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  • Physics  (1,568)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,134)
  • STRUCTURAL MECHANICS  (824)
  • 1980-1984  (1,494)
  • 1975-1979  (985)
  • 1970-1974  (1,047)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1984  (1,494)
  • 1977  (985)
  • 1970  (1,047)
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  • 1980-1984  (1,494)
  • 1975-1979  (985)
  • 1970-1974  (1,047)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
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    Mathematical and conceptual foundations of 20th-century physics (1984)
    Amsterdam ; New York : North-Holland Pub. Co
    Details
    Keywords: DDC 530.1 ; LC QC20 ; Mathematical physics ; Physics ; Quantum theory ; Relativity (Physics)
    ISBN: 9780444875853
    URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/publication?issn=03040208&volume=100
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Structure of the integument of a fresh-water teleost, Bagarius bagarius (Ham.) (Sisoridae, pisces) (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 3-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The skin of Bagarius bagarius (Ham.) is devoid of scales but is rough due to the presence of numerous pentagonal epidermal elevations, which are separated by deep furrows at regular intervals. These elevated pentagonal regions of the epidermis are covered by dead cornified cells in the form of caps. As the old cap goes off a new one is formed by the death of the underlying epidermal cells. The middle layer of the epidermis is mainly composed of well defined polygonal cells. Their cytoplasm is granular in nature and give reactions for protein bound sulphydryl groups. The stratum germinativum is composed of two types of basal cells, the columnar cells and the spherical cells.The flask shaped mucous glands are restricted to the epidermal furrows and secrete either neutral or acidic mucopolysaccharides. Certain large specialysed granular cells are found in the epidermis which are grouped around the taste buds. These specialysed cells may be the photocytes.Two layers of the dermis can be distinguished - the relatively thin stratum laxum and the thick stratum compactum. Dermal papillae mainly support the taste buds. The pigment cells are arranged in two layers in the dermis.The subcutis is composed of loose connective tissues, richly infiltrated with the fat cells, nerves and blood capillaries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051300103
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  • 3
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    The fine structure of the tegument of Tylocephalum metacestodes: With emphasis on a new type of microvilliThis research was supported in part by a grant (Contract 14-17-007-662G) from the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U.S. Department of the Interior, and in part by a grant from the NIH Institutional Biomedical Research Fund, University of Hawaii. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 11-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscope studies on Tylocephalum metacestodes embedded in the tissues of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica, have revealed that the tegument of the larval tapeworm is comprised of an external and an internal level which are partially separated by a basal lamina and two layers of muscles. The outer tegumentary level is comprised of an anucleate, cytoplasmic syncytium in which are embedded large and small vesicles and mitochondria. Surfacial hooks are also embedded therein. The internal level is comprised of relatively large discrete cells including mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and large and small vesicles. These cells are intermittently connected with the external level by cytoplasmic bridges.Arising from the external level are unusual microvilli each of which terminates as a spherical vesicle. The stem of each microvillus is covered by a unit membrane which is continuous with that overlaying the body surface. In addition, each microvillus includes an external layer of medium electron density, a medial layer of intense electron density, and a core of heterogenous, medium electron density. These structures may be intertwined and bundles can be observed at the light microscope level as fibril-like projections from the parasite's body surface. One of their possible functions may be to prevent intimate contact between the encapsulating fibers of host origin and the parasite's body surface. In addition, the contraction and distention of the circular muscles result in microvillar movement which may keep the surrounding host fluids, including those of nutritional importance to the parasite, in a state of flux thus hypothetically permitting more uniform uptake.The abundance of vesicles in the syncytial external level of the tegument appears to be characteristic of the more primitive marine cestodes belonging to the orders Trypanorhyncha and Lecanicephala.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051300104
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  • 4
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    Masthead (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051300201
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  • 5
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    Histogenesis of the cuticle of the adult flies, Sarcophaga bullata and S. argyrostomaThis investigation was supported in part by a Public Health Service Research Career Award 5-K06-GM-18,495, by grant AI-00533 from the U.S.P.H.S. and grant GB 5441X from the N.S.F., made to G. F., and is part of a thesis submitted by W. F. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Ph.D. in entomology at the University of Illinois. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 137-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sequential patterns of cuticle deposition and “melanization” in the imaginal cuticle of Sarcophaga argyrostoma in parts of the body darkening before or after emergence are examined on a histological basis. The patterns in the cuticles examined range from a simple absence of “melanization” to a complex of histological changes involving “melanization” and deposition. Ultrastructural changes in the post-emergent cuticle of Sarcophaga bullata during the hardening and darkening process and cuticle deposition are described.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051300203
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    Morphology of the trunk of Corynosoma hamanni (acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 151-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Morphological study of Corynosoma hamanni (Linstow, 1892) was continued with the intention of presenting a morphological description of a single, well defined species.Sexual dimorphism is exhibited in body size, males being larger, and in body spination. Trunk spines are arranged in a pattern similar to that of Corynosoma semerme and do not extend onto the bursa as reported in the original description of C. hamanni.Two testes, located side by side, are followed by six cement glands arranged in two groups of three glands each. One group is behind each testis. Cement ducts from glands on the right side cross over Saefftigen's pouch and join to form a reservoir on the left side; ducts from cement glands on the left side fuse forming a second reservoir. The two cement reservoirs unite before emptying into the ejaculatory duct. The bursa possesses rays on its outer wall and numerous, well-developed papillae in the muscular cap.In females, a ruptured genital ligament sac is attached partially on the dorsal wall of the uterine bell and partially on a column of six cells projecting from the bell's base into its lumen. Postericrly the dorsal wall of the bell has two protruding pockets behind which occur ten cells composing the selector apparatus. Dorsal openings into the pseudocoelom occur on either side of the uterine bell. Two muscular tubes conduct eggs into the uterus. Female C. hamanni frequently form genital vestibules in which the genital pore occurs along the dorsal wall and not, as reported for some species, at the anterior tip.Eggs of C. hamanni possess four membranes rather than the previously reported three.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051300204
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  • 7
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    Seasonal reproductive activity in the testes and seminal vesicles of the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)Supported by P. L. 480 grants 14-17-0007-154 and 14-17-0007-219 from the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 207-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A seasonal study of the seminal vesicles in relation to that of the testes had been conducted in the catfish, H. fossilis. The annual reproductive cycle of the catfish has been divided into (i) Preparatory period (February-April), (ii) Prespawning period (May-June), (iii) Spawning period (July-August) and (iv) Postspawning period (September-January). Testes exhibit initiation of spermatogenesis in the mid-preparatory period, but significant increase in weight of the testes accompanied by active spermatogenesis occurs during the prespawning period. In the spawning period, the testes are maximally enlarged and their seminiferous tubules are packed with spermatozoa. Following spawning, the testes gradually regress in the postspawning period. The seminal vesicles show initiation of secretory activity during the preparatory period but their recrudescence lags behind that of the testes by about a month. The seminal vesicles attain maximum weight and secretory activity during the spawning period. Thereafter, the seminal vesicles regress precipitously and sooner than the testes.The histochemical and biochemical studies on the seminal vesicles indicate that the secretion contains mucoproteins, acid mucopolysaccharides, primary proteoses, besides traces of phospholipids and native proteins.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051300207
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  • 8
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    Inter-strain differences in the development of the pattern of periplasm distribution during cleavage of honeybee eggs (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During cleavage of honeybee eggs two peaks arise in the longitudinal distribution pattern of the periplasm which coincide with the site of the differentiation center and the site of a mesodermal center. A very similar pattern is exhibited by the dorsal plasmstrip, a narrow band of thicker periplasm which is formed during cleavage along the dorsal midline of the egg. The present paper describes the development of the dorsal plasmstrips of two inbred strains of honeybees during early cleavage stages. Differences between the two strains reside in the total size of their dorsal plasmstrips and in the timing of the formation of the anterior peak which coincides with the site of the differentiation center. The bearing of these findings upon embryological studies is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051300209
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  • 9
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    Ultrastructural and histochemical studies on the epithelium revestment layer in the tube feet of the starfish Asterina stelliferaThis investigation was supported by the grant biol. 66/335 from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 287-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The “cuticle,” which revests the starfish tube foot, has been studied by electron microscopy and the findings correlated with histochemical observations.The “cuticle” is composed by two distinct zones; an outer zone including numerous microvilli, which extend from the inner zone into and through a fibrillar substance distinctly organized in two layers. These microvilli protrude slightly beyond the outer surface, where their tips give rise tonumerous extremely delicate fibrils. The second inner zone, of quite variable thickness and condensation of material, presents a coarser fibrous matrix where organelles and inclusions can be found.The whole cuticular complex does not derive from the majority of the epithelial cells, but is probably an extension of a special kind of T-shaped cells appearing at intervals, the “cuticle” forming a syncytial surface.Histochemical investigations indicate that the “cuticle” contains a combination of neutral and acid mucopolysaccharide, with a marked neutral predominance, the outer one displaying also an extremely thin coat of acid mucopolysaccharide with the sulfate group.The ordered arrangement of the microvilli suggests that this situation is imposed by the strong bond existing between the microvilli and the ouble mucopolysaccharide layers which would act as a cementing substance stabilizing the entire apical surface of the cell.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051300303
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    Postnatal development of the oviduct of intact and ovariectomized rabbitsScientific Paper 3208, Washington State University College of Agriculture Research Center, Project 1698. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 353-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The length of the oviduct, the thickness of its wall, and the height of its mucosal epithelium and cilia were measured in (a) 0-, 2-, 4- and six-month-old rabbits, (b) rabbits ovariectomized at birth and (c) ovariectomized, estrogen-treated rabbits. The length and external diameter of the oviduct increased progressively until four months of age, after which their rates of increase declined. The thickness of the oviductal wall at the uterotubal junction was twice as large as that of the isthmus at two months of age and six times as large at four and six months of age. The height of the mucosal epithelium in the fimbriae was less than that in other oviductal segments at birth, but exceeded that in other segments at six months of age. Ciliated cells and motile cilia were absent 24 hours after birth; they were first observed two months after birth. The cilia of fimbriae were shorter than cilia elsewhere in the oviduct. Neonatal ovariectomy retarded the development of the oviduct and the mesotubarium and caused pyknosis of ciliated and non-ciliated cells of the oviductal mucosa. Cells with scarcely motile cilia were present five and one-half months after neonatal ovariectomy.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051300307
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    Observations on the epidermis of desert-living iguanids (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 25-35 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The epidermis of 146 specimens of Dipsosaurus dorsalis and 182 Uma notata collected throughout the active period of the animals' year has been examined. The morphology of the epidermis is essentially similar to previously described lacertilians but differs in the relatively great degree of development of the mesos layer and the complete keratinization of the lacunar tissue prior to sloughing.Analysis of sloughing frequency throughout the year suggests that species specific patterns may exist, but these do not correlate with any particular known ecologic datum. The patterns do not reflect the reproductive activity of the two species supporting previous experimental conclusions on the lack of effect of gonadial hormones on epidermal activity.There appears to be no evidence of association of femoral gland activity with epidermal activity in D. dorsalis, but the situation is not clearcut in U. notata. These data are discussed in the light of recent studies of the evolutionary origin of epidermal glands in lizards.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051300105
