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  • Articles  (12,414)
  • Springer  (12,414)
  • 1965-1969  (12,414)
  • 1969  (12,414)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (6,647)
  • Mathematics  (2,876)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (1,799)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (1,190)
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  • Articles  (12,414)
Years
  • 1965-1969  (12,414)
Year
Journal
  • 1
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 31 (1969), S. 529-540 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is assumed that waves of configurational change of cell surface proteins can pass over the length of columnar cells in a multicellular membrane, thus passing across the membrane. It is expected that waves of change in fluidity of surface water and of Na+ vs K+ complexing preference by cell surface proteins will result from the waves of change in surface protein configuration. The entire wave process is called a chemiperistaltic wave, and is a natural extension of the concepts embodied in the association-induction hypothesis of Ling. It is shown that chemiperistaltic waves may transport Na+ across multicellular membranes through extracellular space between cells in a manner which is consistent with the experiments of Cereijidoet al. (1968) on frog skin. Equations for transport of Na+ by chemiperistaltic waves are derived for an idealized membrane. It seems possible that Na+−K+ activated ATPase may represent the isolated form of the cell surface protein in which chemiperistaltic waves are propagated or that an actomyosin-like protein may be involved.
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  • 2
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 31 (1969), S. 541-562 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Much of recent work to determine primary structures of nucleic acids and proteins employs the “fragmentation” or “overlap” stratagem. Typically, a preparation of a given polymer with unknown sequence is purified and then subjected to an enzyme known to cut the polymer at certain specific sites. The quantities and sequences of the resulting fragments are determined. For RNA primary sequences, pancreatic ribonuclease and T1 ribonuclease are ordinarily used as fragmenting enzymes. A technique is described for evaluating such fragment data. It has the following properties: It is easily determined whether or not the fragment data is inconsistent. It is always possible to determine the first and last nucleotides of the unknown sequence from the data of two limit digests. Consistent data from two limit digests can always be fitted into a convenient conceptual framework developed within the theory of graphs. In most cases, partial digest information can be used to modify the framework constructed from two limit digests, as such information is obtained. An efficient analysis of all fragment data in this conceptual framework can always be made. One can detect inconsistencies and can generate the entire list of polymer sequences consistent with the fragment data.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 31 (1969), S. 569-574 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of convective flow on the distribution of a diffusing substance that is being consumed is analyzed. For the mammalian cornea, one of the few tissues where convection, diffusion and consumption simultaneously exist, the effect of convection on the distribution of oxygen is shown to be small.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 31 (1969), S. 605-617 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A previous study (Bull. Math. Biophysics,31, 417–427, 1969) on the definitions of stability of equilibria in organismic sets determined byQ relations is continued. An attempt is made to bring this definition into a form as similar as possible to that used in physical systems determined byF-relations. With examples taken from physics, biology and sociology, it is shown that a definition of equilibria forQ-relational systems similar to the definitions used in physics can be obtained, provided the concept of stable or unstable structures of a system determined byQ-relations is considered in a probabilistic manner. This offers an illustration of “fuzzy categories,” a notion introduced by I. Bąianu and M. Marinescu (Bull. Math. Biophysics,30, 625–635, 1968), in their paper on organismic supercategories, which is designed to provide a mathematical formalism for Rashevsky's theory of Organismic Sets (Bull. Math. Biophysics,29, 389–393, 1967;30, 163–174, 1968;31, 159–198, 1969). A suggestion is made for a method of mapping the abstract discrete space ofQ-relations on a continuum of variables ofF-relations. Problems of polymorphism and metamorphosis, both in biological and social organisms, are discussed in the light of the theory.
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  • 5
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    European journal of wildlife research 15 (1969), S. 41-62 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans le massif forestier des Fichtelgebirge (32.000 ha), le cheptel cerfs s'était accru, spécialement entre 1937 et 1962, pour atteindre 3 fois la densité considérée aujourd'hui comme normale (10 têtes/1.000 ha). Les causes de cet accroissement furent, par ordre d'importance décroissante, les suivantes: sous-estimation de l'effectif, sous-estimation du croît annuel moyen, relâchement de la pression cynégétique pendant et aussitôt après la guerre. Cet effectif important entraîna des dégâts de gibier préoccupants. Au cours de la dernière décennie, l'on procéda à différentes interventions (réduction sélective de l'effectif, affouragement hivernal, etc. ...) qui eurent pour effet de diminuer les dégâts d'une manière sensible tandis que la production annuelle de cerfs mâles de pleine maturité était désormais assurée. Le poids de la venaison des cerfs (mâles et femelles) augmenta de 15 à 40% au cours des dernières années. Les bois des cerfs de pleine maturité (1ère classe)-qui occuperont environ dix pourcent dans la future récolte annuelle de cerfs boisés-enregistrèrent un gain de poids analogue. Le secteur de “Veldensteiner Forst” (6.000 ha), cité occasionnellement dans cet article, ne doit pas être assimilé au massif des Fichtelgebirge considéré ici: en effet, en raison de son étendue réduite et de la proximité de la plaine de manoeuvres militaires de Grafenwöhr, ce territoire échappe à une gestion cynégétique rationnelle.
    Notes: Summary The red deer range of the Fichtelgebirge, with an extension of about 32 000 hectares, experienced an increase of deer density in the years 1937–1962 to about threefold the desired density of one deer per 100 hectares. This is due in part to the decreased culling during the war and postwar period, but primarily to the fact that population size and annual increase had been severely underestimated. The first decade following the reestablishment of hunting authorities after the war, calculations of the desirable harvest of female deer were too low. Wildlife damage increased accordingly. Over the last ten year period, efforts have been made to uncover the original mistakes. After the harvest level was raised, the population decreased noticeably and forest wildlife damage decreased. At the same time habitat management and proper winter feeding has been started. The reduction of the herd to one of desirable age and quality composition resulted in a number of prime deer heads that appear at the annual exhibition af antlers in Bayreuth. The increase in body weight of female and male deer is about 15–40%, and about as much weight increase was recorded for the best (class I) deer antlers. This class can be expected to represent 10% of the annual future harvest of male deer. The red deer range of Veldensteiner Forst (mostly the state forest district Pegnitz) cannot be subject to similar considerations since it is not large enough (6000 hectares) to be an independant management unit. Migrations of deer from surrounding areas also cannot be calculated.
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  • 6
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    European journal of wildlife research 15 (1969), S. 83-84 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 31 (1969), S. 433-439 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A model of left ventricle is described which takes into account the physiologic variations of thickness, a function of time and distance prior to and during ejection, by assuming that the prolate spheroids are confocal at a given instant. The hyperbolic segment of arc between innermost and outermost spheroids, confocal with the latter, defines a so-called functional thickness, for which a derivation is given. Results show that this model operates in a range of eccentricity wherein thickness change per unit internal volume change are greatest.
