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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Distinct benefits have been obtained from the use of orthophotography in the initial planning of Scotland's sixth new town, to be located at Stonehouse, 29 km south east of Glasgow, due to a comprehensive approach to the mapping requirements. This paper discusses some of the details of the orthophotomapping project.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméL'orthophotographie s'est révélée d'un usage fort intéressant pour les études d'implantation de la sixième ville nouvelle d'Écosse (Stonehouse, 29 km au S.E. de Glasgow). On discute quelques aspects du projet d'orthophotoplan.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDeutliche Vorteile ergaben sich aus der Anwendung der Differentialent-zerrung bei der Vorplanung für Schottlands 6. neue Stadt, die in der Nähe von Stonehouse, 29 km südöstlich von Glasgow liegen soll, infolge der umfassenden Befriedigung der Anforderungen an die Kartenherstellung. Im Artikel werden einige Details des Orthophotokarten-Projektes diskutiert.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper describes work carried out jointly by the British Ship Research Association and the author to assess the value of photogrammetry in acquiring quality control measurements on large steel structures in the shipbuilding industry. In particular, the feasibility of using photogrammetry to resolve one of the problems of joining half ships afloat (that is the dimensional equivalence of the mating faces) is investigated.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On décrit le travail mené conjointement par la British Ship Research Association et l'auteur pour tester la valeur des méthodes photogrammétriques dans le contrôle de précision de grandes structures d'acier (industrie navale). En particulier on a cherché dans quelles mesure on pouvait utiliser la photogrammétrie pour vérifier la conformité de piéces devant entrer en jonction.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Im Artikel werden die gemeinsam vom Autor und der British Ship Research Association durchgeführten Untersuchungen zwecks Eignung der Photogrammetrie bei Gütekontrollen grosser Stahlkonstruktionen im Schiffbau beschrieben. Insbesondere wurde die Anwendungsmöglichkeit der Photogrammetrie bei der Lösung einiger der beim Verbinden schwimmender halber Schiffe auftretenden Probleme untersucht (um die Grössenordnung der Aufnahmeobjekte zu veranschaulichen).
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The Photogrammetric Society was honoured to be addressed by the Congress Director of the International Society for Photogrammetry during March 1974. Professor Halonen's lecture covered several aspects of current photogrammetric research in Finland. The following account contains contributions by two of his colleagues, J. Hakkarainen and H. Salmenperä, on specific aspects of lens distortion and block adjustment.
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  • 4
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 5
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This review of digital image processing refers to the pioneer work of Helava and Hobrough which has influenced the most recent trends in photogrammetry. The author goes on to discuss aspects of digital image acquisition, storage and display, as well as digital photogrammetric procedures and systems.
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  • 6
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Site procedures, instrumentation, analytical methods and accuracies achieved are described for the measurement of the deformation of a military steel bridge under load in a test gantry. Some remarks concerning the advantages and disadvantages of photogrammetry as a method of industrial measurement are made.
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  • 7
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: An account is given of the importance of photogrammetric techniques in industrial three dimensional problems and the way in which obtaining data in this environment differs from the more common applications. Possible system arrangements are discussed. The particular choice at Imperial College and the resulting system speed and accuracy are presented.
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  • 8
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Lasertrace is a high accuracy measurement system for the remote, non-contact determination of position, velocity, or acceleration in two or three dimensions. It uses advanced two axis laser steering technology to locate and measure the angular position, from itself, of an identified point on an object under investigation. If the object subsequently moves, the steerable laser beam actually tracks the point providing updated position coordinates as it does so. An operating window of 40° in both axes guarantees system versatility in a wide range of applications.
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  • 9
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Optical triangulation is used in the human visual system and surveying tacheometers to estimate distance. This method is now used in systems with solid state sensors which enable fast measurement of distance with sufficiently high accuracy for many applications. City University has built on past experience to develop the optical triangulation technique to gather data appertaining to cross sections or profiles of structures in the range 0.2 m to 20 m radius from the measurement axis. Results obtained using three prototypes are given.
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  • 10
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The author, a research and development manager at Ordnance Survey, reviews current developments in photogrammetry including the automatic correlation of image points for aerial triangulation, digital photogrammetric map revision, mapping from SPOT imagery and progress in aerial photography.
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  • 11
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This study of coastal air survey draws together the main characteristics of the coastal zone, scientific sites of interest, statutory spheres of responsibility, existing coastal photography and survey, and evidence of survey practices by many with responsibilities in these environments. In contrast to the surveyor/photogrammetrist steeped in survey techniques and map use, the majority of people who commission and use air photographs and photogrammetric mapping have very different backgrounds and interests and have widely differing objectives. They come largely from the disciplines of economics, planning, engineering, geography, biological sciences and accountancy. They, too, have their own view of the value of air survey and the analysis here of the trends in demand and use for such material suggests that these sources of information play only a minor and occasional part in their everyday work.
