ALBERT

Description: The three species Galium silvaticum L., Galium aristatum L. and Galium schultesii Vest show differences in morphology, cytology and geographical distribution. These differences are described and discussed. Crossing experiments between the three species were without results. No hybrid could be obtained. Galium silvaticum, Galium aristatum and Galium schultesii must be considered as separate species.

Description: Merrill (Philip. J. Sc. 2, 1907, Bot. 284) based Mearnsia on specimens collected from Mount Halcon in the Phillipines and dedicated the genus to Major Mearns who accompanied him on the expedition. Merrill described the flowers of the sole species (M. halconensis) as 4-merous with 8 stamens and 2 carpels and the capsule as dehiscing by ‘a single slit at the apex only and inside the persistent calyx tube’.

Description: After the completion of my revision of Lepisanthes (Blumea 17, 1969, p. 33—91) I paid a visit to the herbaria at London (BM) and Kew (K). This led to a few alterations and additions, the main of which are the following.

Description: As explained in Takhtajan’s preface this book is not a mere translation of his ‘The origin of Angiospermous plants’ (1961, in Russian), but an entirely new book. I find this true and not true. Comparing it with the Origin (1958 translation of the 1954 Russian version) the essence of the new book was there given in a nutshell. In size, chapter subjects, argumentation, and bibliographic documentation, the work is very much extended and it makes very interesting reading indeed. The sequence of the chapters is logical, almost always leading to distinct synthesis. Properly it is a critical commented survey of many opinions — Takhtajan being clearly in complete command of the huge literature on the subject — but from which the author follows his own line of choice and judgement, accepting or rejecting with brief but clear comments. The whole argumentation is admirably concise and rouses admiration for covering this vast subject, comprising taxonomy, plant distribution, morphology, palynology, genetics, population dynamics, flower biology, anatomy, paleozoology, etc. Major questions are embodied in subsequent paragraphs: polyphyletism is rejected; ancestors must be sought among heterosporous ferns or fern-like plants followed by pteridosperms and certain gymnosperms, although direct ancestors cannot be indicated; the basal flower type of angiosperms was bisexual. Takhtajan attaches great importance to occurrence of plants in small populations, especially in mountain plants, facilitating chance variations and genetic drift, rapid spread of mutant genes, which is important for evolution. This entails that missing links are almost never fossilized. Micro-evolution is equalized with macro-evolution. Neoteny (on which Takhtajan devoted a former work) can lead to despecialisation through which phenotypic simplification the complexity of the genome remains intact; it may provide for a maximum phenotypic effect by a minimal genotypic change. Primitive wood structure of early Winteraceous angiosperms is understandable by neotenic origin. Evolution of angiosperms was not only rapid, but also discontinuous as a result of neoteny. Developing in the mountains ‘in many ..... small ..... populations ..... the earliest angiosperms found themselves under conditions most favourable to evolutionary radiation. And if we bear in mind that their evolution was closely tied to the evolution of insects and was based on the complex and peculiar mechanism of mutual selection, then the extraordinary speed of their initial differentiation becomes even more readily understandable.’ Protection of the ovules arose as a selection against damage by ‘early pollinating insects’; this made simplification of their structure possible which led to smaller ovules (loss of thickened integuments, sclerotesta, etc.) and enabled the angiosperms to observe the greatest economy of material in construction of the ovules and ♀ gametophyte, and it also made possible the perfection of the process of pollination. ‘The acquisition of the stigma was undoubtedly a very great event in the evolutionary history of seedplants.’ ‘The primitive insects searched for pollen (beetles), nectar searching ones were a further perfection; this again led to a very great advance in cross-pollination; and as a corollary to a greatly increased rate of evolution, which still continues.’ ‘Isolation of a population is well known to be a prelude to the formation of a new species.’ The question of the hypothetical reconstruction of the first flowering plants is approached by the ‘hypothetico-deductive method’. Knowing the basic evolutionary pathways of angiosperms and the main lines of specialisation of their organs and tissues, we may by extrapolation extend these lines mentally into the past to the lowest possible level of specialisation’, but somewhat further on he writes ‘This reconstruction of the ancestors of the living angiosperms depends on the truth of the assumption that they combined in one plant all the most archaic characters that are now found distributed among the living fossils.’ I have italicized in the citations two words that are in contradiction; furthermore I would like to point out that whereas each plant we know possesses both primitive and derived characters, we cannot make an exception for an ancestral plant; one which would contain all the archaic characters must logically be an idealized fiction.

Description: Rumphius (Herb. Amboin. 3, 1743, 19, t. 7) was the first to use the name Metrosideros, but of the 6 species he listed only the first, M. vera, belongs to the Myrtaceae. The same species is assumed to be the basis of Nani Adanson (Adanson, Families des Plantes 2, 1763, 88). Adanson did not list any species, but the assumption is based on the description and the fact that Rumphius had given the vernacular name of his Metrosideros vera as ‘Nani tree’.

Description: The pollen morphology of 18 out of 22 species of the genus Lepisanthes, as recently revised, was studied. General pollen morphology is rather uniform, but taxonomically significant differences exist in shape, relative length of ektoapertures, endoaperture development, and in the sculpture of the tectum. Detailed descriptions are presented and special attention is given to intraspecific variability. 10 Pollen types are recognized, most of which are linked by transitions. Morphological trends are established and the extent to which they indicate natural relationships is evaluated. In subgenera Lepisanthes and Erioglossum a less evolved but more variable pollen morphology is present, while in subgenera Otophora and Aphania derived pollen types occur, which agrees well with macromorphological evidence. Subgenus Erioglossum appears pollenmorphologically closely related to subgenus Lepisanthes. Subgenus Aphania can, both macro- and pollenmorphologically, be derived from subgenus Otophora. Within Lepisanthes tetraphylla close parallels exist between macromorphological and palynological interpretations of natural affinities between the numerous races. Lepisanthes fruticosa, in contrast, shows on both counts rather wide and continuous intraspecific variability. Also in Lepisanthes senegalensis continuous pollenmorphological variability is present, but here a clinal pattern can be detected. In general, geographically isolated or endemic forms in Lepisanthes show a tendency to develop deviating pollen types.

Description: Only two species of Gastonia occur in Malesia, but each has a complex taxonomie history. The species which became known first, G. papuana Miq., is evidently an uncommon plant of coastal and lowland forest, but with a very wide range. It has been collected only once, or at most a few times, from each of many islands of the Malayan Archipelago and once from the mainland of the Peninsula. Most of these collections were made in the nineteenth or early twentieth centuries. Only in western New Guinea has this species been collected in more recent times within our area. The distribution of this species shows several disjunctions, the most striking being that between West Irian and its only known locality in the extreme east of the Solomon Islands. It is interesting that this gap corresponds with the distributional range of the second species, G. spectabilis (Harms) Philipson, which overlaps that of G. papuana only in the west of New Guinea (fig. 1). The widely dispersed range of G. papuana has resulted in its being described as several distinct species from different parts of its range. It was first named in 1863, when three names appeared in two genera. Miquel (1863) applied the names Tetraplasandra paucidens and Gastonia papuana to this species, and Teysmann and Binnendijk (1863) described it as Tetraplasandra eupteronoides. I am grateful to Professor van Steenis for information on the sequence of publication of these names. Miquel’s publication was issued on 2 July 1863 (Stafleu, 1967). A report in volume 27 of the ‘Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië’ states that volume 25 was issued in six instalments, the first of which appeared in 1862. The five remaining parts appeared in 1863. Professor van Steenis has examined the publication and concludes that page 416, on which the name T. eupteronoides appeared, belongs to the final instalment, and must therefore have been issued late in 1863, and in any event later than July. For this reason, Miquel’s names take precedence over that of Teysmann & Binnendijk. Of Miquel’s two names, I have chosen to use that which he placed in Gastonia. In this way the need for a new combination is avoided. As can be seen from its synonymy this species was described from other islands by subsequent authors.

Description: In continuation of a former study on the ‘Elevation Effect’ in the Swiss mountain flora (Backhuys, 1968), the distribution of six Taraxacum species in Switzerland was examined in detail. This was enabled by the preceding monographic study by J. L. van Soest (1969). The interesting point was to compare species of one genus with a common dispersal mechanism. Data on the vertical distribution are provided in table I and diagrams 1—6. It was found that all six species show an elevation effect which varies from 200—750 m. In five species this range is as narrow as 500—750 m. See table II. It is concluded that in spite of the very obvious dispersal mechanism (parachute-achenes) the species are apparently not capable to colonise ‘mountain islands’ the summit altitude of which is situated between the lowest known locality and the lowest mountain island on which the species concerned is found. These data support the view that the elevation effect is a plant-geographical rule of universal validity for mountain plants.

Description: Trifolium repens has been introduced purposely or casually in the mountains of Luzon and East Java; it has now also turned up in New Guinea. EAST NEW GUINEA. Morobe Dist., Wau Subdist., Edie Creek, bank over gold workings, growing in profusion, NGF 12152 A. N. Millar, 14 Aug. 1968.

