Phosphat und Kollagen als der ruhende Knorpel. Vitamin-A-Mangel führte zu einem erhöhten Phospholipidgehalt in allen drei Geweben. Nach Homogenisierung und Zentrifugierung fand sich im Überstand des ruhenden Knorpels von Vitamin-A-Mangelgewebe eine höhere alkalische Phosphatase- und Glycero-phosphatase-Aktivität als bei den Kontrollen. Es wird angenommen, daß die Wirkung des Vitamin A-Mangels auf die Enzyme im Zusammenhang steht mit der Schädigung der lysosomalen Membran, wobei Phosphatasen freigesetzt werden, und daß die normale Mineralisierung die Phosphatasen-Aktivität ebenfalls anregt.
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports studies of the epiphyseal cartilage in normal and vitamin A deficient chicks. The organic composition and the phosphatase activity in the resting cartilage, ossifying cartilage and new bone were measured. The ossifying cartilage and new bone had a higher content of inorganic material, phosphate and collagen than the resting cartilage. Vitamin A deficiency caused increase in the phospholipid content of all three tissues. The resting cartilage from vitamin A deficient tissue had, after homogenisation and centrifugation, a supernatant with an activity of alkaline phosphatase and glycerophosphatase higher than that in control samples. It is considered that effects of vitamin A deficiency on enzymes are related to defects of the lysosomal membrane with release of phosphatases, and that normal mineralisation also involves phosphatases activity.
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Sodium fluoride ; Osteoporosis ; Bone ; Strength ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'utilisation thérapeutique de fluorure de sodium a été recommandée dans le traitement de diverses maladies osseuses ostéopéniques. Cet emploi est basé principalement sur les effects ostéosclérotiques bien connus du fluorure de sodium, mais on connait mal son effet sur la force de résistance osseuse. L'influence de diverses concentrations de fluorure de sodium sur la force de résistance osseuse de jeunes rats soumis à des régimes riches et pauvres en calcium a été étudiée. L'administration de fluorure de sodium augmente le diamètre osseux, indiquant une stimulation de la formation de l'os périosté, mais la force de résistance osseuse est réduite ou non modifiée par l'ingestion de fluor.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die therapeutische Verwendung von Natriumfluorid ist für eine Anzahl von Knochenmangel-Krankheiten empfohlen worden. Die Empfehlungen basieren hauptsächlich auf den bekannten osteosklerotischen Wirkungen von Natriumfluorid; über dessen Effekt auf die Knochenstärke ist wenig bekannt. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluß verschiedener Konzentrationen von Natriumfluorid auf die Knochenstärken von wachsenden Ratten mit hoher und niederer Calciumeinnahme untersucht. Die Verabreichung von Natriumfluorid erhöhte den Knochendurchmesser, was auf eine Stimulierung der Periostbildung hinwies, die Knochenstärke wurde jedoch durch Fluorideinnahme herabgesetzt oder nicht beeinflußt.
    Notes: Abstract The therapeutic use of sodium fluoride has been recommended in a variety of osteopenic bone diseases. The recommendations are based mainly on the known osteosclerotic effects of sodium fluoride and little information is available as to its effect on bone strength. The influence of various concentrations of sodium fluoride on bone strength in growing rats on high and low calcium diets was studied. The administration of sodium fluoride increased bone diameter, indicating stimulation of periosteal bone formation, but bone strength was reduced or not affected by fluoride ingestion.
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  • 33
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 291-299 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Collagenase ; Lysozyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du lysozyme de blanc d'œuf, ainsi que des protéines basiques, telles que de l'histone et une base dépourvue de protamine, semblent inhiber la collagénase osseuse de souris. L'inhibition de collagénase osseuse de souris par le lysozyme est mise en évidence lorsque l'activité de la collagénase est étudiée en utilisant du collagène comme substrat à l'état solide, mais non lorsque le collagène est utilisé en solution. D'autre part, l'inhibition de l'activité en collagénase par l'histone et une base dépourvue de protamine est observée dans les deux systèmes. L'inhibition de collagénase ossuese de souris par des molécules polyanioniques est intéressante, étant donné que des travaux antérieurs ont montré que plusieurs molécules polyanioniques telles que l'héparine, le sulfate de dextrane et l'acide polyethylenesulfonique augmentent l'activité de collagénase osseuse de souris dans les mêmes conditions expérimentales. Comme le lysozyme est largement présent dans les tissus conjonctifs et que sa concentration carie avec l'ampleur du remaniement tissulaire, l'inhibition de la collagénase osseuse de souris suggère un role éventuel dans la régulation de la dégradation du collagène, pendant le remaniement des tissus collagéniquesin vivo au cours d'états normaux et pathologiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Lysozyme aus Hühnereiweiß sowie Basis-Proteine, wie z. B. Histon und Protamin-freie Basen, erwiesen sich als Hemmer der Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase. Diese Hemmung durch Lysozym wurde festgestellt, wenn für die Messung der Kollagenase-Aktivität Kollagen in Substanz als Substrat verwendet wurde, nicht aber, wenn das Substrat aus gelöstem Kollagen bestand. Andererseits wurde die Hemmung der Kollagenase-Aktivität durch Histon und Protamin-freie Basen in beiden Versuchssystemen festgestellt. Die Hemmung von Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase durch polykationische Moleküle ist interessant, vor allem im Hinblick auf frühere Feststellungen, daß mehrere polyanionische Moleküle, wie Heparin, Dextransulfat und Polyaethylensulfonsäure, die Aktivität der Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase unter denselben experimentellen Bedingungen erhöhen. Da Lysozym in Bindegeweben überall verteilt ist und da dessen Konzentration mit der Neubildungsrate des Gewebes variiert, läßt die Hemmung der Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase durch Lysozym dessen mögliche Rolle in der Regulierung des Kollagenabbaues vermuten, und zwar während der Neubildung von Kollagengeweben in vivo in normalen und pathologischen Zuständen.
    Notes: Abstract Egg white lysozyme, as well as basic proteins such as histone and protamine-free base, were found to inhibit mouse bone collagenase. The inhibition of mouse bone collagenase by lysozyme was detected when the activity of the collagenase was assayed using collagen as the substrate in the solid state, but not when the collagenase activity was assayed using collagen in solution as the substrate. On the other hand, the inhibition of collagenase activity by histone and protamine-free base was observed in both assay systems. The inhibition of mouse bone collagenase by polycationic molecules is interesting in light of previous findings that several polyanionic molecules, such as heparin, dextran sulfate and polyethylenesulphonic acid, enhance the activity of mouse bone collagenase under the same experimental conditions. Since lysozyme is widely distributed in connective tissues and its concentration varies with the rate of tissue remodeling, the inhibition of mouse bone collagenase by lysozyme suggests its possible role in the regulation of collagen degradation during the remodeling of collagenous tissuesin vivo during normal and pathological states.
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  • 34
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 11-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Growth ; Resorption ; Caudal ; Vertebra ; Fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode de mesure de l'apposition et de la résorption osseuse est mise au point au niveau de la septième vertèbre caudale de jeunes rats, pesant 25–90 g, pendant la période de croissance. Cette pièce osseuse a des avantages certains par rapport à d'autres localisations, car elle est symétrique en coupe transversale et non affectée par des forces corticales. En utilisant trois marqueurs d'os différents, fluorescents en lumière ultra-violette, administrés à des intervalles de 3, 5 ou 7 jours, les modifications de croissance sont observées sur des coupes transversales centrales, non décalcifiées, de la septième vertèbre caudale. Une formation osseuse linéaire se développe à une vitesse moyenne de 10.0 μ/jour et une résorption linéaire de 6.1μ/jour est notée. Pendant la période de croissance observée, la formation osseuse s'observe exclusivement à la surface du périoste et la résorption se fait le long de la surface de l'endoste. A ce niveau l'os est totalement résorbé, chez des animaux de 25 g en 22–26 jours. Il semble que chez des animaux plus âgés, une formation osseuse endostée se développe rendant alors impossible toute étude prolongée dans cette région.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur Messung der Knochenbildungs- und Resorptionsgeschwindigkeiten im siebten Caudalwirbel junger Ratten während ihrer Wachstumsperiode von 25–90 g beschrieben. Dieser Knochen hat gegenüber jenen, die vorgängig untersucht wurden, den großen Vorteil, in transversalen Schnitten symmetrisch und unbeeinflußt von kortikalen Unregelmäßigkeiten zu sein. Die Art der Wachstumsveränderungen wurden an nichtentkalkten zentralen Transversalschnitten der siebten Caudalwirbeln bestimmt; dazu wurden drei verschiedene, farbige, im UVbereich fluoreszierende Knochenmarkierungssubstanzen verabreicht und zwar in 3-, 5- oder 7tägigen Intervallen. Die lineare Knochenbildung fand mit einer mittleren Geschwindigkeit von 10,0 μ pro Tag statt, die lineare Knochenresorption mit einer solchen von 6,1 μ pro Tag. Während der untersuchten Wachstumsperiode fand die Knochenbildung ausschließlich an der Periostoberfläche und die Knochenresportion an der endostalen Oberfläche statt. Der Knochen, der beim 25 g schweren Tier an diesem Ort vorlag, verschwand durch die endostale Resorption innerhalb von 22–26 Tagen
    Notes: Abstract A method for measuring bone formation and resorption rates in the seventh caudal vertebra of young rats during the growth period from 25–90 g is reported. This bone site has unique advantages over those previously studied, being symmetrical in transverse section and uncomplicated by cortical drift. Utilising three different coloured ultraviolet fluorescent bone labelling substances administered at either 3, 5 or 7 day intervals, the nature of growth changes was determined from undecalcified central transverse sections of the seventh caudal vertebrae. Linear bone formation occurred at a mean rate of 10.0 μ/day and linear bone resorption at 6.1 μ/day. During the growth period studied, bone formation occurred exclusively on the periosteal surface and bone resorption on the endosteal surface. Bone existing in this site in 25 g animals was completely removed by endosteal resorption within 22–26 days. Evidence exists that in older rats endosteal bone formation occurs and renders the site unsuitable for long term studies.
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  • 35
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 16-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Culture ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Sephadex ; Collagen ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cultures de monocouches cellulaires d'épiphyses fémorales distales d'embryons de veaux sont étudiées immédiatement après la première sub-culture, réalisée après culture primaire. L'examen au microscope optique classique montre des dépôts disséminés de matériel métachromatique: en microscopie électronique, de fines fibrilles, considérées comme des fibres de collagène, en voie de développement, ont été observées. La nature des sécrétions cellulaires a été étudiée à l'aide de précurseurs radioactifs, fractionnés sur Sephadex G200, ainsi qu'à l'aide de chromatographie par échange d'ions. La digestion enzymatique par hyaluronidase et chondroitinase AC et ABC, bactérienne et testiculaire, démontre que les cellules synthétisent 70% de glycosaminoglycanes sulfatés et 30% de glycosaminoglycanes non sulfatés. Parmi les glycosaminoglycanes, 70% sont constitués par du chondroitine-4-sulfate, 20% par du chondroitine-6-sulfate et le reste probablement par du keratane-sulfate. Les études avec des acides aminés marqués indiquent que les cellules synthétisent une protéine de poids moléculaire élevé, contenant de l'hydroxyleproline, ainsi qu'une protéine non-collagénique, mise en évidence par incorporation de tryptophane.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Einschichtige Zellkulturen von der distalen Femurepiphyse von Kalbsembryonen wurden nach der ersten Subkultur untersucht, welche nach der Verschmelzung der primären Kulturen angesetzt wurde. Die lichtmikroskopische Untersuchung zeigte verstreute Ablagerungen von metachromatisch gefärbtem Material; bei der Elektronenmikroskopie wurden feine Fibrillen festgestellt, welche als Collagenvorstufe angesehen wurden. Nach einer Kultur von mehreren Tagen zeigte sich eine lacunäre Anordnung der Zellen. Die Beschaffenheit der Zellsekretionen wurde mittels radioaktiv markierten Verbindungen untersucht, welche auf Sephadex G200 und durch Ionenaustausch-Chromatographie fraktioniert wurden. Die enzymatische Verdauung mit bakterieller und testikulärer Hyaluronidase und Chondroitinase-AC und-ABC zeigte, daß die Zellen 70% sulfatierte und 30% nichtsulfatierte Glycosaminoglycane synthetisierten. Die sulfatierten Glycosaminoglycane enthielten 70% Chondroitin-4-Sulfat, 20% Chondroitin-6-Sulfat, und der Rest war wahrscheinlich Keratansulfat. Untersuchungen mit markierten Aminosäuren-Vorläufern deuteten darauf hin, daß die Zellen ein Hydroxyprolinhaltiges, hochmolekuläres Protein synthetisierten und dazu etwas Eiweiß, bei dem es sich auf Grund des Tryptophaneinbaues nicht um Collagen handeln kann.
