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  • Synapses  (14)
  • Innervation  (10)
  • Light and electron microscopy
  • Springer  (24)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1970-1974  (24)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1970  (24)
Collection
Keywords
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  • Springer  (24)
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 1970-1974  (24)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 454-465 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Neuron ; Synapses ; Myelin sheath ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In long-term organized cultures of newborn mouse cerebellum, granule cell neurons were studied with silver impregnation and electron microscopy. In silver impregnated cultures, small neurons are defined as granule cell neurons from their size, morphology and location. There are also occasional large nerve endings with the morphology typical of mossy fiber endings. In correlative electron micrographs, granule cell neurons revealed a faithful reproduction of characteristic structures seen in vivo. The fine structural details of cerebellar glomeruli and myelinated granule cell bodies developed in vitro were also described.
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  • 2
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    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 508-521 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Axo-axonal ; Adrenergic and cholinergic terminals ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relations between adrenergic and cholinergic terminals were studied in rat iris and rat heart with the electron microscope. Adrenergic terminals were identified by treating the animals with 5-hydroxydopamine, which produces dense-cored synaptic vesicles in adrenergic terminals in tissues fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium. The specificity of this observation was verified. It was found that adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals often come in close contact with one another, the distance between the adjoining membranes being about 250 Å. At times, faint membrane thickenings could be observed in these places. The available pharmacological, physiological, and morphological evidence leaves little room for doubt that cholinergic terminal fibres can influence the adrenergic fibres. From mainly morphological evidence, it is also postulated that adrenergic terminals influence cholinergic ones.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 46-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Mouse ; Interstitial cells ; Endocrine tissue ; Innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Innervation der interstitiellen Drüse im Ovar der Maus wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die adrenergen Nerven wurden mit Hilfe der Falckschen Methode dargestellt. 1. Fluoreszenzmikroskopie: grün fluoreszierende Varikositäten findet man im Stroma ovarii vor allem in der näheren Umgebung von Gefäßen. Nur selten sind Nervenfasern in Komplexen von interstitiellen Zellen (IZ) zu erkennen. 2. Elektronenmikroskopie: Terminale Nervenfasern mit bekannter Innenstruktur erreichen die IZ von allen Seiten und können unabhängig von den Gefäßen verlaufen. Viele Axone durchsetzen die Basalmembran und treten in enge Beziehung zu interstitiellen Zellen. Dabei bilden sie teilweise kolbenförmige Anschwellungen nach Art von Synapsen, die tief in das Cytoplasma der innervierten Zellen eingebettet sein können. Der synaptische Spalt ist 200 Å breit. Spezialisierte prä- und postsynaptische Membranen kommen nicht vor. Die Bedeutung der Synapsen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies have been carried out on the innervation of the interstitial gland of the mouse ovary. In addition Falck's fluorescence method was applied. 1. Fluorescence microscopy: In the ovarian stroma green fluorescent nerve fibers are frequently to be found in the surroundings of large and small vessels. Seldom small fibers invade blocks of interstitial cells; however, their final ramification is not discernible. 2. Electron microscopy: Terminal fibers of the autonomic nervous system reach the cells of the interstitial gland from all sides. They may be independent from the course of the vessels. Many axons penetrate the basal membrane and come into close contact with interstitial cells, partly by forming large swellings (boutons), which may be deeply embedded into the cytoplasm of the innervated cell. The synaptic cleft is about 200 Å wide. Specialized pre- and postsynaptic membranes have not been found. The innervated cells show no peculiarities. The possible function of the synapses is discussed.
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  • 4
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 212-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Interstitial cells ; Thecal gland ; Innervation ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the nerves of the ovarian stroma of the domestic fowl is described for the first time. In the fowl, the nerves are concentrated upon blood vessels, smoth muscles and mainly, the thecal gland with the steroid-producing cells. Myelinated as well as unmyelinated nerve fibers were observed. Numerous axon terminals representing adrenergic and also presumptive cholinergic nerve fibers are regularly seen in membranous contact with steroid-producing cells. In these axon terminals microvesicles are oriented towards the steroid-producing cells indicating a specialization of the surface from axon-to-cell contact. Evidence has been presented that there is a membranous neuro-humoral contact between the peripheral autonomie nervous system and the steroid-producing cells in the ovary. The present investigation has demonstrated that there is morphologic evidence for a nervous control of steroid-producing cells. The physiological importance of this neuro-humoral contact is discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituicytes ; Anuran ; Innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pituicytes of Rana pipiens could be classified into two types, pale and dense, according to their relative densities of cytoplasm and the populations of free ribosomes and cell organelles. An intermediate type of pituicyte was also recognized. Lipid droplet such as are typical in the cytoplasm of mammalian pituicytes, are not in the cytoplasm of either types of frog pituicyte. Both types have long cytoplasmic processes which run among the nerve fibers, and some of them end at the pericapillary space. Nerve endings making synapse-like contacts with the cell bodies or the processes of the pituicyte are frequent. According to the structures and sizes of granules and vesicles in the nerve endings, these endings are classified into one of three types: 1) A, which appears to be a peptidergic neuronal ending containing dense granules 1,200–2,000 Å in diameter and small clear vesicles 300–400 Å in diameter; 2) B, which appear to be monoaminergic endings containing cored vesicles 600–1,000 Å in diameter and small clear vesicles 300–500 Å in diameter; 3) C, which appear to be cholinergic endings containing only small clear vesicles. Type C endings are relatively rare. In the synaptic area the axonal membranes appose those of the pituicytes across a gap of about 200 Å and numerous “presynaptic” vesicles are clustered or accumulated near the presynaptic membranes.