Description: Dispela ripot i toktok long wok bilong Dr C. Kalkman na Mr W. Vink, bilong Rijksherbarium long Leiden, Holland, wantaim Mr A. N. Gillison na Mr D. G. Frodin bilong Division bilong wok long Botany, long Lae. Oli bin mekim dispela wok long yar 1966 long ol dispela pies klostu long Tari: mauden Ambua, mauden Ne, mauden Kerewa na wanpela pies istap namel oli kolim Ibiwara. Oli bungim ol plaua, ol lip bilong diwai na ol diwai; olgeta samting em oli bungim wantaim inap long 1,975. Bihain, bai oli salim ol dispela samting igo long ol masta long university or bigpela skul we oli wokim wanpela buk oli kolim Flora. Dispela ripot bai toksave long ol kain diwai i stap long bus na ol kain plaua antap long mauden. Ripot ia i pinisim lukluk long plaua, long lain oli kolim Ericaceae i stap long ol dispela ples na antap long mauden Giluwe, mauden Kubor na mauden Wilhelm. Mipela i laik tok tenkyu long ol pipal bilong Tigibi na Benaria em oli bin wok wantaim mipela.

Description: The present paper deals with some gomphids from South America. Besides descriptions of a number of new species additional notes on several Selysian and other, little-known species, elucidated with illustrations of important details, are offered in order to obtain a better insight into the characteristics of these dragonflies. Lectotypes are selected and confusions in respect to the generic or specific status of some species are unraveled. Of nearly all the gomphids from Surinam the larval stages are described or discussed. The identity of several larvae is ascertained by the actual rearing of some individuals. The discovery of two new Agriogomphine species resulted in a classification of the members of the Agriogomphus complex into two genera only instead of four. Undoubtedly of greater importance is the attempt to acquire a satisfactory division of the large genus Gomphoides sensu Selysi 1854. In doing so, the erection of a new genus was necessary. The material from Surinam here recorded has been assembled in the first instance by the author himself during a period of ten years of odonatological research carried out in that country (1955—1965), but a comprehensive and very valuable part is from Dr. D. C. GEIJSKES. I would like to express here my thanks for his consent to describe his gomphid material. This privilege enabled me to clear up several intriguing problems on the regional gomphid fauna.

Description: In the Netherlands Antilles, opposite the Venezuelan coast, the cyprinodont fish Poecilia sphenops vandepolli is found in fresh water, in brackish water, in the sea and in supersaline water. When comparing the populations from fresh water, sea water and supersaline water some significant morphological differences were found, e.g. in size, in depth of the body and of the caudal peduncle, in length of the head, and in the number of rays in the pectoral and caudal fins and the number of lateral scales. In raising experiments, however, it could be shown that these differences are phenotypic. The characteristics of the subspecies or varietas arubensis as described by VAN LIDTH DE JEUDE (1887) proved also to be phenotypic. Optimum growth was found in seawater. The adaptation to fresh water after transfer from sea water or supersaline water is quicker than in the opposite direction; this concerns specific weight adaptation, growth resumption and the change of preference for the new salinity after transfer. With respect to these characteristics fresh water is more favourable than sea water or brine. The inland migration after rainfall is not caused by the fresh water itself, but by an organic compound that is found in inland water, whether fresh or saline, and also in rain water after it has been in contact with the soil. From the fact that mollies also are attracted by IJsselmeer water, just as elvers are, it seems likely that mollies and elvers are attracted by the same organic compound. This behaviour of the molly causes irregular migrations from sea to inland waters which prevent the inland populations from developing into separate forms, races or subspecies.

Description: The investigated polymetamorphic peridotites occur associated with metabasic rocks in several complexes of probably Precambrian age in the northern part of the Hesperian massif (Iberian peninsula). Spinel-clinopyroxene-, spinel-pargasite-, spinel-hornblende- and chlorite-amphibole-peridotites, wehrlites, spinel-amphiboleand plagioclase wehrlites are found; most rocks are partly to completely serpentinized. Attention has been paid particularly to the two first-mentioned catazonal types in which bands, veins and lenses of garnet ± spinel pyroxenite and -pargasitite occur, while brown ceylonite orthopyroxenite and spinel-sensu-stricto clinopyroxenite are present in subordinate amounts. It is contended that these pyroxenites and pargasitites represent partial melting products of a parental ultramafic rock which contention is corroborated by experimental evidence. The partial melt had a picritic composition and crystallized as an aluminous pyroxene assemblage, in which garnet was formed under subsolidus conditions. Comparisons are drawn with peridotites from other occurrences in which garnet-bearing assemblages are also encountered. It is assumed that these peridotites were emplaced as spinel-clinopyroxene peridotites (Iherzolites) during a Precambrian orogenic cycle under high-pressure granulitefacies conditions and equilibrated at 1100°-1200°C under 15-20 kb pressure. Catazonal retrogradation (800°-900°C, 10-15 kb pressure) gave rise to large-scale development of pargasite. Garnet probably metastably coexisted with pargasite and the zonary character in the garnets was presumably obtained during this phase. Aluminous chlorite was formed during the Hercynian orogeny under mesozonal conditions; a second generation of pyroxenes and amphiboles possesses lower contents of Al2O3. The spinel-hornblende peridotite probably did not undergo high-pressure granulite-facies conditions during the Precambrian orogeny. The chlorite-amphibole peridotite is supposed to have a lower Paleozoic age. The wehrlites are considered to be partial melting products of a parental peridotite and crystallized under low pressures. Spinel-amphibole wehrlites are hydrated plagioclase wehrlites. New whole-rock analyses of 11 peridotites and 14 pyroxenites are given. Contents of some minor and some trace elements have been determined with neutron activation analysis. Electron microprobe analyses are presented of olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, garnets, spinels, chlorites, högbomites and ilmenites. The mineral compositions are compared to whole-rock chemistry and distribution coefficients are calculated from which temperature and pressure estimates are derived.

Description: Examination of the type specimens of Callichthys splendens Castelnau, 1855, Brochis coeruleus Cope, 1872 (type species of Brochis Cope, 1872), Brochis dipterus Cope, 1872, Corydoras semiscutatus Cope, 1872, Chaenothorax bicarinatus Cope, 1878 (type species of Chaenothorax Cope, 1878), and Chaenothorax eigenmanni Ellis, 1913, has demonstrated that they represent only one species: Brochis splendens. Callichthys taiosh Castelnau, 1855, also has to be considered a synonym of Brochis splendens. Chaenothorax multiradiatus Orcés-Villagomez, 1960, is a second species belonging to the genus Brochis.

Description: The bat fauna of the Adriatic islands is very poorly known in comparison with that of the coastal continental regions (Kolombatović, 1882, 1884; Dulić, 1959). Although ten species of bats are recorded, the data for most of the islands except the island of Lastovo (Dulić, 1968) are scarce, and of an early date. During the years 1966—1970, mostly in the summer (July, August), we investigated the bat fauna of some Adriatic islands, particularly of the southern ones. During 17 trips, each of 5 to 10 days, to 8 islands, 200 bats were collected and several hundreds were examined (caught in mist nets or taken in caves). The investigated area is shown in fig. 1, the distribution of the bats in table I. Bibliographical data included, 16 species of bats from the Adriatic islands (north, middle, and south) are known now.

Description: In this paper a descriptive terminology for angiospermous pollen grains studied with a light microscope is discussed. The requirements for terms have been formulated. On account of these the existing terms have been subjected to a close inspection. It appeared that it was necessary in few cases to introduce new terms. This was especially the case in the description of outlines in equatorial and polar view.

Description: The chromosome number of 15 species of Angiosperms, occurring in Cameroun and the Ivory Coast, was determined. The numbers given for 11 species are new, for three species the results of previous studies could be confirmed, whereas in one species the presence of intraspecific polyploidy could be demonstrated.

Description: The genus Cladobotryum Nees is characterized by mostly verticillately branched conidiophores with phialides, dry, one-celled or pluricellular conidia in heads or irregular chains, and pluricellular chlamydospores or sclerotia. Eight species are considered. In four of them the corresponding Hypomyces state is known, in one species it is conjectured. In cultures of Hypomyces rosellus and H. odoratus perithecia were obtained after mating of compatible strains. The conidium-forming cells are interpreted as phialides in all species, even if the meristematic zone extends beyond the apex and surrounds itself with a secondary wall.

Description: Lianes, defined as woody climbers and (facultatively) straggling shrubs, were collected in an area of about 1900 square kilometres of the Brokopondo District, in the interior of Surinam. Ten different habitats were distinguished only one of which was intensively sampled, viz. the so-called “high forest”, the most luxuriant climax vegetation type in the area. A total of 132 species were distinguished, 80 of which could be determined with certainty and 15 nearly so. Among the identified species one was new (described since as Dicranostyles guianensis A. Mennega, Conv.), and 5 were new records for Surinam, viz. Sparattanthelium aruakorum Tutin (Hern.), Abuta obovata Diels, Abula splendida Kruk. et Mold., and Sciadotenia sagotiana (Eichl.) Diels (all Menisp.), and Mimosa micracantha Benth. (Mim.). The distribution of the species over the 10 habitat types is shown, and the ecology of some of them is discussed more in detail.