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  • 8
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 1-6 
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  • 9
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 7-30 
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  • 10
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 31-35 
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  • 11
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 36-45 
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  • 12
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 46-62 
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  • 13
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 63-68 
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  • 14
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 72-80 
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  • 15
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 81-83 
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  • 16
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 69-71 
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  • 17
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 97-111 
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  • 18
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 112-125 
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  • 19
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 84-96 
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  • 20
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 126-138 
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  • 21
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 139-146 
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  • 22
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 147-158 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 159-169 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 193-198 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 199-206 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 213-217 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 207-212 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 218-219 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 220-221 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 222-225 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 226-237 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 238-249 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 250-267 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 289-308 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 316-328 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 329-340 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 348-353 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 309-315 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 341-347 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 354-367 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 385-396 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 368-384 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 397-399 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 400-405 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 422-432 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 433-448 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 406-410 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 411-421 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 449-460 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 473-480 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 461-472 
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 401-402 
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 193-200 
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    Notes: Summary In Acatenango, Guatemala studies were made of the dietetic intakes and requirements of groups of families, in the following way: 40 families were studied for exactly one day and a different group of 10 families was studied for exactly one week. This paper considers what information can be gotten from the caloric data by removing the “effect of requirement”, points out important differences in the two types of studies, and shows how the “one-week method” was improperly performed, but indicates how this data was able at least partially to be salvaged. In particular, if it is important to see an “effect” of family, then it is not satisfactory to perform the one-day method, and if the seven-day method is used, the intakes must be recorded day-by-day and not just averaged over a week, lest the effects of family and of day be lost. It is demonstrated that the effect of family is extremely important in Acatenango and that the effect of day of the week on caloric consumption is of very little importance.
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 271-278 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eintagshähnchen zweier verschiedener Rassen erhielten Rationen mit 1–5% Maisöl und 13 oder mehr mgα-Tocopherol per kg Futter. Wenn das Eiweiß der Rationen aus isoliertem Soja-Protein bestand, war das Wachstum der Hähnchen vermindert, die Mortalität nahm zu und Exudative Diathese und Encephalomalacia wurden beobachtet. Diese Symptome des Vitamin E Mangels wurden durch zusätzliches Tocopherol (50 mg/kg) oder durch ein Antioxidans (Ethoxyquin, 0,02% der Ration) verhindert; in einem Experiment wurden die Symptome aber nicht durch Selenium behoben. In einem anderen Experiment, in welchem ein neues Präparat von isoliertem Soja-Protein verwendet wurde, förderte Selenium das Wachstum erheblich. Wenn das Soja-Protein durch Casein ersetzt wurde, entstanden keine Symptome des Vitamin E Mangels mit der Grundration die 13 mg/kgα-Tocopherol enthielt. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf einen Vitamin E Antagonismus hin, der durch eine Interaktion zwischen dem isolierten Soja-Protein und Maisöl hervorgerufen wird.
    Notes: Summary Day-old male chicks of two breeds were fed diets providing from 1–5% corn oil and 13 or more mg/kgα-tocopherol. When the source of dietary protein was isolated soy protein, growth depression, exudative diathesis, and encephalomalacia accompanied by mortality occurred. These vitamin E deficiency symptoms were prevented by higher levels ofα-tocopherol (50 mg/kg) or by an antioxidant (ethoxyquin, 0.02% of diet) but were not relieved by selenium in one experiment. In another experiment, with a different supply of isolated soy protein, selenium significantly improved growth while no deficiency symptoms were noted with this soy protein preparation. With casein as the dietary protein, no vitamin E deficiency symptoms developed with 13 mg/kgα-tocopherol. The results point to a vitamin E antagonism that appears to be related to the processing of isolated soy protein and its interaction with corn oil.
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 301-311 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The physico-chemical data of the ammonia-ammonium-system are briefly discussed and same remarks made about the difficulties of the estimation of ammonia in biological media. The content of ammonia in foods, compared with the ammonia-production in organism, shows the alimentary supply of ammonia lying in the range of milligrams, but the production lying in the range of grama. The capacity of the ammonia-fixating metabolic systems, characterized by a remarkable resistance against damages, is in excess of the production in normal conditions. In liver cirrhosis, there is occasion for an enterogene ammonia-intoxication, because the blood of the portal vein surrounds the liver by collateral vessels.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach einer kurzen Darstellung der physiko-chemischen Parameter des Ammoniak/ Ammonium-Systems in biologischen Medien und der Schwierigkeiten der Ammoniak-Bestimmung werden einige Angaben über den Ammoniak-Gehalt von Lebensmitteln gemacht. Aus ihnen geht hervor, daß die alimentäre Ammoniak-Zufuhr im Milligramm-Bereich, die Ammoniak-Produktion im Organismus, insbesondere durch den Beitrag der Darmbakterien, jedoch im Gramm-Bereich liegt. Normalerweise übersteigt die Kapazität der Ammoniak-fixierenden Stoffwechselsysteme, die sich weiterhin durch eine bemerkenswerte Resistenz gegenüber Schädigungen auszeichnen, die Produktion um ein Vielfaches. Bei der Leberzirrhose, bei der das Portalblut via Kollateralbahnen an der Leber vorbei geleitet wird, kann es zu einer enterogenen Ammoniak-Intoxikation kommen.
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 332-339 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gemäß unserer Untersuchungsergebnisse sind Ameisensäure und ihre Salze meines Erachtens bis zu bestimmten Grenzmengen, wie sie beispielsweise in der Liste 2 des geänderten und ergänzten Lebensmittelgesetzes vom 21. 12. 1958 angegeben sind (Tageshöchstmenge 1 g, Höchstkonzentration 1 g/kg), als nicht gesundheitsschädlich anzusehen. Als Gründe seien angeführt: Ameisensäure ist ein normaler Bestandteil des menschlichen Blutes und der Gewebe; sie spielt im intermediären Stoffwechsel eine hochwichtige Rolle bei der Übertragung von C1-Körpern. Ameisensäure kommt in bestimmten Lebensmitteln, wenn auch nur in geringen Mengen, vor, wie z. B. in der Seefischmuskulatur, im Honig, in Röstprodukten und in einigen Früchten. Zugeführte Ameisensäure wird vollständig abgebaut und ausgeschieden; es besteht keine Cumulationsgefahr. Die chronische Zufuhr von 200 mg/kg Calciumformiat bei der Ratte im Zweijahres-Versuch führt keine stoffspezifischen Schädigungen der Organfunktionen herbei und hemmt nicht Wachstum und Entwicklung neuer Generationen. Am bebrüteten Hühnerei wirkt Ameisensäure in Form ihres Natriumsalzes (5 mg, 10 mg und 20 mg/Ei) nicht toxisch und nicht teratogen auf den bebrüteten Hühnerembryo.
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 180-192 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Aminosäuren der peptischen und peptisch-tryptischen Hydrolysate von 22 ausgewählten Nahrungs- und Futterstoffen dienten als Grundlage zur Bewertung der Eiweißqualität. Hierzu wurde auf das Grundprinzip des Verfahrens vonMitchell undBlock zurückgegriffen. Der Vergleich der errechneten chemical score-Werte erfolgte mit den an wachsenden Ratten ermittelten BW. Als Referenz-AS dienten die vonBender angegebenen, an wachsenden Ratten ermittelten AS-Bedarfszahlen. Die engsten Korrelationen mit der BW wurden erhalten, wenn 1. die nach peptisch-tryptischer Hydrolyse „verfügbaren“ AS berücksichtigt wurden, 2. die limitierenden, „verfügbaren“ AS als Grundlage für die Errechnung des „vereinfachten chemical score“ dienten und 3. wenn der Bezug auf die AS-Bedarfszahlen erfolgte. Dieser „vereinfachte chemical score“ geht aus dem errechneten „,Bedarf-AS-Verhältnis“ (BAV) hervor. Durch Berücksichtigung der limitierenden AS nach Totalhydrolyse wird bei Bezug auf die AS-Bedarfszahlen etwa die Hälfte der untersuchten Nahrungsstoffe zutreffend bewertet. Die Verfügbarkeit der AS darf jedoch in diesen Stoffen nicht beeinträchtigt sein. Der „vereinfachte chemical score“ errechnet sich aus den limitierenden AS Methionin, Cystin und Lysin. Den S-haltigen AS kommt die größte Bedeutung zu.
