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  • Drosophila melanogaster  (55)
  • Springer  (55)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Frontiers Media
  • 2020-2022
  • 1985-1989  (54)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1970-1974  (1)
  • 1987  (24)
  • 1985  (30)
  • 1982
  • 1970  (1)
Collection
Keywords
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  • 2020-2022
  • 1985-1989  (54)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1970-1974  (1)
  • 1980-1984  (9)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature-dependent responses to a developmental gradient in theDrosophila wing (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1346-1347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Positional information ; temperature effects ; gradients ; campaniform sensillae ; wing veins ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mutant hairy (h) increases the number of sensillae on theDrosophila wing. This allows us to quantify a gradient that determines the type of sense organ that forms along the third long vein. Temperature significantly shifts the positional responses to this underlying gradient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952088
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of DDT on DNA replication in the larval salivary gland cells ofDrosophila melanogaster (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 745-746 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; salivary gland ; larval ; DNA replication ; DDT ; chromosomes ; polytene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inhibitory effect of DDT on the initial stage of the DNA replication process in polytene chromosomes of larval salivary gland cells ofDrosophila melanogaster was investigated and possible mechanisms for the inhibition are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02012576
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acetaldehyde oxidation inDrosophila null-mutants for alcohol dehydrogenase (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 946-948 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Acetaldehyde oxydation ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; aldehyde dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Drosophila simulans ; ethanol catabolism ; null-mutants for alcohol dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is demonstrated in four strains ofD. melanogaster lacking active alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-null mutants). In the four strains, ALDH activities are similar to those found in a wild strain. It is concluded that ADH-null flies are able to detoxify acetaldehyde. This finding is discussed in relation with the dual function of ADH proposed recently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01970027
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of intercalating mutagens on crossing-over inDrosophila melanogaster females (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1078-1079 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; intercalating mutagens ; crossing-over ; clastogenic activity ; recombination induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to evaluate the effect of several intercalating compounds on crossing-over inDrosophila melanogaster females, acridine orange, acriflavine, chloroquine, ethidium bromide and quinacrine were fed separately to larvae ofy ct f/+++ genotype. Our results show that acridine orange, acriflavine and ethidium bromide increase significantly the recombination frequency at thect-f region and support the view that, for intercalating agents, there is a relationship between clastogenic activity and female recombination induction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952152
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further studies onengrailed mutants inDrosophila melanogaster (1985)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 236-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; engrailed ; Selector gene ; Genetic complementation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In 1975, Morata and Lawrence proposed that theengrailed (en) locus was a selector gene that controlled the different pathways of development followed by anterior and posterior compartments. This hypothesis assumed that the phenotype ofen 1 flies results from partial inactivity of theen + product. However, the mutant phenotype ofen 1/DF(2R)en − is weaker thanen 1/en 1. This implies that the partial P→A transformation ofen 1 does not result primarily from reduction inen + activity. Heterozygotes betweenl(2) en alleles andDf(2R)en − deletions express a similar phenotype of fused embryonic segments to that described by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus, and also by Kornberg, forl(2) en homozygoes. By this criterion, the lethal phenotype results from partial or complete lack ofen _ activity. Despite this, the1(2) en alleles give only a weak P→A transformation, whether recovered as embryonic lethals or by failure to complementen 1. They appear to define only one locus and, with the exception ofen 1, the available genetic date suggest that the complementation pattern at this locus is simple. Thus, it is unlikely thatengrailed is the sole determinant of the A/P compartment separation. It might be one of a number of loci that affect the alternative pathways followed by anterior and posterior compartments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848252
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic studies of mutations at two loci of Drosophila melanogaster which cause a wide variety of homeotic transformations (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 231-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Imaginal discs ; Lethal mutants ; Homeosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ash-1 locus is in the proximal region of the left arm of the third chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster and the ash-2 locus is in the distal region of the right arm of the third chromosome. Mutations at either locus can cause homeotic transformations of the antenna to leg, proboscis to leg and/or antenna, dorsal prothorax to wing, first and third leg to second leg, haltere to wing, and genitalia to leg and/or antenna. Mutations at the ash-1 locus cause, in addition, transformations of the posterior wing and second leg to anterior wing and second leg, respectively. A similar spectrum of transformations is caused by mutations at yet another third chromosome locus, trithorax. One extraordinary aspect of mutations at all three of these loci is that they cause such a wide variety of transformations. For mutations at both of the loci that we have studied the expression of the homeotic phenotype is both disc-autonomous (as shown by injecting mutant discs into metamorphosing larvae) and cell autonomous (as shown by somatic recombination analysis). The original mutations which identified these two loci, although lethal, manifest variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance of the homeotic phenotype suggesting that they are hypomorphic. The phenotype of double mutants which were synthesized by combining different pairs of those original mutations manifest for two of the four pairs a greater degree of expressivity and slightly more penetrance of the homeotic transformations. This mutual enhancement suggests that the products of both loci interact in the same process. A third double mutant expresses a discless phenotype. Additional alleles have been recovered at both the ash-1 and the ash-2 loci. Some of these alleles as homozygotes or transheterozygotes express the wide range of transformations revealed first by double mutants. One of the alleles at the ash-1 locus when homozygous and several transheterozygous pairs can cause either the homeotic transformation of discs or the absence of those discs. The fact that these two defects, absence of specific discs and homeotic transformations of those same discs can be caused by mutations within a single gene suggests that the activity of the product of this gene is essential for normal imaginal disc cell proliferation. Loss of that activity leads to the absence of discs, whereas, reduction of that activity leads to homeotic transformations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376347