Description: Selaginella selaginoides, Arabis arenicola, and Gentiana amarella are recorded as species new to the Angmagssalik district. Other species, formerly only known from single localities, are reported from new localities. Descriptions are given of the habitats in which the species were found.

Description: Hesseltinella, a new genus of the Thamnidiaceae is described with a single species, H. vesiculosa, isolated from Brazilian soil. Main characters of the new genus are branchlets, radiating from swellings of the sporangiophore and terminating in secondary swellings bearing single sporangiola. Further Mucorales isolated for the first time from Brazilian soils are: Absidia pseudocylindrospora, A. cylindrospora, A. corymbifera, A. cuneospora, A. blakesleeana, Choanephora circinans, C. infundibulifera, Cunninghamella elegans (syn.: C. batistae Upadhyay & Ramos), C. phaeospora, and Mortierella hyalina.

Description: Among water-plant material received on loan from the Western Australian Herbarium, South Perth, there was a very remarkable Nymphaeacea which did not fit in any of the 8 genera so far described in this family. Mr. R. C. Royce, the curator of the herbarium mentioned above, kindly gave his permission for me to work out this material. Fortimately, additional specimens of this taxon were received on loan from C.S.I.R.O., Canberra, through the kind collaboration of Miss Dr. N. T. Burbidge. Dr. R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Leiden, rendered the diagnosis into Latin. Miss R. van Crevel prepared the drawing. Mr. J. Muller studied the pollen of the plant; his findings are given in an appendix to this paper.

Description: The floral and vegetative anatomy of the closely allied guttiferous genera Cratoxylum (Indo-Malesia) and Eliaea (Madagascar) is described. Although the two taxa have many features in common, differences are substantial enough to recognize them as distinct genera, as appears from the following survey: Cratoxylum Ovary with 12 or more ovules Ovary with 3(or 4) incomplete true septa Styles and filaments glabrous Secondary xylem with scarcely pitted fibres Vessels solitary and in radial multiples Silica bodies present in ray cells of wood Eliaea Ovary with 6(—8) ovules Ovary with 6(or 8) incomplete septa, three being true, three false Styles and filaments mostly villous Secondary xylem with densely pitted fibretracheids Vessels almost exclusively solitary Silica bodies absent The vascularization and insertion of the hypogynous scales in both genera favours the view that these structures may be interpreted as staminodial derivatives. In some species of Cratoxylum a further differentiation into taxa of lower rank is suggested by the presence or absence of abaxial epidermal papillae on the leaves; this is related to geographical distribution. Floral and xylem specialization of Cratoxylum and Eliaea are discussed. The xylem structure of Eliaea shows more primitive features than that of Cratoxylum, but the flowers seem to be more specialized. The possible implications of these findings for plant geography are discussed. In Cratoxylum the section Isopterygium (C. arborescens and C. glaucum) is very different in its wood anatomy from the other representatives of Cratoxylum. This difference (concerning parenchyma distribution) is correlated with the evergreen habit in the section Isopterygium. The other sections of Cratoxylum are deciduous. A comparison with some data from literature about other groups with deciduous and evergreen members is made.

Description: The Rijksherbarium received this finely illustrated book from Mr. Anghelos N. Goulandris, chairman of the Board of Governors of the Goulandris Botanical Museum, Kifissia, Greece. In the accompanying letter Mr. Goulandris wrote that this is the first publication of the recently (1963) founded Museum, an institution which has the object of promoting and assisting plant taxonomic activity and research in Greece. The beautiful botanical paintings were made by Mrs. Niki Goulandris, of Athens. They depict many Greek endemics but also species of a much wider distribution. All illustrations are, however, as the author’s introductory note says, of outstanding native wild flowers, especially collected for this purpose by the late Dr. C. N. Goulimis, who also drew up the text, which afterwards, after his death, was checked over and supplemented or occasionally rewritten by Dr. Steam of the British Museum (Natural History). Descriptions of the depicted species have been omitted with a few exceptions. These descriptions and further data relating to most of the species are to be found in the well-known flora’s by Halacsy, Hayek, and Rechinger. Of species described since the publication of these standard works, the original descriptions have been reproduced in the book, so that, as Dr. Steam writes ‘the present work thus provides a kind of illustrated supplement to these’. From a scientific point of view the value of the book is especially qualified by the number of species not previously depicted in botanical literature, and by the detailed data on the distribution.

Description: This revision is largely based on the gross morphology of the plants concerned. Four genera can be distinguished. In order to verify their delimitation also a wood-anatomical study was carried out, which supported their distinction. Furthermore, I tried to gain knowledge about their blastogeny, but this could only be recorded for three species. The genera have been redefined. Two keys to the genera are given, one based on gross morphology, another based on the wood anatomy. Within each genus a key is given to the species. The monotypic genus Schizoscyphus has been transferred to Maniltoa. In all, 28 specific names have been reduced and 34 are maintained; four new species and one new infraspecific taxon have been described. It has appeared that the enigmatic Cynometra polyandra Roxb. must be incorporated in Maniltoa and that Hardwickia pinnata Roxb. should be arranged in Kingiodendron. Otherwise no transfers of species from one genus to another appeared necessary. A full synonymy and description is given of all taxa, with their geographical range and, if available, notes on their ecology. Hutchinson’s opinion that the occurrence of hairs on stamens is a taxonomically important character in generic delimitation, could not be corroborated for the genera treated here. It has sometimes been claimed that the presence of a stipe under the ovary can be used for generic delimitation. Such a classification is not possible since this character varies in Maniltoa in which three species out of fourteen have a sessile ovary. A similar statement can be made about the unilateral fusion of the stipe and ovary base with the receptacle; in a single indubitable species of Cynometra, C. mirabilis, this is the case, in all other species the stipe is free from the receptacle. In Kingiodendron I found that the cotyledons are very strongly folded in the seed.

Description: Indotristicha malayana Dransf. & Whitmore, from north Pahang and west Trengganu, represents a new family for Malaya, a new genus for Malesia, and a new species for science.

Description: This is primarily a textbook for students, providing a synopsis of orders and families of Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons, and Monocotyledons native, naturalized, and commonly cultivated in Malaya and Singapore. It emerged from a syllabus prepared by the author in 1960. There is a brief introduction. The bulk of the work is taken up by the descriptions of orders and families, each provided with a succinct discussion. Of most families one species is figured, the figure consisting of a habit drawing with a diagram and flower analysis: obviously almost all are original. There is a key to the orders, within each order a key to the families, and appendix 2 gives a simple artificial key to the common families. Within the families there is mostly a key to most genera. Appendix 1 lists family names with their Malay and Chinese equivalents and the book is ending with a glossary, addenda, and an index. The work is extremely well produced and is very recommendable for students’ courses in systematy in Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma, Indo-China, and the Philippines. The main frame is also distinctly useful in a much wider area, Ceylon, India, Pakistan, S. China, Formosa, but of course these areas contain other genera and the species figured are there not often applicable as to available material for students. The price is for students rather prohibitive. However, a student edition will be out soon. The price of this will be M $ 20, just one third of the original price.

Description: In 1948, W. B. R. Oliver described the new monotypic genus Plectomirtha, collected by G. T. S. Baylis in 1945 from a single tree on a small rocky islet of the Three King’s Islands off New Zealand. He placed it in the Anacardiaceae, a family hitherto absent from New Zealand. This aroused a certain curiosity both from a taxonomic and plantgeographic point of view, because it would be much intriguing if an endemic genus occurred there. This was the reason why Dr C. G. G. J. van Steenis asked Prof. G. T. S. Baylis from the University of Otago, Dunedin, N.Z., for original material to be able to elucidate this case. A fragment of the holotype, consisting of a few flowers and a leaf, conserved in the Auckland Institute and Museum, became available to our institute in October 1954 by the courtesy of Dr R. Cooper.

Description: In the course of a study on Indo-Malesian Ebenaceae currently being carried out in the Oxford Forest Herbarium, it has been discovered that four species previously accepted as Diospyros do not belong to that genus and must be excluded from the family. They are as follows. 1. Diospyros addita Fletcher, Kew Bull. (1937) 386. — Type: Put 3109 (K, ABD). Is reduced to Vatica philastreana Pierre (Dipterocarpaceae). The fruit is shallowly three-lobed and has a persistent five-lobed calyx. It contains a single large seed the bulk of which consists of four massive cotyledonary lobes. Fletcher mistook the cotyledonary lobes for four separate seeds.