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 208-215 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this publication are shown normal selenium contents of green forages and roughage of tuber crops, ground grains and milling products, by-products of the oil manufacture further in other and mineral feedstuffs. At normal conditions the absorption of selenium by forage plants is very little. A little higher are the selenium contents in ground grains and by-products of the oil manufacture. Relatively high are the selenium contents in fish meal and in one for to some extent utilized rock phosphate, phosphate for feeding, which is relatively poor in its fluorine content. For the clearing-up of questionable causes of diseases at animals, especially at calves, pigs and poultry, it would be advantageous to examine the feeding ration to the content of selenium. In the publication is moreover reported of the analysis of selenium, of selenium as a toxic and essential trace element, as well as of the requirement of selenium at agricultural productive animals.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der Arbeit werden Normal-Selengehalte in Grün- und Rauhfuttermitteln, Knollen- und Wurzelfrüchten, Getreideschroten und Müllereierzeugnissen, Nebenerzeugnissen der Ölgewinnung, in sonstigen und mineralischen Futtermitteln aufgezeigt. Die Futterpflanzen nehmen unter normalen Verhältnissen sehr wenig Selen auf. Etwas höher liegen die Selengehalte in Getreideschroten und Nebenerzeugnissen der Ölgewinnung. Relativ hoch sind die Selengehalte in Fischmehl und in einem für die Fütterung z. T. angewandten fluorarmen Rohphosphat. Zur Klärung fragwürdiger Ursachen von Tiererkrankungen, besonders bei Kälbern, Schweinen und Geflügel, sollte man auch in Deutschland die Futterration evtl. auf deren Gehalt an Selen überprüfen. Ferner wird über Selenanalytik, Selen als toxisches und essentielles Spurenelement, sowie über Selenbedarf der landwirtschaftlichen Nutztiere berichtet.
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 123-147 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 148-174 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die befragten rund 5500 Haushalte wurden nach der Größe der bewirtschafteten landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche (LN) geordnet. Dabei wurden folgende Gruppen gebildet: unter 5 ha LN, 5–10 ha LN, 10–15 ha LN, 15–20 ha LN, 20–25 ha LN, 25–30 ha LN, 30–40 ha LN, 40–50 ha LN, 50–100 ha LN, über 100 ha LN. Der vorliegende Teil der Gesamtuntersuchung bildet zugleich die Prämisse für die auf der Betriebsgrößenstruktur aufbauenden ernährungsphysiologischen Auswertungen des Lebensmittelverbrauchs dieser spezifischen Konsumentengruppe. Während sich gegensätzlich zu den landsmannschaftlichen Verzehrsgewohnheiten beim Betriebsgrößenvergleich einige Antwortreihen nivellierend verhalten, ergeben sich bei anderen Befragungen um so differenziertere Resultate. Ein Einfluß seitens der Betriebsgröße auf die Fragestellung der Untersuchung ist unverkennbar. Die allgemeine Fiktion wird damit authentisch bestätigt. Art und Anzahl der täglichen Mahlzeiten, Art der verbrauchten Getränke zu den einzelnen Mahlzeiten, jahreszeitlicher Verbrauch wichtiger Lebensmittelgruppen, Abhängigkeit von Arbeitsspitzen, Art und Häufigkeit der verwendeten tisch- und kochfertigen Produkte nebst Bestimmungsgründen, Beachtung chemischer Zusätze beim Einkauf von Nahrungsmitteln sollen hier als Beispiel genannt werden, um einen deutlichen Überblick des Inhalts dieses Teiles der Abhandlung zu vermitteln.
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 103-108 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 14C-Coffein wurde an Ratten als Coffeinlösung bzw. als Bestandteil eines Kaffee-oder Tee-Infuses per os verabreicht. Die Resorption von Coffein erfolgte nach Verabreichung von Coffeinlösung und Kaffee-Infus verhältnismäßg schnell, nach Verabreichung von Tee-Infus dagegen mit einer gewissen Verzögerung. Die14C-Aktivitätswerte im Serum und im Rattenkörper fielen nach Erreichung ihres Maximums nach Gabe von Coffein und Kaffee sehr schnell, nach Gabe von Tee dagegen sehr langsam ab. Die14C-Ausscheidung im Harn war nach Verabreichung von Tee deutlich geringer als nach Coffein oder Kaffee. Die Spontanaktivität von Mäusen wurde durch Kaffee und Tee etwa in gleichem Maße angeregt. Diese Wirkung war deutlich stärker als die von Coffein in entsprechender Dosierung.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Durchmesser der achsensymmetrischen Strömungen zweier newtonischer Flüssigkeiten verschiedener Viskositäten, die unter ihrem Eigengewicht senkrecht austreten, werden als Funktion des Abstandes von einer Düse gemessen. Die Messungen werden mit zwei Theorien (I, II) verglichen, die auf verschiedene Näherungen beruhen. Die Theorie I führt auf eine gewöhnliche Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung, während die Theorie II eine asymptotische Lösung derNavier-Stokes-Gleichung ergibt. Es zeigt sich, daß die erste Näherung ausreicht, um die Messungen der hochviskosen Flüssigkeit (30.000 cS) zu beschreiben. Zur Erläuterung der Messungen des niedrig-viskosen Silikonöls (1.000 cS) bedarf es der asymptotischen Lösung.