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  • 6
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 572-585 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Intraventricular cellular processes ; Ependyma ; Lateral ventricle ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ependym und subependymale Strukturen der Seitenventrikel von Katzen aus dem Bereich des Nucleus caudatus und des Corpus callosum wurden nach Perfusionsfixierung elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Dort findet sich eine Reihe von Neuritenanschnitten, deren kolbenförmige Auftreibungen leere Vesikel, “dense core granula” und Mitochondrien enthalten. Neben diesen neuronalen Elementen werden auch Zellfortsätze nichtneuronaler Natur im Ventrikellumen beobachtet, die Ependym- und intraventrikulären Zellen entstammen. An umschriebenen Stellen nehmen diese kolbig aufgetriebenen Fortsätze desmosomenartige Kontakte mit dem Ependym auf. An diesen Orten umgeben Mikrovilli die Fortsätze korbartig. Ob es sich bei diesen Kontakten um synapsenartige Strukturen handelt, oder um „Rezeptoren“ für unbekannte chemische Stoffe, wird diskutiert. Die Kontakte sind unabhängig von der Form der Ependymzellen und davon, ob diesen graue oder weiße Substanz unterliegt. Zwischen und in den Ependymzellen finden sich — bedingt durch den unterschiedlichen Gehalt an Zellorganellen — drei verschiedene Arten von Fortsätzen. Die Zahl der neuronalen Fortsätze in diesem Bereich ist sehr viel kleiner als im Ventrikellumen.
    Notes: Summary Ependyma and subependymal regions of the lateral ventricles of cats (area of Nucleus caudatus and Corpus callosum) were fixed by perfusion and investigated electronmicroscopically. Intraventricular axons showing a beaded shape with smaller and thicker parts were found. The varicosities contain empty vesicles, dense core granules and mitochondria. Beside those certainly neuronal elements there exist intraventricular cell processes originating from ependymal cells and free cells. The neuronal processes make desmosome-like contacts with the ependyma. These regions of contact are surrounded by basket-like arranged microvilli. It is discussed, whether the contacts function like synapses or as receptors for a substance, which is still unknown. Contacts do not depend on the shape of ependymal cells. They exist with the ependyma of Nucleus caudatus (grey substance) as well as with the ependyma of Corpus callosum (white substance). Because of the different contents of cell-organelles one can differentiate three different sorts of processes situated inter- or intracellularly in the ependyma. Neuronal processes within the lateral ventricles are more numerous than those found within the ependymal layer.
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  • 7
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 179-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptosomes ; Rat cerebral cortex ; Synapses ; Postnatal development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptosomes (nerve-ending particles) prepared from the cerebral cortex of rats, aged 2–21 days, were examined after fixation in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, in order to study the development of the contact region between their pre- and postsynaptic components. Synaptosomes were present at all ages studied, although they increased in number and underwent morphological changes, e.g. a decrease in ribosomes and increase in synaptic vesicles, during development. The seventh postnatal day appeared to be a critical period for development, as many adult features were first observed at this time. The synaptic contact region was characterized by desmosome-like symmetrical thickenings until the fourth postnatal day, after which it became increasingly asymmetrical. The postsynaptic thickening, which had been undifferentiated until the seventh day, underwent a focalization of its material at this stage to form postsynaptic densities typical of the adult synapse. Cleft material was present at all ages, although for the first few days it was sparse and comparatively unorganized. An attempt has been made to distinguish between synaptosomes derived from axosomatic and axodendritic endings. The possible significance of the early desmosome-like thickenings is discussed, and the role of the cleft material and post-synaptic densities in the development of the synapse is analysed.