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    A study of oogenesis and early embryogenesis in the rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, with special reference to the structural changes of mitochondriaThis investigation was supported by a grant GM 08776 from the National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service. The authors wish to thank Mrs. Gloria S. Lee and Mr. and Mrs. L. Musante for their technical assistance. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 67-91 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structural changes of mitochondria that occur during oogenesis and early embryogenesis in the rabbit have been examined with the electron microscope. Mitochondria of oogonia are both elongate and oval and contain a variable number of cristae which may or may not traverse the longitudinal axis of the organelle. When oogonia differentiate into oocytes, mitochondria become spheroidal and their cristae are sparse when compared with those found in the ellipsoidal organelles of concomitantly maturing follicle cells. As differentiation proceeds, the cristae of the mitochondria display varied configurations. For example, many display an arch-like arrangement in several regions of the organelle whereas others contain a pair of concentric membranes closely associated with limiting membrane of the mitochondrion.Mitochondria of stages from the fertilized egg to the morula possess the same internal structure as those of young oocytes. As the morula differentiates into a blastocyst there is a gradual increase in the size of the mitochondria and an increase in the number of cristae. We believe that the number and modifications of cristae indicate stages of mitochondriogenesis and the level of enzymatic activity in which this organelle is engaged during oogenesis and early embryogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051300108
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    Egg transport in lizards (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 129-135 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The reproductive tracts of several species of lizards were examined to understand the events assoclated with the transport of discharged oocytes following ovulation. At the onset of the reproductive cycle the regressed ovaries and oviducts appear as inconspicuous structures pressed against the dorsal body wall. As the reproductive cycle progresses, they undergo marked changes in position and size. The oviducts migrate ventrally and surround the growing ovarian oocytes, which move anteriorly where coelomic space is more abundant and eventually press intimately against the infundibulum. When ovulation occurs the ostium is in a remarkably strategic location for directly receiving the ovulated oocytes. The virtual isolation of the ovaries from the general coelom by the encapsulating oviducts, and the intimate association of the pre-ovulatory oocytes with the infundibular ostium do not support the current concept advocating the migration of loose ova following ovulation. An alternative explanation for the “trans-coelomic migratiion of ova” is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051300202
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    Masthead (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051300401
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    Spermiogenesis in the spider, Pisaurina Sp.: A fine structure studyThis work was supported by U.S.P.H.S. grant NB-06285.The author wishes to express his grateful appreciation for the excellent technical assistance given by Mrs. Ann Florendo and Miss Lou Gipson during the course of this investigation. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 421-433 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A fine structure study of spermatids and spermatozoa of the spider, Pisaurina sp. demonstrates that early spermiogenesis is similar to other flagellate spermatozoa. An acrosome forms from a Golgi-derived, acrosomal vesicle, a perforatorium indents acromosome and nucleus, a flagellum with a three-plus-nine tubule substructure is formed and nuclear chromatin condenses during spermiogenesis. Divergence from typical spermatozoa includes the presence of a three-tubule substructure of the central flagellar shaft, progressive rounding-up of late spermatids with concomitant incorporation of previously formed flagellum. This evidence is presented in terms of its possible functional significance in fertilization and gamete fusion in spiders.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051300403
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    Neurosecretion in the scorpion Heterometrus swammerdami (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970), S. 1-15 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gross morphology, staining characteristics and mapping of the diversity of the neurosecretory cell types in the brain and subesophageal ganglion of the scorpion Heterometrus swammerdami are reported. Special neurosecretory cell groups whose product is stainable with orange-G, acid fuchsin and Heidenhain's hematoxylin are present in the brain.In many of the living isolated neurosecretory cells, the secretory material appears luminous when viewed with dark ground illumination and granular when observed with phase contrast microscope.In the subesophageal ganglion the metameric arrangement of neurosecretory cells is distinct. Neurosecretory product accumulating in specific regions of subesophageal ganglion, and its axonal transport into the dorsal nerves and their termination in cephalic blood vessels apparently representing a storage and release organ of neurosecretion is reported.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051310102
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    Placentation in the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalisSupported in part by a USPHS Predoctoral Fellowship and by National Science Foundation Research grants G-24043 and GB-6435 to W. A. Wimsatt. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970), S. 57-87 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The placental memebranes and uterus of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, were studied using histological, histochemical, electron microscopic, dye transfer, and radioisotopic techniques. The conceptuses are completely enclosed throughout gestation by a transparent shell membrane which is produced by glandular epithelia in the uterine segment of the oviduct.Both chorio-allantoic and omphalo (yolk-sac) placentation are observed in this snake. The growth of the extra-embryonic mesoderm takes place in a manner peculiar to placental reptiles, and results in the isolation of the omphaloplacenta from the yolk-sac wall. On the basis of morphology, enzyme histochemistry, and phagocytosis of Trypan blue particles, this structure is interpreted as a site of histiotrophic absorption.The chorio-allantoic region of placentation is simple in structure. Fetal and maternal capillaries are closely apposed but always separated by layers of uterine and chorionic epithelium and the thin shell membrane. The placental membranes of the garter snake are similar in many respects to those of other live-bearing snakes, but less specialized than most lizard placentate.Isotopically labelled sodium and glycine are passed to the fetus following maternal injection, the latter at least apparently via the omphaloplacenta. The permeability to iron and phospate is extremely low. On the basis of these results and the selective transfer of certain dyestuffs, it appears that the shell membrane functions as a dialyzing membrane.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051310105
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    The fine structure of the spermatozoon of Pennaria tiarella (coelenterata) (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970), S. 117-129 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spermatozoa of the hydroid Pennaria tiarella were examined with the electron microscope. The anterior region is characterized by the presence of 30-40 membrane-bounded vesicles which lie anterior to the nucleus. These vesicles are apparently derived from the Golgi apparatus.The nucleus is conical in shape with a protrusion at the anterior end. Posteriorly it is indented by four radially arranged mitochondria. Lying within the fossa formed by the mitochondria are proximal and distal (filament forming) centrioles. The distal centriole is characterized by nine centriole satellite projections which emanate from its matrix. The tubules of the distal centriole are continuous with the alpha filaments of the tail.The tails are typical 9 + 2 flagella with 9 peripheral doublet (or alpha) filaments surrounding two central (or beta) filaments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051310108
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    Salivary glands of heteromyid rodents, with a summary of the literature on rodent submandibular gland morphologyThis investigation was supported in part by U.S.P.H.S.-N.I.D.R. grant DE-02315 to Robert Gerstner and in part by NIH General Research Support grant FR 5332-08 to Ormond G. Mitchell. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970), S. 179-193 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The principal parenchymal elements of the submandibular glands of the heteromyid rodents Dipodomys merriami, Perognathus longimembris, Perognathus fallax, Perognathus penicillatus and Perognathus baileyi consist of acini, granular tubules and striated ducts.Acinar cells of the four species of Perognathus are aniline blue, PAS (magenta) and Alcian blue (pH 2.5) positive and metachromatic with toluidine blue and safranin. The granules of the tubule cells are orthochromatic and react with aniline blue, orange G, the PAS reagent (deep pink) and the tryptophan indicator, xanthydrol. Acinar and tubule cells of D. merriami exhibit similar reactions except for the Alcian blue stain. Acinar cells of D. merriami do not react with Alcian blue.Submandibular glands of D. merriami exhibit a sexual dimorphism of the granular tubules. There is little observable difference between the sexes in the species of Perognathus but the ratio of granular tubules to acinar elements, the degree of hypertrophy of the tubules, and the amount of mucosubstance and protein (granules) contained in their cells are different in the four species studied.Since these desert rodents have similar habitats and habits, the differences observed between the two heteromyid subfamilies studied, as well as among the four members of a single subfamily, suggest that these are inherent species variations rather than variations of adaptation to environment.
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    Histology of the alimentary canal during the metamorphosis of Hyalophora cecropia (L.)Supported by grant AM-02818 from the National Institutes of Health. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 131 (1970), S. 277-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The histology of the alimentary canal is described for the last instar larva, pupa, and adult Hyalophora cecropia (L.). Particular attention is given to the changes occurring in the midgut during the larval-pupal transformation and in the hindgut during the pupal-adult transformation. Descriptions are made as to the nature of the imaginal rings at each end of the midgut and a new structure is described in the larval ileum. The formation of adult rectal pads is followed in detail.
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    External prostate of the hedgehogSupported by U.S.P.H.S. grant CA-05310. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 149-167 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The external prostate of male hedgehogs (Erinaceus europeus, Hemiechinus sp.) was studied at the beginning and at the end of the breeding seasons. Its tubular secretory units contain two types of epithelia, columnar and stratified. The columnar epithelium has abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and forms secretory granules. The stratified epithelium undergoes cellular changes culminating in appearance of nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions, nuclear pyknosis and desquamation of cells and nuclei into lumen. The nuclear inclusions contain protein and abundant silver-reducing substances. These inclusions may be derived from the residual protein of the nucleus.
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    An histochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the dermal chromatophores of the variant ranid blue frog (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 169-179 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Integument from blue and green areas of the variant blue frog were analyzed biochemically for pteridines and carotenoids. Solvent extraction and absorption spectrophotometry indicated that β carotene was greatly reduced in the blue skin, and present in high quantities in the green skin of the blue frog. Thin layer and paper chromatography indicated that the pteridines were almost totally lacking in the blue skin, and present in normal quantities in the green skin of the blue frog.Light and electron microscopy indicated that the xanthophore pigment cells were either greatly altered or absent from the blue integument and present in the green integument. The fine structure of the xanthphores of the green integument contained the normal ultrastructural components of xanthopores found in regular green integument. The blue integument contained an abnormal cell type that occupied the position in the dermal chromatophore unit normally held by the xanthophores. The possibility of these cells being abnormal xanthophores or some other cell type is discussed.
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    Structure of the ellipsoid sheath in the spleen of the armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus). A light and electron microscopic studyThis investigation was supported, in part, by General Research Support grant FR-05409-07 from the College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 207-223 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spleen of the armadillo is invested by a capsule composed predominantly of smooth muscle. Inward extensions from the capsule contribute to an extensive system of trabeculae of the non-vascular type. The white pulp presents a typical follicular arrangement and the red pulp is permeated by an anastomosing series of venous sinsuses. The capillary segment of the penicillar artery is invested by an ellipsoid sheath. The spleen of the armadillo may be included in the class of mammalian spleens characterized as sinusal in nature and possessing ellipsoid sheaths. Electron micrographs of thin sections of the sheathed capillaries demonstrate a high-type of endothelium. A characteristic feature of this endothelium is the presence of a distinct intracytoplasmic fibrous component.The reticular cells comprising the sheath proper exhibit various sized vacuoles and inclusion bodies suggestive of their potentially phagocytic nature. In both light and electron microscopy, venous sinuses lie in close proximity to the peripheral cells of the ellipsoid sheaths. Within the wall of the venous sinuses, patent openings are appearent between the lining cells. If such an arrangement exists in the functional state of the organ, it could provide for an additional means of exposure of both plasma and cellular elements to the adjacent phagocytic cells of the sheath proper.