    Notes: Summary The diameters of the axially symmetric streams of two Newtonian liquids of different viscosities falling vertically under gravity have been measured as a function of the distance from the nozzle. The measurements have been compared with two theories, (I, II) based on different approximations. Theory I leads to a second-order ordinary differential equation and theory II gives an asymptotic solution of theNavier-Stokes equations. It was found that the first approach was sufficient to explain the measurements in the high viscosity liquid (30,000 cS) but the asymptotic solution was needed to explain the low viscosity (1,000 cS) measurements.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 22-38 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary The propagation of elastic waves (both longitudinal and transverse) through polyurethane rubbers filled with different amounts of sodium chloride particles was studied at 0.8 MHz and 5 MHz. At a constant filler concentration (∼10% by volume), the velocity of these waves appeared to be independent of filler size. On the other hand, both velocities were found to increase with filler content. From the wave velocities, the effective modulus for longitudinal waves, L, bulk modulus, K, and shear modulus, G, were calculated according to the relations for a homogeneous isotropic material. All three moduli appear to be monotonically increasing functions of filler content, c, over the whole experimentally accessible temperature range (−80°C to +80°C for L and K; −80°C to about −30°C for G) and they, moreover, reflect the glass-rubber transition of the binder. Poissons ratio, μ, was found to decrease with increasing filler content and shows a rise at about −30°C as a result of the approach of the glass-rubber transition. The attenuation of the elastic waves was also measured in the temperature ranges mentioned. For filler particles beyond a critical size both tan δL and tan δG in the hard region are independent of the filler content within the accuracy of the measurements. The critical size depends on the type of wave and on its frequency. In the rubbery region, however, tan δL increases with particle size (at a constant content of 10% by volume) and even shows an enhancement with the smallest particles (1–5 μ) at 0.8 MHz. Moreover, it is found that for the same filler size tan δL increases with filler content. In some cases an anomalous damping behaviour was found, such that in the rubbery region the attenuation rises indefinitely with temperature. For filler particles larger than the above-mentioned critical size, tan δG and tan δL increase in the hard region as well. Finally, the experimental results are compared with existing theories on the elastic properties of and wave propagation through composite media.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 54-59 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary In the absence of disturbances at the free surfaces, secondary flow due to elastic forces occurs in elastic liquids sheared in cone-and-plate rheometers but not in parallel-plate rheometers. In both types of apparatus an instability is observed. Using a theory based on a fracture mechanism, the critical normal stress differences for the onset of the instability can be correctly predicted for both types of apparatus. It is concluded that the fracture instability is a distinctly different effect from the secondary flow considered.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 89-123 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The article deals with boundary-value problems of the flowing of Newtonian liquids and of second-order liquids out of a plane slit or circular tube. The streamlines and the velocity- and stress-components have been calculated especially for the transition range and are represented graphically. It is possible to recognize there-from the length of the rearrangement region from the shear field into the strain field and to arrive at an explanation of theBarus effect. A newly developed spin balance which is suitable for measuring the strain viscosity on a broad class of liquids is described in detail, and the possibilities of using it are discussed. Also, measurements of the strain viscosity on three different liquids are communicated and discussed. The conclusion is drawn therefrom that the increase of the strain viscosity with the strain tension is a necessary prerequisite for the technical spinning processes. Some possibilities of interpretation are given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Randwertprobleme des Ausströmens von newtonischen Flüssigkeiten und Flüssigkeiten zweiter Ordnung aus einem ebenen Spalt bzw. Kreisrohr behandelt. Die Stromlinien und Geschwindigkeits- sowie Spannungskomponenten sind insbesondere für das Übergangsgebiet berechnet worden und werden graphisch dargestellt. Daraus kann man die Länge des Umschichtungsgebiets vom Scherins Dehnfeld erkennen und eine Erklärung desBarus-Effektes folgern. Eine neu entwickelte, für Messung der Dehnviskosität an einer breiten Klasse von Flüssigkeiten geeignete Spinnwaage wird im einzelnen beschrieben, und es werden die Möglichkeiten ihrer Anwendung diskutiert. Weiterhin werden Messungen der Dehnviskosität an drei verschiedenen Flüssigkeiten mitgeteilt und erörtert. Daraus wird gefolgert, daß die Zunahme der Dehnviskosität mit der Dehnspannung eine notwendige Voraussetzung für die technischen Spinnprozesse ist. Einige Deutungsmöglichkeiten werden gegeben.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 38-44 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein aus einem Spalt mit rechteckigem Querschnitt bestehender Apparat wird beschrieben, der zur Messung der Strömungsdoppelbrechung geschmolzener Polymeren in einem Bereich von Schubspannungen dient, die höher sind als die üblicherweise für diesen Zweck zugänglichen Schubspannungen. Einige Ergebnisse von Messungen an einem Polystyrol und an zwei Polyäthylenen werden gegeben. Bei diesen Messungen wurde der Punkt, bei dem Schmelzbruch in zylindrischen Kapillaren auftritt, erreicht und überschritten. Die im Gebiet kleinerer Schubspannungen erhaltenen Werte des Unterschiedes der Brechungsindices (n 11–n 33) liegen nahe bei den Werten für (n 11–n 22), wie sie im Kegel-Platte-Apparat erhalten werden.
    Notes: Summary A description is given of a rectangular slit apparatus suitable for the measurement of streaming birefringence in molten polymers at much higher shear stresses than are currently available. Some results are given of measurements on a polystyrene and two polyethylenes up to and including the incipient point of melt fracture in circular capillaries. Measurements of the refractive index differences (n 11–n 33) were found in the lower shear stress region to lie close to (n 11–n 22) values measured with a coneand-plate apparatus
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 44-54 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper, we have studied the secondary flow induced in a micropolar fluid by the rotation of two concentric spheres about a fixed diameter. The secondary flow exhibits behaviour commonly observed in visco-elastic fluids. In particular we have obtained the expressions for microrotation vector. Numerical results have been obtained for a number of values of relative rotations of the two spheres for a chosen set of values of fluid parameters. The results are presented graphically and compared with the previous investigations.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The influence of pressure dependence of viscosity on capillary flow of Newtonian liquids has been calculated with following results: 1. For a pressure coefficientα which is known, the nonlinear pressure gradient along the capillary as well as the decrease in volumetric flow can be given. 2. By variation of capillary dimensions the pressure coefficientα can be determined. 3. A general, substance independent diagram has been deduced, giving the error in measurement induced by neglecting the pressure dependence of viscosity. Some experimental results are shown and discussed in comparison to previous results ofKuss (2).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der druckabhängigen Zähigkeit auf die KapillarströmungNewtonscher Flüssigkeiten wurde — unter Berücksichtigung der Kompressibilität — quantitativ berechnet mit folgenden Ergebnissen: 1. Bei bekannten Druckkoeffizientenα kann der nichtlineare Druckverlauf längs der Kapillare sowie die Verminderung des Durchflußvolumens angegeben werden. 2. Der Druckkoeffizientα kann mittels Variation der KapillardimensionenL/R bestimmt werden. 3. Es wird ein allgemeines, stoffunabhängiges Diagramm abgeleitet, das den durch Nichtberücksichtigung der Druckabhängigkeit der Viskosität verursachten Meßfehler abzulesen gestattet. Einige experimentelle Ergebnisse werden mitgeteilt und im Vergleich zu denjenigen vonkuss (2) diskutiert.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 176-183 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Apparatur zur Messung der Normalkraft, die bei der Scherung viskoelastischer Flüssigkeiten auftritt, wird beschrieben. Sie beruht auf der Beobachtung des Rückstoßes einer Kapillare (oder eines Spaltes), aus der ein Flüssigkeitsstrahl ausströmt. Zwei experimentelle Anordnungen werden beschrieben. Eine von diesen benutzt die Stoßkraft, die auf ein Schiffchen ausgeübt wird, um das Impulsmoment des Flüssigkeitsstrahles zu bestimmen, während die andere auf der Messung des Rückstoßes der Düse beruht. Die Annahmen, die gemacht werden, um die Stoßkraft in eine Spannung, die rechtwinklig zur Dehnungskraft steht, umwandeln zu können, werden diskutiert. Es ist bemerkenswert, daß Oberflächenspannungseffekte berücksichtigt werden können, so daß es nicht nötig ist, die Gültigkeit derWeissenberg-Hypothese vorauszusetzen, falls parallele Spalte benutzt werden. Eine allgemeine Diskussion der Ergebnisse an einfachen Flüssigkeiten und an Lösungen von Polymeren wird gegeben. Versuche mit Stärkelösungen werden erwähnt, wo mit der Rückstoßanordnung Spannungen in der Normalrichtung gemessen worden sind, die direkt mit denen, die mit einem Rheogoniometer erhalten wurden, verglichen werden. Mehrere Anwendungen der Methode werden kurz gestreift; zum Beispiel die Anwendung der Methode zu Messungen an Gasen, zur Bestimmung der elastischen Eigenschaften sehr verdünnter Lösungen von Polymeren und zur Untersuchung des Einlaufgebiets durch Beobachtung des Effekts, welchen dasL/D-Verhältnis der Düse auf den Rückstoß des Flüssigkeitsstrahls hat.