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pattern of proliferation of the neuroblasts in the wild-type embryo of Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 473-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Proliferation ; Neuroblasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pattern of neuroblast divisions was studied in thoracic and abdominal neuromeres of wild-type Drosophila melanogaster embryos stained with a monoclonal antibody directed against a chromatin-associated antigen. Since fixed material was used, our conclusions are based upon the statistical evaluation of a large number of accurately staged embryos, covering the stages between the formation of the cephalic furrow up to shortened germ band. Our observations point to a rather stereotypic pattern of proliferation, consisting of several parasynchronous cycles of division. The data suggest that all SI neuroblasts divide at least eight times, all SII neuroblasts six or seven times and all SIII neuroblasts at least five times. This conclusion is based on the mapping of mitotic neuroblasts and is supported by the progressive reduction of the neuroblast volume and by the results of cell countings performed on embryos of increasing age. No conclusive evidence was obtained concerning the fate of the neuroblasts after their last mitosis, i.e. it cannot be decided whether the neuroblasts degenerate or become incorporated as inconspicuous cells in the larval ventral cord. The duration of the cycles of division of the neuroblasts was found to be 40–50 min each, while in the case of ganglion mother cells about 100 min are required to complete one cell cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399871
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensory projections from dorsal and ventral appendages inDrosophila grafted to the same site are different (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1607-1609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Neuronal specificity ; sensory projections ; serial homology ; ectopic transplantation ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Owing to a new transplantation technique, we have been able to study the sensory projections of homologous and heterologous appendages grafted to the same abdominal site inD. melanogaster. Axons from homologous transplants exhibit similar terminal patterns, whereas those from heterologous transplants do not. It is suggested that ectopic sensory axons specifically recognized central areas and pathways occupied by axons from homologous appendages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01964832
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drosophila melanogaster aldehyde dehydrogenase (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 57-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; aldehyde dehydrogenase ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Subcellular fractionation by differential centrifugation confirms the presence of aldehyde dehydrogenase inD. melanogaster. It is found principally in the heavy mitochondrial fraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02005872
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Genetic load and effective size of natural populations ofDrosophila melanogaster in Korea (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 127-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; second chromosome ; drastics ; genetic load ; population size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of 750 second chromosomes ofDrosophila melanogaster on viability was studied. 19.3% of them proved letal or semilethal (=drastics) in homozygous condition. Compared to data obtained in previous years at the same sampling site, a significant frequency decrease of drastics during the past decade could be observed. The dynamic processes taking place in the Korean wild populations ofD. melanogaster are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02005911
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Mobile gene localization and viability inDrosophila melanogaster (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1474-1476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mobile elements ; inbreeding ; in situ hybridization ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location of the mobile element mdg-1 was determined by in situ hybridization in salivary gland chromosomes ofDrosophila melanogaster. The locations of mdg-1 are nonrandom and some ‘hot spots’ exist. Moreover, the spectra of mdg-1 locations vary with the viability values of the families from which the larvae originated. This suggests that particular frequency spectra are associated with lethality resulting from inbreeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01950044
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue distribution of malic enzyme-NADP+ inD. melanogaster imaginal discs (1985)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Malic enzyme ; Distribution patterns ; Imaginal discs ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The spatial distribution patterns of malic enzyme-NADP+ (ME) inDrosophila melanogaster imaginal discs and other structures were demonstrated histochemically. Staining in the imaginal discs was limited to specific areas where intense reactions occurred primarily in differentiating structures. The eye-antennal disc possessed the most distinctive staining pattern. The ommatidial preclusters and clusters of the eye portion both stained, with heavier deposition in mature clusters. Staining in the preclusters closest to the morphogenetic furrow (MF) was obscured by a band of stained cells on either side of the MF that extends dorsoventrally across the disc. The ME low activity mutantMen NCl showed a dramatic reduction in staining of this band of cells but had no visible effect on eye morphogenesis. The larval optic nerve which traverses the entire length of the eye-antennal disc was a consistently stained feature. Two structures specifically stained in the leg discs. The most prominent was the chordotonal organ, while the second was a larval nerve extending the length of the disc. Limited staining was observed in the wing disc. No ME staining could be detected in the labial disc or haltere disc. Even though the genital discs did not stain for ME, the enzyme was induced sometime during the pupal stage since intense staining was noted in several adult internal genital disc derived structures. In general, ME staining in imaginal discs was associated with structures from the nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848249
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aberrant oogenesis in the patterning mutant dicephalic of Drosophila melanogaster: time-lapse recordings and volumetry in vitro (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 279-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Mutant oogenesis ; Time-lapse filming ; Maternal effect ; Pattern formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila females homozygous for the mutation dicephalic occasionally produce ovarian follicles with a nurse-cell cluster on each oocyte pole (dic follicles). Most dic follicles contain 15 nurse cells as in the normal follicle, but the total nurse-cell volume is larger in dic follicles; this is in keeping with the increase in DNA content recently described. However, the relative increase in oocyte volume during nurse-cell regression (from stage 10B onward) is not significantly larger in dic than in normal follicles. Time-lapse recordings in vitro show that, as a rule, both nurse cell clusters in a dic follicle export cytoplasm to the oocyte but nurse-cell regression remains incomplete at both poles and the persisting remnants of the nurse cells cause anomalies in chorion shape. The kinematics of cytoplasmic transfer are less aberrant at that oocyte pole which harbours the germinal vesicle. Possible links are discussed between these anomalies of oogenesis and the double-anterior embryonic patterns observed in the majority of developing dic eggs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395950
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Intrapopulational genetic variation in the hybridization betweenDrosophila melanogaster females andD. simulans males (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 106-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Drosophila simulans ; intrapopulational variation ; interspecific crossing ; hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intrapopulational variation on interspecific crossing ability betweenD. melanogaster andD. simulans has been measured. When themelanogaster females andsimulans males were crossed, hybridization ranged from 3 to 34%, the female component of variation being more important than the male component. This point is discussed in relation with the role played by each sex in sexual isolation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02005900
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of drastic mutants in selection lines for resistance to the insecticides dichlorvos and malathion inDrosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 1122-1123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; dichlorvos ; malathion ; viability tests ; drastic mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Viability tests were performed on second and third chromosomes from lines ofDrosophila melanogaster selected for increased resistance to the organophosphorus insecticides dichlorvos and malathion, in order to evaluate the accumulation of drastic alleles. Our results show that malathion reduces significantly the relative viability of chromosome 3 and also increases the frequency of drastic alleles in this chromosome, while dichlorvos increases significnatly the frequency of drastic alleles in chromosome 2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01956059