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    Studies on aggregation of embryonic cells: Initial cell adhesions and the formation of intercellular junctions (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 245-263 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The aggregation in vitro of embryonic neural retina cells was studied by electron microscopy with special emphasis on the reformation of intercellular junctions. The results show that (1) embryonic neural retina cells dissociated with trypsin retain morphological characteristics and polarity after dispersion into a suspension; (2) initial adhesions between the aggregating cells are nonspecific with respect to cell type and to the site of cell surface involved; (3) histogenetic associations in clusters of reaggregated cells appear within two hours after the start of aggregation. A hypothesis is presented that coated vesicles play a role in the formation of intercellular junctions.
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    The lizard ear: ScincidaeFrom the Department of Psychology. This research was supported by grants from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke. Public Health Service, and aided by a contract with the Office of Naval Research and by Higgins funds allotted to Princeton University. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 277-292 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Observations on inner ear structure were made in five species of Scincidae, together with measurements of auditory sensitivity in terms of cochlear potentials. The basilar membrane and auditory papilla show a characteristic form, with considerable uniformity in dimensions except for a moderate expansion in the dorsal region and a more prominent one at the ventral end.A characteristic feature is the presence of a tectorial membrane that covers a large part of the surface of the medial limbus, but never leaves this surface and thus fails to make any contact with the auditory papilla. Hair-cell stimulation is achieved entirely through operation of the inertia principle (or equivalent principles) by means of a chain of sallets extending along most of the cochlea but giving way in the region of the ventral expansion to a single large body, the culmen papillae.The sensitivity varies in the five skinks studied from better than average to some-what below average in comparison with other lizard species. Thus an inertial (or inertia-like) system of hair-cell stimulation compares favorably with the tectorial membrane (restraint) system exhibited in the ears of most other lizards and all the higher animals.
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    Chemosensitive hairs in spiders (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 313-333 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spiders possess curved, blunt-tipped hairs on all legs and palps, which differ in many details from the straight, sharp-pointed, tactile hairs: (1) the blunt tip is open to the outside, which can be demonstrated by high resolution microscopy and by the penetration of dyes; (2) the hair shaft has a double lumen which consists of a circular (tube) and a crescent shaped lumen; (3) this hair is innervated by two to three bipolar neurons whose dendrites enter the small tube, where they arborize into 16-20 branches. Multiple innervation and an open tip give strong evidence for a chemoreceptive function. Concluding from their position and distribution on the distal leg parts, a contact chemoreception is tentatively proposed. This interpretation is supported by the close structural analogy to the known contact chemoreceptors in insects. Observation of behavior indicates the importance of a contact chemoreceptor on spider legs. Other possible chemoreceptors in spiders which have been described previously by other authors are discussed.
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    Survival of xenogeneic grafts of embryonic pigment and carapace rudiments in embryos of Chelydra serpentinaThis work was supported by the research grant 8 R01 HD 03484 from the National Institutes of Health. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 353-359 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In a study of survival of embryonic grafts in turtles, Chelydra was used as host and Chrysemys and Amyda as donors. Somites and overlying ectoderm with or without adjacent neural tube were transplanted. The operations were unilateral and orthotopic. The involved the anterior portion of the carapace. In other experiments, bilateral neural crest and dorsal neural tube were transplanted orthotopically.In experiments with Chrysemys as donor, pigment cells formed conspicuous red areas ventrally when neural crest was included in the graft. This pigment faded gradually but persisted for three or four years.When somites and adjacent ectoderm of Chrysemys carapace were transplanted, the graft area was lightly pigmented at hatching. This pigmentation increased subsequently. The Chrysemys grafts were either accepted or partially rejected. In cases of apparent complete acceptance, the graft region took on characteristics of the host.When Amyda served as donor of carapace rudiments, the graft area retained characteristics of the donor. At hatching, dark spots on a yellow background were present and scutes were absent. A few months after hatching, the graft area became necrotic. Subsequently, scutes with host characteristics or skin covered the graft area.
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    Cohesive properties of mammalian epididymal spermatozoa (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 389-395 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Changing spermatozoan associations were observed in the epididymides of several mammals. These associations ranged from closely interwoven cylindrical bodies, found in the proximal part of the epididymis, to disorganized masses of spermatozoa, found in the distal part of the duct. It is suggested that changes in the cohesive properties of epididymal spermatozoa resulted in the formation and fragmentation of cylindrical bodies. These bodies, differeing in pattern and complexity according to the species, were found in all investigated mammals, including man. Cohesiveness appeared first in the upper part of the epididymidis, where it was confined to the spermatozoan tails. In general, there was a diminution of cohesive forces as the spermatozoa passed down the epididymal duct; consequently, the cylindrical bodies turned into disorganized masses of spermatozoa. There are indications that changes in the cohesive properties of spermatozoa may represent one aspect of spermatozoan maturation.
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    Masthead (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051320401
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    The segmentation of the gnathobdellid leeches with special reference to the indian leech Hirudinaria and medicinal leech Hirudo (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 361-375 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Large number of annuli in Hirudinea are not true segments, and in the absence of spacious bodycavity and septa in adult no decision was taken regarding limit of a somite, until Gratiolet 1862 recognised a segment by colour marking, repetition of nephridial openings, and especially by the presence of segmental receptors, distinguishing first annulus of a segment. Whitman 1884 gave precision to these determinations and analyzed morphology of leeches to logical completeness. He recognised that though Hirudinaria and Hirudo have 102 body annuli and posterior sucker, true segments are only 26 plus 7.Castle ('00) and Moore ('00) proposed a new scheme of segmentation, with segmental receptor bearing annulus, as central annulus of a complete somite, with nerve ganglion, like that of other annelids, in center of a segment. They orientated everything roundabout the ganglion without noticing distorted fate of organ system.In this paper both the views are compared. Morphological and embryological studies reveal that the annulus bearing the segmental receptors in uniformly first annulus of all segments, including incomplete segments at the two extremities, with nerve ganglion in first annulus of the segment.Clitellum occupies three natural segments, IX, X, XI; crop caeca, nephridia, testis sacs, haemocoelomic channels and “rhomboidal figures” formed by ventrolaterals, all make a complete unit, well integrated in such segment. Conclusive evidence comes from the presence of septa at the level of each nerve ganglion in embryos of Hirudinaria. These observations corroborate Gratiolet and Whitman's view.
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    The ultrastructure of the spermatheca in the red spotted newtWork supported in part by AEC Contract. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 397-423 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sperm from the male spermatophore in the red spotted newt are held indefinitely in convoluted, tubular outpocketings of the female cloaca called, collectively, a spermatheca. Each outpocketing, or tubule, when studied in thin section with the electron microscope showed a wall consisting of two components, a continuous inner or lining layer of epithelial cells and an outer covering layer of myoepithelial cells.The myoepithelial layer is penetrated by occasional openings or intercellular spaces through which the epithelial cells make contact with a basal lamina that bounds the tubule. The myoepithelial cells resemble smooth muscle cells displaying filaments (mean diameter = 75 Å ± 1 S.E.) that are probably constituted of actin, dense bodies and prominent caveolae. They are sparsely supplied with mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi complexes and, sometimes, particles of glycogen. Typically the epithelial cells contain secretion granules, numerous mitochondria and ribosomes. They contain some fibers similar to those of the myoepithelial cells but with mean diameters that are significantly larger (90 Å ± 2 S.E.). Occasional profiles of Golgi complexes are evident and glycogen particles are abundant throughout the cytosomes of spermathecal tubules from adult animals bearing sperm. Secretory granules and glycogen are extremely rare or lacking in the spermathecae of efts that have not attained sexual maturity and in animals with ablated or involuted ovaries. In such animals large electron-lucid vesicles appear at or near luminal borders. Glycogen is absent and secretory granules show signs of dissolution in the spermathecal cells of gravid females induced to ovulate by the injection of chorionic gonadotropin. It is indicated that the epithelial cells provide nourishment for the sperm while they are retained within the spermathecal tubules, that the discharge of sperm from the spermatheca is facilitated by the contraction of the myoepithelial cells and that gonadal hormones act in the regulation of spermathecal function.
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    A cytologic analysis of the bag cell control of egg laying in AplysiaThis research is supported by grants NB08109 and NB07711 from the National Institutes of Health. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 132 (1970), S. 461-485 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A fine structural analysis of the ovotestis in Aplysia was undertaken in order to analyze the site of action of the bag cell hormone. Five stages of oocyte development are described. Of particular interest is the fact that the yolk seems to be synthesized primarily by the granular endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, small muscle cells whose long, thin processes surround the follicle of the ovotestis have been pointed out. This paper suggests that bag cell extract has a direct action on these small muscle cells causing them to contract and thus expel oocytes from the ovotestis. The evidence for this suggestion is that (1) these muscle cells are the most obvious effector cells in the ovotestis, (2) there are no signs of neural innervation of these muscles, (3) the time course for the liberation of the oocytes is so short that any other method of oocyte release is unlikely, (4) there is no cytologic evidence for any other expulsion process except muscular contraction, and (5) the ripe oocytes are attached to other cells of the wall of the ovotestis only by very small, simple junctions, thus making them the most likely cells to be expelled by muscular contraction.
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    Announcement of editorial changes (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The structure and polysaccharide cytochemistry of the jelly envelopes of the egg of the frog, Rana pipiensSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree at Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge by J. H. Steinke. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 57-65 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure and polysaccharide constitution of the jelly capsule of the egg of Rana pipiens is described. Microscopic examination of the jelly capsule revealed the presence of five discrete jelly layers that differed clearly in their response to selected cytochemical tests. These layers were classified as M1-through M5 from the inner to the outermost layer. A sixth layer occasionally could be observed between M3 and M4.All layers contain neutral mucopolysaccharides. In addition layers M1 and M3 contain sulphated mucopolysaccharides, M2 and M4 contain non-sulphated acid mucopolysaccharides, and layer M5 contains both sulphated and non-sulphated acid mucopolysaccharides. M2 may also contain a small quantity of sulphated mucopolysaccharides. The layer that occasionally appears between M3 and M4 is probably an area in which free acidic groups are in higher concentration than in adjacent areas rather than being a discrete jelly layer. Neither hyaluronic acid nor sialic acid was localized by the methods employed.The possible significance of some of these constituents is discussed.
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    Reproduction, reproductive organs, and meiosis in the bisexual non-parthenogenetic mite Caloglyphus mycophagus, with reference to oocyte degeneration in virgins (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae)This paper formed one part of a thesis presented to the Graduate School of the Medical College of Virginia in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1970)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 130 (1970), S. 93-102 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Meiosis is described in virgin females, inseminated females and males of the acarid mite Caloglyphus mycophagus (Megnin). The observed sex determining mechanism is an XO-type with the male having a diploid chromosome number of 15. Oogenesis in mated females is regular. Pachytene is the earliest meiotic stage which is readily identifiable. At metaphase I eight bivalents are observed. Both products of the first maturation division divide at the second maturation division. After the fusion of the pronuclei either 15 or 16 chromosomes are observed in cleaving eggs.Nurse cells are not observed during the growth period of the oocyte. Such oocytes are attached to a central structure of the ovary by a cone-shaped organelle. At this stage the nucleus appears as a germinal vesicle; a nucleolus is present and the diffuse chromatin appears to extend from the nucleolus to the nuclear membrane. Nuclear extrusion bodies can be seen adjacent to the nuclear membrane both within and outside of the nucleus.Virgin females do not oviposit. The aberrant morphology and behavior of bivalents in post diakinetic oocytes which have not been penetrated by a sperm are described. Neither chromatin nor a chorion could be demonstrated in aberrant oocytes situated in the oviduct. It is suggested that oocyte degeneration in virgins is an adaptive feature in an animal order in which parthenogenesis is the more common mode of reproduction.