    Notes: Summary Apparatus is described which enables the normal stress-shear rate behaviour of a viscoelastic liquid to be obtained from observations of the thrust of a jet of the liquid issuing from a capillary tube (or slot). Two types of apparatus are mentioned. In one type the jet thrust is obtained from the impact force on a boat which the jet strikes and in the other the reaction force on the jet nozzle is measured. The assumptions which are made in converting the measured thrusts into normal stresses are discussed. In particular, it is shown that surface tension effects may be allowed for, and that there is no need to assume the validity of theWeissenberg hypothesis when parallel slots are used. A general discussion of the results obtained when using “Newtonian” liquids and polymeric solutions is given. Tests on a series of starch solutions are described in which normal stress data obtained using the jet thrust apparatus are directly compared with those obtained by means of the rheogoniometer. Several applications of the method are briefly given: a description of how the method may be applied to gases; measurement of the elastic properties of very dilute polymer solutions; and an examination of the entrance region by observing the effect of varying tubeL/D ratio on jet thrust.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 201-205 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den vergangenen Jahren hat sich ein wachsendes Interesse an der Schwingungs-Scheruntersuchung in der Rheologie gezeigt. Diese Arbeit beschreibt eine Meßmethode, die auf Korrelationstechniken beruht und die in Verbindung mit einem Weißenberg-Rheogoniometer zur direkten digitalen Anzeige der Porengoniometer zur direkten digitalen Anzeige der Probencharakteristiken führt. Der Solartron JM 1600, ein digitaler Frequenzanalysator, und der JX 1606, ein mechanisches Vergleichssynchronisiergerät, bilden die Grundlage des Meßsystems. Das Signal wird vom Übertrager auf der unteren Platte des Rheogoniometers übernommen und an das mechanische Bezugssynchronisiergerät weitergegeben. Das mechanische Bezugssynchronisiergerät gibt eine digitale Information in Abhängigkeit von der Frequenz und Phase der oszillatorischen Bewegung. Diese Information wird dem JM 1600 eingegeben und bildet ein Vergleichssignal für den Korrelator. Ein zweites Signal wird vom Übertrager, der sich auf der oberen Platte des Rheogoniometers befindet, entnommen. Der JM 1600 vergleicht dann die obere mit der unteren Platte. Die auf diese Art und Weise korrelierten Signale sind repräsentativ für jeden beliebigen Parameter, den der Übertrager liefert. Verstärkung und Phase des Ausgangs im Vergleich zum Eingang werden in kartesischen, Polar- oder log-Polarkoordinaten dargestellt. Das Gerät liefert Ausgangssignale sowohl in digitaler als auch analoger Form zur direkten „on-line“-Speicherung der Ergebnisse. Der Frequenzbereich erstreckt sich von 10−5 bis zu 160 Hz. Das Gerät ist voll programmierbar für die regelmäßige „on-line“-Probenahme bei Theologischen Prüfungen.
    Notes: Summary In recent years, a growing interest has been shown in oscillatory shear testing when applied to Rheology. This paper describes a method of measurement based on correlation techniques, which when used in conjunction with aWeissenberg Rheogoniometer, provides direct digital readout of the specimen characteristics. The Solartron JM 1600 Digital Frequency Response Analyser and JX 1606 Mechanical Reference Synchroniser form the basis of the system. A signal is taken from the transducer on the lower platen of the rheogoniometer and fed to the mechanical reference synchroniser. The mechanical Reference Synchroniser provides digital information relating to the frequency and phase of the oscillatory motion. This information is fed to the JM 1600 Digital Transfer Function Analyser and forms a reference signal for the correlator. A second signal is taken from the transducer on the upper platen of the Rheogoniometer, and the JM 1600 then correlates upper against lower platens. The signals so correlated, can be representative of whatever parameters the transducers provide. The gain and phase of the output with respect to the input, are displayed in cartesian, polar or log polar co-ordinates. The instrument also provides outputs in both digital and analogue form, for direct on line recording of the results. The frequency spectrum covered is from 10−5 c/s to 160 c/s, and the instrument is fully programmable for on line routine sampling of rheological specimens.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 221-225 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Angeblich sei es angebracht, die nach stetiger Kreisscherung einer Polymerschmelze eintretende Spannungsrelaxation in einemWeissenberg-Rheogoniometer zu bestimmen. Es heißt, für diesen Zweck könne die Umdrehung innerhalb 10 Millisekunden beendet werden. Sorgfältige Versuche haben jedoch gezeigt, daß keine der zwei Behauptungen zutrifft. Die Hauptwelle des Rheogoniometers wird von einer Kupplungsscheibe, die mittels eines Elektromagnets mit einer Antriebsscheibe in engem Kontakt gehalten wird, angetrieben. Das Abbremsen findet infolge des Einschaltens einer in ähnlicher Weise betätigten Reibungsscheibe, die mit dem Gehäuse des Apparates unbeweglich verbunden ist, statt. Der Zeitverlust zwischen dem Moment des Ausschaltens der Antriebsscheibe und des Einschaltens der Bremsscheibe hängt von der Drehgeschwindigkeit des Schalters ab. Die Ersetzung des Drehschalters durch einen Kniehebelschalter eliminiert diese Abhängigkeit: Bremszeiten von weniger als 10 Millisekunden wurden somit wiederholt erzielt. Im Rheogoniometer wird die Scherspannung in der Gestalt des Ausschlages einer Welle gemessen. Nach einer stetigen Scherung wird die Welle aus ihrer Ruhelage gedreht und die beobachteten Spannungsrelaxationserscheinungen entsprechen der Bewegung der Torsionswelle. Die Spannungsrelaxation findet also nicht unter konstanten Begrenzungen statt wie es die Theorie bedingt; eine einfache Berechnung auf Grund der Scheibenbewegung-Zeitfunktion zeigt das „Ungleich-Null“ — Schergeschwindigkeitsgefälle an. Unbeweglich im System sind der stillstehende Konus und der obere Teil der Torsionswelle. Es wird also das Relaxationsverhalten von der Wellenkonstante beeinflußt, wie es mittels des Versuches mit einer elastoviskosen Flüssigkeit veranschaulicht wurde. Bei einer Newtonschen Flüssigkeit benimmt sich das System wie ein drehendesMaxwell-Element, worin die Zeitkonstante von der Viskosität der Flüssigkeit und der Elastizitätskonstante der Torsionswelle bestimmt wird.
    Notes: Summary It has been suggested that stress relaxation after steady rotational shear flow of a polymer melt can be conveniently studied in theWeissenberg Rheogoniometer. To carry out such experiments, it is claimed that rotation can be stopped in a time interval of less than 10 milliseconds. Careful experiments reveal that neither of these statements is correct. The drive to the main spindle of the Rheogoniometer is effected through a clutch disc held in close contact with a driving plate by means of a magnetic coil. Braking is effected by a similar friction disc and coil attached to the body of the apparatus. With the standard rotary switch the time interval between deenergising the drive coil and energising the brake coil is arbitrarily determined by the speed of rotation of the switch. The replacement of the rotary by a toggle switch eliminates this variation and gives a reproducible time of braking of less than 10 milliseconds. In the Rheogoniometer the shear stress is determined by the deflection of a torsion bar. After steady shearing, the bar is displaced from its mean position, and the “stress” relaxation characteristics which are observed correspond to the changing position of the torsion bar. Consequently the relaxation of stress in the system does not occur under conditions of fixed boundaries as demanded by the theory, and the non-zero rate of shear can be readily obtained from the plate displacement-time relation. The fixed points in the system are the stationary cone and the top of the torsion bar. Hence the bar constant influences the relaxation behaviour, as has been demonstrated experimentally with an elastoviscous fluid. With aNewtonian fluid, the system behaves as a rotaryMaxwell element, with a time constant determined by the viscosity of the fluid and the elastic constant of the torsion bar.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 240-242 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das rheologisohe Verhalten plastischen Treibstoffs unter Raketenbedingungen wird in einer Versuchsanordnung nachgeahmt. Dabei wirkt eine Druckdifferenz auf einen Treibstoffpfropfen in einem starren Rohr so, daß dieser in einer teleskopartigen Soherung verformt wird. Vorläufige Ergebnisse werden gegeben und besprochen.