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yolk polypeptide gene expression in Minute Drosophila females (1985)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 363-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Minute mutations ; yolk polypeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Minutes have been considered for some time to be mutant at the sites of synthesis of some components of the protein synthetic apparatus. To study the hypothetical relationship between Minutes and suboptimal translation, a group of abundant proteins, the yolk polypeptides, was assayed in outcrossed females bearing M(3)w, M(3)h y , or M(1)n mutations. Recently emerged Minute females contained a lower amount of yolk polypeptides, in both ovarian and nonovarian tissues, than their non-Minute sisters. This low level correlated with the lower abundance of cytoplasmic RNA in Minutes compared to control females. By 1 week of age, both M(3)w and their non-Minute sibs contained the same amount of yolk polypeptides and the corresponding mRNA. The double heterozygote, ap 4/+;M(3)w/+, did not differ in yolk polypeptide content from control flies. M(3)w females demonstrated reduced fecundity during the period of low yolk polypeptide content but gradually increased egg deposition as yolk polypeptide levels rose. These results suggest that the low protein levels are due to the slower maturation of M(3)w, and not to less efficient translation machinery.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499080
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Naturally occurring quantitative variants of acid phosphatase-1 in Drosophila melanogaster (1985)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 465-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; acid phosphatase ; gene regulation ; quantitative variants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have examined 111 wild Drosophila melanogaster lines for cis-acting quantitative variants of the Acph-1 gene, which codes for acid phosphatase-1 (ACPH). Three variants with obvious, reproducible phenotypes were isolated. All variants acted equally on all tissues and developmental stages examined. No recombinants were detected between one quantitative variant and the site determining the electrophoretic mobility of Acph-1 among 3885 flies examined. Several enzymatic properties of the variant enzymes were tested, including the K m values for two substrates, inhibition by three different inhibitors, and thermal stability; the variant enzymes behaved identically to the wild-type enzyme in all cases. Immunological titration experiments showed that the variant enzymes had the same enzyme activity per molecule of ACPH as the wild-type enzyme. These results suggest that the quantitative variants we have identified are altered in the regulatory portion of Acph-1 so as to produce altered numbers of normal ACPH molecules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499087
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Electrophoretic and heat-stability polymorphism at the phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) locus in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster (1985)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: phosphoglucomutase ; Drosophila melanogaster ; thermostability allozymes ; geographic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic polymorphism for electrophoretic and heat-sensitive alleles is known at the phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) locus in Drosophila melanogaster. Analysis of the distribution of electrophoretic and thermosensitive (ts) alleles was carried out in natural populations from Canada and West Africa and compared with already known data on Italian populations [Trippa, G., Loverre, A., and Catamo, A. (1976). Nature 260:42]. The data show the existence of five common alleles, Pgm 1.00,tr, Pgm 1,00,ts, Pgm 0.70,ts, Pgm 1.20,ts, and Pgm 1.50,tr, and two rare alleles, Pgm 0.55,ts and Pgm 1.20,tr. The most frequent allele is always Pgm 1.00,tr; the second most common allele is always of the ts type. The cumulated frequencies of ts alleles in the populations varies between 11 and 32%. The heat stability polymorphism is present in all populations examined and shows again the uniform geographic pattern that has been found for electrophoretic variation at this locus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499110
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    The alcohol dehydrogenase alleloenzymes AdhS and AdhF from the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster: An enzymatic rate assay to determine the active-site concentration (1985)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 205-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster ; alleloenzymes ; active-site titration ; enzymatic rate assay ; catalytic-center activity ; enzymology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A rapid and reproducible enzymatic rate assay for the quantitative determination of the concentration of active sites is presented for the alleloenzymes AdhS and AdhF from Drosophila melanogaster. Using this procedure the turnover numbers as catalytic-center activities were found to be 12.2 sec−1 for AdhF and 3.4 sec−1 for AdhS with secondary alcohols. This showed a slower dissociation of the coenzyme from the binary enzyme-NADH complex with AdhS and hence a stronger binding of NADH to this alleloenzyme. With ethanol, the catalytic-center activity was 1.4 sec−1 for AdhS and 2.8 sec−1 for AdhF, and hence the single amino acid mutation distinguishing the two alleloenzymes also affected hydride transfer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504319
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  • 20
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    Enzyme polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster populations in Iraq (1985)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 321-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: polymorphism ; Drosophila melanogaster ; esterase-6 ; phosphoglucomutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic studies of the degree and pattern of polymorphism at two third-chromosome loci, esterase-6 (Est-6) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM), were carried out in three Drosophila melanogaster populations collected from different localities in Iraq: Mosul, Tuwaitha, and Basrah. The results show that only the Tuwaitha population was polymorphic for both loci; the other two populations were polymorphic for Est-6 and monomorphic for PGM. The allele frequency changes at both loci were followed for 20 generations in an experimental cage derived from the Tuwaitha population; it was found that there is a deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at both loci toward the homozygote.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504328
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Three purine auxotrophic loci on the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster (1985)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 539-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; purines ; auxotrophs ; adenosine ; guanosine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mutations at three second-chromosomal loci of Drosophila melanogaster have been isolated, mapped, and shown to be purine nucleoside auxotrophs. Two of the loci, adenosine2 and adenosine3, located at map positions 18.4 and 20, respectively, produce mutations which are supplementable with adenine, adenosine, and inosine. Guanosine supplements mutations at the burgundy locus (55.7); this locus was described previously through a pteridine eye-color defect but identified as an auxotrophic locus after the isolation of a new allele, bur gua2-1 . The mutation ade2-1 also has defective pteridine metabolism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504289
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  • 22
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    Genetic and physiological parameters associated with cadmium toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster (1985)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 571-583 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; cadmium ingestion ; cadmium excretion ; genetics of cadmium toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two strains of Drosophila melanogaster represent the extremes in resistance and sensitivity to the lethal effects of CdCl2. The strain containing the mutations vermilion and brown (v; bw) and the strain Austin had LC50's of 3.3 and 1.3mm CdCl2, respectively. The three major chromosomes from these two strains were assorted genetically into the six possible combinations. The measured LC50's for CdCl2 for these six genotypes fell into two groups according to the X chromosome; those containing the X chromosome from v; bw had LC50's 0.5–1.0mm greater than those in which the X chromosome was from Austin. Since the parent strains differed by 2mm, we suggest that the X chromosome is a major, but not the sole, site of genes to produce resistance to CdCl2. When 109Cd was in the diet the uptake by v; bw and Austin over 2 days was the same. After 4 days of uptake, the Austin strain excreted the 109Cd five times faster than v; bw but the six genotypes did not differ appreciably in excretion rate from one another and resembled the sensitive parent Austin more than the resistant one. Thus a second process is indicated that distinguishes resistance to CdCl2 that apparently is not associated with the X chromosome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504291