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The effect of the hormone(s) from the corpus allatum complex on the ovarian tissue of Oncopeltus fasclatus. A light and electron microscopic investigation (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 81-109 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: (1) In an animal where the corpus allatum complex is inhibited by glucose feeding, the ovariole develops to a certain size without yolk deposition in the oocytes. Histologically this can be registered as: (a) Lipid spheres are found in the young oocytes in the vicinity of the Balbiani body (as in young normal oocytes). However, this lipid decreases in amount and “new” lipid (from the fat body via haemolymph) is not deposited in the later oocytes. (b) No carbohydrate/protein yolk is formed. (c) Glycogen is not synthesized in the oocytes. (d) The follicle cells aggregate glycogen instead of lipid. (e) No qualitative differences have been observed regarding the contributions from the tropharium (the so-called Type 1 vacuole, ribosomes, mitochondria, annulated lamellae: Schreiner, '77).(2) Implantation of a corpus allatum complex results in deposition of lipid, carbohydrate/protein and glycogen yolk. However, the restoration period differs histologically from the normal development as: (a) Glycogen appears in the oocyte earlier than normal, i.e., at Stage 4, while normally at Stage 6′. (b) Glycogen appears in the nutritive tube adjacent to the interfollicular plug cells. (c) Both the inner and outer layer of the ovariole sheath contain glycogen, the outer layer contains lipid spheres as well.
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051510201
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    Ultrastructure and histochemistry of the supportive structures associated with the radula of the slug, Limax maximus (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 187-211 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The odontophore and connective tissue-filled portion of the radular sac (called the “collostyle”) of the slug, Limax maximus, were examined by light and electron microscopy. While both of these structures grossly resemble vertebrate cartilage, neither is composed of a type of tissue with the microscopic appearance and histochemical properties of cartilage. The roughly U-shaped odontophore possesses a thin capsule composed of connective tissue. The parenchyma of the odontophore consists of modified muscle cells which are organized into irregular groups by incomplete trabeculae composed of conventional muscle cells. The odontophoral cells are variable in size; they contain glycogen-filled “cores” as well as bundles of peripherally located filaments resembling myofilaments; and they are innervated like muscle cells. The nuclei of the cells are located eccentrically in the glycogen-filled portions of the cells and typically contain prominent nucleoli. The nuclei are surrounded by multiple small Golgi complexes and pleomorphic dense bodies resembling lysosomes. The extracellular matrix of the odontophore is very sparse and contains glycogen and fibrillar material but no histochemically demonstrable acidic mucosubstances. The collostyle consists of a gelatinous type of tissue somewhat like vertebrate mucoid connective tissue. The abundant extracellular matrix contains cross banded filaments, a flocculent material disposed in wavy indefinite strands, and small electron-dense particles. The matrix contains histochemically demonstrable neutral and weakly acidic mucosubstances. The cell population of the collostyle includes solitary muscle cells and fibrocytes containing large quantities of glycogen.
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    Ca+2-accumulating components in developing skeletal muscle (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 213-237 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This ultrastructural study on the localization of Ca+2 in developing skeletal muscle indicates that the formation of calcium-accumulating components begins during embryonic development. Both oxalate and pyroantimonate techniques are used to localize Ca+2 in distinct cellular components of chick pectoral and sartorius muscles. Two major sites for Ca+2 accumulation are present in ultrathin sections of embryonic and post-embryonic muscles: the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and specific lines in the I-bands. Calcium oxalate-accumulating vesicles are present in the smallest recognizable myotubes at the twelfth day of incubation, but calcium-accumulating components are not seen at myofibrillar I-band sites until the fourteenth to seventeenth days of incubation. The fact that myofibrils first form and later in development accumulate a Ca+2-binding component suggests that this Ca+2-binding component is not necessary for the formation of myofibrils, but is added to myofibrils before hatching to serve a probable regulatory role in contraction.
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    The oral apparatus of Tetrahymena pyriformis, Strain WH-6. IV. Observations on the organization of microtubules and filaments in the isolated oral apparatus and the differential effect of potassium chloride on the stability of oral apparatus microtubules (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 239-257 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This report is an ultrastructural analysis of the organization of the isolated oral apparatus of Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain WH-6, syngen 1. Attention has been focused on the organization of microtubules and filaments in oral apparatus membranelles. Oral apparatus membranellar basal bodies were characterized with respect to structural differentiations at the distal and proximal ends. The distal region of membranellar basal bodies contains the basal plate, accessory microtubules and filaments. The proximal end contains a dense material from which emanate accessory microtubules and filaments. There are at least two possibly three different arrangements of accessory structures at the proximal end of membranellar basal bodies. All membranellar basal bodies appear to have a dense material at the proximal end from which filaments emanate. Some of these basal bodies have accessory microtubules and filaments emanating from this dense material. A possible third arrangement is represented by basal bodies which have lateral projections, from the proximal end, of accessory microtubules and filaments which constitute cross or peripheral connectives. There are at least three examples of direct associations between oral apparatus microtubules and filaments: (1) filaments which form links between basal body triplet microtubules, (2) filaments which link the material of the basal plate to internal basal body microtubules, (3) filaments which link together microtubule bundles from membranellar connectives. KCI extraction of the isolated oral apparatus resulted in the selective solubilization of oral apparatus basal bodies, remnants of ciliary axonemes and fused basal plates. Based on their response to KCl extraction two distinct sets of morphologically similar microtubules can be identified: (a) microtubules which constitute the internal structure of basal bodies and ciliary axonemes, (b) microtubules which constitute the fiber connectives between basal bodies.
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    Initiation of the actinotrichial development in the early fin bud of the fish, Salmo (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 353-361 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ultrastructural analysis of initial development of actinotrichia, the skeleton anlage of the pelvic fin buds, was performed on the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. It shows that the first actinotrichial rudiments appear in the subepidermal space of the pseudoapical cap. No mesenchymal cell bodies or their filopods are present. Hyaloplasmic protrusions of the basal epidermal cells are seen in the subepidermal space, limited by a dermoepidermal boundary reduced to a discontinuous thin adepidermal lamina without a collagenous layer. These morphological data suggest that the epidermal pseudoapical cap probably initiates the development of actinotrichia. Later, mesenchymal cells invade the subepidermal space and are probably involved in the further growth of actinotrichia.
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    Synaptic organization of the nucleus rotundus in some teleosts (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 397-417 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Synaptic organization of the nucleus rotundus was studied with the electron microscope in three teleost species belonging to the same order. In spite of the different histological organization (non-laminated, incompletely laminated, and laminated), the same kinds of axon terminals (S and F) are observed in all species. A fibrous layer which is clearly formed only in the laminated nucleus is composed of F1 terminals and dendrites from a layer of small cells. The same kind of synapses formed between F1 terminals and dendrites of small cells are also found among glomeruli in the non-laminated and incompletely laminated nuclei. The main constituents of glomeruli are S and F2 terminals and dendrites of large cells in the non-laminated and incompletely laminated nuclei, and are S terminals and star-like structures which correspond to the tips of the dendrites of large cells in the laminated nucleus. The star-like structure contains numerous mitochondria and clusters of small polymorphic vesicles. Some of the vesicles aggregate at thickened cell membranes of the structure as in presynaptic dendrites.
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    Intrinsic organization of snake medial cortex: An electron microscopic and golgi study (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 247-279 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The intrinsic organization of medial cortex in snakes, primarily of the genera Natrix and Boa, was studied using Golgi and electron microscopic techniques. The area has three distinct layers, each containing a characteristic population of neurons. Stellate cells comprise a relatively small population of neurons with their somata and dendrites restricted to layer 1, the most superficial layer. Their axons course horizontally in layer 1. Candelabra cells form the largest population of neurons in medial cortex. Their somata lie densely packed in layer 2 and are joined by specialized junctions. Ascending dendrites extend from the somata into layer 1. They consist of spine-free proximal segments and spine bearing distal segments. Descending dendrites extend from the somata into the upper half of layer 3. The proximal segments bear few spines but branch into several tapered, distal segments which have a moderate covering of spines. One or two axons originate from the descending dendrites and descend through layer 3. The axons bear collaterals in the deep half of layer 3 and eventually bifurcate in the alveus. The medial branches run into the septum; the lateral branches course through other cortical areas. The axons bear frequent varicosities within medial cortex. Periventricular cells lie in the deep half of layer 3, either singly or in clusters. Their ascending dendrites extend radially into layer 1 where they branch into distal segments which resemble those of the candelabra cells. Their descending dendrites arborize horizontally in the alveus and bear a moderate covering of spines. Ependymal cells line the ventricular surface and send radial processes through the area's depth bearing lamellate processes.
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    Oogenesis in the Female Sterile (1)42 Mutant of Drosophila melanogaster (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 329-339 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sex-linked mutation fs(1)42 was induced by ethyl methane sulfonate. It has no effect on either the external morphology or longevity of adult hemizygotes or homozygotes. Heterozygotes and hemizygotes are fertile, but homozygotes are sterile. Egg chamber development proceeds through stage 8, and thereafter chambers degenerate. Dying follicle cells are seen in chambers at all positions in the ovarioles. Profollicle cells also die within germaria, and clusters of sister cystocytes take longer than normal to receive their coverings of follicle cells. Egg chambers in the vitellarium contain only about 60% the normal number of follicle cells, these generally have greater lateral dimensions, and their nuclei and nucleoli are also larger than normal. The follicular envelope of mutant chambers often contains gaps through which cystocytes send cytoplasmic projections. Abnormalities seen in development of the fs(1)42 oocyte are likely to be due to its envelope of defective follicle cells.
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    Comparative studies on the structure of reproductive organs of four botryllid ascidians (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 363-379 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Reproductive organs of four botryllid ascidians, Botryllus primigenus, Botryllus schlosseri, Botrylloides violaceus and Botrylloides leachi, were studied histologically. In every species, the egg follicle consisting of an egg and its inner and outer follicles, is attached to the follicle stalk, the vesicle being composed of a flat epithelium, which in its turn is connected to the atrial epithelium or to the brood pouch specialized from it. In B. schlosseri, the egg is ovulated into the atrial cavity and remains there held by the brood cup, of which the inner epithelium is derived from the follicle stalk and the outer one from the atrial epithelium. In B. primigenus, the brood pouch develops as a diverticulum of the atrial cavity, around the entrance of which a fold differentiates from the atrial epithelium and closes the pouch during embryogenesis. In both species of Botrylloides, the brood pouch is formed by the outgrowth of the thickened atrial epithelium into the blood space, the entrance of which is closed during embryogenesis. The discarded outer follicle completely disintegrates soon after ovulation in B. schlosseri, but part of it remains throughout embryogenesis in the blood space in B. primigenus or projecting into the interior of the brood pouch in Botrylloides. In B. primigenus, the testis, when it accompanies the egg follicle, is placed at the bottom of the brood pouch and the sperm is shed through the pouch prior to ovulation. In B. schlosseri and the Botrylloides species, the testis is located independently from the egg follicle and the sperm matures after ovulation.