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  • 12
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper presents all the stages involved in the procedure for the determination of the shape of a fuel assembly, which is an essential part of a nuclear power plant and can only be handled underwater. Phototriangulation is used to obtain orientation elements, taking into account light refracting surfaces. Stereomodels are then set up for analytical restitution and the shape parameters for the object can be obtained. The project is a typical example of high precision underwater photogrammetry.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book review in this Article:PHOTOGRAMMETRY APPLIED TO SURVEYS OF MONUMENTS AND HISTORIC CENTRES. By M. Carbonnell. English translation by R. W. A. Dallas and K. V. Parker.ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT. Third Edition. By J. M. Rüeger.RECONNAISSANCE, ASTRONOMY, REMOTE SENSING AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY. Edited b I Hirschberg.SATELLITE DATA: PROCESSING, ARCHIVING AND DISSEMINATION. Volume 1 Applications and Infrastructure. By D. R. Sloggett.SATELLITE DATA PROCESSING, ARCHIVING AND DISSEMINATION. Volume 2 Functions, Operational Principles and Design. By D. R. Sloggett.GPS: A GUIDE TO THE NEXT UTILITY. By J. Hurn.RADARGRAMMETRIC IMAGE PROCESSING. By F. W. Leberl.REMOTE SENSING OF SOILS AND VEGETATION IN THE USSR. By P. J. Curran, G. M. Foody, K. Ya. Kondratyev, V. V. Kozoderov and P. P. Fedchenko.ENGINEERING SURVEYING TECHNOLOGY. Edited by T. J. M. Kennie and G. Petrie.ACCURACY OF SPATIAL DATABASES. Edited b M. F. Goodchild and S. Gopal.CARTOGRAPHY PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE A Festschrift for F. J. Ormeling. Edited by D. W. Rhind and D. R. F. Taylor.HIGH PRECISION NAVIGATION. Edited by K. Linkwitz and U. Hangleiter.INVENTORY OF WORLD TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING. Volume 1 Western Europe, North America and Australasia. Compiled by R. Böhme.ADVANCED PHOTOGRAPHY. B M. Langford.PHOTOGRAMMÉTRIE ET SYSTÈMES D'INFORMATION DU TERRITOIRE. Directeur de la publication O. Kölbl.
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 16
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The current methods for describing and comparing shapes of teeth have a number of inadequacies which lead to inaccuracy and misinterpretation. A method is described which depends on co-ordinate information. Stereoscopic microphotography of teeth crowns is used to take co-ordinates of up to 600 points on the tooth surface. Mathematical surfaces are fitted to the co-ordinates by the method of least squares and analysed by trend surface analysis. The results show that this is a useful method of describing a complex shape, although there are problems which render comparison more difficult.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLes méthodes qu'on utilise généralement pour décrire et comparer les formes des dents sont de par leur nature imprécises et peu sûres. On décrit une méthode basée sur l'utilisation de coordonnées tridimensionnelles. A partir de micro-stéréogrammes de couronnes dentaires, on relève les coordonnées de près de 600 points de la surface de la dent. Ce semis est ensuite lissé par des surfaces mathématiques et étudié par les méthodes de l'analyse des surfaces. On conclut qu'il s'agit d'une utile méthode de description d'une forme complexe, quoique les comparaisons de dent à dent restent difficiles.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie gegenwärtigen Methoden zur Beschreibung und zum Vergleich von Zahnformen weisen eine Reihe von Unzulänglichkeiten auf, die zu Ungenauig-keiten und Fehlinterpretationen führen. Es wird ein auf der Koordinatenin-formation beruhendes Verfahren beschrieben. Dabei wird die Stereomikro-photographie von Zahnkronen zur Ermittlung der Koordinaten von bis zu 600 Punkten auf der Zahnoberfläche angewendet. Die mathematische Oberfläche wird mit Hilfe der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate bestmöglich den gegebenen Koordinaten angepasst und durch Oberflächentrendanalyse überprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es sich um ein brauchbares Verfahren zur Beschreibung komplexer Formen handelt, obwohl es einige Probleme gibt, die den Vergleich erschweren.
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:TERRAIN EVALUATION. By C. W. Mitchell.ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING: APPLICATIONS AND ACHIEVEMENTS. By E. C. Barrett and L. F. Curtis.MULTILINGUAL DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS IN CARTOGRAPHY. Compiled by the International Cartographic Association.THE EARTH FROM SPACE. By J. Bodechtel and H. G. Gierloff-Emden.CARTOGRAPHIC DESIGN AND PRODUCTION. By J. S. Keates.
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  • 19
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 21
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: In recent years analytical aerial triangulation in the Royal Australian Survey Corps has evolved to an advanced stage. Current procedures are described and future possibilities explored.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Ces dernières années les techniques d'aerotriangulation analytique, dans le Royal Australian Survey Corps ont beaucoup progressé. On décrit les méthodes employées et on fait quelques prospective.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammensfassung In den letzten Jahren hat die analytische Aerotriangulation beim Royal Australian Survey Corps einen bedeutenden Stand ereicht. Die gegenwärtigen Technologien werden beschrieben und künftige Möglichkeiten untersucht.