    Notes: Abstract Monolayer cell cultures from the distal femoral epiphyses of embryo calves were studied following the first subculture, which was carried out after confluence in primary culture. Light microscopic examination revealed scattered deposits of metachromatic-staining material; on electron microscopy fine fibrils considered to be developmental collagen were seen. After several days in culture lacuna-like patterns of cells were seen. The nature of the cell secretions were studied by radioactive precursors, which were fractionated on Sephadex G200 and by ion exchange chromatography. Enzyme digestion with bacterial and testicular hyaluronidase and chondroitinase-AC and-ABC revealed that the cells synthesized 70% sulphated, and 30% non-sulphated glycosaminoglycans. Of the sulphated glycosaminoglycans 70% was chondroitin-4-sulphate, 20% chondroitin-6-sulphate, and the remainder probably keratansulphate. Studies were labelled amino acid precursors suggested that the cells synthesized a high-molecular weight protein containing hydroxyproline, as well as some non-collagenous protein, shown by tryptophan incorporation
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  • 36
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 247-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Collagenase ; Heparin ; Collagen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La quantité de collagénase d'os de souris, obtenue dans un milieu de culture d'os, cultivéin vitro, est augmentée pas l'addition d'héparine à une concentration optimale d'environ 50 unités/ml de milieu de culture. Le sulfate de dextrane et le Treburon (un ester polysaccharide-sulfurique synthétique), qui sont voisins au point de vue chimique et structural à l'héparine, sont aussi efficaces que l'héparine pour augmenter la quantité de collagénase de l'os de souris, récupérée dans le milieu de culture. L'héparine, outre son action de stimulation de synthèse et/ou de libération de callogénase d'os de souris, augmente aussi l'activeté spicifique des préparations globales et purifiées de l'enzyme, dont l'activité est testée sur du collagène à l'état solide comme substrat. Aucune augmentation d'activité enzymatique n'est notée lorsque du collagène en solution est utilisé comme substrat. Le sulfate de dextrane est aussi effectif que l'héparine pour obtenir une augmentation de l'activité enzymatique, en utilisant le collagène solide comme substrat. Ni l'héparine ou le sulfate de dextrane augmente l'activité de la collagénase deClostridium histolyticum. Pour la première fois, une collagénase tissulaire purifiée dégrade et solubilise du collagène tissulaire non dénaturé et insoluble à 37° C. De plus, étant donné que cette action est nettement augmentée par l'addition d'héparine, il semble que cette dernière et des substances similaires peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la régulation de la dégradation collagénique pendant le remaniement des tissus collagéniquesin vivo.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Menge von Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase, die sich im Gewebezucht-Medium vonin vitro gezüchteten Knochen wiederfindet, konnte durch Zusatz von Heparinat in einer optimalen Konzentration von ungefähr 50 E/ml Medium erhöht werden. Dextransulfat und Treburon (ein synthetischer Polysaccharid-Sulfatester), welche strukturmäßig und chemisch dem Heparin nahestehen, wirkten sich auf die Erhöhung der im Gewebezucht-Medium zurückgewonnenen Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase im gleichen Maße aus wie Heparin. Nebst der stimulierenden Wirkung auf die Synthese und/oder die Freisetzung von Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase vermochte Heparin auch die spezifische Aktivität von ungereinigten und von gereinigten Enzympräparaten zu erhöhen, wenn für den Versuch Kollagen in fester Form als Substrat verwendet wurde. Mit gelöstem Kollagen als Substrat trat diese Wirkung dagegen nicht ein. Dextransulfat zeigte die gleiche Wirksamkeit wie Heparin, indem es die Enzymaktivität zu erhöhen vermochte, wenn Kollagen in fester Form als Substrat vorlag. Weder Heparin noch Dextransulfat erhöhten die Aktivität der Kollagenase ausClostridium histolyticum. Erstmals konnte gezeigt werden, daß eine gereinigte Gewebe-Kollagenase in der Lage ist, nicht-denaturiertes, unlösliches Gewebekollagen bei 37° sowohl abzubauen als auch aufzulösen. Da diese Wirkung durch Zusatz von Heparin noch deutlich erhöht werden konnte, läßt sich überdies vermuten, daß Heparin und heparinähnlichen Substanzen bei der Regulierung des Kollagen-Abbaues während der Umgestaltung von Kollagengewebein vivo eine wichtige Rolle zufällt.
    Notes: Abstract The amount of mouse bone collagenase recovered in the tissue culture medium of bone culturedin vitro was increased by the addition of heparin at an optimal concentration of approximately 50 units/ml of tissue culture medium. Dextran sulfate and Treburon (a synthetic polysaccharide-sulfuric ester) which are structurally and chemically related to heparin were as effective as heparin in increasing the amount of mouse bone collagenase recovered in the tissue culture medium. In addition to stimulating the synthesis and/or release of mouse bone collagenase, heparin was also found to increase the specific activity of both crude and purified preparations of the enzyme when assayed using collagen in the solid state as the substrate, but showed no enhancement of enzyme activity when assayed using collagen in solution as the substrate. Dextran sulfate was as effective as heparin in increasing the activity of the enzyme using collagen in the solid state as a substrate. Neither heparin or dextran sulfate enhanced the activity ofClostridium histolyticum collagenase. For the first time, a purified tissue collagenase has been shown to both degrade and solubilize undenatured, insoluble tissue collagen at 37°. Moreover, since this action was markedly enhanced by the addition of heparin, it suggests that heparin and similar substances may play an important role in the regulation of collagen degradation during the remodeling of collagenous tissuesin vivo.
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  • 37
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 295-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Vitamin D ; Resorption ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Deux métabolites de la vitamine D3, le 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) et 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3), stimulent la résorption osseuse dans deux systèmestests alors que la vitamine D3 est inactive. Ces substances sont testées a) en comparant directement leur action dans les explants osseux de calottes craniennes de sourisin vitro et b) en les injectant dans de jeunes souris et en mesurant le degré de résorptionin vitro, lorsque les explants sont réalisés 18 heures après l'injection. Dans les deux tests, le métabolite 1,25 est environ 100 fois plus puissant que 25-OHD3. La courbe dose-résponse de 1,25-(OH)2D3 indique que des doses au-dessus d'environ 0.2 ng/g de poids corporel sont capables d'induire une augmentation de la résorption osseuse chez de jeunes souris normales. Ces résultats montrent que 1,25-(OH)2D3 est une des substances connues les plus actives qui agit sur le métabolisme osseux. Le rôle possible de 1,25-(OH)2D3 sur la mobilisation normale du calcium osseux est envisagé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei Anwendung zweier verschiedener Versuchsanordnungen konnte gezeigt werden, daß die beiden Vitamin D3-Metaboliten 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) und 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) als starke Stimulatoren der Knochenresorption wirken, während sich Vitamin D3 selbst inaktiv verhält. Diese Substanzen wurden folgendermaßen geprüft: a) durch direkten Vergleich ihrer Wirkung auf Knochenexplantate (Hälften von Mäusecalvarien)in vitro und b) indem die Metaboliten jungen Mäusen injiziert wurden und der Resorptionsgrad an Explantaten 18 Std nach Injektionin vitro gemessen wurde. Bei beiden Versuchsanordnungen war der 1,25-Metabolit etwa 100mal wirksamer als der 25-OHD3-Metabolit. Aus der Dosiswirkungskurve für 1,25-(OH)2D3 geht hervor, daß es möglich ist, mit Dosen über ca. 0,2 ng/g Körpergewicht bei normalen jungen Mäusen bereits eine erhöhte Knochenresorption auszulösen. Diese Resultate zeigen, daß 1,25-(OH)2D3 eine der wirksamsten bisher bekannten Substanzen ist, die auf den Knochenmetabolismus einwirken können. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit der Rolle, die das 1,25-(OH)2D3 bei der normalen Freisetzung von Calcium aus dem Knochen spielt, besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract Two metabolites of vitamin D3, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) and 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) are potent stimulators of bone resorption in two test systems whereas vitamin D3 itself is inactive. These substances were tested (a) by directly comparing their action on bone explants of mouse half-calvariain vitro, and (b) by injecting them into young mice and measuring the degree of resorptionin vitro when explants were made 18 hours atter the injection. In both tests the 1,25-metabolite was about 100 times more potent than 25-OHD3. The dose-response curve for 1,25-(OH)2D3 indicates that doses above about 0.2 ng/g body weight are capable of inducing an increase in bone resorption in normal young mice. These data show that 1,25-(OH)2D3 is one of the most potent substances known that affects bone metabolism. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the normal mobilization of calcium from bone.
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  • 38
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 11-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Bending ; Measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La courbure des tibias de chiens et de lapins a été étudiéein vivo. Une nouvelle méthode physique (avec une marge d'erreur inférieure à 1%) donne des valeurs de stabilité osseuse aisément reproductibles. Les résultats de rigidité de courbure, mesuréein vivo etin vitro, sont trés voisins lorsque les extrémités sont minces. Lorsqu'elles sont épaisses, des tissus mous sont présents dans la région à tester et différentes valeers de charges suivent la même courbure. Une formule pour compenser l'effet des tissus mous (peau, muscles et tendons) est proposée. La rigidité vraie de courbure est déterminée à l'aide des valeursin vivo sans devoir mesurer par la suite l'os mis à nu. La comparaison des mesures montrent que les valeurs obtenues à l'aide de la formule traduisent la rigidité vraie de courbure avec une marge d'erreurs de 0,3 à 10,5%. Une charge de 4700±719 g donne une rigidité vraie de courbure de 0,1 mm, d'une surface osseuse de 1,0 cm2.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Beugung von Hunde- und Kaninchen-Tibias wurdein vivo untersucht. Eine neue einfache physikalische Methode (Fehlergrenze weniger als 1%), welche reproduzierbare Werte der Knochenstabilität vermittelt, wurde dabei angewandt. Die Resultate der Beugungs-Steifheit, welchein vivo undin vitro gemessen wurde, zeigten nur dann fast identische Werte, wenn die Extremitäten dünn waren. Sobald dicke, weiche Stellen im gemessenen Bereich vorhanden waren, erfolgten bei der gleichen Beugung unterschiedliche Belastungswerte. Es wird eine Formel vorgeschlagen, die den Einfluß der weichen Stellen (Haut, Muskeln und Sehnen) korrigieren soll. Die richtige Beugungs-Steifheit wurde mit Hilfe derin vivo-Werte bestimmt, ohne daß nachher der freigelegte Knochen gemessen werden mußte. Vergleichende Messungen zeigten, daß die mit dieser Formel gefundenen Werte die richtige Beugungs-Steifheit mit einer Fehlergrenze zwischen 0,3 und 10,5% wiedergaben. Eine Belastung von 4700±710 g ergab die korrekte Beugungs-Steifheit von 0,1 mm in einem Knochenbereich von 1,0 cm2.
    Notes: Abstract The bending of the tibiae of dogs and rabbitsin vivo was studied. A new physical method (margin of errors less than 1%) which gives readily reproducible values of bone stability is reported. The results of bending stiffness, measuredin vivo andin vitro, were nearly identical only if the extremities were slim. If thick, soft parts in the measuring area were present, different loading values followed the same bending. A formula to correct the influence of the soft parts (skin, muscles and tendons) was proposed. The true bending stiffness was determined with the aid of thein vivo values without having to measure the exposed bone afterwards. Comparisons of measurements showed that the values found with the formula reflected the true bending stiffness in a range of errors between 0.3 and 10.5%. A load of 4700±710 g gave a true bending stiffness of 0.1 mm and of a bone area of 1.0 cm2.
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  • 39
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 41-46 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Tetracycline ; Bone ; Calcium ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Du calcium radioactif est administréper os à des rattes albinos, soumises pendant 6 mois à une alimentation contenant du sel calcique d'oxytétracycline (0.3 g/100 g de régime sec) et le métabolisme du calcium a été étudié. Les résultats indiquent que le porcentage d'absorption de calcium radioactif est environ similaire dans le groupe expérimental recevant l'oxytétracycline et le groupe témoin recevant la même alimentation sans tétracycline. Cependant le groupe, recevant l'antibiotique, consomme plus de nourriture, de telle sorte qu'avec le même pourcentage d'absorption et d'élimination, plus de calcium est retenu. Ce fait se traduit par des valeurs plus élevées de calcium stabilisé au niveau des carcasses et des poids plus élevés du fémur, mais la différence entre les deux groupes n'est pas significative.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Weibliche Albinoratten erhielten radioaktives Calcium per os, nachdem sie 6 Monate lang mit einer Diät gefüttert worden waren, die das Calciumsalz von Oxytetracyclin (0,3 g/100g Trockennahrung) zusätzlich enthielt. Dann wurde der Calciumstoffwechsel untersucht. Die Resultate zeigten, daß die prozentuale Absorption von radioaktivem Calcium in der experimentellen Gruppe, welche Oxytetracyclin erhielt, und in der Kontrollgruppe, welche die gleiche Nahrung ohne das Antibioticum erhielt, etwa gleich war. Die Gruppe mit der Oxytetracyclindiät nahm jedoch mehr Futter zu sich, so daß bei gleichem Prozentsatz von Absorption und Ausscheidung mehr Calcium im Körper zurückgehalten wurde. Dies zeigte sich in höheren Konzentrationen des nicht radioaktiven Calciums im Skelet und in höherem Femurgewicht, aber der Unterschied zwischen den zwei Gruppen war nicht signifikant.
    Notes: Abstract Radioactive calcium was orally applied to female albino rats fed for 6 months on a diet supplemented with the calcium salt of oxytetracycline (0.3 g/100 g dry food) and calcium metabolism was investigated. The results show that the percentage absorption of radioactive calcium was approximately equal in the experimental group which received oxytetracycline and in the control group which ate the same food without the antibiotic. However, the group which received the oxytetracycline supplemented diet consumed more food, so that with the same percentage absorption and elimination more calcium was retained in the body. This was reflected in higher stable calcium values in the carcass and in higher femur weights, but the difference between two groups was not significant.
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  • 40
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bioelectric potentials ; Bone ; Negativity ; Cells ; viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des potentiels électriques sont enregistrés au niveau du tibia, au repos, d'un lapin anesthésié, et cela à l'aide d'électrodes d'argent/chlorure d'argent, reliées à des ponts salins et un voltmètre à haute impédance. Les potentiels enregistrés à partir des surfaces antérieures, médianes et latérales du tibia indiquent que le voltage de surface est constant autour de l'axe transversale de l'os, mais varie en rapport avec l'axe longitudinal. Les voltages sont indépendants des limites osseuses et points d'attaches musculaires. Ces potentiels bioélectriques varient peu après résection du nerf sciatique ou ligature de l'artère fémorale. Les potentiels décroissent nettement trente minutes après administration intra-artérielle de dinitrophénol ou iodoacétamide. Les potentiels chutent nettement dans un segment localisé du tibia, endommagé par application d'ultra-sons. La mort de l'animal provoque une chute lente de potentiel en rapport avec la perte graduelle de viabilité des cellules osseuses. Il semble que les potentiels de repos, observés à la surface de l'os non stressé, ne sont pas directement liés à la circulation sanguine ou la transmission neurale. Ces potentiels semblent plutôt liés à l'existence d'une population cellulaire osseuse active et chaque potentiel mesuré constitue la somme des forces électromotrices de toutes les cellules d'une région localisée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Am anaesthesierten Kaninchen wurden die Biopotentiale der unbelasteten Tibia gemessen. Dazu wurden Silber/Silberchlorid-Elektroden benützt, welche über Salzbrücken an ein Voltmeter mit hohem Eingangswiderstand angeschlossen waren. Die an der vorderen, seitlichen und hinteren Tibia-Oberfläche gemessenen Potentiale zeigten, daß die Oberflächenspannung an der Querachse eines Knochens konstant ist, jedoch in bezug zur Längsachse variiert. Die Spannungen waren nicht beeinflußt durch knochentopographische und Muskelansatz-Punkte. Nach Sciaticus-Durchtrennung oder Ligatur der Arterie femoralis änderten sich die bioelektrischen Potentiale nur wenig. Ein eindrücklicher Abfall der Potentiale wurde jedoch 30 min nach intraarterieller Verabreichung von Dinitrophenol oder Jodacetamied beobachtet. Ebenso stark fielen die Potentiale in einem umgrenzten Tibia-Segment ab, das durch Ultraschallbehandlung lädiert worden war. Beim Tod der Tiere wurde ein langsamer Abfall der Potentiale, entsprechend dem allmählichen Verlust an lebenden Knochenzellen, beobachtet. Auf Grund der mit dieser Studie gewonnenen Resultate kann vermutet werden, daß die im Gleichgewicht bleibenden Potentiale der unbelasteten Knochenoberfläche nicht direkt von der Durchblutung oder der nervösen Reizleitung abhängig sind. Es scheint eher, daß dafür eine intakte Knochenzell-Population vorliegen muß, wobei jedes aufgezeichnete Potential eine Summierung der elektromotorischen Kräfte aller Zellen einer bestimmten Region darstellt.