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    The effects of recessive lethal Notch mutations of Drosophila melanogaster on flavoprotein enzyme activities whose inhibitions cause Notch-like phenocopies (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 7-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Notch locus ; wing morphology ; phenocopies ; choline dehydrogenase ; dihydroorotate dehydrogenase ; xanthine dehydrogenase (O2) ; sarcosine dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical action of the Notch locus whose mutants cause morphological aberrations in flies, viz., notches of wings and bristle multiplication, has been analyzed (1) by the addition to the food medium of enzyme inhibitors causing phenocopies of Notch and (2) by comparison of enzyme activity patterns of Notch mutants with different degrees of phenotypic expression. Notch phenocopies were induced by inhibitors of enzyme activities in two biochemical pathways: (1) the de novo pyrimidine synthesis by 5-methylorotate (inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase) and (2) the choline shunt by amobarbital (inhibits choline dehydrogenase) and methoxyacetate (inhibits sarcosine dehydrogenase). The inhibition of de novo pyrimidine synthesis prevents the production of deoxyuridine-5-phosphate, the substrate for the synthesis of thymidine-5-phosphate via thymidylate synthase, whereas the inhibition of the choline shunt prevents the production of HCHO groups and glycine, both of which are involved in the synthesis of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, which is a cofactor of thymidylate synthase. It was already known that the inhibition of the latter enzyme in vivo induces Notch phenocopies. Notch mutants with a strong morphological expression show low enzyme activities for dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and choline dehydrogenase. Both are flavoprotein enzymes linked to the respiratory chain. The correspondence between the low enzyme activities in Notch mutants with a strong morphological expression and the phenocopying effect of antimetabolites on these enzymes in the two biochemical pathways involved strongly suggests that the morphological effects of Notch on flies are a consequence of lowered activities of choline dehydrogenase and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498948
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    Contrasting patterns of geographic variation in the cosmopolitan sibling species Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 27-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: population ; Drosophila melanogaster ; D. simulans ; electrophoresis ; heterozygosity, allozymes ; genetic strategies ; adaptation ; bottleneck effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An electrophoretic study was carried out to compare the geographic pattern of genetic variation in Drosophila simulans with that of its sibling species, Drosophila melanogaster. An identical set of 32 gene-protein loci was studied in four geographically distant populations of D. simulans and two populations of D. melanogaster, all originating from Europe and Africa. The comparison yielded the following results: (1) tropical populations of D. simulans were, in terms of the number of unique alleles, average heterozygosity per locus, and percentage of loci polymorphic, more variable than conspecific-temperate populations; (2) some loci in both species showed interpopulation differences in allele frequencies that suggest latitudinal clines; and (3) temperate-tropical genetic differentiation between populations was much less in D. simulans than in D. melanogaster. Similar differences between these two species have previously been shown for chromosomal, quantitative, physiological, and middle-repetitive DNA variation. Estimates of N m (number of migrants per generation) from the spatial distribution of rare alleles suggest that both species have similar levels of interpopulation gene flow. These observations lead us to propose two competing hypotheses: the low level of geographic differentiation in D. simulans is due to its evolutionarily recent worldwide colonization and, alternatively, D. simulans has a narrower niche than D. melanogaster. Geographic variation data on different genetic elements (e.g., mitochondrial DNA, two-dimensional proteins, etc.) are required before these hypotheses can be adequately tested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498949
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    Historical effective size and the level of genetic diversity in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila pseudoobscura (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 41-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: population bottleneck ; Drosophila melanogaster ; D. pseudoobscura ; genetic variation ; sequential gel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We report the results of a sequential gel electrophoretic study of protein variation in Drosophila melanogaster and its comparison with D. pseudoobscura. The number of alleles and mean heterozygosity were lower in D. melanogaster than in D. pseudoobscura. On the other hand, geographical populations of Drosophila melanogaster have been shown to be much more differentiated than those of D. pseudoobscura. The results suggest that in D. melanogaster low-frequency alleles have been lost during the colonization process and that major alleles have become differentiated among populations. Population bottlenecks, due to various causes, appear to have played a significant role in the shaping of genetic variation in natural populations of many species. It is proposed that a comparison of genetic variation at homologous gene loci between related species can bring out effects of historical bottlenecks and provide an alternative approach for analyzing causes of genetic variation in natural populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498950
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    Subcellular localization of isozyme variants of acetylcholinesterase during the life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 779-788 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; acetylcholinesterase ; particularization ; 20-OH-ecdysone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Particulate and soluble acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (EC 3.1.1.7) activities were measured and the pattern of isozyme variants was established by acetylthiocholine and α-naphthyl acetate staining during the life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster. The compartmentalization and the pattern of AChE forms changed very little with the development of the fly. The AChE isozyme variants are greatly reduced or abolished in embryos homozygous for Ace 126, a representative mutant of the AChE region. One of the isozyme variants was suppressed by 20-OH-ecdysone treatment in first-instar larvae without affecting the viability. The comparison of the map of AChE variants and the known transcript of the AChE gene in embryos are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502598
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    Purification of the glutamine synthetase II isozyme of Drosophila melanogaster and structural and functional comparison of glutamine synthetases I and II (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 821-836 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; glutamine synthetase isozymes ; structural comparison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Glutamine synthetase II was purified from Drosophila melanogaster adults. It was completely separable from the isozyme glutamine synthetase I by means of DEAE chromatography. The complete enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 360,000. After two-dimensional electrophoresis it gave a single molecular species with an apparent molecular weight of 42,000. Structural analysis of the two isozymes showed that they are different both in subunit molecular weight and in isoelectric point. Peptide maps of the purified subunits showed considerable dissimilarity. Glutamine synthetase II is more active than glutamine synthetase I in the transferase assay, while the opposite is true in the biosynthetic assay. The kinetic parameters were determined, showing again noteworthy differences between the two isozymes. We therefore conclude that two forms of glutamine synthetase are present in Drosophila, with different primary structures, different kinetic behavior, and the possibility of different functional properties.