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  • 22
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 23
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 6 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 24
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    The @photogrammetric record 6 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The paper describes an experiment using three different methods for the production of control for topographic mapping from super-wide angle photography. The result showed that aerial triangulation by independent models observed on a Wild A9 would show economic advantages in cartographic effort required, control requirements, and accuracy attained in contouring. The experiment also indicated that great benefit in heighting accuracy is derived from the addition of tie strips flown at right angles to the main photographic cover at a suitable interval and that heights supplied by airborne profile recorder are not sufficiently accurate to be economically advantageous where close interval contours are a requirement.
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  • 25
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 6 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The colour photograph requirements of the photogrammetrist and the photo-interpreter are not always compatible. The author puts forward suggestions for improving the quality and reducing the cost of photography for interpretation purposes, based on the use of 70 mm film cameras. He found supporting evidence for this point of view during his visit to the United States as the result of the award of a Winston Churchill Fellowship in 1969.
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  • 26
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 6 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 27
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 6 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 28
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    The @photogrammetric record 6 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:INTRODUCTION TO THE ALGEBRA OF MATRICES WITH SOME APPLICATIONS. By E. H. Thompson.BIBLIOGRAPHIE DES SCHRIFTTUMS AUF DEM GEBIET DER FORSTLICHEN LUFTBILDAUSWERTUNG 1887–1968. By G. Hildebrandt.INFRARED SYSTEM ENGINEERING. By R. D. Hudson.ELEMENTARY SURVEYING. By R. C. Brinker.REFERENCE GUIDE OUTLINE: SPECIFICATIONS FOR AERIAL SURVEYS AND MAPPING BY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS FOR HIGHWAYS.INTERNATIONAL YEARBOOK OF CARTOGRAPHY (VOL. VIII, 1968). Editor K. Frenzel.MODERN MAPS AND ATLASES. By C. B. M. LOCK.USE OF STRIPS CONNECTED TO BLOCKS FOR LARGE SCALE MAPPING. Results of Experimental Research Organized by Commission B of the O.E.E.P.E. from 1959 to 1966. By M. Cunietti.PRINCIPLES OF HOLOGRAPHY. By H. M. Smith.LA PHOTOGRAMMÉTRIE DES PLANS TOPOGRAPHIQUES ET PARCEL-LAIRES. By B. DUBUISSON.
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  • 29
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    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Underwater photogrammetry is being used in the particularly hostile environment of the North Sea where it has been put into commercially viable operation. The authors discuss underwater photogrammetry related to other means of inspection of oil platforms. They also deal with operational experience of 35 mm and 70 mm cameras, camera calibration, the provision of control and photogrammetric observations and data analysis. The demand for underwater photogrammetry continues to grow.
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  • 30
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    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper summarises the theoretical and practical development of’an analytical system for close range photogrammetry. The system uses the extended bundle method of phototriangulation and a sophisticated least squares algorithm. A description is given of computer software, and aspects of statistical testing and gross error detection are discussed in order to assess the accuracy potential. Applications of the system, for precise co-ordination of a target range and camera calibration are outlined.
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  • 31
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    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A photogrammetric system that is suitable for shallow water detailed mapping at scales from 1:50 to 1:500 for coastal and harbour engineering projects is described. The results from tests using automatic 35 mm Canon cameras on an elevated platform to determine the accuracy of planimetric and depth co-ordinates are presented. The economic benefits of stereophotography through shallow water rather than underwater photography are discussed.
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  • 32
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    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1983), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 33
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    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper reviews the growth in the use of photogrammetric techniques in architecture, principally in the United Kingdom, over the past ten years. The work of the various establishments involved in architectural photogrammetry is described and the results of a questionnaire, distributed within the architectural profession, are analysed. Some comparisons are made with developments elsewhere in Europe.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn examine dans cet article l'extension qu'a connue l'utilisation des méthodes photogrammétriques en architecture au cows des dix dernières années, principalement dans le Royaume-Uni. On y décrit les travaux des divers organismes impliqués dans la photogrammétrie architecturale et l'on y analyse les résultats d'un questionnaire diffusé au sein de la profession liée à l'architecture. On fournit enfin quelques comparaisons avec les développements constatés par ailleurs en Europe.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird über die zunehmende Anwendung photogrammetrischer Verfahren während der letzten 10 Jahre in der Architektur, insbesondere im Vereinigten Königreich, berichtet. Die Arbeit verschiedener Institutionen, die sich mit Architekturphotogrammetrie befassen, wird beschrieben, und es werden die Ergebnisse eines unter Architekten verteilten Fragebogens analysiert. Weiterhin werden Vergleiche zu Entwicklungen in anderen europäischen Ländern gezogen.