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    Cytoplasmic bridges within the follicular epithelium of the ovarioles of two diptera, Aedes Aegypti and Stomoxys CalcitransApproved for publication by the Director, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, as TA 12442This paper reports the results of research only. Mention of a proprietary product in this paper does not constitute an endorsement for use by the U.S. Department of Agriculture nor does it imply registration under FIFRA as amended. (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cells of the follicular epithelium of the ovarioles of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), and of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), have been found to be interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges. Cytoplasmic bridges have been reported between sibling gamete cells of both male and female insects, but these bridges have not been previously reported to exist between somatic cells of insects.
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    An unusual cytoplasmic organelle in oocytes of Ilyanassa obsoletaSubmitted to the City University of New York in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 119-127 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An unusual organelle in the oocytes of the marine mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta is described and called a polymerosome, because of its several components. Polymerosomes appear at the beginning of vitellogenesis and persist, in part, through postvitellogenesis. The persistent part is similar to an organelle that has been described by other workers in the vegetal region and the polar lobe of the Ilyanassa egg.
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051530201
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    The actions of three hamstring muscles of the cat: A mechanical analysis (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 315-327 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An analysis of mechanical and architectural aspects of three hamstring muscles in the cat, semitendinosus (ST), semimembranosus anterior (SMa), and semimembranosus posterior (SMp), is presented based on whole muscle tetanic tension profiles. Length-active tension curves for each muscle were obtained by electrical stimulation of the whole muscle with a train of stimuli at 100 pulses per second (pps) for 600 milliseconds.Information from motion picture analysis (Goslow et al., '73) and electromyographic (EMG) activity (Engberg and Lundberg, '69) as seen during the step cycle is combined with analysis of joint torques to present a picture of the differential functions of the three muscles. The length-active tension characteristics of ST and SMa are such that they develop high amounts of tension throughout their physiological excursions. Maximal tension is produced over a much more limited range by SMp. A division of labor for the three muscles is proposed: the one-joint SMa is shown to be a primary hip extensor whose action facilitates smooth oscillation of the leg. Torque and electrical activity during the step cycle indicate the two-joint ST is a primary knee flexor. The more limited range of maximum torque and variable EMG pattern of the other two-joint muscle, SMp, relate to the fact that it has primary activity during high speed gaits when it may act to initiate spine flexion and assist in hip extension.Excursion and activity data have led to the conclusion that biarticular muscles (ST and SMp) may benefit from the combined action of two joints to maintain near maximal tension and torque during active phases of the step cycle. Thus, biarticular muscles may have evolved as much for the mechanical and physiological benefits they derive as for two-joint action itself.
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    An ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis of oogenesis in the squid, Loligo pealei (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 381-400 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Oogenesis has been investigated utilizing both light and electron microscopical techniques in the squid, Loligo pealei. This complex process has been divided into five stages according to the structure of the follicle. Because of the highly coordinated differentiation of the follicle cells (and follicular syncytium) and the oocyte, their development is described in concert. Specific attention is given to the contribution of the follicular syncytium to vitellogenesis and the formation of the extracellular egg envelope or chorion. Our observations indicate heterosynthetic yolk production and the synthesis of the secondary envelope by the follicular syncytium.
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    Tongue evolution in the lungless salamanders, family plethodontidae. II. Function and evolutionary diversity (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 39-79 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A recently presented model of tongue projection dynamics is used to generate a series of predictions concerning morphologies to be expected under selection for increased distance of projection, increased speed of projection, and increased directional versatility. A general understanding of biomechanical events and the model are used as points of departure for making specific predictions concerning details of structure in skeletal, muscular and connective tissue components of the tongue and associated structures. Comparative methods are used to examine these predictions in the genera of plethodontid salamanders. These salamanders are known to project their tongues to different degrees, and this knowledge is used to test the hypotheses concerning morphological specialization. Three distinct groups of plethodontid salamanders have evolved specializations for long distance projection, and these genera differ from one another in important ways in respect to specific character complexes. For example, the tropical genera and Hydromantes use CBII as the major force transmission element in the skeleton, while Eurycea and its allies use CBI in this role. Hydromantes differs from both in having a uniquely proportioned and structured hyobranchial skeleton and associated musculature. Less extreme specializations for tongue projection are found in different combinations in three other groups. Finally, two distinct groups of generalized species having only limited tongue projection capabilities are recognized, each having a unique complex of inter-related features. Each of these eight groups is recognized and characterized as a functional mode, and hypotheses concerning the biomechanical meaning of the character complexes of each are formulated.
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    Ankle flexor muscles in the cat: Length-active tension and muscle unit properties as related to locomotionSupported in part by the Institutional Studies and Research Committee of Northern Arizona University and by USPHS Grant Ns 07888 to D. G. Stuart. (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 23-37 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanical properties of the whole muscle and fast-twitch muscle units of the cat hindlimb pretibial flexors have been explored and related to normal locomotion. Tibialis anterior (TA) is parallel-fibered and functionally crosses a single joint, the ankle, whereas extensor digitorum longus (EDL) is pinnate and spans the ankle, knee, metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. The active tetanic tension of TA remains near its peak value over a range of muscle lengths associated with normal ankle movement. In contrast, the length-tension curve of EDL is sharply peaked. However, normal corollary action of the knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal joints during stepping minimizes EDL's excursion and maintains it at or near a length optimal for peak tension development. EDL is capable of producing synchronous but sterotyped digit and ankle movements while TA provides for independent ankle flexion at all relevant joint angles.The mechanical properties of 84 TA and 98 EDL fast-twitch muscle units were studied by measuring twitch contraction time (≤45 msec), peak tetanic tension, response to repetitive stimulation, and contractile fatigue resistance during electrical stimulation of single alpha axons, functionally isolated from ventral root filaments. These mechanical properties were essentially similar for both muscles with the exception of mean peak tetanic tension which was 30% lower for TA units (14 gm-wt) than for EDL units (20 gm-wt). A high proportion of units in both muscles demonstrated fatigue resistance which is reflective of the repetitive, phasic demand upon these muscles during locomotion.
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    Observations on the morphology of the developing primate cornea: Epithelium, its innervation and anterior stroma (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 263-297 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A survey is made of some ultrastructural features of the developing cornea of Macaca mulatta. The observations are confined to the anterior central area, starting with the lens vesicle stage and progressing through midgestation, when the morphologic characteristics of the cornea are fully established. Subepithelial filaments and some partially aggregated collagen fibrils are present in the earliest embryo and are of a size and appearance similar to those in the future vitreous cavity. Epithelial secretory activity points to, but does not prove direct contribution to the deposition of the acellular matrix components beneath it. No trace of a structured, orthogonal collagenous stroma can be visualized. The primitive endothelium forms prior to the fibroblast invasion of the distended filamentous matrix. Bowman's layer has undoubted epithelial contributions. Its aggregated collagen fibrils have approximately the same diameter as those of the anterior stroma. Intraepithelial appearance of single nerve fibers and fascicles takes place during the first trimester of gestation, as soon as the two continuous epithelial layers are formed. Terminal areas approach closely to the basal cell's nucleus, without touching it. The plasmalemma of the invaginating nerve fiber is surrounded by that of the epithelial cell in a mesaxon-like manner, with occasional gap junctions uniting adjoining neural and epithelial cell membranes. The fetal neurites contain microtubules, some clear vesicles and dense vacuoles resembling those of mature monamine and non-monamine neurons. Mitochondria are small and compact, their presence indicating a high rate of metabolic activity in the immature terminal area.
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    Structure of the sinus hair follicle in the big-clawed shrew, Sorex unguiculatus (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 333-353 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structural features of sinus hair follicles in Sorex unguiculatus were studied by macroscopic dissection, serial section light microscopy and electron microscopy. The shrew has about 540 sinus hairs regularly arranged on the snout. The maxillary nerves innervating them are extremely thick, while the optic nerves are very thin. Thus the follicle must be one of the most important sense organs in this animal. In the follicle the ring sinus is well-developed and the trabeculae of the cavernous sinus are reduced in number and thickness. The ring bulge is not a unified structure but a pair of bodies which consist of head, stalk and attachment plaque. It is characterized by the presence of numberous thick collagen fibrils (400 nm) and appears to be mechanically rigid. Lanceolate nerve terminals, free endings, Merkel cells with nerve terminals and unmyelinated fibers are observed, but encapsulated endings are lacking in and around the follicles. Straight lanceolate terminals on the posterior side of the follicle are thick and three-sided in cross section, while those on the anterior side are thin and two-sided. Free endings are located on the anterior side of the follicle. These and other findings are discussed on the basis of the assumption that the Sorex sinus hair follicle is more specialized as a vibrating system than in other mammals.
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    The diversity of neurosecretory cell types in the cave tick Ornithodoros tholozani (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 371-385 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Neurosecretory cells are arranged in 16 NSC centers in the different regions of the brain of O. tholozani. The component cells belong to 13 different types, of which five types are paraldehyde fuchsin positive and the remaining types are negative. Three of these cell types are here described for the first time. Some of these NSC show an affinity to certain localities inside the brain. Cells comprising a neurohaemal organ were found near the exit of the esophagus.
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    Role of acid phosphatase in the breakdown of yolk platelets in developing amphibian embryos (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 419-425 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Yolk platelets in differentiating embryonic amphibian cells degrade by a membranous “unraveling” or “delamination” process. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated at the peripheries of those platelets which were in the process of degrading and thus this lytic enzyme appears to be involved in the breakdown process. We believe that this relationship provides a means by which early cells obtain the nutrients necessary for early differentiation.
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    The coelomocytes of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris: morphology and phagocytic properties (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 467-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The coelomocytes of Lumbricus terrestris have been classified and described, based on Wright's stained preparations and on living cells. The five major categories consist of basophils, acidophils, neutrophils, granulocytes and chloragogen cells. Both the acidophil and chloragogen cell groups contain two subgroups. Granulocytes also exhibit heterogeneity with respect to staining properties of granules. Some possess acidophilic granules, some basophilic granules, and others contain both types. Granules of acidophils have been observed to be occasionally excreted from the cells. All cell types, with the exception of chloragogen cells, produce pseudopodia and are capable of phagocytosis, a vital component of the earthworm's immune response.
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    A scanning electron microscopic study of differentiation of the digital pad in regenerating digits of the kenyan reed frog, Hyperolius viridiflavus ferniqueiContribution number 78 from the Amphibian Facility.Supported in part by a grant from the Muscular Dystrophy Associations, Inc. and NIH Grants HD08150 and RR 0572 (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 387-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Newly metamorphosed Kenyan reed frogs, Hyperolius viridiflavus ferniquei, are able to regenerate amputated digits. The terminal digital pad is also completely reformed. Differentiation of the regenerating digital pad was studied by scanning electron microscopy. External differentiation of the digital pad began late in the second postamputational week with the appearance of small patches of specialized epidermal cells on the ventral surface of the regenerating digit. The differentiation of the pad spread out radially until late in the fourth week, when its overall shape approximated that of the normal digital pad. The appearance of patches of digital pad epidermis on the ends of spike regenerates arising from the forearm was also confirmed.