Description: The family Lemnaceae is divided into 2 subfamilies, Lemnoideae with the genera Spirodela and Lemna — the latter with 2 subgenera, Lemna and Staurogeton — and Wolffioideae with the genera Wolffia, Wolffiopsis, Wolffiella, and Pseudowolffia, the last two being new and based on former infrageneric taxa. All these taxa are described, and their types indicated; keys are provided for their distinction. Recognized species names are listed with their synonyms, a few being newly reduced. There are 5 new specific combinations. A list of invalid and dubious names is added. The excluded names are listed separately. An explanatory glossary is given of the terminology used in the descriptions, and is illustrated by some diagrams (fig. 1).

Description: I a. Heads 3—5 mm wide, in small, terminal, slender, rigid panicles; corolla of marginal flowers tubular, with a 3-dentate apex, receptacle hemispheric ................. 1. D. bicolor b. Heads 5—6 mm wide, on long rigid peduncles in the axils of the highest leaves; corolla of marginal flowers with a very short tube and a widely campanulate 3-fid limb, receptacle with a hemispheric lower part and a conical upper part ................ 2. D. chrysanthemifolia

Description: Hardly anything is known about the occurrence of sea-grasses along the Atlantic coast of the South American continent. There are a few records from the coasts of Venezuela and Colombia and only two certain records outside the Caribbean area. The Hydrocharitacean Halophila baillonis Aschers. ex Dickie in Hook. f. (sub nomine H. aschersonii Ostenf.) has been collected once, in 1888, near Pernambuco, Brazil (Setchell, 1934). The other record concerns the leaf-blade of a still unidentified Zostera species, washed ashore near Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1934 (Setchell, 1935; den Hartog, 1970, p. 96). Through the kind mediation of Mrs. F. M. Lindeman-Torgo, Utrecht, I received a sea-grass sample from South America. This appeared to consist of an undescribed species of Halodule. I am indebted to Dr. R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Leyden, for rendering the diagnosis of this species into Latin.

Description: In this short paper we list the herpetological specimens collected in southern Surinam (Dutch Guiana) by Mr. and Mrs. Rudolf Freund in November and December, 1961, and include ecological notes made by the Freunds at the time. This area is one from which collections are rare, so that distributional data are generally unavailable. Of special interest is the seemingly common occurrence there, and in adjacent parts of Guyana (formerly British Guiana), of giant specimens of the toad Bufo marinus, of such length and weight to indicate that these animals are the “world's largest toads”. The collecting localities are shown on the outline map (Fig. 200) and available habitat data are given in the species list.

Description: The material on which this publication is based has been collected for the greater part during investigations sponsored by the “Max-Planck Institut fur Limnologie, Abt. Tropenökologie”, at Plön (director Prof. Dr. H. Sioli), and the “Institute Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia” at Manaus and Brasilia (director Prof. Dr. D. Batista). Other specimens have been included from the Copenhagen, Leiden and Wageningen Museums and the Zoological Institute at Leningrad. The following abbreviations indicate at which collection the specimens have been deposited: A., I.N.P.A. at Manaus; B., Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen at Brussels; K., Zoologiske Museum at Copenhagen; L., Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden; Len., Zoological Institute of Leningrad; W., Entomologisch Laboratorium at Wageningen.

Description: When WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK (1940, p. 83—85) made a survey of the lizards of Curaçao, Aruba, Bonaire and the Venezuelan Islands, he could give no more than a short list of specimens collected, together with a few critical remarks, and a single table on “Variation in Cnemidophorus” based on 379 specimens. In later years more material has been collected by the same investigator in the same region, which has been entrusted to the author for further study. This enabled her to give special attention to a few data which have been disturbing the zoogeographical concept of the lemniscatus-group for a long time already. It has been known for quite a while that the species Cnemidophorus lemniscatus has a remarkably uniform distribution along the northern coast of South America as far as Suriname, while on the chain of islands nearby, which is called Leeward Group — in contrast to the Windward Group which comprises the Lesser Antilles from the Virgin Islands to Grenada — a number of species and subspecies occur which may be more or less related to the mainland species. Up till now the classification of these island populations appears to be a question of individual taste only, in which an arbitrary judgement is necessarily involved.

Description: The material of the present report — 82 species of opisthobranchs and 2 lamellariids — ranges from western Florida to southern middle Brazil with Curaçao as centre. We thankfully acknowledge the collaboration of several collectors. Professor Dr. DIVA DINIZ CORRÊA, Head of the Department of Zoology of the University of São Paulo, was able to work at the “Caraïbisch Marien-Biologisch Instituut” (Caribbean Marine Biological Institute: Carmabi) at Curaçao from December 1965 to March 1966, thanks to a grant received from the Royal Government of the Netherlands. Dr. PIETER WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, of Utrecht, sent us his collection from the Caribbean area and Florida; Mrs. GERMAINE L. WARMKE, M. Sc., of Gainesville, Fla., her specimens gathered chiefly at Puerto Rico, and Professor Dr. FREDERICK M. BAYER, of Miami, continued to present us with animals from Florida, accompanied by admirable kodachromes. The indications (B), (C), (H), (W) after the date signify the collector. Dr. HUMMELINCK’S station numbers (H 1049A, 1057C, etc.), under which a description of the habitat can be found, refer to his list of 1930—1949 localities in the 4th volume of this series, or to a forthcoming paper, in which the 1955—1964 localities will be described.

Description: This study contains the results of an examination of the Corduliidae found in the Guyanas. It is based on a critical study of the data as published mostly in the older literature and on the identification of the material brought together in Surinam in the years 1940 to 1965 by Mr. J. Belle and myself, beside some specimens picked up in French- and in (Br.) Guyana. Comparison of three types in the Selys collection in the Brussels Museum, of one in the Fraser collection in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) in London and of one kindly received from the Museum in Berlin was necessary to eliminate further confusion. It now became clear that, so far as the material goes, one genus (here described as new) belonging to the Gomphomacromiinae and two genera of the Corduliinae inhabit the Guyanas. Among these the female allotype of Paracordulia sericea Selys is described and of the genus Aeschnosoma the male allotype of Ae. elegans Selys and Ae. auripennis as a new species in the female sex only, whereas the larva of Ae. forcipula Selys and of Ae. auripennis n. sp. are described for the first time. It is a well known fact that the Corduliidae are poorly represented in South America, in contrast with North America and the Old World, where they are represented by numerous genera and a great number of species. In his well known work on the Odonata in Biol. Centr. Am. (1892-1908), Calvert states the practical absence of this group in the present fauna. Ris (1918) arrives to the same conclusion in his study on the Odonata of the South American Cordilleras, when he says that the Corduliidae in that region are very poorly represented in comparison with the other families. Cowley (1934) mentions that among 700 specimens of dragonflies, received from Perú, there was but one Corduline. In our collection of about 20,000 specimens of Odonata from Surinam, the total number of Corduliidae imagines amounts to no more than 50, that is 0.2%.

Description: After studying more than thousand Spirobranchus worms from Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands, and after comparison with the material from other tropical and subtropical regions, it appeared that in the West Indies 3 species and 1 variety of Spirobranchus could be recognized; viz: Sp. giganteus giganteus: large (45—66 mm), more or less solitary; operculum with 2 or 3 antler-like horns; branchiae in a spiral. Sp. tetraceros: smaller (30—40 mm), more or less gregarious; operculum as a rule with 3 groups of much branched horns, appearing as 6 or 8 distinct horns; branchiae not in a spiral. Sp. polycerus: small (about 15 mm), usually forming colonies; operculum in general with 7 small horns, sometimes small secondary spines; branchiae in a spiral. Sp. polycerus var. augeneri n. var.: small (about 14 mm), usually colonial; operculum with 2 ox-horn shaped horns, also a medio dorsal knob may be present; branchiae in a spiral. The material studied was mainly collected by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK (1930, 1948—49, 1955, 1963—64, 1967), when sampling a number of habitats in the tidal zone and below, to a depth of about 2 m. The material, as a rule, has been preserved with formaldehyde, and was, after a short period, transferred to alcohol. The specimens studied are mainly in the author’s collection or in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden (nrs. 04400—04429, 04431); small, but representative series are in the Zoological Musea of Amsterdam, Utrecht, Copenhagen, Hamburg and Jerusalem.

Description: This paper contains figures and descriptions of four new species of Corydoras, C. atropersonatus, C. orphnopterus, from Ecuador, C. simulatus from Colombia, and C. pauciradiatus from Brazil. One new subspecies, Corydoras pastazenisis orcesi from Ecuador is figured and described as new. The relationships of the new species with other species of Corydoras are discussed.