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
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  • 37
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
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    Notes: : Stream water during fair weather (base flow) is largely ground water discharge, which has been in contact with minerals of the underlying aquifer. Base flow water quality should therefore reflect aquifer mineralogy as well as upstream land use. Three upstream mining categories (unmined lands, abandoned coal mines, and reclaimed coal mines) differed in pH, specific conductance, sulfate, iron, aluminum, and alkalinity for 122 streams in eastern Ohio. Aquifer rock type influenced pH, specific conductance, sulfate, iron, and alkalinity. Reclamation returned many components of acid mine drainage to near unmined levels, although sulfate and specific conductance were not improved. Acid mine drainage problems were less severe in watersheds underlain by the calcareous Monogahela Formation. These results should ayply to other Appalachian coal regions having similar rock units.The water quality data distributions were neither consistently normal nor lognormal. Statistical tests utilizing ranks of the water quality data, instead of the data themselves, proved useful in analyzing the influences of mining category and rock type.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The inorganic chemistry of two pairs of lakes in Rocky Mountain National Park was studied to determine reasons for their similarities and differences. The pairs were located on differing geologic units. It was expected that weathering from the different types of parent material would cause differing cation concentrations between the pairs. This was verified by dissimilar concentrations of those cations which are products of primary weathering. Unexpected was a significant difference in anion concentrations between members of one pair having the same bedrock geology. This difference has been attributed to the presence of a wet sedge meadow above one of the lakes which serves as a biological filter for anions, particularly nitrate and sulfate. It is shown that small scale drainage characteristics which can alter regional atmospheric contributions are important contributors to lake chemistry.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
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    Notes: : The Dakota aquifer, composed of the Dakota Sandstone and stratigraphically equivalent sandstone units of Cretaceous age, is the upper-most regional aquifer underlying the extensively developed High Plains aquifer of the midwestern United States. The concentration of dissolved solids in ground water of the Dakota aquifer ranges from less than 500 milligrams per liter in calcium bicarbonate type water in the eastern outcrop area to more than 100,000 milligrams per liter in sodium chloride type oilfield brine in the Denver Basin to the west. Preliminary maps showing the distribution of dissolved solids confirm the complex nature of the Dakota aquifer as inferred from stratigraphic and hydraulic evidence. Extensive vertical leakage through confining layers, local recharge at the truncated eastern boundary, and a barrier to recharge along the western edge of the Denver Basin are consistent with the distribution of hydraulic head and dissolved solids.
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  • 40
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Santa Fe Country, New Mexico, has adopted a land-use policy in which zoning densities provide a balance between the water use on a parcel of land and the water supply available bencath that land. In two of four mapped hydrologic zones, ground water in storage will be allowed to be mined to exhaustion in 100 years (40 years in urban areas). Elsewhere, the policy is for a steady state with use balanced by recharge. Equations to determine storage or recharge can be solved using site specific data or regional estimates of hydrologic conditions. Substantial reductions in the lot size requirements are allowed if water conservation convenants are adopted. Public acceptance indicates that the policy successfully integrates technical and political concerns. It is simple to administer, yet reflects widely expressed public goals and values.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
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    Notes: : A loading function methodology is presented for predicting runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses from complex watersheds. Separate models are defined for cropland, forest, urban and barnyard sources, and procedures for estimating baseflow nutrients are provided. The loading functions are designed for use as a preliminary screening tool to isolate the major contributors in a watershed. Input data sources are readily available and the functions do not require costly calibrations. Data requirements include watershed land use and soil information, daily precipitation and temperature records and rainfall erosivities. Comparison of predicted and measured water, sediment, and nutrient runoff fluxes for the West Branch Deleware River in New York, indicated that runoff was underpredicted by about 14 percent while dissolved nutrients were within 30 percent of observed values. Sediment and solid-phase nutrients were overpredicted by about 50 percent. An annual nutrient budget for the West Branch Delaware River showed that cornland was the major source of sediment, solid phase nutrients, and total phosphorus. Waste water treatment plants and ground water discharge contributed the most dissolved phosphorus and dissolved nitrogen, respectively.
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    Notes: : Appraisal-level, engineering economic analyses for two types of irrigation systems are compared: (1) a surface-water irrigation system, and (2) a ground-water recharge irrigation system. An artificial recharge irrigation system is an economically viable alternative to surface-distributed irrigation in a conjunctive irrigation plan if electric power rates remain sufficiently low. As electric rates increase, this viability generally decreases until it becomes completely unattractive at rates of about 0.012 dollars per kilowatt hour.
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    Notes: : Data from 54 well in central and eastern Kansas developed in unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age indicate that nitrate concentrations are inversely related to the depth of the well screen opening below the water level in the well casing because this relationship was found to exist in an area of Nebraska and in a large area of Kansas, the relationship is generally valid over a wide geo- graphical area. In addition, the data indicate that the incidence of nitrate concentrations exceeding 45 milligrams per liter and nitrate concentrations, in general, are significantly lower in water from wells with screens deeper than 25 feet below the water table in unconfined aquifers or where screens are placed in deep confined aquifers. No concentrations of nitrate greater than 45 milligrams per liter were in obseved wells where screens were deeper than 60 feet below the casing water level. These findings suggest that general placement of well screens as far below the water table as possible in unconfined unconsolidated aquifers in Kansas. and possibly other areas of the Midwest, may be an effective measure in preventing undesirable nitrate concentrations in ground water supplies. particularly in areas where nitrate is a problem.