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    Structural analysis of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from severalDrosophila species (1985)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 801-814 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; D. hydei ; D. immigrans ; D. mercatorum ; glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; peptide mapping ; amino acid sequencing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This report describes preliminary protein structural studies of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPDH) fromDrosophila spp. and an important innovative feature of our enzyme purification protocol. The scheme involves the coupling of substrate (α-glycerophosphate) elution from CM-Sephadex and cofactor (NADH) elution from Affi-Gel blue resin. Using this method a 32.7% yield and a 111-fold purification were obtained from aD. melanogaster line carrying the α-Gpdh S allele at the α-Gpdh locus. The product obtained from 0 to 3-day-old adult flies was electrophoretically homogeneous and consisted mainly of the adult α-GPDH-1 isozyme. The method was used to obtain α-GPDH protein fromD. melanogaster (two lines),D. hydei, D. immigrans, andD. mercatorum. Peptide mapping revealed structural differences among the enzymes from the different species, and amino acid sequencing showed many similarities betweenD. melanogaster α-GPDH and the rabbit muscle enzyme.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02399410
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    Validating time-sampled observations of courtship inDrosophila melanogaster for behavior genetic analysis (1985)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 15 (1985), S. 31-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: courtship elements ; time sampling ; strain differences ; virgin and fertilized females ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A time-sampling method is described, which permits simultaneous observation of male courtship behavior in large numbers of single-pair matings ofDrosophila melanogaster. Validation by direct comparison with continuous observation showed that time-sampling yielded high-quality information for the discrete components of the courtship sequence. The method was shown to be sensitive to the difference in courtship intensity caused by exposure to virgin or mated females and it characterized male courtship of four lines ofD. melanogaster. The economy of the method makes courtship behavior amenable to the detailed genotype-environment analyses of biometrical genetics.
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    Relation between the genetic variability of digging behavior ofDrosophila larvae and their susceptibility to a parasitic wasp (1985)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 15 (1985), S. 143-154 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; digging behavior ; larval depth concealment ; parasitic success
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract TwoDrosophila strains were compared with respect to the behavior of their larvae on food substrate: a wild-type strain (D) from the West Indies exhibited digging behavior, while a laboratory strain (S), bearing theebony mutation, remained on the surface. Chromosome transfers showed this difference to be due mainly to autosomes. There was a significant difference between the two strains in the proportions of larvae parasitized by a cynipid wasp. This was not due to theebony mutation or to other traits such as larval size, cuticle thickness, and speed of development. Chromosome transfers demonstrated a significant role of the three major chromosomes in the susceptibility to the parasite. A clear parallelism was found between the susceptibility to parasitization and the proportion of surface larvae. The depth of concealment of the larvae in the food matter appears to be a favorable behavioral strategy for escaping parasite attacks. The possible adaptive significance of genetic variations in larval behavior is discussed.
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    Prepupation behavior inDrosophila: Embedding (1985)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 15 (1985), S. 155-164 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: prepupation behavior ; Drosophila melanogaster ; embedding ; chromosomal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A newD. Melanogaster prepupation behavior, “embedding,” is described. Prior to pupation, some larvae burrow through the agar and pupate at the end of the burrowed tunnel with the posterior end of their body embedded in the agar. Embedding behavior is studied in laboratory-and field-derived stocks under two light regimes and in two test dishes. The chromosomal constitution of the strains (in particular the third pair of autosomes) significantly affected differences in embedding behavior. Differences in embedding behavior were also affected by light regime but not by test dish.
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    The aging effect on male mating activity inDrosophila melanogaster (1985)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 15 (1985), S. 297-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: mating activity ; aging ; selection ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Noncompetitive mating activity for young (3-day) and old (28-day) Drosophila melanogaster males was measured under chromosomally homozygous and heterozygous conditions. Old males were consistently less active than young ones under both conditions. Three of 29 homozygous lines exhibited sterility due to aging. Virility at the old age did not correlate with that at the young age. Differences among homozygous lines were highly significant for old and young males, indicating a genetic basis for the trait. Individual variation in “old” virility was shown to be much higher than that in young males.
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    The ontogeny of sex appeal inDrosophila melanogaster males (1987)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; sexual behavior ; courtship ; homosexual behavior ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster males are sexually attractive when they are young, but they elicit very little courtship when they are 2–3 days old. We have shown that males from a Canton-S stock start to lose their sex appeal between 3 and 4 h after they eclose from their pupal cases because they have begun to synthesizecis-vaccenyl acetate, an inhibitory pheromone, by that time. Later, when the young males are between 20 and 24 h old, mature males perform even less courtship because the young males have begun to produce less of a courtship-stimulating pheromone.
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    Locomotor activity in theTyr-1 mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 503-512 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; locomotor activity ; stimulated activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The genetics and neurochemistry of locomotor activity inDrosophila have received increasing attention, although no precise relationship has been formulated, and researchers have not always distinguished the various forms of activity. In the present research, using the dopamine-deficientTyr-1 mutant, we demonstrate that it is possible to operationally define and provide separate measures of spontaneous activity and reactivity and have also isolated a third, distinct, category of locomotor activity which we term “stimulated” activity. Our data indicate thatTyr-1 mutants do not differ from isogenic wild-type flies with respect to spontaneous activity or reactivity but that they do display significantly higher stimulated activity levels. It is suggested that low levels of dopamine inTyr-1 may result in increased stimulated activity rather than spontaneous activity as previous research has suggested.
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    The effects of crowding on courtship and mating success inDrosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 513-522 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; courtship ; crowding ; prestimulation ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The mating times of single males and pairs of males were increased by crowding with virgin females but only at very high densities. Mating times were decreased by the presence of a second male. Quantitative analysis of courtship showed that prestimulation of females in crowded conditions influences mating. The pattern of male courtship was highly consistent across moderate levels of crowding. This suggests thatDrosophila courtships evolved in crowded conditions.