    Notes: Abstract Bioelectric potentials were recorded from the unstressed tibia in the anesthetized rabbit by means of silver/silver chloride electrodes connected to saline bridges and a high impedence voltmeter. Potentials recorded from the anterior, medial, and lateral surfaces of the tibia indicated that the surface voltage was constant around the transverse axis of a bone but varied in relation to its long axis. Voltages were independent of bony landmarks and points of muscle attachment. The bioelectric potentials changed little after sciatic nerve denervation or ligation of the femoral artery. The potentials decreased dramatically thirty minutes following the intra-arterial administration of dinitrophenol or iodoacetamide. Also, the potentials fell sharply in a localized segment of tibia injured through the application of ultrasound energy. Animal death brought about a slow decay of potential commensurate with the gradual loss of bone cell viability. The experimental evidence from this study suggests that the steady state potentials observed from the surface of unstressed bone are not directly dependent on blood flow or nerve transmission. Rather, such potentials are dependent on a functioning bone cell population, and each recorded potential represents a summation of the electromotive forces from all cells in a localized area.
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  • 41
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Apatite ; Hydroxide ; Carbonate ; Infrared
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude de spectres infra-rouges montre que le minéral osseux de jeune rat et les apatites synthétiques, formés à des pH, force ionique et température physiologiques sont très déficients en ion OH; ces apatites biologiques et synthétiques présentent d'importants défauts internes de maille. En outre, une proportion significative des ions CO3 2- de mineral osseux de rat est structurée de façon lâche dans un environnement amorphe ou superficiel. Les ions carbonate dans l'os chauffé sous vide ou dans les apatites synthétiques formés à pH physiologique paraissent être situés dans des environnements locaux multiples. Le CO3 2- contenu dans ces structures peut se substituer dans des positions PO4 3- et (à un degré moindre) OH−, bien que des variations importantes de ou dans ces positions sont dues à des défauts de maille. Les carbonato-apatites, formés par transformation thermique (600o) de phosphates calciques amorphes et contenant 4–9% de CO3 2-, présentent surtout du CO3 2- dans des environnements OH−. Une recristallisation thermique des apatites biologiques et synthétiques, dans une atmosphère d'air, augmente le contenu en OH− et redispose les positions CO3 2-. Cependant, de telles formations bien cristallisées sont différentes des précurseurs apatitiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Infrarotspektroskopie ergab, daß sowohl natives Rattenknochenmineral als auch synthetische Apatite, welche bei physiologischem pH, Ionenstärke und Temperatur gebildet wurden, an Hydroxydionen stark defizient sind. Es ist ebenfalls ersichtlich, daß diese biologischen und synthetischen Apatitkristalle beträchtliche innere Verzerrungen aufweisen (Gitterdefekte). Weiterhin zeigt ein bedeutender Anteil der CO3 2--Ionen im Rattenknochenmineral eine lockere Struktur in amorpher Umgebung oder an der Oberfläche. In Vakuumerhitzem Knochen oder in synthetischen Apatit (mit physiologischem pH), welches in der Lösung gebildet wurde, scheinen sich die Carbonationen in verschiedenen Umgebungen zu finden. CO3 2- im Inneren dieser Stoffe kann in PO4 3--und (in viel kleineren Mengen) OH−-Positionen ausgetauscht werden, obwohl eine beträchtliche Abweichung von und innerhalb dieser Stellen wahrscheinlich auf Gitterdefekte zurückzuführen ist. Carbonat-Apatite, welche durch die thermische Umwandlung (600°C) von 4–9% CO3 2- enthaltendem amorphem Calciumphosphat gebildet wurden, zeigen in erster Linie in OH−-Umgebung CO3 2-. Die thermische Umkristallisierung von biologischen und synthetischen Apatiten in einer Luftatmosphäre erhöht den OH−-Gehalt und verteilt die CO3 2--Lokalisationen neu. Solche sehr schön kristallisierten Produkte spiegeln jedoch durchaus nicht ihre nativen Apatitvorbilder wider.
    Notes: Abstract Infrared spectral data indicate that both native rat bone mineral and synthetic apatites formed at physiological pH, ionic strength and temperature are extensively deficient in hydroxide ion content; the data also indicate that these biological and synthetic apatites contain considerable internal distortions (lattice defects). In addition, a significant portion of the CO3 2- ions in rat bone mineral is loosely-structured in either an amorphous or surface environment. Carbonate ions in vacuum-heated bone or solution-ripened synthetic (physiological pH) apatites appear to be in multiple local environments. Internal CO3 2- in these materials may be substituted in PO4 3- and (in much lesser amounts) OH− positions, although considerable deviation from or within these sites is probable due to lattice defects. Carbonateapatites produced by thermal conversion (600o) of amorphous calcium phosphates containing 4–9% CO3 2- exhibit CO3 2- mainly in OH− environments. Thermal recrystallization of biological and synthetic apatites in an air atmosphere increases OH− content and reorganizes CO3 2- locales. However, such extremely well-crystallized products are not at all representative of their native apatitic precursors.
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 315-324 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Mineral ; Osteogenesis ; Interference microscopy
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    Notes: Abstract A method based on tetracycline labeling was developed for selecting, in frozen sections of fetal mouse femur, bone foci approximately 6, 24, 48 and 72 h of age. Microinterferometric measurements of these foci permitted a calculation of the effective thickness (t) and refractive index (n) of each focus. After demineralizing the sections by a method which left the organic portion of the bone intact, the foci were re-measured andt andn of the organic compartment of each focus were determined;t andn of the mineral compartment were calculated by difference. A sharp decrease and subsequent rise in then of whole bone occurred between 6 and 48 h. These changes derived from the mineral compartment, and were thought to have resulted from the formation of amorphous calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite, respectively. The mineral present in 6 h foci, however, was believed to be some precursor of amorphous calcium phosphate.
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 329-332 
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    Keywords: Microradiography ; Bone ; X-ray
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    Notes: Abstract A low cost, self-contained, commercially available, X-ray apparatus which possesses the essential qualifications necessary to produce high resolution microradiographs of undecalcified bone is described. The widespread current use of this machine in pathology laboratories may make purchase of such a unit optional.
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 73-88 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentine ; Bone ; Histocytochemistry ; Physiological Calcification
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    Notes: Abstract Histochemical methods were used to detect differences in amino acid reactive groups between bone and osteoid, dentine and predentine. Three major differences were found: Predentine and osteoid contained more reactive sulphydryls than their mineralized counterparts. The greatest reaction for this reactive group was obtained at the mineralizing front. Dentine and bone contained a complex between amino and carboxylic acid groups; predentine and osteoid did not have this complex and carboxylic acid residues were less in these tissues. Dentine and bone contained much greater amounts of histidine or a histidine-like component than did predentine and osteoid. It is proposed that these differences are involved in initiation of mineralization.
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 169-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Histochemistry ; Alkaline phosphatases ; Calcification ; Bone ; Teeth
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Activity of alkaline phosphatases in unfixed cold microtome setions from the lower first molar area of newborn mice was recorded by histochemical methods. A substrate specificity test included the following phosphate compounds: ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP, ADP, AMP, GP, PPi, MDP and naphthol AS-TR phosphate. Intense staining was obtained in osteoblasts, stratum intermedium of the enamel organ and odontoblasts with all the substrates, except PPi and MDP. Staining of skeletal muscle fibres was obtained only with triphosphates as substrates. Addition of-SH groups decreased the hydrolysis of triphosphate compounds in cells involved in mineralization while the hydrolysis of monophosphate was inhibited. In contrast triphosphatase activity in striated muscle was enhanced when-SH compounds were added. Demineralization with EDTA diminished the cytoplasmic staining but induced a nuclear staining in hard tissue forming cells when triphosphates were used as substrates. No cytoplasmic and only slight nuclear staining was seen with GP or AMP as substrates. The triphosphate hydrolyzing capacity of tongue muscle fibres was, however, increased after the decalcification treatment. Addition of Mg2+ ions to the incubation media distinctly lowered the hydrolysis of triphosphates in the investigated tissues whereas the hydrolysis of ADP, AMP, GP and naphthol AS-TR phosphate remained unchanged. In view of the findings the triphosphatase activities at alkaline pH of muscle fibres and of cells related to hard tissue formation are considered to be due to activity of separate enzymes. The orthophosphate liberating enzyme activities at alkaline pH in osteoblasts, stratum intermedium and odontoblasts may be expressions of the catalytic functions of one common enzyme. Furthermore, the results indicate that CaATP might be the substrate used by the alkaline ATPase in mineralizing areas.
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 239-250 
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    Keywords: EHDP ; Bone ; Collagen ; Histology ; Bone chemical analysis
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    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term effects of various systemic doses of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on bone organic matrix and to relate these effects to the corresponding dose-related changes in bone mineral. EHDP was administered daily by subcutaneous injection at doses of 0.25, 2.5 and 40 mg/kg body weight for periods of one and two weeks. At both time intervals, rat tibiae were quantitatively analyzed for mineral content (ash, calcium and phosphorus) and for organic matrix content (matrix weight, nitrogen and certain amino acids). The latter data were correlated with semiquantitative histological analyses of the tibiae. Results of this study demonstrate that the short term effects of EHDP on bone chemistry and histology are variable and depend on the systemic dose and the duration of treatment. Systemic doses of 0.25 and 2.5 mg/kg EHDP following daily administration for one week resulted in transitory decreases in bone mineral content compared to controls. Following two weeks of treatment, both of these dose levels resulted in increased bone mineral content and, in addition, the 2.5 mg/kg dose resulted in tibiae which contained more organic matrix compared to control bones. In contrast to the low dose effects, a high systemic dose of EHDP—e.g. 40 mg/kg administered daily for 1 or 2 weeks—appears to act solely by inhibiting mineralization of newly-formed matrix.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 311-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Immunochemistry ; Serum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du sérum non chauffé normal de lapin et de rat stimule la résorption osseuse en culture de tissu. Cet effet est augmenté, lorsque le sérum est incubé avec un précipité antigène-anticorps. Du sérum chauffé avant traitement par le précipité antigène-anticorps n'a pas d'effet sur la résorption osseuse. La stimulation de la résorption osseuse par le sérum est associée à une apparition d'ostéoclastes. Ces résultats semblent indiquer l'existence d'un facteur sensible à la chaleur dans certains sérums, qui stimule la résorption osseuse. Il n'a pas pu être établi si ce facteur est un constituent du complément.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Unerhitztes, normales Serum von Kaninchen und Ratten regt die Knochenresorption in der Gewebekultur an. Diese Wirkung wird erhöht, wenn das Serum mit einem Antigen-Antikörper-Niederschlag inkubiert wurde. Serum, welches vor der Behandlung mit Antigen-Antikörper-Niederschlag erhitzt wurde, hatte keine Wirkung auf die Knochenresorption. Die Stimulation der Knochenresorption durch Serum ging mit Osteoclastenbildung einher. Unsere Ergebnisse stimmen mit der Annahme überein, daß ein hitzelabiler Faktor in einigen Seren vorkommt, welcher die Knochenresorption anregt. Unsere Untersuchungen geben keinen Aufschluß darüber, ob dieser Faktor ein Bestandteil des Komplementes ist oder nicht.
    Notes: Abstract Unheated-normal rabbit and rat sera stimulate bone resorption in tissue culture. The magnitude of this effect is enhanced when the sera were incubated with an antigen-antibody precipitate. Sera heated prior to treatment with antigen-antibody precipitate had no effect on bone resorption. The stimulation of bone resorption by sera was associated with osteoclast formation. Our results are consistent with a heat labile factor in some sera which stimulates bone resorption. Whether this factor is a component of complement or not is not answered by our studies.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 335-337 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Morphogenesis ; Calcification
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 31-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Calcification ; Collagen ; Phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode pour l'étude de la croissance des os longs de foetus de rat, en culture d'organe, dans un milieu chimiquement défini, a été mise au point. Les extrémités cartilagineuses et les parties centrales de l'os sont analysées séparément pour leur croissance et minéralisation en étudiant leur contenu en collagène, calcium et phosphate, poids sec, et incorporation de proline marquée en hydroxyproline. La croissance et la minéralisation des parties centrales osseuses sont plus lentes dans un milieu chimiquement défini qu'in vivo. La croissance peut être accélérée en ajoutant au milieu des acides aminés non essentiels, de l'albumine ou du sérum. Les extrémités cartilagineuses présentent une augmentation plus importante en poids et contenu en collagène que les parties centrales et l'adjonction de diverses substances a moins d'effet sur la croissance. La croissance et la minéralisation des parties centrales sont augmentées en élevant la concentration du milieu en phosphate de 1.5 à 4.5 mM, avec ou sans adjonction de sérum ou d'albumine. A une concentration faible de calcium (0.5 mM), la croissance et la minéralisation des parties centrales sont arrêtées. A une concentration faible en magnésium (0.5 mM), la minéralisation est augmentée, mais la croissance est arrêtée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, mit welcher das Wachstum der Röhrenknochen von Rattenembryos in einem chemisch bestimmten Medium in Organkultur untersucht werden kann. Die Knorpelenden und Knochenschäfte wurden gesondert auf Wachstum und Mineralisation geprüft, indem Collagen-, Calcium- und Phosphatgehalt, das Trockengewicht und der Einbau von markiertem Prolin in Hydroxyprolin gemessen wurden. Wachstum und Mineralisation des Knochenschaftes waren langsamer in einem chemisch bestimmten Medium als in vivo. Das Wachstum konnte beschleunigt werden, indem dem Medium nicht-essentielle Aminosäuren, Albumin oder Serum beigegeben wurden. Die Knorpelenden zeigten eine viel stärkere Zunahme an Gewicht und Collagengehalt als die Schäfte, und Anreicherung des Mediums hatte weniger Wirkung auf ihr Wachstum. Das Wachstum und die Mineralisation der Knochenschäfte nahmen zu, wenn die Phosphatkonzentration im Medium zwischen 1,5 und 4,5 mM erhöht wurde, und zwar unabhängig davon, ob dem Medium Serum oder Albumin beigegeben wurde oder nicht. Bei niederer Calciumkonzentration (0,5 mM) im Medium wurden Wachstum und Mineralisation der Knochenschäfte beeinträchtigt. Bei niedriger Magnesiumkonzentration (0,5 mM) wurden die Mineralisation erhöht, das Wachstum hingegen gehemmt.