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    Notes: Field investigations were conducted at three sites in the Washington, D.C., area to detect accumulation patterns of the trace metals, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in the soils of urban stormwater detention basins. The research results seemed to indicate that the use of detention basins to control urban stormwater runoff had few harmful effects to fine textured soils with respect to the study trace metals. Although the trace metals, especially lead and zinc, were found to accumulate in the surface soils of the basins, little significant downward movement of metals in the soil profiles had occurred. Accumulations of metals in the surface soils appeared to be a function of microtopography and the resultant residence time of standing water. The fractions of trace metals that were present in a leachable form in surface soils and stormwater solids were small, with median values ranging from 7.7 percent of the total concentration for Cd to 0.01 percent for Pb.
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    Notes: Minicomputer interfaced, continuous, noncontact sensing of the ventilatory behavior of the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) was used to investigate the response to exposure to solutions of copper and zinc under various modes of application. The results of these studies indicate that fish respond to sublethal concentrations of these toxicants by increasing the average ventilatory rate as well as decreasing the amplitude of the ventilatory signal. Appropriate statistics for the analysis of these data are also described.
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    Notes: Tree-ring indices representing seven sites were used to reconstruct monthly summer streamflow in the Occoquan River basin of northern Virginia from 1841 to 1975. Attempts were made to reconstruct flow for each of the months, April through August. Reconstructions for June, July, and August were judged most reliable. Major mid-summer flow minima persisting for more than one year were reconstructed as having occurred in the early 1870's, the early 1930's, and the mid-1960's. Aside from these major dry periods, a greater frequency of extreme low flow during individual years is indicated for the entire record than for the most recent 50 years.
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    Notes: To evaluate the effects of management practices for protection of water quality in White Clay Lake (Wisconsin), surface and lake waters were monitored for a six-year period before and during structural and management changes for nonpoint pollution source control. The incremental nature of implementing controls combined with the annual variations in sediment and nutrient transport confounded obvious changes in water quality. So, several models were linked together to define loadings from specific land uses and to assess the effects of management changes and animal waste control measures designed to reduce sediment and phosphorus losses. The importance of including the thaw and snowmelt factor in the determination of erosion index for the Universal Soil Loss Equation was demonstrated. Model predictions of average annual phosphorus loading showed a 54 percent reduction following the installation of manure storage facilities and barnyard runoff controls, and a 22 percent reduction through changes in cropland management. The model also predicted a 29 percent reduction in sediment loading. The value of a peripheral wetland for retention of sediment and phosphorus was quantified. Changes in lake water quality attributable to the watershed work were not observed, but maintenance of existing good water quality as a result of this project is anticipated.
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    Notes: The likelihood of expanded use of Minnesota's 3 million hectares of peatlands prompted the state to initiate a hydrologic study to characterize these groundwater-linked systems. Determining the quality of streamflow from these peatlands was an integral part of the study. Peatlands could be differentiated either on the basis of streamflow quality or on soil-vegetation characteristics. The quality of streamflow from 45 undisturbed peatlands was characterized by collecting samples five times in 1979-80 and analyzing them for 27 water quality characteristics. Runoff pH, specific conductance, alkalinity, calcium, and magnesium were used to classify the peatlands as bog, transition, or fen. Bog runoff was lower (α= 0.05) in pH, calcium, sodium, manganese, and ammonia nitrogen than fen runoff, but was higher in acidity, color, aluminum, humic and fulvic acid, and chemical oxygen demand than fen runoff. Bogs had more fibric peat of a lower pH than fens; fens exhibited tall woody shrubs which were virtually absent on bogs.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
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    Notes: : Australia's extremely limited water resources highlight the need for policy guidelines for management. During the 1970s, there was the gradual evolution of a national water resources policy, facilitated by a nationally agreed statement of objectives and culminating in a federal policy statement presented in 1979. However, the Australian constitution gives major responsibility for water resources to the states. Further, the federal policy statement seems to assume that each state has a water resources policy and that it accords with the nationally agreed objectives. This is not the case, and the practical management of Australia's water resources falls short of the principles set out in the policy document. The River Murray, the nation's major water resource, provides ample evidence of this fact. With very limited water resources, Australia urgently needs to reduce the disparity between principle and practice in their management.
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    Notes: : West Bitter Creek floodwater retarding structure site 3 in South Central Oklahoma was instrumented and records obtained and analyzed to obtain information concerning an impoundment water budget that is useful to landowners and designers of these impoundments. On-site loss of water from the impoundment was only 17 percent of the inflow during three years when the annual precipitation averaged 26 inches and the annual inflow averaged 1.4 inches. Runoff from an eroded area with no farm ponds was about 70 percent greater per unit area than from a portion of the watershed where 71 percent of the drainage area was controlled by farm ponds. A previous study indicated, however, that the ponds were reducing runoff only 13 percent. Loss of top soil increases runoff considerably. Only 24 percent of the total runoff into the impoundment was base flow. The flow rate into the impoundment was less than 0.05 cfs 70 percent of the time, and the inflow rate exceeded 10 cfs only 1 percent of the time. SCS runoff curve numbers varied between 57 and 96 for the impoundment watershed with an inverse relation between precipitation amount and curve number apprently caused by partial area runoff from impervious and semi-impervious areas. A comparison of measured event runoff versus event runoff computed by the SCS curve numbers gave an r2 of only 0.44. However, the total computed surface runoff for eight years of record was less than 1 percent below the measured runoff which indicated the curve number method was a good tool for predicting long term runoff for the watershed.