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  • 8
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 446-456 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Loligo vulgaris ; Innervation ; Dense core vesicles ; Helicoidal muscle ; Filaments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Innervation der braunen, roten und gelben Chromatophoren von Loligo vulgaris ist quantitativ und qualitativ verschieden. In den begleitenden Nervenbündeln finden sich stets Axone mit hellen (etwa 300 Å Ø), gelegentlich auch solche mit „dense-core“-Vesikeln (etwa 600 Å Ø). Die Myofilamente der kontraktilen Rinde sind gegeneinander versetzt und um die Längsachse spiralig gewunden. Im axialen Sarkoplasma treten gebündelte, in Längsrichtung zur Muskelzelle orientierte Filamente auf (jedes etwa 70 Å Ø), die möglicherweise eine Funktion bei der tonischen Kontraktion erfüllen.
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the brown, red and yellow chromatophore muscle cells in Loligo vulgaris shows quantitative and qualitative differences. The nerve bundles regularly contain axons with electronlucent vesicles of about 300 Å diameter, and occasionally axons with dense core vesicles of about 600 Å diameter. The myofibrils of the contractile cortex show a staggered arrangement and are wound in a spiral with respect to the axis of the muscle cell. In the axial sarcoplasm there is additionally a bundle of thin filaments of about 70 Å thickness. The bundle is orientated in parallel with the longitudinal axis of the muscle cell. Its function may be to maintain tonic contractions.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 465-480 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral artery ; Innervation ; Degeneration of sympathetic nerves ; Synaptic vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the innervation of the anterior cerebral artery of the rat was studied in control animals and in animals after superior cervical ganglionectomy. Fluorescence histochemistry shows a periarterial network of intensely fluorescent fibers which are divided into two groups, adventitial and periadventitial. The fluorescence begins to decrease 26 hours after, and completely disappears about 32 hours after, ganglionectomy. Fine structural changes are first observed 18 hours after ganglionectomy, when the axoplasm of degenerating axons becomes electron dense. This density gradually increases up to about 32 hours. By 32 hours most axons with disintegrating axolemmas become inclusion bodies of the Schwann cells. At this stage, synaptic vesicles can still be distinguished as less dense areas, but the membrane structures of synaptic vesicles and mitochondria are difficult to recognize. The degenerating axons are gradually absorbed and by 38 hours dense, residual bodies are observed in the Schwann cells. Generally speaking, the degeneration occurs first in the adventitial fibers and then in the periadventitial fibers. The transient appearance of small, granular vesicles is noticed in axon terminals about 18 hours after denervation, although very few small, granular vesicles are seen in control tissue or at later stages of degeneration.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 540-558 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Synapses ; Rat ; Postnatal differentiation ; Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of layers I and II of the motor cerebral cortex of rat brain has been studied at birth, 4, 7 and 14 days postnatal and in the adult. Compared with the adult, neonatal rat motor cortex exhibited a large extracellular space which decreases with increasing age. At all stages studied the neurons were seen to contain the organelles usually found in adult neurons. Growth cones were present in decreasing numbers up to 14 days old. Synapses were detectable at birth and there was an obvious increase in their number throughout the postnatal development. At the earliest stages studied there was a lack of specialization characteristic of the adult. Many synapses were either avesicular or relatively so and lacked the high degree of modification of adult pre- and postsynaptic membranes. By 7 days after birth many synapses existed which in all morphological respects resembled those of the adult, and by 14 days, the majority were of the adult type. These findings, particularly with reference to the postnatal development of synapses, have been discussed in relation to the known electrophysiological findings.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 282-296 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Complex ; Nuclei vestibulares ; Lampetra planeri
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vestibular fibres of ammocoetes of Lampetra planeri form a peculiar type of synaptic contact with the large nerve cells of the vestibular nuclei. In fact, a large expansion of the fibre is enveloped by the nerve cell cytoplasm, which makes a sort of spoon or actual channel by sealing its own plasma membrane with adhesion plaques around the fibre. In the whole area of juxtapposition between the fibre and the cell membranes, three different types of specialized contacts occur: desmosomoid junctions, which are the most numerous; zones having the characteristics of chemically active synapses on account of the presence of vesicles clustered on the presynaptic side; gap-junctions, where electrical transmission might occur. A puzzling feature is the presence of an enormous number of presynaptic vesicles located in the central part of the axoplasm of the fibre expansion.