    Notes: Abstract A method for studying the growth of fetal rat long bones in a chemically defined medium in organ culture is described. Cartilage ends and bone shafts were analyzed separately for growth and mineralization by measuring the collagen, calcium, and phosphate content, dry weight, and incorporation of labeled proline into hydroxyproline. Growth and mineralization of the bone shaft were slower in a chemically defined medium thanin vivo. Growth could be enhanced by supplementation of the medium with non-essential amino acids, albumin or serum. Cartilage ends showed a greater increase in weight and collagen content than the shafts, and medium supplements had less effect on their growth. Bone shaft growth and mineralization were enhanced by increasing medium phosphate concentration over a range of 1.5 to 4.5 mM whether or not the medium was supplemented with serum or albumin. At a low medium calcium concentration (0.5 mM) bone shaft growth and mineralization were impaired. At a low magnesium concentration (0.5 mM) mineralization was enhanced, but growth was impaired.
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Reproductive cycle ; Pigeons ; Amorphous ; Crystalline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude de diffraction aux rayons X, au cours du cycle de ponte d'oeufs de pigeon, a été entreprise pour évaluer les modifications de la proportion entre les phases de phosphate de calcium amorphe et apatitique. La partie médullaire du fémur de pigeon est totalement résorbée au cours du cycle de reproduction. Au cours de ce processus, l'os contenant plus de phosphate de calcium amorphe est résorbé avant celui qui est riche en cristaux. Ainsi l'os à contenu amorphe plus élevé est métaboliquement plus actif que l'os riche en cristaux. L'os médullaire qui peut être induit chez le pigeon mâle par traitement aux oestrogènes, ressemble, au point de vue diffraction aux rayons X, à l'os médullaire des femelles au début du cycle de reproduction.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mittels Röntgen-Diffraktion wurden die Veränderungen in den prozentualen Mengen der amorphen und der kristallinen Calciumphosphat-Phasen im Femur der Taube während des Eierlegens untersucht. Der medulläre Teil des Taubenfemur wird während des Fortpflanzungscyclus vollständig resorbiert. Dabei wird der Teil des Knochens, der mehr amorphes Calciumphosphat enthält, vor dem kristallreichen Teil resorbiert. Daraus folgt, daß der Stoffwechsel des Knochens mit höherem amorphem Gehalt aktiver ist als derjenige des Knochens mit höherem kristallinem Gehalt. Weiter konnte mittels Röntgendiffraktion festgestellt werden, daß der medulläre Knochen, welcher in männlichen Tauben durch Oestrogenbehandlung erzeugt werden kann, dem weiblichen medullären Knochen am Anfang des Fortpflanzungscyclus gleicht.
    Notes: Abstract This is an X-ray diffraction study of the changes in the proportional amounts of the amorphous and apatitic calcium phosphate phases in pigeon femur during the egg-laying cycle. The medullary portion of pigeon femur is completely resorbed in the reproductive cycle. In this process the portion of bone which is higher in amorphous calcium phosphate is resorbed before the crystal-rich portion. Thus, bone with a higher amorphous content is more metabolically active than more crystalline bone. Finally, medullary bone which can be produced in male pigeons by estrogen treatment was found by X-ray diffraction to resemble female medullary bone at the beginning of the reproductive cycle.
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 49-58 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Glycosaminoglycans ; Intracellular ; Chondrocytes ; Cartilage ; Embryonal ; Bone
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les glycosaminoglycanes acides de chondrocytes isolés, en suspension, sont étudiés. La matrice extracellulaire est isolée par traitement successif à la trypsine et à la collagénase d'os d'embryons de poulet, âges de 15 à 17 jours. Après digestion à la papaïne et élimination des acides nucléïques par traitement à la DNAse et à la RNAse, les glycosaminoglycanes sont précipités par le CPC et isolés sous la forme de leur sel sodique. Les analyses des propriétés de solubilité du CP glycosaminoglycane par le microfractionnement d'Antonopoulos et coll. (1964) révèlent la présence de glycosaminoglycanes intracellulaires de poids moléculaire et/ou de densité de charge nettement plus faibles que ceux de la matrice extracellulaire. Sur des électrophorèses de microzones, une petite partie des glycosaminoglycanes intracellulaires isolées présente une mobilité similaire à celle des solutions témoins de sulfate de chondroitine, alors que la portion la plus importante ne se déplace qu'à mi-distance de l'acide hyaluronique et montre une large trainée, indiquant une faible charge négative. Ce fait semble dû à une perte de l'influence de régulation des composants matriciels éliminées, sur la synthèse des glycosaminoglycanes et au rejet dans le milieu de glycosaminoglycanes initialement synthétisé. Pour la première fois, une faible quantité d'acide hyaluronique intracellulaire est mise en évidence par une mobilité électrophorétique typique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Saure Glykosaminoglycane von isolierten Chondrocyten in Suspension wurden untersucht, und die extracelluläre Matrix von 15–17 Tage alten Knochen von Kükenembryos wurde durch die aneinanderfolgende Behandlung mit Trypsin und Collagenase erhalten. Nach der Papain-Verdauung und Beseitigung der Nucleinsäuren mittels DNS- und RNSase-Behandlung wurden die Glykosaminoglycane mit CPC gefällt und als Natriumsalz isoliert. Untersuchungen der Löslichkeit der CP-Glykosaminoglycane mittels des Mikrofraktionierungsverfahrens von Antonopouloset al. (1964) zeigten intracelluläre Glykosaminoglycane mit meist niedrigerem Molekulargewicht und/oder niedrigerer Ladungsdichte als diejenigen der extracellulären Matrix. In der Mikro-Zonen-Elektrophorese zeigte nur ein kleiner Teil der isolierten intracellulären Glykosaminoglycane eine Mobilität, die dem Standard des Chondroitinsulfats entsprach. Der größte Teil legte nur die halbe Distanz der Hyaluronsäure zurück und zeigte breites “Tailing”, was auf eine niedrigere negative Ladung hindeutet. Die Ursache dafür wurde interpretiert als Verlust eines regulierenden Einflusses der entfernten Matrixkomponenten auf die Glykosaminoglycan-Synthese und als Abgabe ursprünglich synthetisierter Glykosaminoglycane in das Medium. Es wurde erstmals, anhand der typischen elektrophoretischen Beweglichkeit, eine kleine Menge von intracellulärer Hyaluronsäure nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Abstract Acid glycosaminoglycans were studied from isolated chondrocytes in suspension and the extracellular matrix obtained by sequential trypsin and collagenase treatment of 15- to 17-day-old embryonic chick bone. After papain digestion and removal of the nucleic acids by treatment with DNAse and RNAse, the glycosaminoglycans were precipitated by CPC and isolated as their sodium salt. Analyses of the CP-glycosaminoglycan solubility properties with the microfractionation procedure of Antonopouloset al. (1964) showed intracellular glycosaminoglycans of predominantly lower molecular weight and/or charge density than those of extracellular matrix. On micro-zone electrophoresis, only a minor part of the isolated intracellular glycosaminoglycans showed a mobility similar to that of the chondroitin sulphate standards while the major part moved only half the distance of hyaluronic acid and showed broad tailing, indicating a low negative charge. This was considered to be due to loss of a regulatory influence of the removed matrix components upon glycosaminoglycan synthesis and to release of originally synthesized glycosaminoglycans into the medium. For the first time, a small amount of intracellular hyaluronic acid was shown by typical electrophoretic mobility.
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 57-69 
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    Keywords: Thallium ; Chondrodystrophy ; Cartilage ; Bone ; Matrix
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    Notes: Summary Using the transmission electron microscope, we sought to describe the morphology of thallium sulfate-induced chondrodystrophy in chick embryos. There was cell death and degeneration in all zones of growth cartilage, but the cells and matrix of the hypertrophic zone were the most severely affected. Ultrastructural changes of the hypertrophic chondrocytes consisted of alteration of the cytoplasmic contents and of the intercellular matrix; the cell membrane was smooth and without cytoplasmic extensions. The cytoplasm was filled with dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles of varying sizes and contents, and lipidlike bodies with electron-dense granules; mineral crystals, collagen, and degenerating mitochondria were present. The matrix showed only spotty calcification and a reduced number of dense bodies, vesicles, and granules. The cells appeared to have failed to exteriorize cell products across the plasmalemma. Failure to exteriorize cell products and to form cytoplasmic processes reduced the number of potential nucleation sites for calcification. The ultrastructure of osteocytes was much less affected.
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 89-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Soluble proteoglycans ; Resistant proteoglycans ; Collagen ; Bone ; Cartilage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Soluble proteoglycans (SPG) were extracted from bovine (BCC) and human (HCC) costal cartilages by the dissociative method using 4 M guanidinium chloride (GuHCl). Proteoglycans which are resistant to extraction (RPG) were obtained following collagenase digestion or hydroxylamine treatment of the cartilage residues. Similarly, SPG were extracted from bovine metaphyseal and cortical bone using EDTA. The RPG were extracted from the bones using hydroxylamine. Density gradient fractionation under dissociative conditions of cartilage SPG and RPG followed by chromatography on Sepharose 2B revealed that A1D1 RPG are smaller than the SPG. SPG reacted with either collagenase or hydroxylamine are also smaller than the parent SPG. A1D1 fractions obtained from BCC-SPG and RPG or from mixtures of SPG and acid-soluble collagen are free of hydroxyproline. Hydroxyproline is not completely separated from HCC-RPG. Density gradient fractionation of bone proteoglycans and Sepharose chromatography of the A1 and A1D1 fractions showed that those obtained from metaphysis are larger than those from cortical bone. This was attributed to the presence of calcified cartilage in metaphyseal bone. The A1D1 fractions of the metaphyseal proteoglycans seemed to undergo self-association since this fraction is larger than the A1 fraction from which it is derived. Cortical bone proteoglycans do not behave similarly. Density gradient purification under dissociative conditions failed to separate hydroxyproline from the proteoglycans obtained from bone. It is hypothesized that in bone proteoglycans and collagen might be linked.
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 567-574 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Femur ; Age ; Mineral ; Apatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary It has previously been observed that after the third decade of life the tensile strength of bone decreases faster than its density [1], indicating that some microstructural change occurs in bone with advancing age. In order to try to elucidate this observation, the orientation and particle size of the mineral phase of bone have been studied with respect to age. Samples were taken from femora varying in age from 13 to 97 years. The results show that the degree of preferred orientation does not vary with age after the first decade of life. However, the percentage of small particles increased up to the fourth decade of life and thereafter decreased, a pattern of change similar to that observed for bone strength. It would seem to indicate that an increase in mineral particle size is a factor that contributes to the loss of bone strength and that an increased percentage of large particles in the later years of life could, along with osteoporosis, help to explain the increased fragility in the bones of the elderly.
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 161-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Diphosphonates ; Osteoid Synthesis ; Hydroxyproline ; Bone ; Formation-Resorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Deux diphosphonates, à savoir l'éthane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) et le dichlorométhane diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), inhibentin vitro la résorption osseuse qui est stimulée soit par la parathormone ou par voie intrinsèque dans un système de culture d'os en remaniement. Alors que le Cl2MDP est plus efficace que l'EHDP dans l'inhibition de la résorption, ce fait semble en rapport avec une diminution de le formation de tissu ostéoide. Il s'en suit une diminution biochimique et morphologique marquée du remaniement osseux avec le Cl2MDP à une concentration équivalent à 10 μg de phosphore/ml de milieu de culture. La différence d'activité entre l'EHDP et le Cl2MDP peu être liée à leur affinité relative pour les surfaces du minéral osseux et, par suite, à leur concentration effective dans la fluide extracellulaire osseux. Les diphosphonates pourraient aussi affecter l'os indirectement si l'on admet que le degré de minéralisation de la matrice est important pour l'induction et la régulation de l'activité ostéoblastique dans l'os en voie de remaniement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Zwei Diphosphonate, Aethan-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonat (EHDP) und Dichloromethylen-Diphosphonat (Cl2MDP) hemmen in vitro die Knochenresorption. Diese wird verfolgt entweder mittels Stimulierung durch PH oder in einem Kultursystem, in welchem normale Knochenneubildung stattfindet. Während Cl2MDP die Resorption wirksamer hemmt als EHDP, scheint es ebenfalls eine Verminderung der Osteoidbildung zu verursachen. Dies bewirkt eine deutliche biochemische und morphologische Herabsetzung der Knochenneubildung, bei einer Cl2MDP-Konzentration von 10 μg Phosphor/ml Kulturmedium. Die unterschiedliche Wirksamkeit von EHDP und Cl2MDP läßt sich wahrscheinlich auf ihre verschiedenen Affinitäten zu der Oberfläche des Knochenminerals und somit auf ihre tatsächliche freie Konzentration in der extracellulären Flüssigkeit des Knochens zurückführen. Ausgehend von der Annahme, daß die Anregung und Regulierung der Osteoblasten-Aktivität bei der Knochenneubildung vom Ausmaß der Matrix-Mineralisation bestimmt wird, läßt sich die Vermutung aufstellen, daß die Diphosphonate die Knochenbildung auch indirekt beeinflussen können.
    Notes: Abstract Two Diphosphonates, ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) inhibitin vitro bone resorption, which is either stimulated by parathyroid hormone or intrinsic in a bone remodeling culture system. While Cl2MDP is more effective than EHDP in inhibiting resorption, it also appears to result in a related diminution in osteoid formation. This effect causes a marked biochemical and morphological depression of bone remodelling with Cl2MDP at a concentration equivalent to 10-μg-phosphorus/ml of culture medium. The difference in activity between EHDP and Cl2MDP may be related to their relative affinities for the bone mineral surfaces and hence their effective free concentration in the bone extracellular fluid. It is hypothesized that diphosphonates may also affect bone formation indirectly if one assumes that the degree of mineralization of the matrix is important in the induction and regulation of osteoblastic activity in remodelling bone.
