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  • Springer  (68,285)
  • 2005-2009  (38,165)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (30,120)
  • 1925-1929
  • 2005  (38,165)
  • 1969  (30,120)
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  • 2005-2009  (38,165)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (30,120)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Unknown
    New York : Springer
    Keywords: Computer engineering. ; Computer security. ; Electronic data processing, Distributed processing.
    Pages: xx, 239 p.
    ISBN: 0-387-23917-0
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  • 2
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Springer
    In:  International Association of Geodesy Symposia
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The lAG International Symposium on Gravity, Geoid, and Space Missions 2004 (GGSM2004) was lield in the beautiful city of Porto, Portugal, from 30 August to 3 September 2004. This symposium encompassed the themes of Commission 2 (Gravity Field) of the newly structured lAG, as well as interdisciplinary topics related to geoid and gravity modeling, with special attention given to the current and planned gravi- dedicated satellite missions. The symposium also followed in the tradition of mid-term meetings that were held between the quadrennial joint meetings of the International Geoid and Gravity Commissions. The previous mid-term meetings were the International Symposia on Gravity, Geoid, and Marine Geodesy (Tokyo, 1996), and Gravity, Geoid, and Geodynamics (Banff, 2000). GGSM2004 aimed to bring together scientists from different areas in the geosciences, working with gravity and geoid related problems, both from the theoretical and practical points of view. Topics of interest included the integration of heterogeneous data and contributions from satellite and airborne techniques to the study of the spatial and temporal variations of the gravity field. In addition to the special focus on the CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE satellite missions, attention was also directed toward projects addressing topographic and ice field mapping using SAR, LIDAR, and laser altimetry, as well as missions and studies related to planetary geodesy.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2020-11-23
    Description: Abstract: The simultaneous solution of the Planck equation (involving the widely used “dual-band” technique) using two shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands allows for an estimate of the fractional area of the hottest part of an active lava flow (fh), and the background temperature of the cooler crust (Tc). The use of a high spectral and spatial resolution imaging spectrometer with a wide dynamic range of 15 bits (DAIS 7915) in the wavelength range from 0.501 to 12.67 µm resulted in the identification of crustal temperature and fractional areas for an intra-crater hot spot at Mount Etna, Italy. This study indicates the existence of a relationship between these Tc and fh extracted from DAIS and Landsat TM data. When the dual band equation system is performed on a lava flow, a logarithmic distribution is obtained from a plot of the fractional area of the hottest temperature versus the temperature of the cooler crust. An entirely different distribution is obtained over active degassing vents, where increases in Tc occur without any increase in fh. This result indicates that we can use scatter plots of Tc vs. fh to discriminate between different types of volcanic activity, in this case between degassing vents and lava flows, using satellite thermal data.
    Description: Published
    Description: 641–651
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Mount Etna ; remote-sensing ; lava-flow ; degassing vent ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-03-01
    Description: On September 6, 2002, aML =5.6 earthquake, occurring some tens of kilometres offshore from the Northern Sicilian coast (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea), slightly damaged the city of Palermo and surroundings (degree 6 in the European Macroseismic Scale 1998). The macroseismic investigation of the shock and a detailed study of effects of the main earthquakes which affected Palermo in the past have been performed in order to evaluate the seismic response of the city. Moreover, the comparison of the recent event, which is instrumentally constrained, with historical earthquakes allows us to infer new insights on the seismogenic sources of the area, that seem located offshore in the Tyrrhenian sea. In the last 500 years, Palermo has never been completely destroyed but has suffered effects estimated between intensities 6 and 8 EMS-98 many times (1693, 1726, 1751, 1823, 1940, 1968, 2002). The damage scenarios of the analysed events have shown that damage distribution is strongly conditioned by soil response in the different parts of the city and by a high building vulnerability, mainly in the historical centre and in the south-eastern zone of the modern city. As a matter of fact, Palermo has always suffered greater effects than those reported for other nearby localities. The hazard assessment obtained using observed site intensities has shown that the probability of occurrence for intensity 8 (the strongest intensity observed in Palermo) exceeds 99% for 550 years, while the estimated mean return period is 152 ± 40 years. These results, in connection with building vulnerability due to the urban expansion before the introduction of seismic code, suggest that the city is exposed to a relatively high seismic risk.