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  • 12
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 324-338 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human myocardium ; Innervation ; Nerve endings ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscope studies of axons, distributing singly or in small bundles in the human ventricular and atrial myocardium, indicate a few per-cent of the axon profiles to be significantly large in diameter (1.5–3.0 μ). They are characteristically packed with a profuse number of mitochondria along with large granular vesicles, glycogen rosettes, lysosomic bodies; and some of them terminate on a “specific terminal cell” (Knoche and Schmitt). These mitochondria-rich, large axons are assumed to be terminal portions of the cardiac afferents. About half of the axons encountered in the ventricle and 2/3 in the atrium are non-vesiculated, usually less than 0.5 μ. in diameter. The varicosities containing numerous vesicles are mostly 0.5–1.5 μ in diameter and are assumed to be terminal portions of the cardiac efferents. The ratio between the number of axon profiles containing small granular vesicles and that of axon profiles containing agranular vesicles without small granular vesicles is 2∶1 in the ventricular myocardium and 1∶1.7 in the atrial myocardium.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 563-581 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect ; Brain ; Deutocerebrum ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur des Glomerulineuropils im Antennenhügel (sensorisches Zentrum) der Wanderheuschrecke Locusta migratoria wird beschrieben. Die Glomeruli stellen ein kompliziertes Netzwerk von sensorischen Antennennervenfasern und interneuronalen hirneigenen Elementen dar. Die Nervenfasern sind in ihrer großen Mehrheit von klaren synaptischen Vesikeln gefüllt, die sich mit Zinkjodid-Osmiumsäure färben (Akert und Sandri, 1968). Zwei Synapsentypen treten auf, die sich vor allem durch die Form und Ausdehnung des Synapsenspaltes unterscheiden. Beide Typen zeigen eine morphologische Polarität. Paramembranöses synaptisches Material läßt sich besonders deutlich mit der Wismutjodid-Methode von Pfenninger et al. (1969) darstellen. Diese Methode, die den gleichen Effekt wie bei Wirbeltieren zeigt, scheint zur Beurteilung synaptischer Verhältnisse (Verteilung, Häufigkeit) besonders geeignet. Normalerweise sind über synaptische Kontakte drei aneinandergrenzende Nervenfasern miteinander verknüpft. Obwohl Degenerationsexperimente vorgenommen wurden, konnte die synaptische Verschaltung der verschiedenen Fasern nur teilweise geklärt werden. Sensorische Fasern sind mit interneuronalen Fortsätzen verbunden, die prä- und postsynaptische Zonen haben. Es gibt einige Hinweise, daß auch sensorische Fasern miteinander synaptisch verknüpft sind. Vesikelfreie postsynaptische Elemente sind sehr selten, während eine synaptische Verbindung über „axo-axonale“ Kontakte häufig vorkommt. Die Antennalglomeruli mit ihrer großen Anzahl von kleinen, mit synaptischen Vesikeln gefüllten Fasern sind deutlich anders organisiert als die Glomeruli im Pilzkörperkelch (vgl. Lamparter et al., 1969).
    Notes: Summary The fibre anatomy of the glomeruli neuropil of the antennal lobes (sensory centres) of Locusta migratoria has been analysed by electron microscopy. The glomeruli consist of interneuronal and sensory elements of the antennal nerve, forming a complicated mesh-work of fine fibres. The great majority of nervous fibres is filled with clear synaptic vesicles, which stain with zinc-iodide-osmic-acid (Akert and Sandri, 1968), Two types of synaptic junctions are found, differing especially in shape and size of their synaptic gap. Both types show a clear morphological polarity, so that the distinction of pre- and postsynaptic fibres is possible. Inter- and intracellular paramembraneous synaptic material can be demonstrated by the bismuth iodide impregnation of Pfenninger et al. (1969) This method, showing the same effect as in vertebrate nervous systems, seems to be very adequate for the identification of synaptic structures and synaptic distribution. Normally presynaptic structures are situated in angles of nerve fibres. Although degeneration experiments were made, the synaptic interaction of the various fibre types could only partially be explained. Sensory fibres interact with intemeurons, which show pre- and postsynaptic zones. They seem to be responsible for the integration of different glomeruli. There is some evidence that sensory fibres have synaptic connections, too. Postsynaptic profiles with several synaptic contacts and free of vesicles are very rare, whereas “axo-axonic” contacts are found quite often. These glomeruli with their great number of vesicle-filled profiles differ from corpora pedunculata calyx glomeruli (see Lamparter et al. 1969).