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 195-210 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Fossil bone ; Bone resorption ; Boring channels ; Fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'action ostéoclasique exercée par un champignon appartenant au genreMucor sur des os inhumés a été étudiée au point de vue morphologique. L'érosion ossuse donne lieu à des cavités et à des canalicules de percement, dont les parois apparaissent régulièrement calcifiées jusqu'a l'interface avec le champignon, ce qui veut dire que la réabsorption intéresse en même temps la matrice organique et les cristallites. Au contraire des ostéoclastes, la membrane du champignon ne montre jamais un bord en brosse au niveau des points où elle se met en contact avec le tissu osseux. De même l'examen au microscope électronique ne décele apparemment aucun passage de matériel dans l'épaisseur de la membrane ainsi que dans le protoplasme du champignon, ce qui porte à admettre qu'un processus de solubilisation a lieu au préalable. Seulement dans le cas où le champignon présente des phénomènes de vieillissement, des données font prévoir la libération d'une substance capable de décalcifier la matrice organique. Tous les résultats ci-dessu sont discutés de façon analytique et comparés à ceux fournis par les canalicules de percement des os fossiles.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die osteoklastische Aktivität eines der Mucor-Gattung angehörenden Pilzes auf begrabene Knochen wurde morphologisch untersucht. Die Wirkung dieses Pilzes in der Knochenerosion führt zu Resorptionshöhlen und Bohrkanälen, deren Wände scharf und bis zur Oberfläche gut verkalkt sind; das bedeutet, daß die Knochenresorption gleichzeitig die Kristalliten und die organische Matrix in Mitleidenschaft zieht. Im Gegensatz zu den normalen Osteoklasten zeigt die Membran des Pilzes an den Berührungsstellen mit dem Knochengewebe keinen Bürstensaum. Ebenfalls läßt eine elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung keinen Durchgang von Substanzen durch die Membran und das Protoplasma des Pilzes erkennen, so daß man annehmen muß, daß vorher ein Auflösungsprozeß stattgefunden hat. Die Vermutung liegt nahe, daß eine Substanz, welche den anorganischen Knochenanteil aufzulösen vermag, sich
    Notes: Abstract A morphological investigation has been carried out on the osteoclastic activity revealed by a fungus of theMucor genus on buried bone. The hallmark of its activity in eroding bone is the finding of resorption pits and boring channels whose walls are sharp and well calcified up to the free edge, suggesting that bone resorption affects crystallites and the organic matrix simultaneously. Unlike normal osteoclastic cells, the fungal membrane in contact with the bone shows no brush border. As the electron microscope reveals no migration of material to the fungal membrane and its protoplasm, the view is expressed that the material which reaches the fungus has been previously solubilized. There is good reason for supposing that a substance capable of solubilizing the inorganic bone fraction spreads freely through bone tissue, decalcifying the matrix, where, but only where, hyphae show the effects of ageing. All the findings are thoroughly discussed and compared with those furnished by the boring channels in fossil bone.
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 245-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Repair ; Histology ; Implant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Um modèle expérimental, destiné à l'étude de la cicatrisation osseuse, est mis au point. Il permet d'obtenir du tissu osseux pour des études qualitatives et quantitatives. Des tubes de nylon sont implantés dans l'alvéole d'incisives extraites de cobayes. Une étude histologique de coupes longitudinales montrent que les implants de nylon ne retardent pas la cicatrisation des lésions osseuses et contiennent suffisamment de tissus pour des études biochimiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein Modellsystem zum Studium der Knochenwiederherstellung entwickelt, mit Hilfe dessen man von dem sich wiederbildenden Knochengewebe Proben für die qualitative und quantitative Bestimmung entnehmen kann. Dazu wurden in die Alveolen extrahierter Schneidezähne von Meerschweinchen Nylonschläuchlein eingelegt. Die histologische Untersuchung von Längsschnitten zeigte, daß die Nylonimplantate den Wiederherstellungsprozeß des Knochendefektes nicht verzögerten, daß sie herauspräpariert werden konnten und genügend Gewebe enthielten, um für biochemische Untersuchungen verwendet zu werden.
    Notes: Abstract A model system for the study of bone repair has been developed which allows the recovery of repairing osseous tissue for qualitative and quantitative evaluation. Nylon tubes were implanted in the alveoli of extracted incisors in guinea pigs. A histological study of longitudinal sections showed that the nylon implants did not delay the reparative processes of the bony defect, could be dissected out and contained sufficient tissue to be used in biochemical studies.
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 369-374 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Histomorphometry ; Bone ; Reproducibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary To study bone histomorphometry reproducibility in normal subjects, we performed during orthopedic surgery bone biopsies in 16 post-menopausal women. Each woman had four bone biopsies, two at the usual site in the iliac crest, one on the left and one on the right side, and two other biopsies just behind the usual site, one at each side. We performed measurements of trabecular bone volume, relative osteoid volume, osteoid surfaces, osteoclastic resorption surfaces and calcification front. The average values of the 16 patients were compared, on the one hand, two by two, by a student test, and on the other hand, by a variance analysis. By these two methods the results showed no significant difference between the average values of the 16 patients at each location for any of the histomorphometric parameters studied. However, there was a location variation which was estimated by the intra-individual variation for a given patient. On the other hand, we calculated from the variance analysis the location variance for a group of 10 to 100 patients. In any case all the parameters had a location variation which was high for osteoclastic resorption surfaces and relative osteoid volume when expressed in % of the absolute value of these parameters. The variation of the trabecular bone volume was 0–46. 15% (95% confident limit interval) in a single patient and the hypothetical value of the location variation was 41.6% for a group of 10 patients and 13.0% for a group of 100 patients.
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 441-444 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Diffusion ; H2O ; Ions ; Vitamin D ; Diphosphonate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The rates of diffusion of small ions and neutral molecules through isolated calvaria have been determined. Compared with data published on self-diffusion and diffusion through cartilage, H2O, 3-O-methylglucose, lactate, sulfate, and methylamine diffuse at approximately 2/3 the expected rate. Diffusion of H2O and sulfate was unaffected by the administration of the diphosphonate 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP), although phosphate fluxes are markedly diminished. Diffusion of water was nearly doubled by vitamin D deficiency. A 1-week treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 had no effect on H2O diffusion while returning calcium influx to normal. It is concluded that bone matrix permits a flow of small neutral and ionized molecules nearly comparable to that in cartilage. When changes in calcium and phosphate influx are observed, they can be ascribed to the exchange properties of bone mineral and not to changes in matrix permeability.
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 499-504 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Collagen ; Density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The density of a bovine cortical bone matrix sample was found in water, several ethanol-water solutions, and in the dried state. Previously the density of the same mineralized bone was found fresh and when desiccated. The volume in each state was estimated from the dimensional changes axially, tangentially, and radially. Confirmation was found by determining the density of dried specimens upon immersion in xylene. The amount of imbibed xylene provided an estimate of the free pore volume in the dried matrix. The volume fraction of the solid constituent, S, in the wet matrix was found to be 0.57, from which the density of S in various solutions was calculated. Density of wet matrix in 0.15 M saline: 1.180 g/cc; for dried matrix, 1.246 g/cc. Density of wet S in saline: 1.33 g/cc; for dried S, 1.42 g/cc, which matches published values for collagen molecules. Dimensional changes between wet and dried state of matrix match published values for artificially cross-linked rat tail tendon fibers. Axially: 1.04, by area: 2.27; by volume: 2.62. Estimate of intrafibrillar volume, assuming 80% of mineral is within fibrils: 0.73 cc/g dry collagen.
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 631-639 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteopenia ; Noninvasive monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Radiological techniques were utilized for monitoring progressive changes in compact bone in the tibia of monkeys during experimentally induced osteopenia. Bone mass loss in the tibia during restraint was evaluated from radiographs, from bone mineral analysis, and from images reconstructed from gamma ray computerized tomography. The losses during 6 months of restraint tended to occur predominantly in the proximal tibia and were characterized by subperiosteal bone loss, intracortical striations, and scalloped endosteal surfaces. Bone mineral content in the cross section of the tibia declined 17–21%. Tomography demonstrated endosteal widening and reduced mineral content per unit of thickness of cortical bone. In 6 months of recovery, the mineral content of the proximal tibia remained depressed. Effects of the dynamic environment on local-regional changes in various skeletal areas are discussed.
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Copper ; Resorption ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary An investigation of the role of copper in bone metabolism was undertaken. Explanted calvaria from 6-day-old mice were grown for 48 h in medium with and without the addition of copper sulfate. Active resorption was found to be significantly inhibited in the presence of copper sulfate concentrations of 10−6M and above. Copper sulfate concentrations of 10−5M and above inhibited hydroxyproline, protein, and DNA synthesis. Lower concentrations were ineffective. The effect of 5 × 10−6M copper sulfate on resorption was reversible. Several other compounds were tested for similar effects and at 5 × 10−6M were found to inhibit bone resorption in the order: copper sulfate 〉 brown gold chloride 〉 sodium aurothiomalate 〉 zinc sulfate 〉 sodium sulfate. The copper sulfate effect was twice that of sodium aurothiomalate, and sodium sulfate was not significantly inhibitory. The results suggest that the high serum copper levels associated with rheumatoid arthritis may reflect the activity of a hypothetical control mechanism of bone resorption. In the diseased state this would act to restore the normal rate of bone resorption.
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 73-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Mineral ; Properties ; Deproteination ; Hydrazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode, utilisant 95% d'hydrazine, permet de déprotéiniser et de déshydrater légèrement l'os dans des conditions presqu'anhydres, avec une élévation de température modérée. Cette méthode ne provoque que des modifications chimiques mineures, sans altération des propriétés structurales de la phase minérale. Les résultats physico-chimiques démontrent que bien que les cristaux d'os de rat sont viosins de cristaux synthétiques témoins constitués dans des milieux, riches en carbonate plutôt qu'en hydroxyde, l'apatite osseux de rat ne parait pas analogue à des modèles cristallins connus ou imaginés. Des déterminations de bande infra-rouge CO 3 2− , réalisées à partir de spectre d'os total, semblent faussées par la présence de bandes d'absorption protéique. L'absorption d'HPO 4 2− est étudiée à l'aide de spectres infra-rouges de minéral osseux de jeunes rats. Des comparaisons détaillées en diffraction par raysons X d'os déprotéinisé de rats, avant et après hydrolyse, démontrent nettement la présence de phosphate de calcium amorphe. La microscopie électronique indique que de petits cristaux d'apatite dans l'os de rat sont susceptibles de contribuer au pool minéral amorphe en diffraction en rayons X. La microscopie électronique montre des plages de minéral osseux de rat où des cristaux d'apatite en forme de plaque, présentent une maille cristalline avec axe C malgré l'élimination de leur matrice fibreuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, wobei durch Anwendung von 95% Hydrazin ohne Wasserzugabe und mit nur geringem Erhitzen dem Knochen das gesamte Protein und ein kleiner Teil des Wassers entzogen wird. Diese Methode führte nur zu geringen chemischen Veränderungen und veränderte die strukturellen Eigenschaften der Mineralphase in keiner Weise. Physikochemische Daten wurden erbracht, welche zeigen, daß — obwohl die Kristalle von Rattenknochen den synthetischen Kontrollen (in Karbonat- und nicht hydroxydreichen Medien hergestellt) eher gleichen — Apatit aus Rattenknochen nicht auf sinnvolle Weise mittels bekannten oder postulierten Kristallmodellen interpretiert werden kann. CO 3 2− -Infrarotbandenzuteilungen, welche von Spektren aus dem Gesamtknochen gemacht wurden, geben wegen der Anwesenheit von Proteinabsorptionsbändern falsche Resultate. Die Absorption von HPO 4 2− wurde in den Infrarotspektren von Knochenmineral aus jungen Ratten beobachtet. Ein Vergleich der detaillierten Röntgendiffraktion von deproteinisiertem Rattenknochen vor und nach der Hydrolyse wies deutlich auf die Anwesenheit von amorphem Calciumphosphat hin. Die Elektronenmikroskopie zeigte kleine Apatitkristalle im Rattenknochen, welche zum Gesamtmineralpool beitragen könnten, der bei der Röntgendiffraktion amorph ist. Die Elektronenmikroskopie zeigte auch Gebiete im Rattenknochenmineral, wo plättchenartige Apatitkristalle eine deutlichec-Achsenorientierung beibehielten, obwohl ihre fibröse Matrix entfernt worden war.
    Notes: Abstract A method is described employing 95% hydrazine which completely deproteinates and slightly dehydrates bone under nearly anhydrous conditions with only moderate heating. This method induced only minor chemical changes and no alterations in structural properties of the mineral phase. Physicochemical data are presented demonstrating that although rat bone crystals more closely resemble synthetic controls made in carbonate-rather than hydroxide-rich media, rat bone apatite cannot be interpreted in terms of known or postulated crystal models in any meaningful fashion. CO 3 2− infrared band assignments made from spectra of whole bone are shown to be in error due to the presence of protein absorption bands. Absorotion of HPO 4 2− was observed in infrared spectra of young rat bone mineral. Detailed X-ray diffraction comparisons of deproteinated rat bone before and after hydrolysis clearly demonstrated the presence of amorphous calcium phosphate. Electron microscopy indicated that very small apatite crystals were present in rat bone which might also contribute to the overall mineral pool amorphous to X-ray diffraction. Electron microscopy also showed domains in rat bone mineral where plate-like apatite crystals maintained a netc-axis orientation despite the removal of their fibrous matrix.
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 45-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Fluoride ; Microhardness ; Mineralization ; Strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Microhardness was measured in sampling sites in the tibial diaphysis of control rats that received less than 1 ppm fluoride in the drinking water, and experimental rats that received 30, 90 and 120 ppm fluoride in the drinking water for 17 days. The latter dose was toxic, as evidenced by a decreased final body weight in this group. By means of tetracycline labelling, it was possible to measure bone hardness in four zones of increasing bone age: I) 3 days, II) 8 days, III) 13 days and IV) 22 days. Zones I through III represented bone formed during fluoride treatment, and Zone IV bone formed before fluoride treatment. In the control group, microhardness increased from Zone I to II, probably because mineral concentration was relatively low in Zone I, and remained constant thereafter. In the 90 and 120 ppm fluoride-treated groups, maximum microhardness was not achieved until Zone III. This delay was probably due to the fact that fluoride in large doses inhibits the rate of mineralization. In the 30 ppm fluoride-treated group, there was no delay in achievement of maximum microhardness; microhardness values in Zones I and III were greater than those in control animals, and microhardness in Zone III was higher than that in Zone IV. These results show that: 1) bone microhardness is increased in bone formed during fluoride treatment in rats given 30 ppm fluoride in the drinking water, 2) toxic doses of fluoride delay, but do not prevent achievement of normal maximum microhardness, and 3) changes in microhardness are seen only in bone formed during fluoride treatment.
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 71-76 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Deficiency ; Osteoporosis ; Species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 21-day-old rats and mice were fed a low-calcium diet (0.02% Ca) or a normal diet (0.5% Ca) for two weeks. Administration of the low-calcium diet resulted in greater decreases in femur ash content and serum calcium in rats than in mice. Microscopic examination revealed that metatarsal bones from a majority of the rats fed a low-calcium diet displayed moderate or severe osteoporotic changes whereas bones from mice were either normal or displayed only slight osteoporotic changes under the same experimental conditions. These results indicate that mice are better able to adapt to a low-calcium diet than are rats of the same age.