Description: Frutex scandens vel liana, ramis floriferis quadrangularibus, lenticellatis. Folia ramorum floriferorum petiolis 5-10 mm longis, circa 2 mm latis, canaliculatis; lamina coriacea elliptica ad oblonga, 7-12 cm longa, 4-4.5 cm lata, 1.5-2.5-plo longior quam latior, prope inflorescendam minor, apice obtusa vel rotundata et acuminata, acumine 1 cm longo, basi plerumque acuta, interdum obtusa vel rotundata, costa subtus prominente, venis lateralibus plerumque supra subtusque prominentibus, interdum leviter prominentibus vel obsoletis, venulis praesertim supra plerumque prominentibus, glandulis hypophyllis aliquot foviformibus, utroque 2-4 dimidio inferiore laminae, oblique seriatis, aliis minutis, punctiformibus, nigricantibus, numerosissimis, aequaliter dispersis. Flores in racemis umbelliformibus 15-25-floris; nectaria 5-7, cylindrico- vel clavato-saccata, cum stipite 2-2.5 cm longa, stipes 5-8 mm longus, cupula circa 1.5 cm longa; pedicelli 2-2.5 cm longi, angulum rectum cum floribus efformantes, lenticellati; bracteolae 2-3 mm longae, 2-4 mm latae, ad calycem insertae vel parum remotae; sepala 3-4 mm longa, exteriora 5-6 mm lata, interiora 8-10 mm lata; corolla ovoidea, circa 8 mm longa, minute apiculata; stamina 8-15, filamentis applanatis, in alabastro circa 3 mm longis, antheris 3-4 mm longis; ovarium cum stylo circa 4 mm longum, 6-8-loculare. Fructus ignotus. TYPUS: Venezuela: Amazonas: Cerro Huachamacari, Rio Cunucunuma,camp 2 to escarpment, 1200—1500m.alt., December 5,1950, Maguire, Cowan & Wurdack 29838 [holotype U, isotype (not seen by the author) NY].

Description: In recent years pollen analysis has turned increasingly from historical plant geography towards paleoecology. More and more the main interest lies in a reconstruction of the past vegetation instead of simply floristics of a region. Vegetation as a rule is made up of communities¹) that can be described quantitatively in terms of species composition or qualitatively in terms of structure.

Description: The chromosome number of 53 species of Angiosperms, occurring in the Valley of Aosta and in the National Park « Gran Paradise » was determined. Some notes on the taxonomy of some species are presented in this paper.

Description: This new hard-cover Flora of Barbados is in every respect a fine specimen of a local tropical flora. The black and white frontispiece is by Priscilla Fawcett, representing the ‘Barbados Pride’ (Caesalpinia pulcherrima). Concise in design, limited in consequence of the small space of the area concerned, hence restricted to a rather small number of species slightly over 600, this book dealing with Spermatophytes is of great value, supplying a long-felt need for a modern flora ‘by students, teachers, agriculturists, as well as by amateur botanists, whether residents or only visitors to the island’. It does not pretend to be more than it aims at: ‘to enable anybody with only a slight knowledge of botany to identify any wild Flowering plant he or she may come across’. Though devoted to the island of Barbados, the present work is surely of great importance for the recognition of the floristic composition of the numerous islets of the West Indies, most of them being small, with a flora to some extent agreeing with that of Barbados.

Description: The material studied was collected by Dr. P. H. van Doesburg Jr. during his stay in Surinam and by various workers during investigations sponsored by the “Max-Planck-Institut fur Limnologie, Abt. Tropenökologie” at Plon (director Prof. Dr. H. Sioli), and the “Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia” at Manaus and Brasilia (director Prof. Dr. D. Batista). Additional material from the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden, collected by various persons was also studied. Specimens have been deposited in the collection of the I.N.P.A., Manaus (A), the collection of the Koninlijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Brussels (B), the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden (L) and the Zoologisch Museum, Utrecht (U); some are in the collection of the author.

Description: This study is based on material collected by Dr. P. H. van Doesburg Jr. in Suriname and by other workers during investigations sponsored by the “Max-Planck-Institut fur Limnologie, Abt. Tropenokologie” at Plön, director Prof. Dr. H. Sioli; the “Institute Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia” at Manaus and Brasilia, director Prof. Dr. D. Batista. Additional material by an unknown collector from Peru as well as specimens from the Caribbean region collected by Dr. P. Wagenaar Hummelinck (Utrecht) are included in this synopsis. Specimens have been deposited in: The Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden (L), the collection of the I.N.P.A. at Manaus (A), the collection of the Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen at Brussels (B) and the Zoologisch Laboratorium at Utrecht (U).

Description: Cyprinodon dearborni, Poecilia sphenops and Rivulus marmoratus seem to fill almost the same niche. In most of the landlocked bays, lagoons or pools the three species were not found together. In only two landlocked locations two of the species were found together. In the locations with an open connection with the sea all three species, or at least two were present. In landlocked waters interspecific competition seems to play an important role as the niches of the three species overlap to a large extent. Environmental factors of importance appeared to be: 1) Plant or algal growth is required by Poecilia and Rivulus. 2) Low salinities seem to be of advantage to Poecilia and Rivulus, supersaline environments seem to favour Cyprinodon. 3) Oxygen depletion may threaten Poecilia more than the others 4) Cyprinodon is able to take any food of suitable size but its main food source is formed by unicellular cyanophyceans, a source that is almost inexhaustible. Poecilia, although omnivorous, is more particular in its food choice; Rivulus is carnivorous and its population depends on the availability of live food. 5) Cyprinodon does not prey upon the other two species. Poecilia preys upon the eggs and fry of the others, and Rivulus also takes juveniles. 6) Cyprinodon is hardly ever cannibalistic; it may only consume some of its eggs. Cannibalism in Poecilia and Rivulus is of great importance. In adverse conditions, it keeps the populations small, which seems to be an advantage in small lagoons or pools. 7) Ovoviviparity and hermaphroditism in Poecilia and Rivulus may have a special advantage in maintaining very small populations. 8) In isolated waters, predation by other fish species or by birds seem to be of little importance. 9) Mass mortality because of parasitism is an exception. 10) All three species are very able to flee from adverse conditions. If a population is destroyed repopulation will take place from the sea where small, but stable populations are present. 11) Many of the characteristics mentioned are of special advantage in island environments.

Description: Notodelphyidae and Botryllophilidae are families of cyclopoid copepods, usually associated with Tunicata. Although SARS (1921) considered the families closely related, and placed them together in his suborder Notodelphyoidea, LANG (1946) showed that this group was polyphyletic. The two families are treated here together, simply because both are associated with the same host group. Through unforeseen circumstances (loss of part of the material while sent out on loan), the publication of this paper was considerably delayed. Certain details that had to be checked, could not be verified owing to the loss of the material involved. In my opinion, however, the available data are still of sufficient interest to warrant publication.

Description: Having terminated his term of office as a Director of the Suriname Museum at Paramaribo, Dr. D. C. GEIJSKES returned to Holland. Accompanied by Mrs. GEIJSKES he availed himself of the opportunity to make a collecting-trip to several islands of the Windward Group of the Lesser Antilles, situated in a curved line between Trinidad and Puerto Rico. The islands of Grenada, Barbados, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Martinique, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Antigua, Barbuda, Montserrat, St. Kitts, St. Eustatius, St. Martin, Saba and Anguilla were visited in succession. Though Dr. GEIJSKES himself is especially interested in Odonata and aquatic Neuroptera, he and Mrs. GEIJSKES have been kind enough to catch also the Syrphidae they came across. In total 170 Syrphid flies were taken representing 13 species. The flies are in very good condition with full data.

Description: The present area covers a part of the axial zone of the Hesperian Massif. Rocks of metamorphic and intrusive origin occur in three structural units: the central zone (which in fact forms part of what is called the “blastomylonitic graben”), the migmatic complex and the rocks in the S and SW. During the Hercynian orogeny these units were placed in juxtaposition. With respect to their age and composition the rocks can be subdivided into pre-Hercynian metasediments, metabasic rocks and orthogneisses, and Hercynian migmatites, palingenic granites and intrusive granodiorites, granites, pegmatites, aplites, quartz veins, granite porphyries, lamprophyres and olivine dolerites. Based on penological evidence, the geological history can be reconstructed as follows: Pre-Hercynian metasediments, bearing traces of a probably Precambrian deformation and metamorphism (resorbed staurolites and garnets enclosed in Hercynian metamorphic minerals) have intruded along fundamental N-S trending faults in the Upper Ordovician (460-430 x 106 years ago) by means of megacrystal-bearing two-mica granites, biotite granites and peralkaline granites. The intrusion of a basic dyke-swarm took place between the emplacements of the latter two types of granite series. During the Hercynian orogeny the pre-Hercynian rocks were at first penetratively deformed; the metasediments were (re)- folded and the granites were phyllonitized into coarse-grained augengneisses or mylonitized into granite mylonites (central zone). This Hercynian main phase deformation was followed by a period of Abukuma-type plutonometamorphism. A widespread metablastic recrystallization of the non-migmatic rocks of the central zone is characteristic. The metamorphic mineral assemblages in the non-migmatic rocks of the central zone are indicative of the cordierite-amphibolite facies and the mineral assemblages of the metasedimentary rocks in the SW and W indicate greenschist facies conditions, while the inclusions in the palingenic two-mica granite suffered superimposed hornblende-hornfels facies conditions. At deeper levels the Hercynian metamorphism culminated in anatexis. During a short period of tension and normal faulting the non-migmatic rocks of the central zone were brought into juxtaposition with the migmatites. More or less synchronously the active fundamental faults, separating the central zone from the western migmatites facilitated the rise of large amounts of granodioritic magma; immediately afterwards the ultimate products of anatexis, in as much as they were capable of intrusion, penetrated the migmatic complex and the granodiorites in the form of successive phases of two-mica granites. This period of plutonic activity was interrupted by the second and third Hercynian deformations that were only locally of a penetrative nature. The majority of the Hercynian granites and granodiorites were weakly foliated during the second deformation while the third deformation locally phyllonitized and mylonitized the rocks in the N, SW and W. The Hercynian orogenic cycle was concluded with the intrusion of a post-kinematic two-mica granite, two biotite granites (280 ± 11 X 106 years ago), some granite porphyries and lamprophyres. The few olivine dolerite dykes are probably younger. Accessory zircon occurring in metasediments, orthogneisses, migmatites and granites has been investigated for crystal habit, growth phenomena, inclusions, resorption, fluorescence and other properties. The various rock-types contain zircon populations with a more or less typical habit: i.e. a combination of the forms {101}, {100} and /or {110} and sometimes {301} and {201} for the zircons of the blastomylonitic orthogneisses, the post-kinematic granites and granite porphyries, while a combination of {101}, {211} and {100} and/or {110} is characteristic for the pre-Hercynian coarse-grained augengneisses and the Hercynian megacrystal-bearing granodiorites and two-mica granites. The zircons in the rocks belonging to the megacrystal-bearing granodiorite series clearly show differences in evolution. The zircons in the migmatic rocks indicate that conditions for anatexis favoured the regeneration of zircon. The fluorescence colours of the zircon crystals are yellow, orange and brown; some zircon populations also contain emerald green fluorescent crystals. A zonal variation in fluorescence colours is also present.