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  • 14
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 495-516 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hilus cells ; Ovary ; Pig ; Structure ; Innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Elektronenmikroskopisch konnte bestätigt werden, daß es sich bei den Hiluszwischenzellen (Hz) im Ovar des Schweins um Leydig-Zellen handelt. Die Zellen verfügen über ein stark ausgeprägtes glattes endoplasmatisches Reticulum, das teils als tubuläres Netzwerk, teils als zwiebelschalenförmig angeordnete Häufung dicht gepackter, gefensterter Cisternen vorkommt. Diese Cisternen können in extremen Fällen die Hälfte eines Zellquerschnittes ausfüllen und kondensieren sich häufig um Lipidtropfen und Pigmentgranula. Die Mitochondrien besitzen Cristae, Tubuli und Sacculi sowie eine Matrix unterschiedlicher Elektronendichte. Die Golgi-Stapel sind schwach entwickelt. Die Zellen verfügen über Centriolen, und es gibt Hinweise, daß sie sich amitotisch teilen. Im Cytoplasma finden sich bis zu 5 μm große Lipidtropfen. Die in ihnen vorhandenen Pigmentgranula sind außerordentlich polymorph, meist von einer Membran umgeben und entstammen möglicherweise Lipidtropfen und Mitochondrien. Einzelne Axone des Hilusnerven können die Basalmembran durchbrechen und mit den Hz in engsten Kontakt treten. Typische Synapsen wurden nicht beobachtet. Die Befunde werden auf dem Hintergrund von Ergebnissen der Lichtmikroskopie, der Biochemie und Pathologie diskutiert und mit den an Leydig-Zellen gewonnenen verglichen. Verschiedene Zellbilder werden als Stadien unterschiedlicher Reife interpretiert.
    Notes: Summary The hilus cells in the ovary of the pig have been investigated with the electron microscope. These elements are identical with Leydig cells. The hilus cells contain an abundant agranular endoplasmic reticulum, which is either organized as a tubular network or as an onion like system of closely packed flattened cisternae sometimes filling up half of a cell and often being concentrated around lipid droplets and pigment granules. The mitochondria have cristae, tubuli and sacculi and a matrix of variable electron density. The golgi cisternae are poorly developed. The cells have centrioles, and there are hints of an amitotic cell division. The cytoplasm of the hilus cells contains lipid droplets, which have a diameter up to 5 μm. The pigment granules are extremely polymorphic, nearly always surrounded by a single membrane. They possibly may be derived from lipid droplets and mitochondria. Single axons of the hilus nerve occasionally penetrate the basement membrane and come into close contact with the hilus cells. Typical synapses were not observed. The results are discussed on the background of light microscopical, biochemical and pathological findings and compared with those obtained on Leydig cells of different species. Various cell images are interpreted to represent progressive stages of maturation.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 336-349 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Flies ; Intermediate retina (Lamina) ; Centrifugal fiber system ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By combining the Golgi and the electronmicroscope techniques it has been possible to identify accurately the system of centrifugal fibers which arborizes in the lamina of muscoid flies forming the so-called nervous bags. Each of them originates from a single fiber entering the lamina at the site in which the second order and the long visual fibers leave it. This single fiber represents the peripheral portion of a T-shaped trunk stemming from a small neuronal body located in the external region of the medulla. The central branch terminates within the first synaptic field of this visual center. After entering the lamina the centrifugal fiber ramifies profusely and its branches can be seen climbing and synapsing on the surface of the photoreceptor axon endings. The synaptic loci show characteristic synaptic ribbons located within the nervous bag fibers. This fact suggests that direction of conduction is from the medulla to the lamina. This study has also revealed that the intramedullar terminals of the centrifugal fibers establish intimate contacts with one of the two second order fiber endings.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 559-568 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Rat ; Synapses ; Postnatal ; Quantitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitation of synapses at different postnatal ages has been undertaken in the cerebral cortex of the rat. In this study axial ratios of presynaptic bags, proportion of cortex occupied by presynaptic bags and numbers of synapses per unit volume of cortex have been estimated. Observations on synaptic vesicle packing densities have also been made. Synaptic bags become increasingly spherical up to 7 days of age and become more elongated thereafter. The proportion of cortex occupied by presynaptic bags increases rapidly up to 7 days of age and then at a decelerated rate up to maturity. The number of synapses per unit volume increases slowly over the first four days after which there is a rapid increase to 14 days, followed by a decelerated rate. The average presynaptic bag shows marked changes in volume with increasing age which indicate the probability of two stages of synaptic development. This two stage development is further reflected in the estimates on vesicle packing densities. The implications of the results are discussed in relationship to changes in functional activity of the cortex during postnatal development.