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 111-123 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Calcium ; Phosphorus ; Bone ; Periosteum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode d'estimation de la surface périostée de l'os en voie de minéralisation est mise au point et appliquée à des porcs recevant 2 mg de fluorure par Kg de poids et par jour pendant 10 mois. L'adjonction de fluor intervient significativement dans le cas d'une déficience en calcium et phosphore. La surface en voie de minéralisation est nettement réduite. Lorsque le calcium et phosphore sont normaux, l'addition de fluorure augmente nettement la surface en voie de minéralisation. Le microscope électronique à balayage permet de mettre en évidence au niveau de l'os une perte de l'orientation longitudinale des fibers et des surfaces poreuses irrégulières chez les animaux soumis au floor.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung der verkalkenden Oberfläche des Periosts wurde eine Methode entwickelt und bei Schweinen angewandt, welche während etwa 10 Monaten 2 mg Fluorid per kg Körpergewicht und per Tag erhalten hatten. Dieses zusätzliche Fluorid hatte eine signifikante Wirkung bei Calcium- und Phosphormangel. Die verkalkende Oberfläuche ging stark zurück, während jedoch, wenn kein Calcium- und Phosphormangel bestand, das zusätzliche Fluorid die verkalkende Oberfläche vergrößerte. Beobachtungen mit dem Raster-Elektronenmikroskop am Knochen zeigten, daß die Längsorientierung der Fasern fehlte und daß Knochen von mit Fluorid gefütterten Tieren unregelmäßige, poröse Oberflächen aufwiesen.
    Notes: Abstract A method for estimating periosteal bone-mineralizing surface was developed and applied to swine fed 2 mg of fluoride/kg of body weight/day for about 10 months. Added fluoride interacted significantly with calcium and phosphorus deficiency. Mineralizing surface was greatly reduced, whereas when calcium and phosphorus were adequate, added fluoride greatly increased mineralizing surface. Scanning electron microscope observations of bone disclosed loss of longitudinal orientation of fibers and irregular porous surfaces in bone from fluoride-fed animals.
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 125-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Collagen ; Formic Acid ; Crosslinkages ; Cyanogen Bromide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Bovine and chicken bone collagens have been solubilized and presumably denatured (gelatin) by treatment of demineralized, powdered tissue with 70% formic acid. Short periods of extraction such as four hours at 30°, conditions commonly used during cyanogen bromide cleavage of collagen, solubilized 50% and 15% of the chicken and bovine bone collagens respectively. Treatment of the tissues with sodium borohydride partially inhibited the extraction of collagen from chicken bone, but had little effect on the extraction of calf bone collagen. The heterogeneity of the bone gelatin from both species on disc electrophoretic analysis suggested that peptide bonds had been cleaved in some of the collagen chains during exposure to formic acid, thus facilitating the solubilization of the bone collagen as the gelatin. Analysis of the collagen extracted from chicken bone for reducible crosslinks indicated that a large proportion of these bonds had remained intact, in contrast to a previous finding that most of these crosslinks were destroyed in bone gelatin extracted by 4 M CaCl2, at pH 7.0. The stability of the major reducible crosslinks in bone collagen to severe acid conditions may explain in part some of its unique properties, such as its failure to swell or be solubilized in dilute acid, which distinguish it from soft tissue collagens.
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 173-179 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Strength ; Tension ; Compression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple method is described for visualising regions of bone that have yielded in tension. The appearance of such regions is quite different from that of regions that have yielded in compression. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 189-199 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Densitometry ; X-ray ; Radiation ; Specific gravity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract X-ray and γ-radiation techniques for evaluating bone density under field conditions in cattle and sheep were investigated. The best results were obtained from measurements of the density of radiographs of tibial tarsal bones of sheep and from the absorption of γ-radiation of the tibial tarsal bones of sheep and the fibular tarsal bones of cattle. The γ-radiation techniques may be carried out rapidly under field conditions (up to 30 animals an hour) and bone density can be estimated with a standard error of 0.042–0.046 SG units.
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 181-188 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Biopsy ; Bone ; Calcium ; Phosphorus ; Specific gravity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The specific gravities (SG) of bone samples taken from various parts of the skeleton of cattle and sheep were determined gravimetrically in an effort to establish which sites give the most reproducible and uniform results, so that between animals, or sequential within animals, comparisons may be made with maximum sensitivity. Samples obtained from the mandible of sheep and the rib of cattle and sheep were found to be too variable to be useful for most purposes. Best results were obtained using whole bones which are easily prepared, such as the tibial tarsal bones of cattle and sheep and the fibular tarsal bone of cattle. These bones gave within animal deviations of 0.012–0.024 SG units, when comparing left bone with right bone. Slightly higher values were obtained for coccygeal vertebrae from cattle and distal metacarpal condyles from sheep. SG was related to ash, calcium and phosphorus contents of coccygeal vertebrae of cattle and it is considered that, for survey work on the mineral status of the bones of cattle and sheep, the correlations are sufficiently high to make their determination unnecessary. This will enable radiation determined SG techniques to be applied to this type of work.
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  • 71
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 197-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cortisone ; Metabolism ; Bone ; Thyroidectomy ; Calcitonin ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des lapins blancs néo-zélandais adultes sont répartis selon les groupes suivants: 1) témoin, sans traitement; 2) administration intramusculaire de 5 mg/kg de poids d'acétate de cortisone (CA); 3) thyroidectomie totale avec administration intramusculaire quotidienne de 25 μg de thyroxine; 4) thyroidectomie totale avec traitement à l'acétate de cortisone et de thyroxine, selon 2 et 3. Après 21, 28 et 35 jours de traitement, les fémurs et les corps vertébraux sont étudiés histologiquement, radiographiquement et par détermination du poids par unité devolume. Le calcium total, l'hydroxyproline et la rapport hexosamine-collagène sont déterminés dans les côtes, les fémurs et les corps vertébraux. La calcémie et la phosphorémie ont également été déterminées. Les animaux traités à la cortisone, non opérés ou thyroidectomisés, présentent une diminution de la masse osseuse: la diminution de tous les paramètres étudiés est surtout nette dans le groupe 4. Ces animaux étant surtout déficients en calcitonine, on peut penser que la décroissance de la masse osseuse est en rapport avec une telle déficience. Ces observations semblent indiquer que la calcitonine endogène contribue au maintien de la masse osseuse au cours des stades précoces d'hyperactivité surrénalienne, vraisemblablement induite par une hyperactivité de compensation de la parathyroide.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Erwachsene männliche weiße neuseeland-Kaninchen wurden in folgende Gruppen eingeteilt: 1) Kontrolle, keine Behandlung; 2) Cortison-Acetat (CA) 5 mg/kg Körpergewicht/Tag intramuskulär; 3) Totale Thyreoidektomie mit täglicher Ersatzgabe von 25 μg Thyroxin, i.m. wie bei Gruppe 2; 4) Totale Thyreoidektomie mit Thyroxingabe wie in Gruppe 3 und Ca-Gabe wie in Gruppe 2. Nach 21, 28 und 35 Behandlungstagen wurden die Femora und Wirbel histologisch, röntgenographisch und durch die Bestimmung des Gewichtes pro Volumeneinheit untersucht. Rippen, Femora und Wirbel wurden auf Gesamtcalcium, Hydroxyprolin und Hexosamin-Collagen-Verhältnis analysiert. Es wurden auch Serienbestimmungen von Calcium und anorganischem Phosphor im Serum gemacht. Cortisonbehandelte Tiere, mit oder ohne Thyreoidea, zeigten alle eine verminderte Knochenmasse, aber die Verminderung war in allen Parametern signifikanter in Gruppe 4. Da diese Tiere bekanntlich genügend Thyroxin aber einen Calcitoninmangel hatten, kann die verminderte Knochenmasse in der Gruppe 4 wahrscheinlich mit einer Calcitonin-Insuffizienz in Verbindung gebracht werden. Diese Beobachtungen lassen vermuten, daß endogenes CT zur Erhaltung der Knochenmasse in den Frühstadien der Nebennierenrinden-Hyperfunktion beiträgt, vermutlich indem es der Hyperaktivität der Parathyreoidea entgegenwirkt.
    Notes: Abstract Adult male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into the following groups: 1) control, no treatment; 2) cortisone acetate (CA) 5 mg/kg body weight/day intramuscularly; 3) total thyroidectomy with daily replacement of 25 μg thyroxine given intramuscularly as in Group 2; 4) total thyroidectomy with thyroxine replacement as above and CA treatment as in Group 2. After 21, 28, and 35 days of treatment, the femora and vertebral bodies were examined histologically, roentgenographically, and by determination of mass per unit volume. Ribs, femora and vertebral bodies were analyzed for total calcium, hydroxyproline, and hexosaminecollagen ratio. Serial determinations of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus were also made. Cortisone-treated animals, intact or thyroidectomized, had decreased bone mass, but by all parameters the decrease was more significant in Group 4. Since these animals were known to be euthyroid but calcitonin-deficient, the decreased bone mass observed in Group 4 may be correlated with CT insufficiency. These observations suggest that endogenous CT contributes to the maintenance of bone mass in the early stages of hyperadrenocorticism, possibly by offsetting hyperactivity of the parathyroid gland.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Parathyroid ; Thyrocalcitonin ; Vitamin D ; Bone ; Calcium Metabolism
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'administration deSolanum Malacoxylon (SM) provoque une augmentation transitoire du phosphate sérique et une diminution précoce du calcium sérique chez des rats témoins et thyro-parathyroidectomisés (TPTX). Les doses quotidiennes de SM provoquent une plus grande augmentation du calcium sérique chez les TPTX que chez les rats témoins et augmentent aussi de façon significative la calcium sérique chez des rats déficients en vitamine D. SM semble agir sur le métabolisme du calcium et du phosphate sans passer par l'intermédiaire de parathormone, de la calcitonine ou de la vitamine D.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Verabreichung vonSolanum Malacoxylon (SM) bewirkte eine vorübergehende Erhöhung des Serumphosphates und eine frühe Abnahme des Serumcalciums in Kontroll- und thyroparathyreoidektomierten (TPTX) Ratten. Tägliche Gaben von SM führten zu einem größeren Anstieg von Serumcalcium in TPTX- als in Kontrollratten und bewirkten auch in Vitamin-D-Mangelratten eine signifikante Erhöhung des Serumcalciums. SM scheint unabhängig von Parathormon, Calcitonin oder Vitamin D auf den Calcium- und Phosphat-Stoffwechsel zu wirken.
    Notes: Abstract The administration ofSolanum malacoxylon (SM) produced a transient rise of serum phosphate and an early decrease of serum calcium in control and thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats. Daily doses of SM caused a greater increase of serum calcium in TPTX than in control rats and also raised serum calcium significantly in vitamin D deficient rats. SM appears to act on calcium and phosphate metabolism without mediation of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin or vitamin D.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyapatite ; Bone ; Amorphous ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Hydrogen Bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De l'hydroxyapatite (HA) est préparé en mélangeant du phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP), contenant du Cl comme oligo-élément, dans de l'eau distillée tamponnée à pH 7,4 par du Tris-HCl à 25, 37, 60, 80 et 100°. Un tel Ha contient moins de 1% (25°) à11% (100°) de Cl initialement contenu dans le précurseur ACP. Ces résultats suggèrent que le mécanisme principal de conservion consiste en une série de processus contrôlés par des vitesses de solubilité, permettant aux ions de s'échapper des ACP en voie de disolution avant le début de la nucléation de l'HA.In situ, le réarrangement de l'ACP n'explique pas la fuite ionique et ne semble pas responsable de la conversion. Le spectre infra-rouge de surface hautement spécifique d'HA, préparé à 25° et 37°, ne montre pas d'élongation OH ou des bandes OH équilibrées, alors que la surface spécifique inférieure de l'HA (60°, 80°, 100°) présente des bandes nettes de ces modes vibrationnels. Cet effet est atrribué à une liaison hydrogène de groupement OH structural à la surface de cristaux d'HA, présentant une monocouche d'eau fortement adsorbée à la surface de l'HA. Comme dans les autres systèmes, la formation de liaison hydrogene élimine probablement les bandes d'absorption OH, de telle sorte que seuls les groupements OH, situés à l'intérieur des cristaux, donnent des bandes OH nettes, non perturbées. Au fur et à mesure que la surface spécifique de l'HA diminue, l'effet d'élimination s'atténue par suite d'une décroissance concomittante du pourcentage de groupements OH superficiels. Ainsi peut s'expliquer l'absence de modes vibrationnels OH dans le spectre infra-rouge du minéral osseux, étant donné que l'apatite osseux a une surface spécifique identique à celle de l'HA synthétisé à 25° et 37°.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Hydroxyapatit (HA) wurde hergestellt, indem amorphes Calciumphosphat (ACP), welches eingeschlossenes Cl als ein Tracer-Ion enthielt, in destilliertem Wasser, mit Tris-HCl auf pH 7,4 gepuffert, bei 25, 37, 60, 80 und 100° gerührt wurde. So hergestelltes HA enthielt bei 25° weniger als 1%, bei 100° 11% der Cl-Menge, welche ursprünglich im ACP eingeschlossen war. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß der Hauptmechanismus der Umwandlung eine Reihe von durch die Lösung hervorgerufenen Veränderungen ist, welche es den Ionen ermöglichen, aus dem sich auflösenden ACP auszutreten, bevor die HA-Nukleation einsetzt. In situ ist der Ionenaustritt aus dem umgebildeten ACP nicht möglich und ist wahrscheinlich bei der Umwandlung nicht beteiligt. Die Infrarotspektren von hochspezifischem Oberflächen-HA, welches bei 25° und 37° hergestellt worden war, zeigten keine OH-Dehnungs- oder Schwankungsstreifen, während weniger spezifisches Oberflächen-HA (60°, 80°, 100°) Scharfe Streifen von diesen Vibrationsarten zeigt. Diese Wirkung wird der Tatsache zugeschrieben, daß strukturelle OH-Gruppen auf der Oberfläche der HA-Kristalle mit der dort vorhandenen stark adsorbierten Wassermonolayer eine Wassersotffbindung eingehen. Wie in anderen Systemen verwischt die Wasserstoffbindung wahrscheinlich die OH-Absorptionsstreifen, so daß nur die OH-Gruppen im Inneren der Kristalle scharfe, unveränderte OH-Streifen liefern. Je mehr die spezifische Oberfläche des HA abnimmt, desto kleiner wird die verwischende Wirkung, denn der Prozentsatz der an der Oberfläche liegenden OH-Gruppen nimmt ebenfalls ab. Dies erklärt eventuell die beobachtete Abwesenheit von OH-Vibrationsarten im Infrarotspektrum von Knochenmineral, da Knochenapatit eine spezifische Oberfläche hat, die mit derjenigen von HA verglichen werden kann, welches bei 25° und 37° synthetisiert wurde.