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    Morphology of the thoracic skeleton and muscles of the mosquito, Culiseta inornata (Williston), (Diptera: Culicidae) (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 427-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The objectives of this research were to investigate the morphology of the thoracic skeleton and muscles of the mosquito, Culiseta inornata (Williston). The results are presented in 25 text figures and descriptions of each skeletal part and muscle. Undescribed exoskeletal structures are the postmediotergite, intersegmental cleft on the caudal margin of the metapleuron, and the parascutellar process. This process is considered a homologue of the fourth axillary. The acrotergite 2 and subalifer were identified. The prescutum has been called the paratergite by previous authors. The morphological basis for self amputation of legs is described. Undescribed parts of the endoskeleton are: lateral arm of sternal apophysis 1 and its socket on the mesal surface of coxa 1, furcopleural apodeme on sternal apophysis 1, precoxal and postcoxal apodemes arising from the ventral pleural arm, upper and lower laterotergite apodemes on the postnotum, and the pleural and intersegmental apodemes for attachment of halter muscles. Seventy-two muscles are illustrated with their attachments and the origin, insertion, and action of each is described. Ten of the muscles are newly described for the mosquito. There are no muscles inserted on the subalare, second axillary, or third axillary.
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051540101
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    Regeneration in Hydra viridis with multiple-gastric region grafts: Reversal of the middle piece (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 1-17 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The results of reversing the polarity of the middle gastric region in Hydra viridis with multiple-gastric region grafts (3grp animals) are contrasted to previously reported results on comparably elongated animals (3g animals) whose middle gastric regions retain their original polarity. The middle gastric regions of 3grp animals are also bisected (the animals are hemisected) at various times after grafting. Compound heads and compound feet form at the proximal and distal graft borders, respectively, in nearly all 3grp animals. The regeneration of structures at points is a built-in property, not influenced by reversing the polarity of pieces during grafting. Regeneration is accelerated when comparable wound surfaces are brought together by grafting with reversed polarity. Graft rejection is influenced by the total length of an animal and distances from terminal structures, but not the polarity of pieces. Budding is also influenced by total length and distance, but is dependent on polarity and diminished by head regeneration. When fresh wound surfaces are made on the middle piece of 3grp animals, an initial refractory period, during which head and foot (but not budding region) regeneration is inhibited in about half the animals, is followed by an indefinite period in which head and foot regeneration is permitted (and budding region regeneration prevented). Hemisection does not interfere with the regeneration of compound structures already in progress. These results are interpreted in terms of theories of competence, negative dominance, threshold (positional value), inhibition (positional signal), and induction (positive or constructive dominance, stimulation or enhancement).
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    Fine Structure of the A Cells of the Pars Intercerebralis of Normal and Gamma-irradiated Female Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)This research was supported by National Research Council of Canada Grants A4669 and E2465. (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 59-81 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Neurosecretory A cells in the pars intercerebralis of O. fasciatus were identified at the ultrastructural level. Fine structural study of the A cells of female insects during the period of production of the first batch of eggs revealed that these cells undergo qualitative and quantitative changes during the first eight days of adult life. The A cells appear to be inactive in the newly emerged females. There is a significant depletion of neurosecretory granules (NSG) in the perikarya in the 2-day-old females followed by an increase and decrease in the 4- and 6-day-old females, respectively. The A cells in the 8-day-old females showed an accumulation of NSG. The mitochondrial population increases after adult emergence reaching a peak in the 4-day-old females, and then declines gradually in the subsequent age groups. The effect of sublethal dose of gamma radiation on the ultrastructure of the A cells was also investigated. Radiation damage is evident as early as four hours after irradiation with 10 kR. There is considerable swelling of the lysosomes and the membrane system in the A cells of irradiated insects. Synthetic activity of the A cells, based on the distribution of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and mitochondria, as well as release of the NSG are apparently inhibited after irradiation. Radiation-induced damage becomes more conspicuous as post-irradiation interval increases. It is surmised that the damage to the A cells might have contributed at least in part, to the failure of yolk deposition in the irradiated insects.
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    Microscopy of the junctional region between human coronal primary and secondary dentine (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 133-145 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The junction between human primary dentine and regular and irregular secondary dentine was examined with a number of different light and electron microscopic techniques. In decalcified material, a narrow band along the innermost surface of the primary dentine stained intensely. The walls of the tubules within the band stained intensely, whereas the tubular walls within the bulk of the primary dentine were not stained. Generally, the walls of the tubules in both types of secondary dentine were also preferentially stained. Although not readily apparent in ground sections, observations of thin sections revealed a dramatic reduction in the number of tubules in regular secondary dentine. Generally, the radiodensity of the intertubular matrix was the same in primary and secondary dentine and the intensely stained band was not seen radiographically. The pulpal ends of the tubules in primary dentine were often occluded with a material having the same radiodensity as peritubular matrix. Both patent and occluded tubules were seen in irregular secondary dentine. Scanning electron microscopy of acid-etched specimens of secondary dentine revealed that some tubules had irregular walls of highly mineralized matrix which was less acid-soluble than the peritubular matrix of primary dentine.
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    Feeding in golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 427-458 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Simultaneous cine and electromyographic records of freely feeding, unanesthetized golden hamsters show that their motion and muscular activity during mastication differ from those of albino rats (Weijs, '75). Rats show only propalinal motion while hamsters show lateral translation as well. The masticatory muscles of hamsters and rats are generally similar, but their molar dentitions differ. The interlocking molar cusps of hamsters restrict propalinal protrusion and retrusion when the molars are in occlusion; however, hamsters readily unlock occlusion by a twisting movement in the horizontal plane. Rats may perform propalinal movements even with the teeth in occlusion.In mastication the hamstery's jaw moves laterally as well as vertically and anteroposteriorly. Chewing orbits typically reverse after one to three orbits. Reversal begins at the start of the upstroke and involves a lateral shift in the opposite direction with the mouth closed.Electromyograms show that symmetric and asymmetric activities of closing protrusive and closing retrusive muscles produce a unilateral force couple on both sides. (This couple accompanies a midline closing stroke.) When the mouth is closed, unilateral activity of closing retrusors and closing protrusors also induces lateral translation. A bilateral force couple pits the retrusors of one side against the protrusors on the opposite side. Simultaneous with lateral excursion to the opposite side of midline and the action of these closing muscles, the anterior digastric and lateral pterygoid muscles of one side fire asymmetrically.The mandible moves downward coincidently with bilateral activity of the digastrics and lateral pterygoids. As the jaw opens further, activity differences of the lateral pterygoids accompany a shift of the mandible toward midline. At the end of the downstroke, all masticatory muscles studied are silent. The jaw returns to midline when the adductors fire asymmetrically at the start of closing.Trituration appears to coincide with an initial simple protrusion, which is subsequently accompanied by lateral translation. Different food types are reduced by distint chewing patterns with the differences clearest when the teeth are near occlusion. During gnawing the lateral pterygoids and digastrics fire longer, and the closing muscles fire less strongly. Chewing patterns in golden hamsters appear more generalized than those of rats; the differences may be directly associated with the ability of hamsters to store food in their cheek pouches.
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    Pigment cell differentiation in the fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis. I. Structural, chemical, and physical aspects of the adult pigment pattern (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 229-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Wild-collected adults of Bombina orientalis are bright green dorsally and red to red-orange ventrally. As a prelude to an analysis of the differentiation of pigment cells in developing B. orientalis, we describe structural and chemical aspects of the fully differentiated pigment pattern of the “normal” adult.Structurally, differences between dorsal green and ventral red skin are summarized as follows: (1) Dorsal green skin contains a “typical” dermal chromatophore unit comprised of melanophores, iridophores, and xanthophores. Red skin contains predominantly carotenoid-containing xanthophores (erythrophores), and skin from black spot areas contains only melanophores. (2) In ventral red skin, there is also a thin layer of deep-lying iridophores that presumably are not involved in the observed color pattern. (3) Xanthophores of red and green skin are morphologically distinguishable from each other. Dorsal skin xanthophores contain both pterinosomes and carotenoid vesicles; ventral skin xanthophores contain only carotenoid vesicles. Carotenoid vesicles in dorsal xanthophores are much larger but less electron dense than comparable structures in ventral xanthophores.The presence of carotenes in ventral skin accounts for the bright red-orange color of the belly of this frog. Similar pigments are also present in green skin, but in smaller quantities and in conjunction with both colored (yellow) and colorless pteridines. From spectral data obtained for xanthophore pigments and structural data obtained from the size and arrangement of reflecting platelets in the iridophore layer, we attempt to explain the phenomenon of observed green color in B. orientalis.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800101
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    Intercellular bridges in ovaries of the newborn gerbil (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 29-35 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study describes intercellular bridges in the ovaries of neonatal gerbils. Electron microscopy has revealed the presence of true intercellular bridges, connecting oogonia or oocytes, in ovaries of newborn gerbils. The cytoplasm of the intercellular channels is similar to that of the connected cells, with mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and free ribosomes present. Lysosomes are also occasionally present in the intercellular bridges and they may be involved in early waves of oocyte atresia. An electrondense substance, 350-500 Å thick, is located immediately beneath the unit membrane of the intercellular bridges. Accumulation of electron-dense material increases the thickness of the walls of the intercellular bridges, supporting and maintaining the patency of the channels. It is suggested that the intercellular channels probably allow the interchange of nutrients, organelles, and possibly regulatory materials as well.
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    Comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni, and the scansorial fox squirrel, Sciurus nlger (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 55-68 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni, and the scansorial tree squirrel, Sciurus niger, was focused on the musculoskeletal design for digging in the former and climbing in the latter. Based on lever arm mechanics, it was expected that the forelimb of the prairie dog would show features appropriate to the production of relatively large forces and that of the fox squirrel to relatively great velocity. Force and lever arm measurements were made of select forelimb muscles at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints for a series of angles in both species. Contraction time and fatigue indexes were determined for the same forelimb muscles. Contrary to expectation, in the few cases in which significant (P 〈 .05) differences were found, the forces, lever arms, and torques (force times its lever arm) were greater in the smaller fox squirrel. The observed variation in the torques produced fits the demands on the forelimb during climbing and digging as estimated from films. Several forelimb muscles of the fox squirrel show significantly higher mean contraction times than do the homologous muscles of the prairie dog. There were no significant differences between the two species in the fatigability of the selected forelimb muscles, although the mean fatigue index was always higher (less fatigable muscle) in the prairie dog. Similarities in the forelimbs of these two sciurids suggest that only minor modifications may have been required of the ancestral forelimb in order for descendent forms to operate successfully as climbers and diggers.