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    Notes: : We have developed a computer model of soil loss on an upland watershed from the continuity considerations for sediment transport and from equations describing rill and interrill erosion. The model is based on dividing the upland area into a grid containing rill and interill zones, on the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), and on equations describing detachment and transport capacity of rill flow. The USLE estimates the sediment load from the contributing areas. The location and amount of total erosion and deposition are determined by comparing the transport and detachment capacity of rill flow for specific storms. The model considers the mechanics of erosion process and can serve as basis for reservoir and channel design and land use planning.
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    Notes: : The analysis of stream flow and several water quality parameters in six Illinois rivers showed both deterioration and improvement in quality indicators during 1976–1977 drought. The adverse impacts were an increase of ammonia and manganese concentrations and, to a lesser degree, increased concentrations of phenol and specific conductance. At the worst point during the drought, the 12-month moving average of monthly ammonia concentration in the Sangamon River was about 620 percent higher than the antecedent value. On the other hand, average concentrations of nitrites and nitrates, total iron, and the number of coliform bacteria significantly decreased. This positive response suggests that streams which are considered unsuitable for municipal supply due to high levels of these quality indicators may be used as emergency sources during droughts.
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    Notes: : The pressure on water resources from energy resource development and transformation is likely to be greater in the future than it has been in the past. A rational resolution of the political problems that this situation will generate requires that: 1) planning based on predictions of future energy supply and demand be replaced by scenario, or “what if?” analysis; 2) full attention be paid to the uncertainties in per-unit-energy water requirements; 3) suitable stochastic measures of water availability be used to compare water supply with water demand; 4) realistic ecological criteria, and other alternative use criteria, be developed for estimating impacts of water withdrawn or consurned for energy development; 5) human consequences of ecological impaccts are described in a manner that will allow the political process to intervene in an optimum manner to allocate water resources.
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    Notes: : A case study in the development of interactive computer software for water resources related engineering problems in presented. Guidelines for the preparation of a uniform set of interactive program requirements are discussed. Use of the developed guidelines will reduce computer usage expenditures by minimizing program learning time and data entry errors.
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    Notes: : This paper describes a preliminary investigation of the hydropower potential at the existing Conemaugh Dam, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers project located in the Kiskiminetas River Basin, Pennsylvania. The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective layout of power production facilities for each of four possible installed capacities. Based on preliminary cost estimates and monthly power production computations, a layout using standard tube turbines in a powerhouse constructed on the face of the emergency spillway would produce the cheapest energy at a capacity of 8 to 10 megawatts (MW).
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    Notes: : Kriging utilizes a statistically based procedure of spatial interpolation that incorporates the spatial correlation structure of the phenomenon, and provides an error estimate. Kriging was applied to a total of 141 transmissivity values in an attempt to quantify the transmissivity distribution of the Santa Fe aquifer in Mesilla Bolson. New Mexico. The analysis produced contour maps of estimated transmissivity values and associated estimation variances. Through variogram analysis and fitting of an exponential variogrsm to 141 natural log of transmissivity (InT) values, the range was determined to be 3 miles, the average variance 2.74 (σInT= 1.65) with a mean of 8.65. Kriged estimates were generally lower when compared to estimates based on available transmissivity maps.
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    Notes: A general methodology is described for identifying and statistically modeling trends which may be contained in a water quality time series. A range of useful exploratory data analysis tools are suggested for discovering important patterns and statistical characteristics of the data such as trends caused by external interventions. To estimate the entries in an evenly spaced time series when data are available at irregular time intervals, a new procedure based upon seasonal adjustment is described. Intervention analysis is employed at the confirmatory data analysis stage to rigorously model changes in the mean levels of a series which are identified using exploratory data analysis techniques. Furthermore, intervention analysis can be utilized for estimating missing observations when they are not too numerous. The effects of cutting down a forest upon various water quality variables and also the consequences of acid rain upon the alkalinity in a stream provide illustrative applications which demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology.
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    Notes: Past prices of Colorado-Big Thompson water shares were analyzed using an asset pricing model which incorporated the growth rate in real returns to irrigation water and the value of potential urban water uses. A real growth rate in the returns to irrigation water was estimated at 5.3 percent. Nevertheless, market values for water shares have exceeded capitalized agricultural values since 1969. Historically, urban use potential was heavily discounted, but the implicit discount rate fell rapidly in the last decade. The expectation that water shares will eventually be sold to municipal or industrial consumers now appears to be reflected fully in water prices.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: One component of the local scour process near a culvert outlet is the formation of an aggraded mound downstream of the scour area. This investigation presents a series of observations and empirical relationships depicting the formation, growth, and estimated maximum dimensions of a mound in a uniformly graded sand material due to clear water scour. The maximum dimensions of the mound were correlated to the discharge intensity (Qg-0.5 D-2.5), the maximum dimensions of the scour hole, time, and tailwater elevation. The concept of an approximate area of scour influence was developed relating the mound width, scour hole length, and mound length as a function of the culvert diameter and discharge intensity.