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HA) was prepared by stirring amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), which contained occluded Cl− as a tracer ion, in distilled water buffered to pH 7.4 by tris-HCl at 25, 37, 60, 80 and 100°. HA made in this manner contained from less than 1% (25°) to 11% (100°) of the amount originally occluded in the precursor ACP. These results suggest that the principal mechanism of conversion is a series of solution- mediated rate processes that enable ions to move away from the dissolving ACP before the onset of HA nucleation.In situ ACP rearrangement does not provide for ion escape and is probably not involved in the conversion. The infrared spectra of high specific surface HA prepared at 25° and 37° showed no OH stretching or OH librational bands, while the lower specific surface HA (60°, 80°, 100°) displayed sharp bands of these vibrational modes. This effect is attributed to hydrogen bonding of structural OH groups on the surface on HA crystals with the strongly adsorbed water monolayer present on HA. As in other systems, hydrogen bond formation probably smears out the OH absorption bands so that only OH groups in the crystal interior yield sharp, unperturbed OH bands. As the HA specific surface decreases, the smearing effect becomes minimal due to a concomitant decrease in the percentage of surface-located OH groups. This may explain the observed absence of OH vibrational modes in the infrared spectrum of bone mineral, since bone apatite has a specific surface comparable to that of HA synthesized at 25° and 37°.
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 335-338 
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    Keywords: Fluoride ; Plasma ; Bone ; Age
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    Notes: Abstract Fluoride analyses were carried out on blood samples from fasting subjects and on iliac crest biopsies obtained at autopsy, using an ion-selective electrode. Correlation coefficients of 0.53 and 0.67 respectively were determined between plasma fluoride and age, and bone fluoride and age. The proportionate rates of increase of fluoride levels in plasma and bone with age and the similarity of the correlation coefficients suggest that the fasting plasma fluoride concentration is in equilibrium with bone fluoride.
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 305-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteosarcoma ; Lyophilization ; Induction ; Bone
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Bone formation was induced by iso- and home-implantation of lyophilized mouse osteosarcoma, in which an osteogenic activity is observed. The inducing factor is present exclusively in osteosarcoma, such as BF and Gardner, while not in non-osteogenic tumors, such as Ehrlich ascites tumor (2N & 4N) or mouse mammary carcinoma. The production of bone was rapid and extensive. It usually occurred within 21 days, and the time required for osteogenesis was almost the same as that reported in previous studies.
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  • 76
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1973), S. 174-180 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tricyclic antidepressant ; nortriptyline ; metabolism ; urine ; pharmacokinetics ; twins ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The urinary excretion of nortriptyline (NT) and five of its metabolites was studied by quantitative gas chromatography in 22 twins and 7 unrelated healthy subjects after single (1 mg/kg) and multiple oral doses (0.4 mg/kg t.i.d.) of NT hydrochloride. A mean recovery of 62% of the dose was found after both single and multiple doses. The metabolite pattern in the urine was qualitatively and quantitatively identical in the two regimes, but there were marked variations in the pattern of metabolites between individuals. The disappearance rate of NT from the plasma was mainly determined by the metabolism of NT to 10-hydroxynortriptyline, which varied considerably between individuals. The data suggest that in certain rapid NT metabolizers, the upper limit for the overall clearance of NT from the plasma (if extrahepatic metabolism is assumed to be negligible) might be set by the blood flow through the liver.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 268-270 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diphenhydramine ; orphenadrine ; gas-liquid chromatography ; N-selective detector ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the assay of nanogram quantities of diphenhydramine and orphenadrine in human plasma. The procedure employs gas-liquid chromatography and a high sensitivity nitrogen detector. It has been used to assay diphenhydramine in plasma after oral administration of therapeutic doses.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 234-238 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenobarbital ; neonate ; maternal-fetal exchange ; pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations of phenobarbital were measured in 18 newborn infants for one to two weeks after birth. The drug had been administered prenatally to the mothers as part of treatment for maternal hypertension or toxaemia. The plasma half-life of the drug in the infants (77–404 h) was inversely correlated with the extent of prenatal exposure to it. In three infants a bi-phasic plasma curve was found as there was a sudden change from slow to fast disappearance on the 5th to 7th day of life.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 407-414 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diuretic ; indapamide ; human pharmacology ; toxicology ; pharmacokinetics ; TLC assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacology, toxicology and kinetics of a new diuretic indapamide, have been studied in six normal volunteers following a single oral dose of 40 mg. Pronounced diuresis was found, commencing three hours after ingestion, with a peak urinary flow at four to six hours, and continuing for a total of thirty-six hours. A fall in systolic standing blood pressure occurred twenty four hours after ingestion, coincident with the period of maximum dehydration. Free water clearance rose, accompanied by increased urinary losses of Na+, K+ and Cl− and alkalinisation of the urine comparable to the actions of benzothiadiazines. Total urinary losses of Ca2+, Mg2+ and PO 4 3− rose in spite of a fall in urinary concentrations of these ions. The Ca2+ effect compares with the acute ionic effects of other diuretics. No renal, hepatic or haematological toxic effect was demonstrated. The blood sugar level was not disturbed. Serum uric acid rose to abnormal levels although the change did not reach statistical significance. — A thin layer chromatographic method, with a sensitivity limit of 0.1 µg/ml., has been developed for the assay of indapamide in urine. The urinary excretion rates of the volunteers measured over forty-eight hours indicate that the drug is rapidly absorbed with a peak excretion, 2.9±1.3 µg/min occurring three hours after ingestion. The drug is eliminated bi-phasically with an initial short rapid elimination followed by a slower exponential decline with a mean elimination half-life of 10.3 ± 3.9 h. The mean urinary excretion of unchanged indapamide over forty-eight hours was 4.4±1.4% of the administered dose. — It is concluded that indapamide is an effective long-acting diuretic with comparable action to the benzothiadiazine diuretics, but without an effect on blood sugar level in single doses in normal subjects. In contrast with other diuretics, indapamide appears to be extensively metabolised in man, and its longer duration of action to be related to a longer elimination half-life.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Oral antidiabetic drug ; butylbiguanide ; pharmacokinetics ; two-compartment open model ; plasma concentration ; liver concentration ; intestine concentration ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 50 mg14C-Butylbiguanide was administered intravenously to 4 diabetic patients and 100 mg14C-butylbiguanide orally to 5 further diabetics. The concentrations of the drug in plasma, intestinal fluid, intestinal epithelium and liver tissue were determined and the renal excretion of the biguanide measured. Irregularities in the plasma concentration curve were observed which appeared as systematic deviations from the ideal curve of a biexponential function. Because these deviations occurred only in the middle phase of the plasma concentration curve, it was nevertheless possible to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters of butylbiguanide by use of a two-compartment open model. The principal pharmacokinetic parameters were determined according to this model after intravenous dosing and the following mean values were obtained:t 1/2 (β)=4.6 h (β=0.15 h−1),C P 0 =0.85µg/ml,V D =218 l,V T =157 l,V P =62 l,k 12=0.69 h−1,k 21=0.44 h−1,k el =0.54 h−1. Within 48 h after administration, an average of 72.4% of the intravenous and 74.4% of the oral dose had been excreted in the urine. Total clearance (Cl tot) averaged 536 ml/min and renal clearance (Cl ren) 393 ml/min. High concentrations of butylbiguanide were observed in the intestinal fluid (100–700 mg/ml) 20–40 min after oral administration. It was found that the drug accumulates in intestinal fluid, intestinal epithelium and liver tissue, and that it is secreted into the intestinal lumen. The concentrations of butylbiguanide in intestinal and liver tissue were 10–46 times higher than in plasma. The secretion of biguanide into the intestinal lumen may occur via the bile or the intestinal mucosa, but there is no evidence of significant biliary excretion of butylbiguanide.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 295-305 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Mestranol ; ethynyloestradiol ; contraceptive compounds ; demethylation ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The oestrogenic activity of mestranol depends on its demethylation to ethynyloestradiol. The reaction has been studied in man. The compound disappeared exponentially from plasma during the first 4 h after i.v. injection of [4-14C-] mestranol. The “metabolic clearance” for this phase amounted to 31.8 1/day per kg body weight. Methoxy-3H-labelled mestranol was prepared for the further studies, because if it is demethylated, the tritium would be transferred to HTO, which would equilibrate immediately with body water. The appearance in body water of tritium from [methoxy-3H-] mestranol could be described by two exponential functions, which corresponded to bi-phasic disappearance of the original compound from plasma. The rate constant of the first stage was: γ1=0.835 h−1, and of the second: γ2=0.034 h−1. HTO radioactivity was eliminated from the body by exchange of water. From the data obtained, a three-compartment model was constructed of the transfer of tritium from [methoxy-3H-] mestranolinto body water, which permitted computer simulation of the partial processes. The compartmental analysis suggested that mestranol differed from ethynyloestradiol mainly in the delayed and protracted manner in which hormonally active oestrogen entered the circulation. The proportion of [methoxy-3H-] mestranol demethylated to ethynyloestradiol (demethylation ratio) varied little, 53.7±5.0% (x±SD; n=6), and was consistent with clinical observations that mestranol is half as potent an oestrogen as ethynyloestradiol. Thus, the dose of mestranol required to produce a given effect has to be twice as large as that of ethynyloestradiol.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 44-53 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Nortriptyline ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma clearance ; gas chromatography — mass spectrometry ; pharmacogenetics ; twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five identical (monozygotic) and 6 fraternal (dizygotic) sets of healthy twins between 47 and 53 years of age were given a single oral dose of nortriptyline (NT) hydrochloride 1 mg/kg. The plasma half-life, the apparent volume of distribution, and the plasma clearance of NT were estimated for each subject as well as the urinary excretion rate of conjugated and unconjugated 10-hydroxynortriptyline (10-OH-NT). “Steady-state” plasma levels predicted from the reciprocal single dose plasma clearance rate of NT agreed well with those observed in a previous study of the same twins 2 years previously. In the present study, there was a 5-fold range of the plasma half-lives and 2-fold variation in the apparent volume of distribution of NT (assuming complete availability on oral administration). No correlation was found between the plasma half-life and the apparent volume of distribution. Analysis of variance showed that most of the variability between persons in plasma half-life, apparent volume of distribution and conjugation of 10-OH-NT was genetically determined. The plasma half-life and apparent volume of distribution may contribute independently to the total interindividual variability of the “steady-state” plasma level of NT.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 375-380 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tranexamic acid ; pharmacokinetics ; man ; antifibrinolytic agents ; renal clearance ; two-compartment model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid has been investigated in two healthy volunteers. The behaviour of the drug can be described in terms of a two compartment open model; the disposition (biological) half-life was 2.7 h and 1.9 h, respectively. In five normal volunteers the mean total recovery in urine 48 h after dosing was 94.8%. The renal clearance in the two subjects, adjusted to 1.73 m2 body surface area, was 135 and 132 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively, indicating that tranexamic acid is eliminated by glomerular filtration and that neither tubular excretion nor absorption takes place.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 381-385 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenazone ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma half-life ; gas chromatographic analysis ; intra-individual variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intra-individual variability in the plasma half-life of phenazone has been studied in 16 healthy, young volunteers. Phenazone was analysed by a simple gas chromatographic method, which is specific in relation to known metabolites; 4′-methylphenazone was employed as the internal standard. Phenazone was given on two occasions, two or three months apart, in oral doses of 10 mg/kg. The plasma half-life determined from five time points was 10.9±1.5 h and 11.2±1.3 h respectively, on the two occasions. The mean intra-individual variability (0.86 h) was close to the methodological error of 4%.
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  • 85
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pindolol ; uraemia ; pharmacokinetics ; β-blockade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The elimination of pindolol in 25 patients with various degrees of renal failure has been studied after an intravenous dose of 3 mg. A linear correlation was not found between the elimination rate of pindolol and the endogenous creatinine clearance, and the half-life of the unchanged drug was independent of the severity of the renal failure. This implies greater metabolism of pindolol in anuric patients and the extrarenal elimination rate constantk mwas increased. Three patients with severe renal failure were given 3 mg14C-pindolol. They showed almost constant plasma levels of radio-activity for 6 h and then slow excretion with a half-life of 48 h, because of accumulation of metabolites in the blood. Up to 90% of the metabolites are glucuronides and sulphates which have no beta-blocking or other clinical activity. Thus, to produce beta-adrenergic blockade the same dose of indolol is required in healthy patients as in those with uraemia.
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  • 86
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 59-60 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pizotifen ; isonicotinylhydrazine ; orexigen ; tuberculosis ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pizotifen (BC 105) has an orexigenic effect in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. As these cases are often treated with isonicotinylhydrazine (INH), any effect of one of these drugs on the absorption of the other has been examined in a cross-over study in 8 healthy male volunteers. No difference was found between the absorption of INH given alone or together with pizotifen. It should be safe, therefore, to employ the combination of the orexigenic drug and INH in the treatment of tuberculosis as there will be no change in the concentration of therapeutic drug achieved.
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  • 87
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diphenylhydantoin ; uraemia ; protein binding ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diphenylhydantoin (2 mg/kg) was infused intravenously in four uraemic patients and four healthy volunteers and its plasma concentration measured during and after the infusion. The plasma concentrations were considerably lower in the uraemic subjects and the apparent volume of distribution was higher. These observations could be explained by the lower plasma protein binding of diphenylhydantoin in the uraemics. The overall elimination rate constant β was greater (shorter half-life) in the uraemic patients. This difference could not be explained by reduced plasma protein binding, but it might be due to induction of diphenylhydantoin metabolism in the uraemic state. it is concluded that monitoring of the plasma levels of drugs in uraemic patients should be combined with determination of the extent to which the compounds are bound to plasma proteins.
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  • 88
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 263-269 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: chlormethiazole ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; sedatives ; blood concentrations ; amnesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chlormethiazole ethanedisulphonate (0.8%) (Hemineurin, Astra) was administered to 10 healthy unpremedicated volunteers at a constant-rate infusion of 2.5 ml/min for 60 min (Phase 1, n=5) and 113 min (Phase 2, n=5). With one exception, chlormethiazole blood concentration-time data were described by a two-compartment open model. Total body clearance was the same in both phases (1.15 l · min−1, SD 0.49; and 1.05 l · min−1, SD 0.36 respectively) and was similar to the clearance of indocyanine green. No correlation was found between clearance, initial dilution volume (137 l, SD 62; and 125 l, SD 33 in 1 and 2 phases respectively) or volume of distribution at steady-state equilibrium (308 l, SD 91; and 224 l, SD 59) with either body weight or estimated lean tissue mass. Slow half-life was 289 min (SD 169) in Phase 1 and 253 min (SD 172) in Phase 2. Moderately heavy sedation associated with amnesia while retaining the ability to readily obey verbal commands was achieved in one subject of Phase 1 and 4 subjects of Phase 2 and occurred at a mean chlormethiazole ethanedisulphonate blood concentration of 9.2 mg · l−1 (SD 2.9). Transient nasal irritation was experienced by all subjects during the initial stages of infusion. A rise in pulse rate (33%, SD 8) was a prominent feature but blood pressure and respiratory rates were very stable.