    Notes: Summary The rheological behaviour of plastic propellent in rocket motor situations is simulated in an experimental technique. In this a differential gas pressure is applied across a plug of propellent in a rigid tube so as to deform it in an approximately telescopic shear fashion. Preliminary results are given and discussed.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 205-214 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Rheologische Untersuchung von pharmazeutischen Produkten wie Pasten und Cremen war bisher auf Experimente mit kontinuierlicher Scherbeanspruchung beschränkt. Man weiß jedoch, daß es komplexes rheologisches Verhalten gibt und daß die Untersuchung der Hysteresisschleife nur ein qualitatives Erfassen von Strukturen und Theologischen Eigenschaften ermöglicht. Untersuchungen unter oszillierenden Bedingungen wurden vermieden, hauptsächlich wegen der zeitverbrauchenden Messungen, die die Berechnung von Amplitude und Phasenwinkel mit sich bringen und wegen der Schwierigkeiten, eine „saubere“ Wellenform zu erhalten. Die Solartron Electronic Group Ltd. hat vor kurzem ein Gerät entwickelt, das diese Schwierigkeiten überwindet: den „transfer function analyser“ JM 1600 und den „mechanical reference synchroniser“ JX 1606. Unschärfe wegen Interferenz kann durch Filtern vermieden werden und Ergebnisse können fast augenblicklich erhalten werden. Dieses Gerät wurde in Verbindung mit demWeissenberg-Rheogoniometer benützt, um das rheologische Verhalten von pharmazeutischen Produkten wie Emulsionen, Cremen und Salbengrundlagen zu testen. Die Änderung von Phasenwinkel und Amplitude wurde mit parallelen Platen und konzentrischen Zylindern im Bereich von 25 Hz bis 7,9 · 10−3 Hz untersucht. Das rheologische Verhalten der untersuchten Systeme wurde über einen weiten Bereich variiert, von linearen newtonischen Flüssigkeiten zu nichtlinearen plastischen Festprodukten. Man kann daraus schließen, daß das Solartrongerät ein schnelles und genaues Verfahren bietet, um rheologische Bestimmungen von komplexen pharmazeutischen Produkten durchzuführen.
    Notes: Summary The rheological investigation of pharmaceutical materials such as pastes and creams has been limited to continuous shear experiments although it is known that complex rheological behaviour (visco-elasticity) is present and that analysis of hysteresis loops can only give a qualitative estimate of structure and rheological properties. Oscillatory testing has been avoided largely due to the lengthy measurements involved in calculation of amplitudes and phase angle and the difficulty in obtaining a “clean” wave form. Solartron Electronic Group Ltd. have recently introduced an apparatus that overcomes these objections: the transfer function analyser J. M. 1600 and mechanical reference synchroniser J. X. 1606. Electronic noise can be filtered out and the results are available almost instantaneously. This apparatus has been used in conjunction with aWeissenberg rheogoniometer to study the rheological properties of a variety of pharmaceutical materials, including emulsions, creams and ointment bases. The change in phase angle and amplitude has been studied over the frequency range 25 Hz to 7.9 × 10−3 Hz for parallel plate and concentric cylinder geometries. The systems examined have demonstrated a large range of rheological behaviour ranging from essentially linear Newtonian liquid to very non linear plastic solid. It is concluded that the Solartron apparatus will provide a rapid and accurate method for the rheological analysis of complex pharmaceutical materials.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 229-234 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gelenksteifheit wird durch exakte physikalische Größen definiert. Es werden Methoden beschrieben, mit denen die Gelenksteifheit objektiv, qualitativ und quantitativ gemessen werden kann. Es wird eine Apparatur vorgestellt, die Messungen am Knie- und dem zweiten Metacarpophalangeal-Gelenk gestattet. Den Hauptanteil an der Gesamtsteifheit während einer Schwingung stellt die elastische Steifigkeit. Die plastische Steifigkeit erreichte Werte bis zu 40% der Gesamtsteifigkeit bei der Maximalamplitude. Bei kleinen Amplituden war dieCoulombsche Reibungssteifigkeit mit der elastischen Steifigkeit vergleichbar. Die viskose Steifigkeit ist gering.
    Notes: Summary Joint stiffness has been defined in precise physical terms. Methods are described whereby joint stiffness may be measured objectively, qualitatively and quantitatively. Apparatus is described to permit measurements to be made at the knee and the second metacarpophalangeal joints. The major contribution to overall stiffness during a particular oscillation was elastic stiffness. Plastic stiffness was significant (up to 40 per cent at maximum amplitude). At small amplitudesCoulomb frictional stiffness was comparable with plastic stiffness. Viscous stiffness was small.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 243-243 
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    Notes: Abstract The importance of the consistency of wheat flour dough in baking is defined. This is normally determined with the aid of a recording dough mixer. Such a mixer was first patented byHogarth, a Scottish miller in 1889 but proved inadequate. About 40 years laterHankóczy a Hungarian cereal chemist initiated the line of recording dough mixers which are used today. His andBrabender's work are reviewed which led from a factory mixer fitted with an ammeter, via the early torque recording laboratory instruments to the modern Farinograph. The basic unit is described in some detail. Slides of the various attachments are shown which allow application to grinding and high speed mixing both on a batch and continuous basis. The use of the system for the testing of cereal products, fats, rubber, filler and plastics is described. The theoretical significance of the results obtained is briefly discussed. The lecture is illustrated by 14 slides.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 245-245 
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    Notes: Abstract The rheometer is based on an original design by the Monsanto Chemical Co., for the study of flow properties of polymer melts. Shear rates over the range 101 to 106 reciprocal seconds are obtained by driving a plunger at constant rates through a barrel with interchangeable capillary tubes at the exit. The resulting shear stress is measured by the accurate load measuring system of the basic instrument. Errors due to the length to diameter ratio of the capillaries, plunger friction, polymer compressibility, temperature rise due to friction and pressure drop in the barrel, are discussed and correction methods suggested. Standard and special applications of the rheometer are discussed indicating that it can be used to determine factors other than apparent viscosity.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 246-246 
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    Notes: Abstract During the past two decades, the information explosion has led to a demand for systems of storing and retrieving information in every branch of science and technology. A number of the larger abstracting services are already experimenting with systems covering so great an area that the use of a computer is essential. Since, however, the, field of rheology is relatively small a simple classification and retrieval system is being developed, for use inRheology Abstracts, based upon ordinary 132-hole edge-punched cards. The first half of the system deals with the rheology of fluids and is already in use; it is described in detail in a recent paper (1). The second half, dealing with the rheology of solids, is still being developed. In the fluids system, holes are punched to indicate the following essential features of a paper: general nature; language; type of fluid; rheological properties; type of flow; boundary conditions; important variables and effects; theoretical treatment; type of apparatus; industrial processes involved. As a result two simple hand operations will serve to retrieve, for example, all the papers concerned with turbulent flow of suspensions, or with fracture in polymer melts. Additional operations lead to a narrower, more precise, retrieval. At present the classifying is being done by abstractors. It is hoped that authors will become familiar with the system and will make a practice of classifying their own papers; this would lead to more accurate classification and to the benefit of all concerned.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 428-429 