Description: The Basibé Formation, of Lower Devonian age (Emsian) according to conodonts, consists, in the area between the Esera River and Mañanet River, of nodular weathering limestones, dolomites, silty to sandy argillaceous dolomites, quartzites and limestones. Thickness variations of the lower member (nodular limestones) and the upper member (limestones) are of minor importance, whereas the middle member (quartzite-dolomite alternation) is wedge-shaped: its thickness decreases over a distance of about 35 km from about 100 m (50 m of which are quartzites) in the west to 0 m in the east. In the surrounding areas the Basibé Formation consists solely of limestones. Carbonates were deposited as lime muds in shallow, open marine environments. Mature quartz sands, probably brought into the area by longshore currents, were accumulated by wave and current action as rather stationary bars or barrier islands, with a NW-SE direction. Leeward of bar complexes, highly bioturbated silty to sandy argillaceous lime muds were deposited. These back-bar deposits are, however, open marine sediments. Bars were buried by shallow, open marine lime mud sediments, due to subsidence and/or lack of clastic supply. The carbonates of the lower and middle member were originally fossiliferous micrites or biomicrites and were changed by diagenetic processes into nodular weathering limestones. This nodular appearance is caused by numerous stylolites and solution stringers which originated after lithification. Mg-enriched interstitial water, driven out of the quartz sandstones, during cementation, caused the limestones interfingering with these quartz sandstones to be replaced by dolomites. The pure quartz sandstones underwent quartz cementation, while pressure solution led to various types of contacts and to high pressolution of the quartz grains. Burial was not the only cause, but also tectonic pressure and a rise in temperatures due to the intrusion of the Maladeta batholith. Replacement of quartz grains and secondary quartz by dolomite is a rather important late diagenetic process. The limestones of the upper member show recrystallization and stylolitization, while some original pelmicrite beds were preferentially dolomitized.

Description: The area around Santiago de Compostela has been subjected to petrological and structural investigations. The rocks present in the mapped area have been divided into two complexes (the Ordenes Complex and the Complex of Santiago de Compostela) on the basis of their petrography, structure and grade of metamorphism. An additional group consists of the intrusive rocks still recognizable as such. The intermediate-grade rocks of the Ordenes Complex mainly comprise retrograded mafic granulite-facies rocks, garnet-amphibolites, amphibolites, metagabbros, peridotite and kyanite-staurolite-garnet-gneisses or schists. Part of these rocks underwent amphibolite-facies metamorphism during a probably pre-Hercynian orogeny and in places granulite-facies conditions were attained. Isoclinal to tight folding (F1) accompanied the first metamorphic phase; the axial planes are subhorizontally to gently inclined and the fold axes plunge N or NNW. A period of thrusting, accompanied by mylonitization and resulting in an imbricate structure, was followed by recrystallization under amphibolite-facies conditions, forming blastomylonites in certain zones. The emplacement of the metagabbros probably preceded this recrystallization. The related F2-structures were found in thrust zones, having approximate E-W axes and in general gently inclined axial planes. F3 was tentatively placed after F2 and is a postcrystalline deformation, characterized by the formation of a steeply inclined E-W striking crenulation cleavage and subhorizontally plunging axes. All these events presumably occurred during a pre-Hercynian orogeny, but this will not be certain until conglomerates marking an angular unconformity are found or until radiometric data become available. The pre-Hercynian orogeny was followed by a period in which intrusions of dioritic and granitic rocks took place. The latter are tentatively correlated with similar rocks in S Galicia which were radiometrically dated as Cambro-Ordovician. The Complex of Santiago de Compostela contains low-grade schists, for example albiteporphyroblast-bearing schists and migmatized metasediments. During the first Hercynian phase, these rocks underwent predominantly greenschist-facies conditions. The rocks of the Ordenes Complex have been locally retrograded to epidote-bearing amphibolites during this phase. Metamorphism continued giving rise to the growth of albite-porphyroblasts and culminating in partial fusion of the metasediments. This period terminated with intrusions of two-mica granites, which resulted in contactmetamorphic aureoles. Subsequently the rocks were retrograded during the greenschist-facies metamorphism (the basic rocks in places into greenstones). The structural main phase (F4) of the Hercynian orogeny resulted in the formation of folds with steeply inclined axial planes and axes plunging gently to the N. F5 coincided with the growth of the albite-blasts. This folding produced the same N-S striking axial planes but the B-axis plunges steeply to the E. A well-developed crenulation cleavage (F6) occurs throughout the area. The associated lineation (‘Runzelungen’) on the schistosity planes plunges gently to the N. It is argued that during F6 the basic rocks were upthrusted to about their present position. Late-Hercynian phyllonitization and fault-movements were accompanied by the previously mentioned greenschist-facies retrogradation which presumably started at the time that F6 was active. The emplacement of pegmatites and dolerites also took place at the end of the orogeny. Microscopical fabric analyses of metabasites and albiteporphyroblast-bearing schists corroborate the field observations. The amphibole fabrics show that at least three generations of hornblende, each of them formed under different metamorphic and structural conditions, may be postulated. The mathematical distribution model, proposed by Bingham, is shown to fit the observed distributions (an elongated or circular maximum which may lie in a great-circle girdle) quite well.

Description: Description of three freshwater species of Echinogammarus, viz. E. fluminenis n.sp. (from northern Italy and southern Switzerland), E. ruffoi n.sp. (from northern Italy), and E. libaldii (from central Italy). New records and some notes on the morphology of E. veneris (Heller) in Italy are provided. A table summarizes the salient morphological differences between these closely related species and E. pungens (H. Milne Edwards).

Description: In 1965 I recorded the occurrence of two distinct forms of Myotis mystacinus in Central Europe; my preliminary ranking was that they were two subspecies, Myotis mystacinus mystacinus and Myotis mystacinus brandtii. Those findings were in agreement with previous information by Topál (1958) pointing out differences in the morphology of the baculum in Hungarian populations of that species, and even considering the differences between the two forms of specific value. The present paper is a summary of new discoveries concerning this problem; the characters distinguishing the two forms are discussed, whereas new information on their distribution in Central Europe is presented, and their systematic position is evaluated.

Description: The sequence in which the nomenclatural and taxonomic novelties in the genus Brosimum appear below corresponds with that in the revision of the neotropical Brosimeae to be published in the near future.

Description: Arbor circ. 8 m alta. Ramuli novelli pilis sparsis adpressis, mox glabrescentes, nigrescentes. Petiolus crassus, rugosus, adpresse tomentosus, 6-9 mm longus; lamina chartacea, supra glabra et nitida praeter costam hirsutam, subtus pilis sparsis adpressis, anguste elliptica vel elliptica, 12-18 cm longa et 4.5-7 cm lata, apice sensim angustata in acumen 1 cm longum, basi late cuneata vel aliquantum rotundata et decurrens; costa supra paulo impressa, nervi secundarii utrinque 16-18, supra prominentes, subtus conspicue prominentes, reticulum venularum utrinque manifestum. Inflorescentiae axillares, (1)—2-florae; pedicelli stricti, sparse adpresse tomentosi, 1.2-1.5 cm longi, circ. ad tertiam inferiorem articulati. Sepala ovata, acuta, in vivo viridia, circ. 6 mm longa, extus sericea, intus apicem versus pubescentia ceterumque glabra et in sicco nigra, mox reflexa. Petala oblongo-obovata, apice rotundata, brunnea, extus sericea, intus tomentosa, interiora ad basim macula triangulari glabra, interiora circ. 1.5 cm longa, exteriora circ. 2 cm longa. Stamina 1.2 mm longa, disco connectivi umbonato, minute papilloso. Pistilla numerosa, circ. 2.5 mm longa, ovaria pilosa, styli glabri, stigmata setulosa. (Fructus ignotus). Suriname: Near confluence of Paloemeu and Tapanahoni Rivers, 3°20' N Lat., 55°27' W Long., riverside (Wessels Boer 1302, fl. April, holotype U).