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  • 89
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 20 (1981), S. 147-155 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: azapropazone ; cirrhosis ; renal failure ; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The disposition of azapropazone 600 mg i.v. was investigated in 6 healthy subjects, 13 patients with cirrhosis and 8 patients with renal failure. In healthy subjects the elimination half-life was 12.2±2.1 h (mean ± SD), the volume of distribution 10.6±3.31 and the total clearance was 597±135 ml·h−1. Renal clearance accounted for about 62% of the total clearance. The free fraction of azapropazone in the plasma was 0.0045±0.0006. The patients with cirrhosis were divided into Group I with modest and Group II with severe impairment of liver function. In Group I the total clearance of azapropazone was not significantly different from that in healthy subjects. There was a 2.5-fold increase in its free fraction in plasma, and a reduction in the free drug clearance to about half that in healthy subjects. In Group II patients total clearance was reduced to about 20% of normal. This was partly due to reduced non-renal clearance but mainly to impaired renal clearance of azapropazone. The diminished renal clearance was considered at least in part to represent a drug-induced impairment of renal function, as there was a concomitant reduction in creatinine clearance. The free fraction of azapropazone in the plasma was markedly enhanced (〉0.02), and simultaneously, free drug clearance was drastically reduced, to about 2% of that in healthy subjects. In patients with renal failure the total clearance was diminished, depending on the degree of impairment of kidney function. Anephric patients were estimated to have about one third of the total clearance in normal subjects. The free fraction of azapropazone in the plasma was increased in 4 of the 8 patients. It is concluded that patients with cirrhosis and modest impairment of liver function may require about half the normal dose of azapropazone, since free drug clearance is reduced by about 50%. Patients with severe impairment of liver function are expected to be highly susceptible to dose-related side effects, since the pronounced increase in the free fraction in plasma and the decreases in renal and non-renal clearance lead to marked reduction in free drug clearance and so to accumulation of free drug in the body. In patients with renal failure the dose of azapropazone should be reduced according to the degree of impairment of kidney function and plasma protein binding of the drug.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pindolol ; beta-blockade ; slow release tablet ; plasma levels ; urinary excretion ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 10 healthy volunteers the time course of cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity, plasma levels and cumulative urinary excretion of pindolol were compared during a 4-day course of pindolol 5 mg (Visken®) t. d. s., and one tablet of pindolol 20 mg retard (Visken® retard) once a day. After oral administration of the 20 mg retard tablet, plasma concentrations of pindolol higher than half the maximum value (1/2 Cp (tmax)) were maintained about 2.5 times as long as after administration of the conventional 5 mg tablet. This is evidence for an important and marked retardation of drug release. During treatment with pindolol 20 mg retard once daily, cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blockade, measured by the reduction in exercise-induced tachycardia and in the exercise-induced rise in systolic blood pressure, at almost all times throughout the 24 h period was at least as great as during treatment with pindolol 5 mg t. d. s. This suggests that patients successfully treated with pindolol 5 mg t. d. s. can be maintained with the same beta-adrenoceptor blockade by a single tablet of pindolol 20 mg retard once daily.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; sustained release tablet ; absolute bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics ; individual dosage regimen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The systemic disposition of theophylline after taking a new, sustained release tablet (Theolair Retard® 250 mg, Theolair S. R.®, Riker Laboratories) has been studied in 8 hospitalized patients. Absolute bioavailability was determined from the ratios of the areas under the serum concentration-time curves after intake of the tablet and after intravenous infusion of aminophylline in the same patient. The absolute bioavailability of Theolair Retard® 250 mg was 110.9±20.8% (mean ± SD). Maximal serum concentrations were reached after 7.3±3.5 h, the large intersubject variation being due to differences in gastric emptying time. The tablets appear to release theophylline slowly in acid conditions, but more rapidly in an alkaline medium. Invasion was found to be either monophasic with a rate constant of about 0.8 h−1 (intestine), or biphasic with rate constants of 0.2 h−1 (stomach) and 0.8 h−1 (intestine). The peak levels accounted for 7.9±2.2 mg · 1−1. The profiles of the serum concentration-time curves were such that the concentrations remained above 80% of cmax for 6.5±3.3 h. The relevant pharmacokinetic parameters (half-life of elimination, total body clearance and volume of distribution) were determined and were used to calculate the individual dosage regimens required to obtain therapeutic serum concentrations. The optimal dosing interval to obtain an average steady state serum concentration of 12.5 mg · l−1 was 9.8±3.1 h.
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  • 92
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1981), S. 61-64 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: acenocoumarol ; anticoagulant therapy ; breast feeding ; breast milk ; neonatal thrombotest ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 20 women receiving Sintrom® post partum, the acenocoumarol concentration in serum and breast milk at different times was measured. Even at the time of maximal serum concentration, or for the following 6 h, no acenocoumarol could be detected in the breast milk. In accordance with this finding, no effect of breast feeding on Thrombotest values of the infants could be demonstrated. These data suggest that mothers taking acenocoumarol for a short period may safely breast feed their infants.
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  • 93
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1981), S. 45-52 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: caffeine ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma ; saliva ; urinary elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma and salivary caffeine concentrations were measured by gas-liquid chromatography in 6 healthy caffeine-free volunteers following oral administration of 50, 300, 500 and 750 mg caffeine. Caffeine was also given to a single subject intravenously in doses of 300, 500 and 750 mg. Caffeine was rapidly absorbed and was completely available at all doses. The apparent first-order elimination rate constant decreased linearly with dose and was 0.163±0.081 h−1 for 50 mg and 0.098±0.027 h−1 for 750 mg. The total body clearance was unaffected by dose and was 0.98±0.38 ml/min/kg. There was a trend towards increasing apparent volume of distribution with increasing dose. A linear relationship existed between the area under the plasma concentration, time curve and dose and dose-normalised plasma concentration, time plots were superimposable. These findings suggest that caffeine obeys linear pharmacokinetics over the dose range investigated. Despite significant inter-individual differences in pharmacokinetic parameters there was good reproducibility within 5 subjects given 300 mg caffeine orally on 3 occasions. Salivary caffeine levels probably reflect the unbound plasma caffeine concentration and can be used to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug. Overall the saliva/plasma concentration ratio was 0.74±0.08 but within subjects some time-dependence of the ratio was found with higher ratios initially (even after intravenous administration) and lower ratios at longer time intervals after the dose. Urinary elimination of caffeine was low and independent of dose: 1.83% of the dose was eliminated unchanged.
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  • 94
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 65-71 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: atenolol ; haemodialysis ; renal failure ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of atenolol were determined following acute intravenous and chronic oral administration to 20 subjects with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) between 5 and 113 ml/min. Plasma levels in a further 5 patients on haemodialysis were measured after intravenous treatment. The mean half life of elimination increased from 5.9 h in patients with normal renal function to 42.1 h in preuraemic patients (GFR 〈10 ml/min) following a single i. v. dose. The half life of elimination following chronic oral administration was not significantly different. Mean peak plasma concentrations increased from 540 ng/ml in patients with normal renal function to 1493 ng/ml in preuraemic patients following chronic oral treatment with 100 mg/day. The mean half life of elimination during a single haemodialysis treatment was 4.3 h. In patients with a GFR 〉30 ml/min the normal daily dose of atenolol should be employed, in patients with a GFR between 10 and 30 ml/min the dose should be reduced by half, and in patients with a GFR 〈10 ml/min a reduction by three quarters of the normal dose is recommended.
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  • 95
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 119-125 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolmesoxide ; metabolite ; volunteers ; pharmacokinetics ; intravenous ; oral ; protein binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A high pressure liquid chromatographic assay was developed for simultaneous measurement of the plasma levels of tolmesoxide and its principal metabolite, RX71112. The assay was used to study the disposition of intravenous and oral tolmesoxide in ten normotensive subjects. Two exponential terms were required to describe the disposition of the drug following intravenous administration, whilst a single exponential term sufficied to account for the decay in the plasma concentration after oral administration. The bioavailability of oral tolmesoxide from capsules averaged 84.5% and was independent of dose. The mean half-life after i. v. dosing was 2.6 h (±0.3 SEM) compared to values of 1.9 h (±0.1 SEM) and 2.7 h (±0.5 SEM) following 200 and 400 mg oral doses respectively. In all subjects RX71112 appeared in plasma shortly after tolmesoxide following both routes of administration. The terminal half-life of the metabolite was significantly longer than tolmesoxide with a mean value of 4.9 h (±0.9 SEM) following the 200 mg oral dose of tolmesoxide. The binding of tolmesoxide and RX71112 at therapeutic plasma concentration was 36.8% (±0.5 SEM) and 58.5% (±0.3 SEM) and this remained unchanged at higher concentrations.
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  • 96
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 187-192 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: disopyramide ; cardiac failure ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The parmacokinetics of disopyramide (DP) in 10 patients with imminent to moderate cardiac failure has been studied and compared with the results in normal volunteers. The biological half life of rapid distribution (T1/2 α) and of elimination (T1/2 β) were increased (11.1±4.4 min and 9.7±4.2 h, respectively). Total body clearance (Clt) was decreased (0.467±0.215 ml · min−1 · kg−1), and the volume of distribution (Vd) was slightly reduced (0.610±0.1361 · kg−1), probably due to the lower cardiac index. After oral administration, the time to peak serum concentration was increased (139±89 min), and the mean peak serum concentration (2.4±0.8% dose · 1−1) was also higher than reported in normal subjects. Comparison of the areas under the concentration versus time curves after intravenous and oral administration (AUC i. v. and AUC oral) showed that DP was almost completely absorbed, its bioavailability being 97.5±15.0%.
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  • 97
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 279-285 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: chlordiazepoxide ; alcoholic liver disease ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clearance of chlordiazepoxide from the systemic circulation was studied in 20 subjects which included 15 patients with alcoholic hepatitis and 5 normal volunteers. The half-life for the appearance of the drug in the systemic circulation was found to increase exponentially with age (r=0.73, P〈0.0005) and was independent of the presence of alcoholic hepatitis. The metabolic clearance of chlordiazepoxide was significantly lower in the patients than in the normal subjects (7.6 compared to 13.8 ml/kg-h, P〈0.005). Linear regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between clearance and albumin (r=0.77, P〈0.00005). However, the predictive value of this relationship was shown to be minimal. Multiple regression analysis produced only a slight improvement in the correlation when both albumin and lactate dehydrogenase were used as variables (r=0.83, P〈0.00005). In six of the patients, a second clearance study was conducted three weeks following their initial one. All repeat subjects showed improvement both clinically and as reflected by their laboratory tests for liver injury, but there was not a significant change in their clearance of chlordiazepoxide. Multiple regression analysis of the clearance data on the initial and repeat subjects showed a significant correlation between clearance and the variables age, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase (r=0.91, P〈0.0025). This relationship suggests that over a short period of time (where age can be considered constant) changes in albumin and lactate dehydrogenase could be potentially useful in predicting clearance changes in a single individual.
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  • 98
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 301-304 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: mexiletine ; intramuscular injection ; oral administration ; intravenous injection ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mexiletine in doses of 50, 100 and 400 mg was administered by intramuscular injection to a healthy subject and the resulting plasma concentrations were compared with those after 100 mg given intravenously. The bioavailability of mexiletine given by this route is complete and the kinetics are linear with dose. Plasma mexiletine concentrations resulting from 200 mg given orally with either two 4-ml intramuscular injections each containing 100 mg (Mexitil® — for intravenous use) or one 2-ml intramuscular injection of an experimental preparation containing 200 mg were compared in 3 and 6 normal subjects respectively. Plasma levels within the therapeutic range of 0.75–2 µg/ml were attained at mean times of 28.7 and 42.5 min respectively. Apart from raised plasma creatine phosphokinase levels (as would be expected following an intramuscular injection) the tolerability of intramuscular mexiletine injections was satisfactory. Further studies in patients will be required to determine whether the combined oral and intramuscular administration of mexiletine is of value in acute myocardial infarction.
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  • 99
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolmesoxide ; vasodilators ; hypertension ; side-effects ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics, hypotensive effect and tolerability of a new vasodilator, tolmesoxide (T), have been studied in 6 uncontrolled hypertensive patients receiving atenolol and a diuretic. After a 50 mg oral dose mean (± SD) peak plasma concentration of T was 1.13±0.29 µg/ml−1 and occurred 0.79±0.40 h after the dose; mean peak plasma concentration of its sulphone metabolite (M) was 0.37±0.09 µg/ml−1 at 1.92±1.32 h after the dose. Following peak plasma concentrations there was a monoexponential decline in T and M concentrations with half-lives of 2.78±0.77 h and 10.78±7.85 h respectively. There was a linear increase in plasma concentration of T and M during incremental dosing with 50–200 mg t. i. d. During in-patient administration of 600–900 mg T daily (n=6) there was no significant change in blood pressure, pulse rate or body weight. Out-patient administration of 900 mg T daily (n=4) was associated with a significant fall in mean systolic but not diastolic bp (lying −15/+1 mm Hg. standing −25/−8 mm Hg). A further fall was observed in 2 subjects receiving 1200 mg and 1500 mg daily. Supine pulse rate increased (mean ± SD) significantly from 55±5/min to 66±8/min following 900–1500 mg T in 4 out-patients. Severe nausea and other gastro-intestinal side-effects in all subjects receiving 600–900 mg daily eventually necessitated drug withdrawal. In its present from T is not recommended for the treatment of hypertension.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: propranolol ; hyperthyroidism ; stereoisomers ; radioimmunoassay ; beta-receptor sensitivity ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The disposition of propranolol stereoisomers after administration of a single oral dose of the racemic drug was investigated in seven hyperthyroid patients before and after antithyroid drug therapy. The possibility of hypersensitivity to propranolol in the patients was evaluated by constructing plasma propranolol concentration — beta-blocking effect curves. There was no statistically significant difference in elimination half-life (t1/2) between (±)- and (−)-propranolol before and after antithyroid drug therapy. However, the plasma clearance ( $$\dot V_p $$ ) of (−)-propranolol was smaller than that of (±)-propranolol, and the difference was statistically significant after antithyroid drug therapy. Decreased $$\dot V_p $$ was observed in 3 aged hyperthyroid patients compared to the value after antithyroid drug therapy. $$\dot V_p $$ decreased or did not change in young patients after therapy. No significant difference was observed in the relationship between the tilt-induced pulse rate response and plasma propranolol concentration when treated patients became euthyroid compared to their response in the hyperthyroid state.
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