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    The stomatogastric nervous system of the house cricket Acheta domesticus L. II. Iontophoretic study of neuron anatomy (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 105-124 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy of neurons of the stomatogastric nervous system of Ascheta domesticus was studied using heavy metal iontophoresis through cut nerve ends followed by silver intensification. Nineteen categories of neuron are described and compared with neurons known from the stomatogastric nervous system of other insects. Possible functions for the neurons are suggested. Motor neuron candidates are suggested for all parts of the gut served by the stomatogastric nervous system, and axons of sensory neurons of the anterior pharynx are located. There are four neuron types that cannot readily be assigned motor, sensory, or interneuron functions: large dorsal cells of the frontal ganglion; the two neurons of the nervus connectivus, and two categories of neurons in the median neurosecretory cell group of the pars intercerebralis, the axons of which are contained in the stomatogastric nerves.
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    Antennal receptors in the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala. I. The gigantic central projection of the pedicellar campaniform sensillum (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 159-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the pedicellar segment of the fly antenna there is a large campaniform sensillum. The central projection of the sensory cell (LCC) of this large campaniform sensillum is described from labeling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and cobalt. The LCC projects bilaterally to several regions of the brain and subesophageal and thoracic ganglia. The LCC processes in these termination areas were analyzed in relation to other neural processes, including the remaining antennal sensory and motor projection. This analysis was aided by combining HRP labeling with Golgi silver impregnation. Based on earlier findings and the present data we suggest that the LCC, with its various outputs in, e.g., antennal and leg motor centers, serves as a multifunctional sensory path involved in control functions necessary in flight.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Alterations of endocrine pancreas B cells in a sahelian reptile (Varanus exanthematicus) during starvation (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 173-180 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During the long starvation period (November to June) of the lizard (Varanus exanthematicus), pancreatic B cells undergo profound modification. The degeneration of β granules observed in electron microscopy appears correlated with the diminution of the immunoreactive insulin-like content of the pancreas. The analogy between the phenomena observed here and those reported in animals treated with alloxan is discussed.
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    Structure, crystallography, and morphogenesis of the cryptic shell of the terrestrial slug Limax maximus (Mollusca, gastropoda) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 195-211 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure and crystallography of the internal shell of the pulmonate gastropod slug Limax maximus were studied at the levels of light and scanning electron microscopy, revealing patterns of shell ontogeny and morphogenesis. The calcified portion of the slightly convex ovoid shell is composed of a single palisade layer of calcitic crystals. Numerous projections, 100 μm in width at the dorsal tip, are found on the dorsal surface of the shell and coincide with local nucleation sites of primordial calcium salt deposition onto the periostracum. With continued calcification these projections coalesce ventrally, forming the single crystalline shell layer. The organic portion of the shell includes the periostracum and an extensive PAS-staining conchiolin. In EDTA-etched preparations, conchiolin appears as a spongy network of fibers throughout the shell. Both horizontal and vertical components of the conchiolin are present, the former of variable thickness and occurring in an intercrystalline manner, the latter always occurring normal to the horizontal set. Macromorphogenic growth is characterized by three distinct temporal stages. Primary growth occurs radially from the umbonal region. Secondary growth is synonymous with shell thickening. Tertiary growth is characterized by both a lateral component, in which the shell extends beyond the primary growth boundaries, and a ventral component, in which the shell continues to grow in thickness. SEM of the ventral shell surface reveals a pattern of growth at the crystalmatrix interface. Proteinaceous fibers of the conchiolin occur unidirectionally in horizontal rows. Zones of incipient calcitic crystallization onto these hypostracal fiber bundles are contrasted by zones of increasing crystallization until the fibrous template (reduced hypostracum) is completely covered by crystals.
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    Ultrastructure of a complex epithelial system: The pharyngeal lining of the larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 271-296 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopy shows that the pharyngeal lining of the larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus is a structurally complex epithelial system that can be separated into eight epithelial types: gill lamellar, gill interlamellar, goblet cell, protective, terminal (taste) bud, preciliated, ciliated in tracts, and ciliated in grooves. Furthermore, these epithelial types encompass at least sixteen different cell types based on ultrastructure and, in some cases, correlative histochemistry (PAS, Alcian blue). Common to nearly all the epithelial types are basal cells and intermediate cells. These two cell types are seen as undifferentiated. Among mature cells, structural specialization as proceeded in three directions: (1) elaboration of mitochondria, probably related to molecular transport (ion-uptake cells, chloride cells); (2) ciliogenesis (preciliated and ciliated cell types); and (3) production of mucous secretory granules (mucous-platelet cells, goblet cells, superficial protective cells, columnar mucous cells, “cobblestone” cells, and marginal and dark cells in the terminal buds). Many of the functions of the cell types relate to the process of suspension feeding in this animal.
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    A comparison of spindle concentrations in large and small muscles acting in parallel combinations (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 243-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A small short muscle frequently acts across a joint in parallel with a vastly larger and longer muscle; therefore it should play a minimal role in the mechanical control of that joint. This study provides evidence suggesting that the small member of such a “parallel muscle combination” (PMC) may serve an important sensory feedback role. The spindle densities of large and small members of PMCs in man and the dog were determined and compared. Epaxial PMCs controlling canine intervertebral joints were dissected and tissue samples were embedded in paraffin, sectioned transversely to the muscles' long axis and, stained with hematoxylin-periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). Representative tissue sections were projected on to stereological grids and the percentage volume of spindles was determined. Data existing in the literature were used to ascertain spindle densities in human PMCs controlling joints in the cervico-occipital region and the extremities. The spindle density for each muscle in a group of PMCs controlling a particular motion was listed, and the mean spindle densities were determined for both the large and the small members of the group. Student's unpaired t test was used to determine the significance of the differences between mean spindle densities. Linear regression was calculated and the data were plotted graphically.In all PMCs examined, the spindle density of the small muscles was significantly higher than that of their large counterparts. It is therefore proposed that the small muscles of PMCs may function as “kinesiological monitors” generating important proprioceptive feedback to the central nervous system.
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    Histomorophological studies of the female reproductive system of Platynotus punctatipennis (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The internal reproductive apparatus of female Platynotus punctatipennis is composed of the paired ovaries, paired lateral oviducts, common oviduct, spermatheca associated with its accessory gland, and a bursa copulatrix. The accessory (colleterial) glands are absent. The ovary is made up of a large number of telotrophic ovarioles which are covered by a double-layered peritoneal sheath. The terminal filament is separated from the germarium by the basement membrane of the latter and consists of a syncytial core surrounded by the peritoneal sheath. Nutritive cords are absent. The pedicel shows highly eosinophilic and PAS-positive secretion of obscure origin. The spermatheca reveals a number of interesting features. It is composed of a pair of sperm-storing tubules, enclosed in a very thin muscle layer. A winecup-like structure, provided with a thick coat of circular muscles, connects the spermathecal gland with thespermathecal duct. Four types of intimal linings occur in the spermatheca and its associated structures. The wine-cup-like connection and four types of intima are entirely new features observed. Histology of the various parts of the reproductive apparatus is described.
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    Mesodermal organogenesis in the embryo of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis Issiki (Lepidoptera, Micropterygidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 29-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The formation of somites, coelomic sacs, splanchnic mesoderm, fat bodies, circular system, gonads, and musculature in the embryo of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis Issiki, is described. The following paired somites are formed: the labral, antennal, intercalary, mandibular, maxillary, labial, three thoracic, and 11 abdominal. Small but distinct coelomic cavities appear in all these somites. Labral somites differentiate into the labral muscles, stomodaeal muscles, and dorsal dilator muscles of the pharynx. Antennal somites differentiate into the antennal muscles, aorta, and the ventral dilator muscles of the pharynx. Intercalary somites are short-lived, disintegrating to liberate many free cells into the yolk. The suboesophageal body is not formed. Mandibular somites differentiate into the mandibular flexor and extensor muscles. Maxillary and labial somites differentiate into the splanchnic mesoderm, fat bodies, and into muscles of the maxillolabial region. Three pairs of thoracic and ten pairs of abdominal somites split into the splanchric and somatic mesoderm. The 11th abdominal somites merge into the proctodaeal mesoderm, and differentiate into the musculature of the hindgut. The heart is formed by the fusion of the cardioblasts derived from the first thoracic to the tenth abdominal segment. The aorta arises from the antennal median mesoderm. Blood cells are derived from the median mesodermal cells of the maxillary to the tenth abdominal segment. Germ cells appear at the mediodorsal corner of each somite in the fifth abdominal segment. They become enclosed with a mesodermal sheath to form a pair of rudimentary gonads in this segment. Major muscles in the head, thorax, and abdomen of the fully grown embryo are described.
    Additional Material: 40 Ill.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810201
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    Architectural and histochemical analysis of the semitendinousus muscle in mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 155-160 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The architectural and histochemical properties of the anatomically distinct compartments of the semitendinosus muscle (ST) of mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits show that the ST is composed of two separate compartments aligned in series - a destal compartment (STd) and a proximal one (STp). The STp is further subdivided into a ventral head (STpv) and a dorsal head (STpd). The muscle fibers were arranged in parallel to the line of muscle pull within each compartment. The STd has the longest and the STpv the shortest fibers in all species. The physiological cross-sectional area and the estimated tetanic tension was greatest in the STd. Based on the staining pattern for myosin ATPase (alkaline preincubation) and an oxidative indicator (NADH or SDH), the STpv has the highest percentage of slow-oxidative (SO) or SO plus fast-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers of any portion of the muscle. The differences in fiber-type distributions and architectural designs of the separate compartments suggest a specialization of function of the individual compartments.
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    Morphology and ultrastructure of the organ of Bellonci in the marine amphipod Gammarus setosus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 97-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The three-dimensional structure of the organ of Bellonci in the marine amphipod Gammarus setosus and the relationship between its sensory cells and concretion are described using light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy, with chemical treatment for cell lysis, calcium chelation, glycogen staining, and lanthanum labelling. The organ is encapsulated and has three units called fuselli. Each is enclosed by two fusellar cells which generate and release calcium granule strands into the cores of the fusellar concretions, which are united in the center of the organ. The surface of each fusellus is traversed by spiral dendrites entering dorsally and ending ventrally. The spiral dendrites arise from sensory neurons contained in a palm-shaped ganglion in the center of the capsule, beyond which they are twisted like a rope before reaching the concretion. The spiral dendrites are linked in pairs by gap and tight junctions and each gives origin to two pairs of 9+0 sensory cilia 30 μm apart. The ciliary distal segments give rise to long tubules which are in contact with the calcium granule strands. The ciliary proximal segments are expanded by many long mitochondria which interdigitate with the branched striated ciliary rootlets. The concretion is suspended in the capsule cavity by axons originating from four neurons of a remote mechanoreceptor. The structure of the organ suggests that it is a sensory organ involved in the reception and integration of a variety of stimuli.
    Additional Material: 86 Ill.