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    Pupation height inDrosophila: Sex differences and influence of larval developmental time (1987)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 523-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Drosophila simulans ; pupation height ; sex differences ; larval development duration ; humidity-dependent pupation site
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Several lines ofDrosophila simulans andD. melanogaster of different origin were examined for pupation height. In all lines male larvae pupated, on average, higher than females. The pupation heights of early-, intermediate-, and late-pupating larvae were also recorded. As pupation progressed in the vials, larvae tended to pupate lower and lower, possibly as a response to diminishing levels of humidity inside the vials, which suggests a strong negative correlation between larval developmental time and pupation height. Thus, selection experiments for pupation height may also select for developmental rate. Since females generally pupate later than males, larval sex differences in pupation height may reflect sex differences in duration of development. The joint effects of sex and duration of development upon pupation height are discussed in relation to the lack of response previously reported in some experiments selecting for pupation height.
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    Structural analysis of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from severalDrosophila species (1985)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 801-814 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; D. hydei ; D. immigrans ; D. mercatorum ; glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; peptide mapping ; amino acid sequencing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This report describes preliminary protein structural studies of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPDH) fromDrosophila spp. and an important innovative feature of our enzyme purification protocol. The scheme involves the coupling of substrate (α-glycerophosphate) elution from CM-Sephadex and cofactor (NADH) elution from Affi-Gel blue resin. Using this method a 32.7% yield and a 111-fold purification were obtained from aD. melanogaster line carrying the α-Gpdh S allele at the α-Gpdh locus. The product obtained from 0 to 3-day-old adult flies was electrophoretically homogeneous and consisted mainly of the adult α-GPDH-1 isozyme. The method was used to obtain α-GPDH protein fromD. melanogaster (two lines),D. hydei, D. immigrans, andD. mercatorum. Peptide mapping revealed structural differences among the enzymes from the different species, and amino acid sequencing showed many similarities betweenD. melanogaster α-GPDH and the rabbit muscle enzyme.
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    Long-termebony polymorphisms: A comparison of the contributions of behavioral and nonbehavioral fitness characters (1985)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 15 (1985), S. 165-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; ebony ; polymorphism ; heterosis ; mating speed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Theebony 11 mutant allele was observed to be polymorphic in three sets of duplicated populations which differed in their genetic backgrounds. The polymorphisms were maintained for over 5 years (130 generations) and showed no signs of decay, withebony frequencies fluctuating from 10 to 30%. Studies of fitness characters suggested that male mating speed may be an important factor in maintaining these polymorphisms, as heterozygous males mate significantly faster than either homozygote. Other characters such as female fecundity, larval viability, and developmental rate showed little evidence either for heterosis or for frequency-dependent effects which might contribute to the polymorphism.
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    Relationship between ‘early’ and ‘late’ protein induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone in imaginal wing discs ofDrosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 12 (1987), S. 7-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: 20-hydroxyecdysone ; Drosophila melanogaster ; imaginal wing disc ; protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The insect moulting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, induces the synthesis of two groups of proteins in the imaginal wing discs ofDrosophila melanogaster. The early induced group appears about 4 h after hormone treatment, the late induced group appears about 12 h after treatment. Studies using α-amanitin to inhibit mRNA synthesis during the period of hormonal treatment showed that the induction of the late proteins is dependent on mRNA synthesis and possibly the synthesis of the early proteins.
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    Indirect thermal selection in Drosophila melanogaster and adaptive consequences (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1985), S. 645-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Indirect selection ; Temperature ; Correlated responses ; Reproductive isolation ; Fitness components ; Enzyme activities ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Short-term indirect selection in Drosophila melanogaster for heat-sensitivity and heat resistance resulted in two strains, one heat sensitive and another heat resistant, and correlated responses were found for the rate of heat shock protein synthesis, behavioral patterns (asymmetrical sexual isolation) and fitness components (fecundity, fertility, viability, developmental time), as well as for several enzyme activities (MDH, G-6-PDH, ADH, ACHE). These responses associated with temperature selection may reflect the effects of differential inbreeding depression caused by homozygosity of temperature sensitive mutations with different pleiotropic effects. Selection even of a very short duration can induce significant adaptive and evolutionary changes.
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    Estimating single gene effects on quantitative traits (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1985), S. 625-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Esterase 6 ; Mating behavior ; Population genetics ; Quantitative genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A modified diallel cross is used to estimate effects of alleles at the esterase 6 locus, relative to strain and environmental variance, in Drosophila melanogaster. Three strains homozygous for Est 6 s and three homozygous for Est 6 F were crossed in all 36 combinations. Male progeny were scored for mating speed, copula duration and esterase 6 enzyme activity, and all progeny for developmental time. These alleles show a significant additive effect on mating speed, but not on the other traits. Copula duration, developmental time and enzyme activity show additive strain genetic variance. Enzyme activity and developmental time also have maternal or X-chromosome strain variance, and these two traits are significantly correlated. This modified diallel method is generally useful because it permits the partition of trait variance into additive and dominant locus, background genetic and environmental components.
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    Analysis of lethals in selected lines of Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 409-413 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Artificial selection ; Lethals ; Segregation distortion ; Dorsocentral bristle number ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five lines of Drosophila melanogaster that reached an extreme phenotype after long-term selection for increased dorsocentral bristle number, were analysed for the presence of lethals. Seven chromosome II and three chromosome III lethal types were detected in four of the lines, at frequencies ranging from between 6% and 36%. No lethal had any demonstrable effect over the selected trait. In one line, where almost every chromosome II was a lethal carrier, it was shown that the main lethal (at a frequency of 36%) was associated with the transmission ratio distortion in males. The processes which could lead to the accumulation of this lethal and others linked in disequilibrium to it is discussed. Some results suggest similar mechanisms for the accumulation of lethals in the other lines. These findings show that causes other than the direct effect of artificial selection must be taken into account when trying to explain the accumulation of lethals in selected lines.