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 195-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptosomes ; Rat cerebral cortex ; Glutaraldehyde/PTA ; Synapses ; Postnatal development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptosomes derived from 2–21 days postnatal rat cerebral cortex have been examined following glutaraldehyde fixation and block PTA staining, with the aim of investigating the maturation of the paramembranous densities at the contact region between the pre- and postsynaptic components. The internal coats of pre- and postsynaptic membranes first appear as undifferentiated plaque-like thickenings, which gradually develop into, or are replaced by, dense projections and postsynaptic focal densities respectively. Both sets of densities pass through an interconnected phase before starting to emerge as discrete entities at 5–7 days. The external coats of the pre- and postsynaptic membranes coalesce to form a plate-like structure which breaks down during development to form the cleft densities or transverse bars of the adult contact region. Although for the first few days of postnatal development only one type of synaptosome can be identified, from 5 days onwards two types corresponding to types A and B of adult life become recognizable. Increase in height of the dense projections has been correlated with increase in the number of synaptic vesicles per synaptosome during postnatal development, indicating that the synaptic vesicles may play a role in the formation and maturation of dense projections. The possible importance of other factors in this process is also discussed.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 404-412 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Innervation ; SA-Node ; Adrenergic and non-adrenergic axons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rabbit SA-node was outlined electrophysiologically and its adrenergic and cholinergic innervation patterns were studied with the electron microscope. Differentiation between adrenergic and cholinergic terminals was achieved by fixation of the specimens in KMnO4 which produces dense-cored synaptic vesicles in adrenergic terminals, whereas synaptic vesicles in cholinergic terminals are empty. It was found that adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals often come in close apposition to each other, the distance between adjoining membranes being in the order of 250 Å. At times, faint membrane thickenings could be seen in these places. The available pharmacological, physiological and morphological evidence leaves little room for doubt that cholinergic terminal fibers can influence the adrenergic ones. From mainly morphological evidence it is also postulated that adrenergic terminals influence cholinergic terminals.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 413-426 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Pars nervosa ; Innervation ; Amphibian
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'éminence médiane et la pars nervosa de Rana esculenta diffèrent du point de vue de leur structure. L'éminence médiane se compose de 2 zones différentes: la zone externe placée près du lobe distal et la zone interne située sous l'épendyme. Dans la zone externe, on distingue, d'après la taille et la forme des grains de sécrétion, 5 types de terminaisons. 1. des terminaisons avec de fins granules sphériques denses de 800 à 1000 Å de diamètre; 2. des terminaisons avec des granules de 1000 à 1200 Å de diamètre; 3. des terminaisons avec des grains de forme irrégulière de diamètre supérieur aux précédents (1200 à 1600 Å); 4. des terminaisons avec de volumineux grains denses sphériques d'environ 1200 à 1800 Å de diamètre; 5. un petit nombre de terminaisons ne contenant que des vésicules. Les terminaisons des catégories 3 et 4 sont probablement du type neurosécrétoire. La zone interne contient de nombreuses fibres neurosécrétrices. Elles sont de 2 types, l'une avec de gros granules (1600–2400 Å), l'autre avec des granules moins volumineux (1300–2000 Å). Des fibres non neurosécrétrices ont également été observées. Dans la pars nervosa, on rencontre deux types principaux de fibres neurosécrétrices, l'une avec des grains denses de 1600 à 2400 Å de diamètre, l'autre avec des grains moins denses d'environ 1300 à 2000 Å de diamètre. Dans la zone externe bordant la pars intermedia des fibres aminergiques avec de fines granulations ont été observées.
    Notes: Summary The median eminence and the pars nervosa of Rana esculenta have a different structure. The median eminence has 2 different zones: the outer zone situated near the pars distalis and the inner zone under the ependyme. In the outer zone there are, according to the size and the shape of the granules, 5 types of nerve terminals. 1. Endings containing spherical fine dense granules of 800 to 1000 Å in diameter; 2. Endings with spherical granules from 1000 to 1200 Å in diameter; 3. Endings with granules of irregular shape which are bigger than the former (1200 to 1600 Å); 4. Endings with spherical dense granules of about 1200 to 1800 Å in diameter; 5. A few endings containing only clear vesicles. Type 3 and type 4 endings are probably neurosecretory. The inner zone contains numerous neurosecretory fibres. They are of two types: one with big granules (1600–2400 Å), the second with smaller granules (1300–2000 Å). Non-neurosecretory fibres have also been observed. The pars nervosa contains two principal types of neurosecretory fibres: one with dense granules of 1600 to 2400 Å in diameter, the other with lighter granules of about 1300 to 2000 Å. In the external zone lining the pars intermedia, aminergic fibres with fine granules have been observed.