Description: Wood samples of a number of Cinchoneae and Naucleeae sensu Schumann were studied, and the results compared with data found in the literature. On the whole the representatives of the Cinchoneae appeared to show a rather high degree of similarity among each other with the exception, however, of the genera Coutarea, Exostemma, Corynanthe, Crossopteryx, and Hymenodictyon. The creation of the tribe Coptosapelteae and its inclusion in the Ixoroideae seem to be corroborated by the particular character of the wood anatomy. The restriction of the Naucleeae to Nauclea L. ( Sarcocephalus Afzel.) is not supported by the anatomy of the wood.

Description: An assemblage of fossil plants from the Upper Triassic/Liassic of Airel (Manche), Northern France, is recorded, and two new species, Hirmerella airelensis sp. nov. and Classopollis harrisii sp. nov., are described and figured. In situ and dispersed pollen is compared and a lycopod megaspore and microspore described. The assemblage is compared with others from France and Wales.

Description: This paper presents a pollen-morphological study of Alangium, a genus mainly restricted to the tropics of the Old World, of which 18 of the 19 known species were studied. The pollen grains, studied with the use of a light microscope, a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope, were classified into 15 pollen types, to which a key is given. Comparison of fossil and recent grains produced some information about both the evolutionary trends in the characters of the pollen grains and the phytogeography of Alangium.

Description: Judging from the volume here reviewed it is to be expected that this atlas will become a splendid comprehensive survey of the ‘seeds’ of the NW. European Phanerogams. The complete work is planned to consist of 4 or 5 parts, of which part I will be published last, as it will contain general information and keys to the families. It is self-evident that the keys to the genera of Cyperaceae, to their sections, and in large sections to the species, wholly based on fruit-characters, cannot be easy. In random testing they proved to be reliable, as are the accurate descriptions.

Description: The present paper is the third regional revision of the Old World Lindsaeoid ferns. The second (the fourth in the entire series on the Old World Lindsaeoids) will be published as vol. II, 1 part 3 of Flora Malesiana; it is awaiting publication as the present paper goes to the press. Species fully described there and extending into the area covered by the present revision are not dealt with at length again, in order to avoid redundance. The present treatment deals with the species of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia, or, more precisely, the smaller Pacific Islands from the Palau Islands, the Marianas, and the Bismarck Archipelago in the West to Hawaii and the Marquesas in the East. The Volcano and Bonin Islands wil be treated with Japan, to which country they were recently returned; the Admiralty Islands are included in Flora Malesiana; New Zealand will be dealt with together with Australia; New Caledonia was the subject of a separate publication (Kramer 1967); no Lindsaeoid ferns have so far been found on the Tuamotus, Pitcairn, Easter Island, and other islands in the extreme East of Polynesia, nor on any atoll islands.

Description: Frutex. Ramis junioribus subangulatis, puberubs, vetustioribus teretibus glabratis. Folia opposita, elliptico-lanceolata, 6—10 cm longa, 1.5—2.8 cm lata, basi cuneata, apice longe acuminato-attenuata, margine integra, supra glabra, subtus minute puberula, 3-nervia, venulis transversis indistinctis, subcoriacea; petiolus 1—1.5 cm longus, puberalus. Flores in cymas terminales paucifloras dispositi; pedunculus 3—5 cm longus; bracteolae parvae, subulatae, 0.3—0.4 mm longae; pedicellus 4—6 mm longus. Calycis tubus cylindraceus vel campanulatus, 5.5—7 mm longus, molliter 8-costatus sparse puberulus vel glabratus, limbus 4-dentatus, dentibus triangularibus, 0.6—0.8 mm longis. Petala 4, ovata vel ovato-oblonga, 10—11 mm longa, 3.5—4.5 mm lata. Stamina 8, subaequalia, filamentis 4.5—5 mm longis, antheris subulato-lanceolatis, 5.5—6.5 mm longis, 1-poris, connectivo basi non producto, dorso in calcar 0.4 mm longum exeunte, in parte ventrali in lobos 0.4 mm longos exeunte. Ovarium calycis tubo septis 8 adnatum, loculi 8, usque ad medium ovarii prolongati. Stylus filiformis 11—12 mm longus, glaber, stigmate punctiformi. Typus: van Steenis 8992 in L, K. Distribution: Sumatra.

Description: Pollen grains single, ellipsoidal to spherical-suboblate, operculate. Equatorial axis 33 (37.1) 41 μ, polar axis 25 (25.7) 26 μ. Encircling apertural furrow situated parallel to equator at ± 2/3 from proximal pole; operculum oval or spherical-subtriangular, diameter ± 4/5 of equatorial diameter; width furrow 2—3 μ. Total wall thickness 2 μ on proximal side, thinning to 1 μ near furrow, thickening to 1.5 μ on operculum; furrow membrane 0.5 μ thick. Endexine 0.5 μ thick; ektexine 1.5 μ thick proximally, 1 μ distally, probably absent from furrow membrane, massive, smooth or with faintly irregularly wartyverrucate surface. — Plate I. Material: Leutert 108.

Description: The differentiating characters of Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp., D. moluccana Bl., and D. taylorii Jayaweera are given. Most characters of D. taylorii appear to be intermediate between those of the other two species; a few characters represent combinations of those of the two other species; one character is not shared by the other species. From this evidence it is supposed that D. taylorii is a hybrid. This suggestion is sustained by the history of the specimens on which D. taylorii is based. An attempt to count chromosomes of D. taylorii and D. grandiflora failed, probably due to the unsuitability of the fixative for this purpose.

Description: In about 10—15 % of the cases a sharp distinction between Atriplex hastata L., patula L., littoralis L., and glabriuscula Edm. is not possible, both in the field and in the herbarium. In order to establish the status of the ‘intermediates’ a karyological examination was undertaken of 95 samples collected in the Netherlands including both typical specimens and intermediates. It appeared that the specimens clearly representing A. hastata, littoralis, or glabriuscula are diploid (n = 9), but those representing A. patula tetraploid (n = 18). The ‘intermediates’ between A. hastata and patula are either diploid or tetraploid. Hence a sharp distinction between the latter two taxa is only possible on the chromosome number. A similar result was found for the ‘intermediates’ between A. patula and littoralis. It depends on the specific concept one adheres to whether these four taxa should be ranked as species; European botanists usually give them specific rank, their American colleagues infraspecific rank. Autogamy seems to be the rule in these species. This as well as the chromosome numbers found rule out the possibility of hybridization as an explanation for the occurrence of intermediates. I have strong doubts as to the artificial hybrids reported in literature because of the technical difficulties involved and apparently not solved. Special attention has been paid to possible characters to be derived from the leaves, the phyllotaxis, and the bracts. The variation in the leaves of the four species examined is overlapping. The same holds true for the phyllotaxis and the ripe fruits and fruiting bracteoles. An account is given of some abnormalities which have been found during the chromosome countings. An attempt was made to correlate morphological characters of the leaf, especially the leaf-base and leaf-index, and the chromosomes in A. hastata and patula. The results presented in the scatter diagrams show that, though on the whole there is a marked correlation between leafshape and chromosome number, no sharp distinction can be made. Finally a provisional key is given.

Description: A comprehensive study of structure and floristics in a typical montane (2700 m) grassland/forest transition in Papua-New Guinea was made using a destructive technique involving complete removal of all woody species below 10 m, in a single belt transect. By this means the distribution of all tracheophytes in a dense transitional system was accurately determined, providing evidence that the transition was advancing over open grassland. Use is made of profile and plan drawings. The transition is described as a discrete community in terms of juvenile, mature, and senescent phases. A distinct group of transition species is recognized. The distributions of life-forms and a symbiotic relationship between moss-hummocks and transition species are discussed, and the role of fire in transition dynamics is briefly considered.

Description: In this revision are recorded 9 species from continental Asia and Indonesia, and 2 from New Guinea. Of the latter 1 is new to science. Some species frequently confused in the past could be described exactly. All names have been properly typified and all existing types could be examined by the author. For A. loriae and A. echinatus a neotype was chosen. Descriptions are given of all species and a key is provided for their identification. A drawing of the generative parts of all species has been made and a distribution map of each species has been prepared. All examined sheets are enumerated in an identification list.