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  • 73
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: A dynamic mathematical model was constructed to examine bacterial contamination problems affecting Ford Lake, a small recreational lake in Southeast Michigan. The model was calibrated and verified using summer dry weather averaged data and data from three wet weather surveys. Model simulations demonstrated that the major bacterial contamination was attributable to storm related perturbations affecting two point sources: the Huron River and the Ypsilanti Sewage Treatment Plant. The nonpoint source contribution was relatively minor. The Model is currently being used by the State of Michigan Department of Natural Resources as a management tool for assessing the effectiveness of planned pollution abatement strategies
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  • 74
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: A conceptual framework and the systematic collection of reliable information for application within the framework are the cornerstones of effective water planning. The ideal of strengthening these cornerstones was a driving force behind formation of the Water Resources Council and Council efforts, during its life, to develop the Principles and Standards and to complete two National Water Assessments. The Assessments contained voluminous data but never really became an integral component of the national water planning process. Before being disbanded in 1982, the Council solicited several appraisals of its assessment process. This paper reports one made by the university community in which experiences and opinions were obtained from 108 water research administrators and water policy experts.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Irrigated land outproduces dryland agriculture, especially in the western United States. Many valuable crops could not be grown without irrigation. A paucity of yield data does not allow direct measurement of the contribution from irrigated crop agriculture, nor does it allow evaluation of the contributions from livestock which are dependent upon irrigated feed. Regression results indicate that 80 percent of Idaho farm income is associated with irrigation, and that 75 percent of the farm income in the 17 western states is associated with irrigation. For the United States as a whole, results indicate that 13.7 percent of the total cropland (irrigated land) produced 41.3 percent of all cash receipts from farming in 1978. If 14 percent of the land can produce 40 percent of the value of production, can 35 percent of our land produce all our food and fiber needs? Such an allegation has several implications in terms of the adequacy of our land and water resources. It also emphasizes the role of technology in future resource use and production.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Unit hydrograph theory is one of the most widely used techniques to predict surface runoff. The present study is concerned with the Snyder unit hydrograph and the calibration of the Snyder coefficients for Pennsylvania.Twenty-seven study basins were selected, located randomly across the state. With the rainfall and runoff recorded for several events for each basin (more than 500 events were analyzed) unit hydrographs were calculated and the Snyder coefficients determined. A map of the coefficients was drawn to illustrate the variability in the coefficients and two equations using multiple regression theory were developed. The unexplained variability of the coefficients suggests that upper and lower bounds on the peak flow might be placed on storm hydrographs developed for ungaged watersheds.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) and picramic acid (2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol) are potential water pollutents due to a variety of industrial and munition uses. The possible impacts of picric and picramic acid to two recreationally and commercially important species, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and American oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were evaluated. Picramic acid was more toxic than picric acid to both species tested. The 96-h LC50s for picric and picramic acids for rainbow trout were 109.6 and 46.2 mg/1, respectively. The 144-h LC50s for picric and picramic acid for American oysters were 254.9 and 69.8 mg/1, respectively. Sublethal no growth EC50s and shell deposition EC50s for oysters showed that both compounds caused adverse effects at much lower concentrations than indicated by the LC50s. For example, the 144-h shell deposition EC50s were 27.9 mg/1 for picric acid and 5.6 mg/1 for picramic acid. Sediment adsorbtion studies in estuarine water indicated that both compounds are not readily adsorbed which suggests that sediment would not play a major role as a sink in contaminated systems. Oysters, which filter large quantities of particulate matter, would more likely be affected by picric and picramic acids in the water column than by exposure to contaminated sediment.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Local or project level planning occurs within most federal water resources programs. Such planning involves both federal and local participants, and commonly involves a range of interest groups. It is necessary to know what goals these participants believe the planning process ought to achieve in order to design planning procedures which will meet their expectations. Social judgment analysis was used to elicit those goals for respondents who had participated in one of five different federal water resources programs, in one of five different roles. Respondents also evaluated the extent to which the planning activities in a recent project in which they had participated had actually attained the posited goals. The respondents believed that responsiveness to local problems was significantly more important than resolving conflicts or increasing public understanding. A fourth goal, achieving national objectives, was believed to be less important than the other three. No significant differences in these goal evaluations were associated with the type of program in which the respondents had participated. However, there were significant differences associated with the respondent's role in the planning process. Respondents' ratings of the effectiveness of actual planning projects varied by both program and respondent role.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: A comparative study was undertaken to evaluate peak runoff flow rates using (1) a continuous series of actual rainfall events and (2) design storms. The ILLUDAS computer model was used to simulate runoff over a catchment within the city of Montreal, Canada. A ten-year period, five-minute increment rainfall data base was used to derive peak flow frequency curves. Two types of design storms were analyzed: one derived from intensity duration frequency curves (Chicago type), the other from averaging actual rainfall patterns (Huff type). Antecedent soil moisture conditions were considered in the analyses. It was found that the probability distribution of runoff peak flow was sensitive to the choice of design storm pattern and to the antecedent soil moisture condition. A symmetrical, Chicago-type design storm with antecedent dry soil moisture produced a flow frequency curve similar to the one obtained from a series of historical rainfall events.