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    Electron microscopic study of the innervation of the renal tubules and urinary bladder epithelium in Rana catesbeiana and Necturus maculosus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 143-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the kidney and the bladder of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), the bullfrog tadpole, and the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) were studied with special attention to the innervation of renal tubule cells and bladder epithelial cells. In the bullfrog kidney, nerve terminals and varicosities were frequently associated with the tubule cells, apparently in an increasing order from the proximal tubule to the connecting tubule. Although these terminals and varicosities did not directly contact the tubular cell membrane, an aggregation of synaptic vesicles on the side facing the tubule was considered as morphological evidence that neurotransmitter can be released here and can affect the transport activity of the tubule cells. The association of nerve varicosities with canaliculi cells in the connecting tubule was also demonstrated. In the bullfrog tadpoles, renal tubule cells were occasionally innervated. In the mudpuppy, renal tubule cells were only poorly innervated. The epithelium of the bullfrog bladder was commonly innervated. Nerve terminals with synaptic vesicles were located very near basal cells and even contacted them directly on rare occasions. In the mudpuppy, the innervation of the bladder epithelium was observed infrequently. The bullfrog tadpoles did not possess an apparent bladder. In all materials studied, renal arterioles and bladder smooth muscle cells were innervated.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810301
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    Preparation of long-chain paraffins from nitric acid degradation products of polyethylene; some consequences for polymer crystal structure studies (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 19-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is demonstrated that dicarboxylic acids of uniform lengths, obtained by degrading chain-folded polyethylene single crystals, can be converted to paraffins via the intermediate diiodide by means of the procedure of Barton et al. Thus we are now in the position of obtaining uniform paraffins of chain lengths longer than hitherto available for the study of the crystallization of oligomeric chains. Measurements of melting points and heats of fusion revealed major differences between the paraffins and the corresponding parent dicarboxylic acids. It follows that such measurements on the unmodified products of the nitric acid degradation cannot be used directly for the assessment of the chain traverse length and the degree of crystallinity. It was found further, that the intermediate diiodide is a sufficiently close approximation to the paraffin for the purposes just quoted.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Universal calibration in GPC: A study of polystyrene, poly-α-methylstyrene, and polypropylene (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 89-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The theoretical justification for using M[η], or a similar quantity, as a universal calibration parameter in GPC is reviewed. The equation based on this parameter is applied to transform the primary calibration curve, obtained by means of polystyrene samples, into calibration curves for poly-α-methylstyrene, polypropylene, and linear polyethylene. The Mark-Houwink equations for these polymers, as they are used in the transformation, are discussed. The resulting GPC calibration curves are compared with molecular weights and peak elution volumes of fractionated poly-α-methylstyrene and polypropylene. The same comparison is made with samples of polypropylene and polyethylene having very broad molecular weight distributions. The agreement lies within experimental error.
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    Calibration of gel-permeation columns with unfractionated polymers (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 148-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1970.160080112
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    Addition polymers: Formation and characterization. D. A. SMITH, ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1968. pp. 492. $22.00 (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 482-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1970.160080314
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    Precipitation chromatography theory (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 207-224 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A discussion is given of the behavior of a mathematical model chosen to approximate conditions during precipitation chromatographic fractionation of polymer (Baker Williams fractionation). With only one molecular weight species of polymer a complete solution of the mathematical model was obtained. With more than one species it was necessary to use a computer solution. Curves showing the movement of polymer containing one and two species of polymer are given for a variety of conditions of operation. It was found that the degree of fractionation of polymer approaches a limiting value with increasing length of column. Under some conditions the degree of fractionation may go through a maximum with length of column. The equilibrating distance (distance of travel of the liquid phase required to establish equilibrium of polymer between the liquid and the bed) was found to be very important in determining the fractionation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Dynamic and steady-shear melt rheology of and ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer and its salts (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 277-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Studies have been made on the dynamic and steady-shear melt rheology of an ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer and two of its salts obtained by partial neutralization with sodium and with calcium bases. Measurements were made with a Weissenberg rheogoniometer over a broad range of shear rates and frequency in the temperature interval mainly from 100 to 160°C. The temperature coefficients of dynamic and steady shear viscosity are evaluated at both constant shear rate and constant stress. Likewise, complex dynamic viscosities and apparent high steady-flow viscosities and intercompared at equivalent frequencies and shear rates. The un-ionized acid copolymer shows good correlation between the frequency dependence of the complex viscosity and the shear rate dependence of the apparent viscosity. This is not true for either the sodium salt or the calcium salt. These results are consistent with the two-phase structural model for these materials, i.e., a matrix of hydrocarbon in which are embedded ionic domains.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Effect of diluents on the melt viscosity of branched polybutadienes (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 305-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The enchanced low-shear melt viscosity of branched polybutadienes is shown to be sensitive to dilution with low molecular compounds. The viscosity of branched polymers falls more rapidly with dilution than that of linear polymers, i.e., branched polymers show increased response to plasticization. At least one instance is demonstrated in which the viscosity ratio ηbr/ηlin reverses from a value greater than unity to less than one in passing from dry polymer to rubber extended with relatively large quantities of oil.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1970.160080209
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    Normal stress and shear stress in a viscoelastic liquid under oscillatory shear flow (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 371-381 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Normal stress and shear stress of concentrated polystyrene solutions in a chlorinated diphenyl were measured under steady flow and oscillatory shear flow in a Weissenberg rheogoniometer. The normal stress difference was observed to oscillate at double the frequency of the applied shear strain with amplitude proportional to the square of the applied amplitude, while the shear stress was found to oscillate at the same frequency with amplitude proportional to the applied amplitude. A theoretical relation between the displacement of the oscillatory normal stress difference from zero level and the dynamic modulus derived by Lodge and other investigators was confirmed experimentally, and the theoretical predictions of Coleman and Markovitz concerning the relation among steady-flow normal stress difference and dynamic modulus were also confirmed. However, the theoretical predictions of Lodge, of Spriggs, Huppler and Bird, and of Williams on the relation between the amplitude and phase of oscillatory normal stress and those of oscillatory shear stress did not agree with experimental results.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Single crystals of high polymers by film formation (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 47-59 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A simple method of preparing thin uniform films of high polymers has been examined for growing single crystals from solution. Single crystals of polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene-1, polyacrylonitrile, and cellulose triacetate have been obtained by this method. Different stages of growth reveal different growth features that are also obtained from solutions of these polymers by changing temperature and concentration.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    Isomorphic interactions of ethylenic polymers and paraffin wax (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 81-87 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The high degree of flexibility of blends containing minor amounts of partly crystalline copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate in paraffin wax seems to be a manifestation of some type of interaction. Low-angle x-ray diffraction of such blends showed a new long spacing intermediate in length between the polymer long spacing and the c axis length of the wax unit cell. This new long spacing appears to be a consequence of isomorphism involving cocrystallization of polymeric ethylene sequences and wax molecules. A lesser type of isomorphic interaction, epitaxy, occurs in polyethylene-wax blends: wax overgrows crystals of already crystallized polyethylene in the same orientation without a change in its c axial dimension.
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    Thermoluminescence in hydrocarbon polymers (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 143-147 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1970.160080111
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    Yield condition and propagation of Lüders' lines in tension-torsion experiments on poly(vinyl chloride) (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 893-901 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We have derived from the Eyring theory of non-Newtonian flow a yield condition which is valid for an arbitrary state of stress. Experimental data obtained in simple axial compression tests show the influence of the hydrostatic stress on the yielding of poly(vinyl chloride). This fact confirms the proposed condition and disproves the von Mises criterion. Tension-torsion tests performed on thin tubes lead to results which fit our condition fairly well. The pattern of Lüders' lines appearing on the surface of thin tubes subjected to simple tension, simple shear, and tension-torsion are parallel to the direction where the value of the normal stress is equal to the hydrostatic stress.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Fusion of homopolymers and ordered copolymers containing ethylene sebacate structural units (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 957-967 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The melting temperatures of homopolymers of poly(ethylene sebacate) possessing a most probable molecular weight distribution and ordered copolymers of ethylene sebacate/propylene adipate were studied by slow heating processes and by the analysis of the dependence of the melting temperature on the crystallization temperature utilizing rapid heating rates. For the ordered copolyesters, where the composition of the crystallizing co-units ranged from 0.8 to 0.2 mole fraction the latter method gave results which were similar to those that have been obtained for the other polymer systems that have been studied. Extrapolated equilibrium melting temperatures could be obtained in a straightforward manner and were found to be independent of the copolymer composition in accord with theoretical expectations. On the other hand, a unique set of results were obtained for the homopolymers. A plot of the relationship between the melting temperature and the crystallization temperature for all the molecular weights studied gave a slope close to unity. This made it operationally impossible to extrapolate to the equilibrium melting temperature for this system.
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    Internal motion in organosilicon polymers. II. Dimethylpolysilazanes crosslinked through silicon (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 999-1010 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An investigation of the internal motion in organosilicon polymers by wideline nuclear magnetic resonance has been extended to a pair of dimethylpolysilazanes crosslinked through trifunctional silicon. The data suggest that there is considerable internal motion in all silazanes at 77°K. Evidence is presented for the presence of C3 rotation of the methyl groups, as well as rotation or torsional oscillation of the Si(CH3)2 groups about the polymer backbone. Upon warming the NMR line is seen to narrow, and this is associated with the onset of additional motion, including chain translation and chain flexing or bending. Crosslinking through silicon increases the barrier to chain translation while decreasing the barrier to chain flexing or bending.
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    Structure and properties of poly-2,5-distyrylpyrazine (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1027-1037 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly-2,5-distyrylpyrazine (poly-DSP) was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and measurements of dynamic viscoelastic and electrical properties. From DTA and TGA studies it was confirmed that poly-DSP melts at 321°C and depolymerizes rapidly to the monomer at temperatures between 335°C and 345°C in helium. The polymer is affected by oxygen above 200°C. The E′ value from dynamic viscoelasticity measurements on amorphous film is 2 × 1011 dyne/cm2 at room temperature. It decrease abruptly in the temperature range 140-150°C; but the net decrease of E′ within this temperature range is relatively small. The electrical properties of amorphous poly-DSP are characterized by a small temperature dependence of the dielectric constant between room temperature and 100°C. The dielectric loss tangent was observed to be small, and the dc conductivity was extremely small. It is concluded that rotation of the phenyl branches in the polymer occurs above -30°C and the glass transition occurs at about 150°C. These properties are discussed in some detail in relation to the polymer structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1970.160080702
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    Comonomer and stereosequence distributions in high polymers (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1111-1126 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Comonomer and stereosequence distributions in linear high polymers are considered from the point of view of the general theory of stationary random sequences. Although the discussion is centered about binary polymerizations which may be regarded as stationary Markov processes of low order, attention is paid to distinguish results valid for any stationary random process including stationary non-Markov processes from those special to a particular Markov process. Alternative derivations of copolymer composition equations are given along with a corrected version of a previously suggested scheme of relating conditional probabilities of different orders. The nature and relative merits of the several measures proposed in the literature to characterize comonomer and stereosequence distributions are also discussed in some detail.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1970.160080707
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    Dielectric absorption in oriented poly(vinylidene fluoride)Paper presented in part at the 16th Annual Meeting, Society of Polymer Science of Japan, Tokyo, 1967. (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1177-1186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride) is affected by orientation and crystal modification. The loss peak caused by molecular motion of the molecules in crystalline regions appears at about 70°C (110 Hz) (α1 absorption) for the α form, and at about 110°C (110 Hz) (α2 absorption) for the β form. Orientation significantly affects the magnitude of the β absorption which appears at about -40°C. The very high value of the dielectric constant for stretched film is believed to be due to the orientation effect. The γ absorption, which is assumed to be local-mode absorption, is not so much affected by orientation. An additional loss peak has been found at around 0°C in dynamic mechanical measurements, but the molecular mechanism is unknown.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1970.160080712
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