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 129-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteropneusts ; Nerve fibre ; Neurocord ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nerve fibre layer and the neurocord of the Enteropneusts Saccoglossus horsti, Harrimania kupfferi and Ptychodera flava have been examined with the electron microscope. The nerve fibres vary in diameter between 0.15 to 10 μm. The majority of the fibres are of the smaller diameters. The nerve fibre layer is intraepidermal, and is divided by processes running radially from the epithelial cells to the basement membrane that separates the nerve fibre layer from the muscle cells. The cells of origin of these nerve fibres are situated mainly in the innermost layers of the epidermal cells. The nerve fibre profiles contain numerous vesicles of very varied diameter and contents, together with larger granular inclusions that are also found in the nerve cell bodies. Morphologically recognisable synapses are rare, but the majority of fibres are in intimate contact with one another. Sometimes the mass of fibres is divided into bundles by the epithelial cell processes. The majority of giant fibres are situated near to the basement membrane of the neurocord. The giant fibres also have a varied content of vesicles as well as neurofilaments and neurotubules. The central canal in Ptychodera flava and the remnants of the central canal in Saccoglossus horsti are both lined by columnar cells that bear microvilli as well as cilia with the typical 9 + 2 pattern of tubules. Scattered amongst these cells are mucus secreting cells which open into the cavity of the canal.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 365-381 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insects ; Brain ; Corpora pedunculata ; Mushroom bodies ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Stiele der Corpora pedunculata im Gehirn von Acheta domesticus L. weisen eine Zonierung auf, die auf einer bestimmten Gruppierung von Globulizellfasertypen in der Stielsäule beruht. 2. Pilzkörperfremde Fasern durchziehen das Stielneuropil in allen Richtungen. Sie sind besonders klar zu erkennen, wenn sie senkrecht zu den Globulizellfasern verlaufen. 3. Sog. chemische Synapsen treten hauptsächlich in der Zone III, die den größten Teil des Stielvolumens einnimmt, und im basalen Stiel in der Zone IV auf. Außer synaptischen Vesikeln, die sich mit Zinkjodid-Osmiumsäure imprägnieren lassen, finden sich in den Pilzkörperfasern zahlreiche osmiophile Grana vom Typ der „dense core vesicles“. 4. Globulizellfasern sind mit pilzkörperfremden Fasern im Stiel synaptisch verknüpft. Sehr wahrscheinlich konvergieren im unteren Stielteil Globulizellfasern auf postsynaptische extrinsische Fortsätze. Wahrscheinlich haben auch Globulizellfasern untereinander synaptischen Kontakt. 5. Synaptische SpezialStrukturen (elektronendichte Auflagerungen, Massierungen von synaptischen Vesikeln) finden sich größtenteils in den anliegenden Winkeln von zwei benachbarten Axonen. Oftmals kann eine Entscheidung über die Polarisierung der Synapsen nicht getroffen werden. 6. Die verschiedenen Fasertypen und ihre Kontakte über Synapsen werden im Hinblick auf die Funktion der Corpora pedunculata diskutiert, die nach verbreiteter Ansicht assoziative Hirnzentren verkörpern.
    Notes: Summary 1. The stalk of the mushroom-bodies (Corpora pedunculata) of the cricket Acheta domesticus L. is composed of nerve fibers from different types of globuli cells. These fibers are arranged into four groups. 2. Extrinsic nerve fibers run through the pedunculus neuropil in different directions. 3. Synapses occur primarily in stalk zone III and in basic stalk parts of zone IV. Intrinsic nerve fibers of globuli cells contain synaptic vesicles, which stain with ZIO-impregnation (Akert and Sandri, 1968), and dense core vesicles. 4. Intrinsic and extrinsic nerve fibers make synaptic contacts. There is some evidence, that globuli cell fibers interact by chemical synapses too. 5. Special synaptic structures such as electron dense projections and accumulations of vesicles are situated predominantly in the angles of two neighbouring axons. The question of synaptic polarization can not always be resolved. 6. The different fiber types and their synaptic contacts are discussed with respect to the function of the corpora pedunculata. The results support the general view, that mushroom bodies represent an important brain center for association.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 538-542 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eye ; Iris ; Melanophores ; Innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nerve supply to the iridic melanophores of the rat was studied with the electron microscope. The adrenergic and cholinergic terminals were identified with the aid of 5-hydroxydopamine, which produces dense-cored 400–800 Å synaptic vesicles in adrenergic axon varicosities, whereas the synaptic vesicles of cholinergic axons remain empty. It was found that both adrenergic and cholinergic terminal axons come in close apposition (200–250 Å) with the melanophores. The appositions have the same appearance as synapses in peripheral tissues. It seems likely that the murine iridic melanophores have a double innervation, although its functional significance is obscure.