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  • 82
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Savings in capital, operation, and maintenance costs of new water supply facilities are referred to as “long run foregone costs.” Any conservation measure leads to reduction of water use or loss, however, significant long run foregone costs are realized only when reductions in size or delays in construction of facilities result. In order to accurately evaluate these costs it is necessary to know which facilities are affected and how they are affected (i.e., eliminated, downsized, or delayed). The effects of several levels of conservation on long run fore gone costs for an actual study are presented and some easy to use equations that may be used to calculate such savings are then derived. Some rules are presented to determine if it is more economical to delay construction or downsize facilities.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: The demand for more water is increasing throughout the country. Research on upland watersheds clearly demonstrates that water yield can be increased using forest and range management practices. Based on the experience of the past several decades and a review of six papers in a recent AWRA series on water yield augmentation through vegetation management, the following issues and concerns are discussed: predicting increased yields from large basins; economic evaluation of additional flows; court acceptance and need for system models; the legal question of ownership and transferability of increased yields; and management emphasis on private and federal lands. The immediate potential for water yield augmentation is on carefully selected watersheds that have the bio-physical potential to produce high value water under environmentally acceptable multiple use management. We predict water yield management on a broader scale will result from increased pressures to solve the legal and economic issues involved.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: From 1971-1980, studies were conducted at Fresno, California, to identify and quantify, where possible, the soil and water chemistry, subsurface geologic, hydrologic, biologic, and operational factors that determine the long term (10-year) effectiveness of basin type artificial ground water recharge through alluvial soils. This paper updates previous findings and refers to publications that describe the geology beneath the basins and regional geology that determine the transmission and storage properties for local ground water management and chemical quality enhancement. High quality irrigation water from the Kings River was used for recharge. Construction and land costs for the present expanded facility 83 ha (205.2 ac) using three parcels of land were $1,457,100. The nine-year annual mean costs for only canal water, maintenance, and operation were $110.42/ha·m ($13.62/ac·ft) based on an average recharge rate of 1338 ha·m/yr (10,848 ac·ft/yr) at 86 percent facility efficiency. The measured end of season recharge rate averaged 14.97 ± 0.24 cm/day. The 10-year mean actual recharge rate based on actual water delivered, total ponded area, and total days of recharge was 12.1 cm/day.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Atmospheric reaeration is a natural mechanism of oxygen transfer from the atmosphere to a water body. In practice, stream water quality models are developed with reaeration coefficients (K2) estimated by predictive equations. This leads to uncertainties in modeling analysis because these equations are empirical in nature and may yield greatly different K2 values for the same stream. Values of K2 may be adjusted in model calibration, but unfortunately, values of other model parameters are no less easy to identify and require adjustment in model calibration as well. Therefore, validity of a stream model would be enhanced significantly if K2 could be determined directly and reliably. In this research, values of K2 in the Canandaiqua Outlet in Central New York have been measured by using a gas tracer method. A successful modeling analysis was conducted using these K2 values. As a result, effluent limitations of several waste water discharges into the Outlet were established. It was concluded that field measurements of reaeration rate would improve modeling results significantly, and that the gas tracer method can be easily incorporated into intensive water quality surveys normally required for stream modeling.
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  • 90
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Water pollution through loss of topsoil from farmland continues to be a major problem, despite nearly 50 years of providing farmers technical and financial assistance for soil and water conservation. The technology for controlling erosion and water pollution is available, but farmers have been slow in implementing control practices. Past research has shown that farmers tend to be unaware of the seriousness of the erosion problem on their own operations. Using a random sample of farmers from central Iowa, the relationship is examined between awareness of a soil erosion problem and the use of conservation tillage. Results indicate that awareness of a soil erosion problem effects the use of conservation tillage, and that awareness can be enhanced by experiential educational strategies such as the development and implementation of a soil and water conservation plan.
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  • 91
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: For a risk recreation activity like whitewater boating, a manager's goal of providing for the health and safety of the visitor may conflict with the goal of providing the opportunity for a satisfying recreation experience. As whitewater river managers face the problem of safety and risks, they should consider what users think about safety programs. The views of whitewater boaters toward (1) first aid equipment requirements, (2) signs warning of hazards, (3) aggressive enforcement of the rules, and (4) patrols to assist and regulate users were determined on 13 river segments in the western United States. A test was made of the relation between views toward safety measures and the level of risk and thrills sought by floaters. Conclusions of the study are: (1) river floaters' views toward possible management safety measures are not related to the amount of risk they desire; and (2) floaters, in general, prefer some safety measures to others. If safety measures mean that managers will be more visible on the river, floaters tend to dislike them. Therefore, a manager's approach to safety management should parallel the approach to recreation management in general, and regulation of use should be the minimum necessary to achieve safety objectives.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to identify attitudes toward the recreational use of drinking water reservoirs in Massachusetts among municipal water supply managers in the state. Compared to the findings of recent studies assessing the attitudes of the general public, water officials were found to advocate highly restrictive views. No officials said that recreation was an insignificant source of water supply pollution; however, opinions were not found to be related to respondents' exposure to the literature on the topic. The majority were not, in fact, familiar with the literature assessing the impact of recreation on water supply reservoirs.
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