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    The development of the nucleolus of the ovarian nurse cell of Drosophila melanogaster (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 34-47 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Oogenesis ; Nucleolus ; Vitellogenesis ; rRNA transcription ; Ovarian nurse cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A description is given of the development of the nucleoli of the ovarian nurse cells of Drosophila melanogaster during stages 7 through 10 of oogenesis. This developmental period lasts about a day, and during it the volumes of the nurse cell nucleolus, nucleus and cytoplasm all double once every 4–5 hours. The nucleolar bodies within the endopolyploid nurse cell nucleus grow until they form a thick network that is shaped like a shell whose outer boundary lies close to the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. RNA of nucleolar origin continually enters the cytoplasm. The nuclei of the nurse cells directly connected to the oocyte are most active in terms of DNA replication and RNA transcription. The nurse cells empty their cytoplasm into the oocyte which doubles its volume every 2 hours. The ribosomes stored in the ooplasm are derived almost exclusively from the nurse cell. The doubling time for the rDNA of the nurse cells is about 9 hours, and about 1,000 rRNA molecules are transcribed per rDNA cistron per hour during vitellogenesis.
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    Stage and organ specificity of the degree of variegation of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase gene in Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 208 (1987), S. 329-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Position effect ; Chromosomal rearrangement ; Drosophila melanogaster ; 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of chromosomal rearrangements pn2, pn3, TE100 and TE101 on variegation of the gene Pgd, which controls the synthesis of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), were studied in Drosophila melanogaster. The electrophoretic patterns of PGD activity were first examined at different developmental stages. The degree of variegation of Pgd caused by pn2 and pn3 was higher in adult flies (the calculated percentage of cells with inactive Pgd was 70%–80%) as compared with larvae (about 50%). This difference can be explained by the tissue-specific mosaicism of Pgd expression; variegation was high in the neural ganglia, imaginal discs, and posterior gut but relatively low in the salivary glands, fat bodies and Malpighian tubes. In the case of TE100, neither tissue specificity, nor marked differences in the degree of variegation between larvae and adults were found. None of the rearrangements examined had an effect on the expression of Pgd in the ovary cells, but repression was seen in some cells of the male gonads. The data obtained suggest that the timing of clonal initiation is influenced by the rearrangements studied. The possible mechanisms preventing changes in the expression of the Pgd gene in the nurse cells caused by these rearrangements are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00330461
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    Separate DNA sequences are required for normal female and ecdysone-induced male expression of Drosophila melanogaster yolk protein 1 (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 210 (1987), S. 153-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Yolk proteins ; Gene fusion ; 20-Hydroxyecdysone ; Sex determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila melanogaster flies were transformed with a yp1-Adh fusion gene with 890 bp of yp1 5′ flanking sequence. In an Adh - background these flies show a stage, tissue and sex-specific pattern of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity characteristic of yolk protein genes. ADH activity is not present in dsx D/dsx pseudomales indicating that this fragment contains sites where the dsx gene product exerts its effect. Transformed male flies do not exhibit ADH activity when injected with 20-hydroxyecdysone while synthesis of native yolk proteins is induced. Thus the hormone inducibility and sex regulation have been separated in this construct.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337772
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    Influence of light intensity on rare-male advantage inDrosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 203-210 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; rare-male advantage ; light intensity ; mutantebony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract InDrosophila melanogaster sexual competition experiments, the time course of mating successes is sigmoidal. Following logarithmic transformation, the so-called “Wattiaux equation” changes these curves into straight lines, which can be compared by covariance analysis. This method allows discrimination of the behavior of the two male types in competition and following it during the course of time. From competition experiments between the mutantebony e 11 and the wild-type Canton S, we conclude that the wild-type male flies are really advantaged when rare, at least at a high light intensity. In darkness, even theebony males are advantaged, when rare. The use of less refined indices does not lead to the same conclusion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065998
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    Genetic analysis ofDrosophila melanogaster egg insertion behavior (1987)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 257-262 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; oviposition behavior ; egg insertion ; diallel analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The tendency ofDrosophila melanogaster females to insert eggs into the substrate was analyzed by a diallel cross among five inbred lines from different geographic origins. The trait showed a great deal of additive genetic variation. The directional dominance effect was found to be large, indicating past directional selection for a strong tendency to insert eggs into the medium. Some maternal effect may also be present. Contrary to Takamura and Fuyama (Behav. Genet. 10:105–120, 1980), no relation was found between the tendency to insert eggs in the medium and the choice between a hard (paper) or soft (culture medium) oviposition surface. Lines, which did differ in the tendency to bury their eggs did not differ in the choice of oviposition site.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065505
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    Genetic control of the search tactic ofDrosophila melanogaster: An ethometric analysis ofrover/sitter traits in adult flies (1987)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 385-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster ; search behavior ; foraging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Adults ofrover andsitter Drosophila melanogaster morphs, the larvae of which were previously shown to differ in their foraging tactics by Sokolowski [(1980).Behav. Genet. 10:291–302], can be discriminated as individuals with relatively straight paths (rovers) and restricted, intensive search paths (sitters). The larval progeny ofrover andsitter adult-selected lines, selected from a population of field-collectedD. melanogaster, had respectiverover andsitter larval traits, indicating a possible pleiotropic effect of genes on adult and larval searching behavior. Analysis of the temporal characteristics of the search tactics of adultrover andsitter morphs shows that the main differences between the two morphs are (1) the initial effect of feeding on locomotory rate, (2) the rate of the transition from intensive local search toward relatively straight foraging paths typical of unfed flies, and (3) the tendency to stop during searching. These movement parameters result in restricted, intensive search paths ofsitters and relatively straight paths ofrovers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01068138
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    Characterization of the ebony locus in Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 206 (1987), S. 66-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Ebony ; Heat shock puff 93D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We compared the restriction site pattern of Drosophila melanogaster genomic wild-type and ebony mutant DNA, walking from heat shock locus 93D6-7 towards the band 93D1-2. Four ebony mutants — three homozygous inversions, In(3R)e N24 , In(3R)e D12 and In(3R)e AFA , with a severe ebony phenotype and one homozygous translocation T(2,3)e D8 , showing a weak phenotype — were included in this analysis. The ebony breakpoints were localized in a 6 kb fragment of DNA 70 kb proximal from the heat shock locus. The chromosome rearrangements causing the ebony phenotype were identified by in situ hybridization of wild-type DNA to the polytene chromosomes of the mutants. In the pupal stage the DNA neighbouring the cluster of ebony breakpoints is transcribed as a major poly(A)+ RNA of about 3 kb in size. The ebony mutant chromosomes exhibit altered transcription patterns compared to the wild type.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326537