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 472-480 
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    Notes: Summary A series of visualisation studies of the slow flow ofBingham plastics round bodies of various shapes led to the conclusion that the drag is not simply due to the effective volume of the body being increased by the presence of an enveloping layer of stagnantBingham plastic round the body. Such a model requires the layer to be much thicker than was observed in practice; and an alternative model, based on the effective viscosity of theBingham plastic, is proposed.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 421-427 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The flow in liquid metals on casting and solidifying can be made visible by means of model experiments. The similarity conditions must be adhered to. The model of the mould to be investigated is made of plexiglass. The most suitable replacement liquid is, in most cases, water. The flow is marked by adding to the water small particles of colophonium or stearin. It is possible by slit-shaped seperation of the light of an electric lamp to place light sections through the model and, if the intensity of the light is sufficient, also to photograph these light sections. Several light sections in various planes of the model result in in geometric flow profile. Model investigations on the course of flow in a mould when casting killed steel and when casting and solidifying unkilled steel show the informative value and the usefulness of the process described here.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Strömungen in flüssigen Metallen beim Gießen und Erstarren können mit Hilfe von Modellversuchen sichtbar gemacht werden. Die Einhaltung der Ähnlichkeitsbedingungen muß beachtet werden. Das Modell der zu untersuchenden Gießform wird aus Plexiglas hergestellt. Als Ersatzflüssigkeit ist in den meisten Fällen Wasser am besten geeignet. Zur Markierung der Strömung werden dem Wasser kleine Teilchen aus Kolophonium oder Stearin zugegeben. Durch spaltförmiges Ausblenden des Lichtes einer elektrischen Lampe können Lichtschnitte durch das Modell gelegt und bei ausreichender Lichtstärke auch photographisch festgehalten werden. Mehrere Lichtschnitte in verschiedenen Ebenen des Modells ergeben ein räumliches Strömungsprofil. Modelluntersuchungen über den Strömungsverlauf in einer Kokille beim Gießen von beruhigtem und Gießen und Erstarren von unberuhigtem Stahl zeigen die Aussagefähigkeit und den Nutzen des hier beschriebenen Verfahrens.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 411-421 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In continuation of a preceding investigation of non-linear effects in viscoelastic flow through dies three different phenomena are analyzed: First it is shown that air bubbles and solid particles, suspended in such fluids, in many cases do not pass through the die, but migrate laterally and accumulate in the neighbouring circulation zones. This effect is explained by the inhomogeneity of the stress field in the inflow area. Subsequently the “haze”, first observed byMetzner et al. in the inflow zone with solutions of long-chain polymers, is studied particularly, and it is shown that its intensity does not depend on pressure at the outflow side. Hereby the suggestion that this haze should be a degassing phenomenon due to local pressure reduction below atmospheric is shown to be maintainable no longer, and it is pointed out as being very likely to originate from a reversible aggregation of parallelized, elongated chain molecules. Finally, discharge out of holes into a fluid reservoir is studied. In contradiction to certain theoretical predictions, a flow everywhere directed outwards and monotonously decreasing from the midst to the walls with no circulation areas at all is observed which only deviates from slowNewtonian, flow by some curvature of stream lines near the outlet. With high flow rates, however, a transition occurs into a quite different flow type (“tree-like outflow”) which is characteristically divergent from instability phenomena inNewtonian fluids but corresponds to “onion slide-down” in free jets. This is also explained by aggregation before entering the die and its finite decay time. It is elucidated why approximation theory, which provides reasonable predictions for inflow, must fail for discharge flow.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Fortsetzung einer vorangegangenen Untersuchung über nicht-lineare Effekte beim Strömen viskoelastischer Flüssigkeiten durch Düsen werden drei verschiedene Phänomene behandelt: Zuerst wird gezeigt, daß Luftblasen und Feststoffteilchen, die in solchen Flüssigkeiten suspendiert sind in vielen Fällen nicht durch die Düse hindurchgehen. sondern seitlich auswandern und sich in den Zirkularströmungszonen anreichern. Dieser Effekt wird durch die Inhomogenität des Spannungsfeldes im Einströmbereich gedeutet. Anschließend wird die zuerst vonMetzner u. Mitarb. an Lösungen sehr hochmolekularer Polymerer beim Einströmen beobachtete Trübung genauer analysiert und insbesondere gezeigt, daß diese nicht vom Druck an der Auslaufseite abhängt. Hierdurch wird die Vermutung, daß es sich um einen Entgasungseffekt infolge lokalen Unterdrucks handeln könnte, als unhaltbar erwiesen, und es wird wahrscheinlich gemacht, daß die Ursache in einer reversiblen Aggregation der parallel gerichteten, gestreckten Molekülketten zu suchen ist. Endlich wird die Ausströmung aus Lochdüsen in ein Flüssigkeitsreservoir hinein untersucht. Im Widerspruch zu gewissen theoretischen Voraussagen beobachtet man hier keine Zirkulationszonen, sondern eine überall auswärts gerichtete, von der Mitte zum Rand hin monoton abnehmende Strömung, die — abgesehen von einer Krümmung der Stromlinien in unmittelbarer Nähe der Düsenöffnung — nur wenig von der schleichenden Strömung einerNewtonschen Flüssigkeit abweicht. Bei hohen Durchsätzen tritt allerdings ein von den Instabilitätsphänomenen inNewtonschen Flüssigkeiten wesentlich verschiedener Umschlag in eine ganz andere Strömungsform (‚'bäumchenartige Strömung“) auf, die der bei Freistrahlen beobachteten ‚'Zwiebelablösung“ korrespondiert. Diese wird ebenfalls durch die vor der Düse gebildeten Aggregationen und deren endliche Zerfallszeit gedeutet. Es wird einsichtig gemacht, warum die Approximationstheorie, welche für Einlaufströmungen durchaus vernünftige Voraussagen liefert, für Auslaufströmungen versagen muß.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper describes a procedure to obtain polycarbonate of bisphenol A samples of various degrees of crystallinity. The modulus-temperature curves and the impact strength of these materials are investigated. The results show the importance of the annealing procedure on the mechanical properties of these systems.
    Notes: Résumé On étudie dans cet article un procédé pour obtenir des polycarbonates de bisphénol-A de divers taux de cristallinité. On détermine la variation thermique du module-(10 sec) et la résistance au choc des ces polymères. On étudie également l'influence du recuit sur les propriétés mécaniques.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 519-525 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das rheologische Verhalten von Pigmentdispersionen in viskoelastischen Flüssigkeiten wird mittels dynamischer Messungen im kHz-Bereich untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden mit stationären Viskositätswerten verglichen. Auf dieser Basis wird die allgemeine Form des Viskositätsspektrums bei Pigmentdispersionen diskutiert. Die Resultate werden auf die spezielle Strömung beim Durchgang durch ein rotierendes Walzenpaar angewandt. Die Mitnahmekraft wird als Funktion der Geschwindigkeit gemessen. Einige theoretische Näherungen werden diskutiert. Es wird vorgeschlagen, als erste Näherung eine nicht-Newtonsche, nichtelastische Flüssigkeit anzunehmen. Als spezielles Beispiel wird dasOstwald-de Waelsche Gesetz benutzt. Aus den experimentellen Ergebnissen läßt sich eine Beziehung zwischen Mitnahmekraft und relativer dynamischer Viskosität ableiten. In einer loglog-Darstellung ergibt sich, wie theoretisch vorausgesagt, eine Gerade. Dennoch zeigen sich Unterschiede zwischen Theorie und Versuch. In diesem Fall würde ein allgemeineres Modell einer nichtelastischen Flüssigkeit zu einer besseren Näherung führen.