Description: In the first paper of this series (Holttum, 1969) I gave a brief summary of taxonomic treatment of the family Thelypteridaceae in the present century, and stated that in my judgement no satisfactory subdivision of the family, as represented in the tropics of the Old World, had yet been achieved, the arrangements of Ching (1963) and Iwatsuki (1964) being in part inadequate because the authors were not sufficiently acquainted with the majority of species in the Malayan region and in the Pacific, which far outnumber those of mainland Asia. I have been attempting a complete survey of all species of Asia, Malesia, and the Pacific, and it has become evident to me that a study of a wider range of characters than those used in most taxonomic species-descriptions is necessary in order to distinguish individual species clearly, and in order to provide data on which the delimitation of natural species-groups can be based. Therefore an essential preliminary is a detailed study of the morphology of the type-species of genera already proposed, as these species control the application of generic names. Such a study should indicate the nature of the differences between the species which by accident have become the types of genera, and will also provide standards against which the distinctive character-combinations found in newly recognized species-groups may be judged. The most- important generic names for the Old World tropics are Thelypteris, Cyclosorus, and Ampelopteris; in connection with the last-named, its resemblance to tropical American species included in Goniopteris Pr. (as re-defined by Christensen) necessitates a detailed examination also of at least one species of that genus.

Description: The genus Hydrodessus is readily distinguished, from the other small water beetles related to the Old World Bidessus, by the lack of pronotal or elytral plicae, by the structure of the hind coxal processes, and by the simple, unjointed parameres of the male genitalia (Balfour-Browne, 1953). The species are very rare in collections, and several are still known from only the unique types. The genus Brinkius (Guignot, 1957) differs from Hydrodessus only in that a fine lateral humeral carina is present on the elytron above the epipleural margin. In all other characters, including the unique parameres of the male genitalia, the two genera seem to be identical, and I therefore apply the older name to both groups. The two new species described below from Suriname extend the range of this genus north of the Amazon basin. All the previously described species are from Brasil or the Amazonas region of Perú. The species from Perú were described by Spangler (1966). Of these, Hydrodessus nanayensis is exceedingly similar to the genotype H. siolii Balfour-Browne described from the state of Pará, Brasil. I believe these will prove to be subspecies at most although the type localities are separated by over 1500 miles.

Description: Six species of Spirorbis were recorded from seventeen islands in the Caribbean. All are opercular incubators. Two, S. (Pileolaria) quasimilitaris and S. (Janua) epichysis, were new and two others, S. (P.) koehleri and S. (J.) steueri, were previously recorded only from the Mediterranean, the latter only from Suez. The most abundant species were S. (J.) corrugatus and S. (Leodora) knightjonesi, of which the latter was previously known only from Ceylon, but is closely related to the European species S. (L.) laevis. — The zoogeographical picture shows isolation from the Pacific, as there are no species links with W. México or the Galápagos. It seems that evolution of species has been active since the early Pliocene and that transport has occurred readily along warm-temperate coastlines and across the Atlantic, perhaps on flotsam with the trade winds.

Description: The Lesser Antilles, extending some 500 miles from Anguilla on the north to Grenada on the south, form an archipelago connecting the Greater Antilles with Trinidad and the South American mainland.¹) Bats comprise the major segment of the extant mammalian fauna of the Lesser Antillean islands and the distribution and variation of chiropterans in this area long has interested systematists and zoogeographers. A revival of this interest in the past decade has resulted in a number of published contributions — KOOPMAN (1958, 1959, 1968), HUSSON (1960), DE LA TORRE (1966), DE LA TORRE & SCHWARTZ (1966), JONES & SCHWARTZ (1967), SCHWARTZ & JONES (1967). Still, much remains to be learned. Nineteen species of bats are on record from the Lesser Antilles. For purposes of discussion, these can be divided roughly into three groups or zoogeographic components: 1) species that have invaded the southern part of the archipelago relatively recently from South America; 2) species that represent endemic (and presumably fairly old) Antillean genera; and 3) species or species groups that are widely distributed in the Antillean region and elsewhere in the American tropics. It is convenient to discuss the Lesser Antillean fauna under these three groupings, and we have done so beyond.

Description: The material studied was mainly collected by Dr. P. H. van Doesburg Jr. during his stay in Suriname and by Dr. P. Wagenaar Hummelinck during various collecting trips while visiting Venezuela and Suriname. In addition, specimens from the Western Hemisphere brought together in the Rijksmuseum at Leiden by various collectors, and continental S. American specimens in the Copenhagen Museum have been studied. Finally an interesting set of Corixinae collected in the Amazon region by various workers during investigations sponsored by the “Max-Planck-Institut fur Limnologie, Abt. Tropenökologie”, at Plön (director Prof. Dr. H. Sioli), and the “Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia” at Manaus and Brasilia (director Prof. Dr. D. Batista) have been studied. Thanks are due to the following persons for permission to study the material in their charge: Dr. P. H. van Doesburg Jr. (Leiden Museum), Dr. N. Møller Andersen (Copenhagen Museum), Dr. P. Wagenaar Hummelinck (Zoological Laboratory, Utrecht) and Dr. H. H. Weber (Amazonian water-bugs; Schülp, D.B.R.). Mrs. E. de Groot-Taat kindly corrected the greater part of the manuscript. Dr. I. Lansbury (University Museum, Oxford) read the definitive text critically.

Description: According to the literature, the genus Spadella Langerhans includes several species, Sp. cephaloptera (Busch) 1851, Sp. schizoptera Conant 1895, Sp. moretonensis Johnston & Taylor 1919, Sp. sheardi Mawson 1944, Sp. johnstoni Mawson 1944, Sp. angulata Tokioka 1951, Sp. nana Owre 1963, Sp. pulchella Owre 1963. This genus apparently includes species having world wide distributions, and species with distribution restricted to small regions. At times, several species have been reported from the same geographical region. For instance, MAWSON (1944) observed Sp. cephaloptera, Sp. sheardi, and Sp. johnstoni off the coasts of New South Wales (from off Post Heaking to off Ulladulla). OWRE (1963) observed Sp. schizoptera and Sp. nana at Soldier Key (Florida), and Sp. pulchella in Magueyes Canal, La Parguera (Puerto Rico). YOSII & TOKIOKA (1939) reported Sp. cephaloptera and Sp. schizoptera from Misaki (Japan); see Table 2. Specimens of this genus have been obtained from near to surface location to a maximum depth of 100 m (MAWSON, 1944). Four specimens of Spadella were observed in the collections obtained by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK in the Southwestern part of Bahía Fosforescente, east of La Parguera (Puerto Rico) at 1 meter depth on sandy bottom of Thalassia flat with Halimeda (Sta. 1423A), on the 17th September, 1963. This locality is close to the place where Sp. pulchella occurred (OWRE, 1963). However, the four specimens of Spadella from the present collections showed diagnostic characteristics different from those of Sp. pulchella and the other species of Spadella previously described. In order to compare the specimens here studied with the species that is most closely related morphologically, I requested the paratypes of Spadella pulchella Owre from the U.S. National Museum. In Table 1 are included the differential characteristics for the various species of Spadella, and Figure 36 presents illustrations of S. pulchella for comparison with those of the proposed new species.

Description: Positive identification of bats usually requires visual inspection at close range or for a bat to be held in the hand. There are many people, particularly conservationists, who would like to study bats in their natural environment without disturbing them. The task of preparing distribution maps is at present a slow and painstaking task, depending on the limited number of observers who can accurately identify bats. Most bats emerge at dusk and although some can be seen in such poor lighting conditions, most bats flying at night cannot be observed when below the horizon and against a dark background.

Description: Pollen analytical investigations of glacier ice from the Kesselwandferner in the Ötztal Alps, Tyrol, generally confirmed the palynologycal findings of Vareschi (1942) and brought new results. Annual layers were found which distinguish themselves by an increased content of Picea pollen according to extreme Picea-blooming years. These can be used as "guiding horizons" in the firn-area of the glaciers. Long distance transport of African pollen (Ephedra) was proved. The absolute average pollen rain in 3300 m was determined by 28.000 pollen grains per year and dm**2. The investigation of fens near glaciers made it possible to determine the oscillations of the tree-line and the forest-line and to date them by C-14. These oscillations could be connected with moraines also dated by C-14. Oscillations of the forest-line and thus probably glacier oscillations, too, could be determined for the period from 6700 to 6000 B.C. and the periods about 4500, 2600 and 1600 B.C.

Description: Since 1890 the variations of the fronts of numerous glaciers in the Eastern Alps have been measured for the Österreichischer Alpenverein. The present paper presents the results of these measurements and the percentage of advancing, retreating, and stationary glaciers as calculated for each year from the total number of glaciers measured. The measurements reveal two distinct periods of advance, i.e. one period from 1890 to 1900 with up to 47% of glaciers advancing, and one period from 1909 to 1928 with up to 75% of glaciers advancing. The period from 1928 to 1964 is marked by a strong retreat of glaciers. A comparison with the results of measurements of glaciers in the Western Alps of Switzerland shows good agreement. The behaviour of glaciers corresponds well to the climatic conditions prevailing during the summer months of the 80 years observed.