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 48-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptosomes ; Glutaraldehyde/PTA ; Synapses ; Octopus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Octopus synaptosomes have been examined after glutaraldehyde fixation and phosphotungstic acid (PTA) staining of non-osmicated tissue. The results concentrate on the appearance of the contact region between the presynaptic component of synaptosomes and their postsynaptic processes. Membranes have a triple-layered appearance, consisting of an electronopaque internal coat, an electrontranslucent band and an electronopaque external coat. Good examples of this are found in synaptosomal, dendritic and axonal membranes. At specialized synaptic contact regions the external coats of the pre- and postsynaptic membranes coalesce to form a prominent synaptic plate, which has a width of 18 nm and is subdivided into zones of varying electronopacity. It is suggested that this plate is formed from the specialized external coat of the postsynaptic membrane and the unspecialized external coat of the presynaptic membrane. Presynaptic spicules extend from the internal coat of the presynaptic membrane. They are closely associated with elements of the presynaptic network. It is suggested that the synaptic plate is probably composed of mucopolysaccharides, while the relation of the plate to acetylcholinesterase is discussed. It is proposed that functional localization at the synapse is less precise in octopus than vertebrates.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 276-302 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Passer domesticus ; Synapses ; Nervous pathway ; Sympathetic innervation ; Photo-neuro-endocrine organ
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Parenchym der Epiphysis cerebri von Passer domesticus kommen Nervenzellen vor. Ihre Neuriten ziehen im langgestreckten Epiphysenstiel zur Commissura habenularum. Im proximalen Endabschnitt des Epiphysenstiels wird ein Teil dieser Fasern myelinisiert. Zwischen die Nervenfasern schieben sich zahlreiche Pinealocytenausläufer; synaptische Bänder helfen die letzteren eindeutig zu identifizieren. Im Bereich der synaptischen Bänder liegen: 1. 300 Å Vesikel, 2. 300 Å Vesikel und 800–1200 Å Granula, 3. nur 800–1200 Å große granulierte Vesikel. Die Tatsache, daß in Pinealocytenausläufern nebeneinander synaptische Bänder und Granula vorkommen, und daß apikal in zilientragenden Zellen ebenfalls Granula nachweisbar sind, spricht dafür, daß bei Passer domesticus ein Pinealzelltyp sensorische und sekretorische Strukturmerkmale besitzen kann. Außerdem werden Kontaktsynapsen beobachtet; ihre praesynaptischen Fasern enthalten die gleichen Strukturelemente wie die Fasern mit synaptischen Bändern. Die Zahl der Mikrofibrillen und Mikrotubuli variiert in den Pinealocytenausläufern, in den postsynaptischen Dendriten und in den Neuriten so stark, daß es mitunter schwierig ist, diese Fortsatztypen einwandfrei zu unterscheiden und die Zahl der zum Gehirn ziehenden Neuriten exakt zu ermitteln. Efferente sympathische Nervenfasern dringen in die Bindegewebssepten der Epiphyse ein. Sie enthalten Granula mit einem Durchmesser von 300–500 Å und 800–1200 Å. Nach Injektion von Nialamid zeigen beide Granulatypen einen elektronendichten Kern. Mikrospektrographisch ist Serotonin und Noradrenalin in diesen Nervenfasern nachweisbar. Das Material dieser Studie enthält keinen fluoreszenzmikroskopischen oder elektronenmikroskopischen Hinweis darauf, daß die sympathischen Nervenfasern durch die Basalmembran in den Zellverband des Epiphysenparenchyms eintreten. Im elektronenmikroskopischen Bild haben manche Pinealocytenausläufer eine Ähnlichkeit mit autonomen Nervenfasern. Die funktionelle Bedeutung der Vogelepiphyse als photo-neuro-endokrines Organ wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The pineal organ of Passer domesticus contains nerve cells within its parenchyma. Axons of the nerve cells run within the elongated stalk of the pineal organ to the habenular commissure. At the proximal end of the stalk, some axons become myelinated. In the stalk, the axons intermingle with pinealocyte processes containing synaptic ribbons. The synaptic ribbons are in contact with (1) vesicles with a diameter of 300 Å; (2) 300 Å diameter vesicles and 800–1,200 Å diameter dense-core granules; or (3) the dense-core granules only. Dense-core granules are also present in pinealocytes with 9+0 type cilia. These results suggest that sensory and secretory structures are present in the same pineal cell type. Furthermore, “conventional” synapses are present between receptor and nerve cells: The presynaptic fibers have the same structure as the fibers containing synaptic ribbons. The numbers of microfibrils and microtubules vary among postsynaptic fibers (dendrites), the pinealocyte processes, and the neurites. Thus it is difficult to obtain an exact count of the number of axons running to the brain. Efferent sympathetic nerve fibers enter the pineal organ associated with the connective tissue surrounding blood vessels. The fibers show granules of 300–500 Å diameter or 800–1,200 Å diameter. After nialamide injection, both types of granules contain a dense core. Microspectrographically serotonin and noradrenaline are demonstrated in the sympathetic nerve fibers. There is no evidence found in the material of this study to suggest that sympathetic nerve fibers perforate the basement membrane and enter the parenchymal cell complexes of the pineal organ. Pinealocyte processes and sympathetic nerve fibers often show a very similar ultrastructural pattern. The role of the avian pineal organ in photo-neuro-endocrine regulation is discussed.
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