    Notes: Summary The rheological behaviour of pigment dispersions in a viscoelastic liquid have been investigated by dynamic measurements in the kHz range. The results are compared with stationary viscosities. On this basis the general shape of the viscosity spectrum for pigment dispersions is discussed. The results have further been applied to a particular flow problem: passage between rotating rollers. The drag force or “tack” has been measured as a function of speed. Some theoretical approaches are discussed. As a first approximation, it is proposed that a non-Newtonian non-elastic liquid must be assumed. The power law model has been used as an exemple. A correlation has been found experimentally between the drag force and the relative dynamic viscosity. In a double logarithmic plot a straight line is obtained as predicted from a simple power law theory. However, some discrepancies between theory and experiment still exist. A more general non-elastic liquid model would give a better approximation in this case.
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    Colloid & polymer science 229 (1969), S. 168-169 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Colloid & polymer science 229 (1969), S. 188-191 
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    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 251-254 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Bestimmung der elektrophoretischen Beweglichkeit von Mizellen durch Papier-Elektrophorese mit der Bestimmung in einerTiselius-Apparatur verglichen. Die mit Hilfe der Papier-Electrophorese ermittelten Beweglichkeiten sind um einen konstanten Faktor kleiner als die Werte in der Tiselius-Apparatur. Der Faktor 0.60 ist unabhängig von dem Elektrolyt-Typ und der Ionenstärke in der Lösung. Die Beweglichkeiten können über Papier-Elektrophorese auch dann gemessen werden, wenn Bestimmungen in derTiselius-Apparatur nicht möglich sind, z. B. bei Natriumdodecylsulfat in Lösungen von Natriumpolyphosphaten.
    Notes: Summary The electrophoretic mobilities for the micelles of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecyltrioxyethylene sulfate in the presence of various electrolytes were measured by paper electrophoresis and compared with the mobilities obtained fromTiselius- type electrophoresis. There is a good correlation between the mobility from paper electrophoresis (U P ) and that fromTiselius electrophores is (U T ), and a factor in conversion fromU P toU T was found to be 0.60. The value is not affected by the type of electrolytes present and the ionic strength of solutions. In addition, the paper electrophoretic behavior of the micelles of sodium dodecyl sulfate in the aqueous solutions of a series of sodium polyphosphates was also investigated.
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    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 255-257 
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    Colloid & polymer science 232 (1969), S. 661-668 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The crystallization behaviour of polyethylene, of the amylose-alcohol-complexes and of the amylose-iodinecomplex is compared. Polyethylene and the amylose-alcohol-complexes are similar; flat single crystals or crystallites are formed. The temperature dependence of the foldlengths and of the crystal diameters is lower than expected by the kinetic theory ofLauritzen andHoffman. It is proposed, that these deviations are due to the temperature dependence of chain stiffness of the coiled molecules in solution. With the amylose-iodine-complex only fibrils are formed. One can get single rodlike molecules with a uniform diameter of 40 Å.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird das Kristallisationsverhalten des Polyäthylens, der Amylose-Alkohol-Komplexe und des Amylose-Jod-Komplexes verglichen. Polyäthylen und die Amylose-Alkohol-Komplexe verhalten sich ähnlich; es bilden sich flächige Einkristalle oder Kristallite. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Faltlängen und Kristallgrößen ist bei Polyäthylen und besonders bei den Amylose-Alkohol-Komplexen geringer, als nach der Theorie vonLauritzen undHoffman zu erwarten ist. Es wird vorgeschlagen, diese Abweichungen auf die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Kettensteifheit in den Molekülknäueln zurückzuführen. Bei dem Amylose-Jod-Komplex entstehen ausschließlich Fibrillen. Es konnten einzelne Moleküle in der Form von Stäbchen mit einem einheitlichen Durchmesser von ca. 40 Å im Elektronenmikroskop abgebildet werden.
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    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 325-328 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The isothermical crystallization rate of penton from m-xylene solution was measured with NMR in the end-region of crystallization using different crystallization temperatures and initial concentrations. The initial concentration was varied from 10−3 to 0,1 g/cm3, the crystallization temperature from 70
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die isotherme Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit von Penton aus m-Xylol-Lösung wurde im Endbereich der Kristallisation als Funktion der Kristallisationstemperatur und der Ausgangskonzentration mit Kernspinresonanz gemessen. Die Ausgangskonzentrationen lagen zwischen 10−3 g/cm3 und 0,1 g/cm3, die Kristallisationstemperatur wurde im Bereich von 70
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    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 341-346 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus Acetonlösung mit unterschiedlichem Gehalt an Formamid wurden Zellulosemembranen dargestellt. Die Eigenschaften der Membranen sind je nach den Konzentrationen des Formamids verschieden. Die Unterschiede werden durch Phasenänderungen während des übergangs Sol-Gel erklärt.
    Notes: Summary By varying the concentration of formamide within the acetone solutions from which cellulose acetate membranes were fabricated, a series of membranes exhibiting a wide range of performance characteristics was prepared. The morphological, optical, swelling and water transport properties of these membrane gels have been interpreted with reference to a phase inversion in their sol precursors.
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    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 357-362 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Infrarotspektrometrie wurde die Einwirkung von Stearinsäure und ölsäure auf Zinkoxid untersucht, das in Benzol suspendiert worden war. Durch Carboxylatbildung wird eine multimolekulare Schicht der Säuren auf der Oberfläche der Zinkpartikel ausgebildet. Die Partikel werden dadurch von der Flokkulation in nichtpolaren Lösungsmitteln geschützt. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Spektren entspricht der der Zinkcarboxylate.
    Notes: Summary The reaction between carboxylic acids in benzene solution and suspended zinc oxide particles was investigated by means of infrared spectrometry. The results show how the carboxyl groups react with the zinc oxide forming zinc carboxylate groups at the chemisorption. The chemisorbed acid forms a multilayer at the surface, which gives a new explanation of the protective action of adsorbed acids against flocculation of the particles in nonpolar solvents. The temperature-dependence of the spectra showed transitions at the same temperatures and of the same kind as the corresponding zinc carboxylates, whose spectra were also recorded. The zinc soaps exhibited thermotropic behaviour, and lyotrophy is suggested as the explanation of the multilayer formation.
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    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 375-377 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 378-381 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 383-384 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Colloid & polymer science 231 (1969), S. 458-503 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Colloid & polymer science 232 (1969), S. 814-816 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Colloid & polymer science 232 (1969), S. 693-699 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The solubilities of azobenzene derivatives in water have been determined at 5 °C intervals from 0° to 40 °C to obtain the information both about the effect of polar groups on the solubility of aromatic compounds in water and about the action of polar groups to the iceberg-formation in the vicinity of hydrophobic part of the solute in water environment. From the results the imaginary super cooled pure liquid has been taken as a standard state and the thermodynamic parameters of solution of azobenzene derivatives in water have been calculated.
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