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    Identification of sequences in the 5′ flanking region of a Drosophila melanogaster tRNA 4 Val gene that modulate its transcription in vitro (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 206 (1987), S. 279-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; tRNA ; In vitro transcription ; Polymerase III
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have examined the 5′ flanking region of a Drosophila melanogaster tRNA 4 Val gene for DNA sequences that influence in vitro transcription efficiency in a homologous, cell-free transcription reaction. Comparison of the template efficiencies of a set of deletion mutants indicated both inhibitory and stimulatory sequences in the 5′ flanking region. When sequences between positions-49 and-70, relative to the start of the coding region of the mature tRNA gene, were deleted template activity increased. Deletions to-10 resulted in a 100-fold drop in the rate of transcription directed by the template with the primary effect resulting from deletion of the nucleotides between-38 and-34. The nucleotides between-38 and-34 may be an example of one general type of positive transcription modulator.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333585
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    Evidence for rapid limitation of the I element copy number in a genome submitted to several generations of I-R hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 207 (1987), S. 306-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Hybrid dysgenesis ; Transposable elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When Drosophila melanogaster males coming from a class of strains known as inducer are crossed with females from the complementary class (reactive), a quite specific kind of sterility is observed in the F1 female progeny (denoted SF). The inducer chromosomes differ from the reactive chromosomes by the presence of a transposable element (called the I factor) that is responsible for the induction of this dysgenic symptom. In the germ line of dysgenic females, up to 100% of the reactive chromosomes may be contaminated, i.e. they acquire I factor(s) owing to very frequent replicative transpositions. A contaminated reactive stock was obtained by reconstructing the reactive genotype in the offspring of SF females and its kinetics of invasion by I elements was followed in the successive inbred dysgenic generations. The results show that the mean copy number of I elements increased very quickly up to the level of inducer strains and then stayed in equilibrium even though the dysgenic state was perpetuated by selection for SF sterility at every generation. The possible mechanisms of this copy number limitation are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331594
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    Modifiers of position-effect variegation in the region from 86C to 88B of the Drosophila melanogaster third chromosome (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 210 (1987), S. 429-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Position-effect variegation ; Cytogenetic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Four dominant suppressor and one enhancer of variegation loci were mapped in the polytene chromosome region extending from section 86C to section 88B of the Drosophila melanogaster third chromosome using a set of deficiencies. The suppressor locus Su-var(3) 14 maps in 86CD, Su-var(3) 13 in 86F4-7, Su-var(3)6 in 87B4-7 and Su-var(3)7 in 87E4-5. The enhancer locus E-var(3)3 maps in 87E12-F11. Su-var(3)13, Su-var(3)6 and Su-var(3)7 are also defined by point mutant alleles originally identified by other criteria (Reuter et al. 1986). Duplications covering the suppressor loci Su-var(3)14, Su-var(3)13, Su-var(3)6 and Su-var(3)7 were found to reduce considerably the haplo-abnormal effect of heterozygous point mutants of the corresponding loci. One suppressor locus, Su-var(3)7, maps within a region which has previously been cloned. The positions of deficiency breakpoints delimiting the suppressor locus indicate that all the necessary sequences for its function are located within 10 kb of cloned DNA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327193
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    Intensification and prolongation of host searching inLeptopilina heterotoma (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) through a kairomone produced byDrosophila melanogaster (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 125-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Leptopilina heterotoma ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; host searching ; kairomone ; concentration effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A chemical cue (kairomone) of the host, larvae ofDrosophila, was found to influence patch-time allocation of the parasiteLeptopilina heterotoma. This kairomone is soluble in water and chloroform. The kairomone was purified using thin-layer chromatography. The concentration of the kairomone increases with an increasing number of hosts. The parasites may use presence and concentration of the kairomone as cues to determine patch-time allocation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987611
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    Compared behavioral responses of maleDrosophila melanogaster (Canton S) to natural and synthetic aphrodisiacs (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1617-1629 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; aphrodisiac pheromone ; recognition pattern ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; heptacosadienes ; mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cuticular aphrodisiacs fromD. melanogaster females were further characterized and the male response specificity towards such natural and synthetic unsaturated hydrocarbons was investigated. The behavioral activity seems to be correlated with some chain-length requirement and double-bond position; at least one double bond in position 7 seems necessary. This position is more abundant among natural monoenes, and among dienes which also bear a second double bond in position 11, whatever the chain length. Bioassays of the synthetic (Z,Z)-7,11-heptacosadiene yielded a dose-response curve close to that of the natural mixture of heptacosadienes in which the 7–11 isomer is predominant. This female specific 7,11 heptacosadiene appears to be the most potent aphrodisiac for males of the species. Its threshold is lower than that of both 7,11-nonacosadiene and 7-pentacosene which might also play a role in sex and species recognition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012116
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    cis-Vaccenyl acetate as an aggregation pheromone inDrosophila melanogaster (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1747-1756 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; Drosophila melanogaster ; pheromone ; (Z)-11-octadecenyl acetate ; cis-vaccenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pentane extracts of matureDrosophila melanogaster males substantially increased the attractiveness of food odors to both males and females in a wind-tunnel olfactometer. Extracts of females caused no such increase. An active component of the extract was isolated and identified as (Z)-11-octadecenyl acetate (cis-vaccenyl acetate, cVA), and synthetic cVA was active in bioassay. Hydrolysis of the ester linkage or movement of the double bond to the 9 position destroyed the activity. Mature virgin males released cVA into their feeding vials, and amounts of synthetic CVA equal to that released per male caused significant bioassay responses. Females, which were known to receive cVA from males during copulation, were found to emit relatively large amounts of the ester into their feeding vials within 6 hr after mating. cVA had been demonstrated previously to be a close-range pheromone inD. melanogaster, discouraging males from courting other males or recently mated females; it now appears to have a longer-range function as well.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012124
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