    Description: Published
    Description: 525-543
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: intensity ; damage ; earthquakes ; Italy ; macroseismics ; Palermo ; seismic hazard ; vulnerability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: We compare the results obtained from the modelling of EDM, GPS, levelling and tilt data measured in the first part of the 19911993 eruption at Etna to the InSAR data acquired during the second part. The geodetic changes are very marked in the first half of the eruption and constrain a deflation source located at a few kilometers of depth ( 3 km b.s.l.), in agreement with other independent geophysical evidence. SAR data, available during the second part of the eruption, were analysed for different time intervals in the second part of the eruption. The interpretation of SAR interferograms reveals a large-scale but less marked deflation of the volcano that could be caused by a deeper source. This second source is in accord with a second deeper anomaly revealed by recent seismic investigations. The combination of geodetic data modelling and SAR images suggests a complex plumbing system composed at least of two possible storage regions located at different depths.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1345-1357
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Geodesy ; SAR Interferometry ; ground deformation ; Mt. Etna volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Analysis of the historical records of Etnas eruptive activity for the past three centuries shows that, after the large 1669 eruption, a period of about 60 years of low-level activity followed. Starting from 1727, explosive activity (strombolian, lava fountaining and subplinian) at the summit crater increased exponentially to the present day. Since 1763, the frequency of flank eruptions also increased and this value remained high until 1960; afterward it further increased sharply. In fact, the number of summit and flank eruptions between 1961 and 2003 was four times greater than that of the pre-1960 period. This long-term trend of escalating activity rules out a pattern of cyclic behaviour of the volcano. We propose instead that the 16702003 period most likely characterises a single eruptive cycle which began after the large 1669 eruption and which is still continuing. On the basis of the eruptive style, two distinct types of flank eruptions are recognised: Class A and Class B. Class A eruptions are mostly effusive with associated weak strombolian activity; Class B eruptions are characterised by effusive activity accompanied by intense, long-lasting, strombolian and lava fountaining activity that produces copious tephra fallouts, as during the 2001 and 20022003 eruptions. Over the past three centuries, seven Class B eruptions have taken place with vents located mainly on the south-eastern flank, indicating that this sector of the volcano is a preferential zone for the intrusion of volatile-rich magma rising from the deeper region of the Etna plumbing system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 732-742
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Etna ; Historical record ; Summit activity ; Flank eruptions ; Eruptive behaviour ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Monte Nuovo eruption is the most recent event that occurred at Phlegrean Fields (Italy) and lasted from 29 September to 6 October 1538. It was characterized by 2 days of quasi-sustained phreatomagmatic activity generating pumice-bearing pyroclastic density currents and forming a 130-m-high tuff cone (Lower Member deposits). The activity resumed after a pause of 2 days with two discrete Vulcanian explosions that emplaced radially distributed, scoria-bearing pyroclastic flows (Upper Member deposits). The juvenile products of Lower and Upper Members are, respectively, phenocryst-poor, light-coloured pumice and dark scoria fragments with K-phonolitic bulk compositions, identical in terms of both major and trace elements. Groundmass is formed by variable proportions of K-feldspar and glass, along with minor sodalite and Fe-Ti oxide present in the most crystallized samples. Investigations of groundmass compositions and textures were performed to assess the mechanisms of magma ascent, degassing and fragmentation along the conduit and implications for the eruptive dynamics. In pumice of the Lower Member groundmass crystal content increases from 13 to 28 vol% from the base to the top of the sequence. Products of the Upper Member consist of clasts with a groundmass crystal content between 30 and 40 vol% and of totally crystallized fragments. Crystal size distributions of groundmass feldspars shift from a single population at the base of the Lower Member to a double population in the remaining part of the sequence. The average size of both populations regularly increases from the Lower to the Upper Member. Crystal number density increases by two orders of magnitude from the Lower to the Upper Member, suggesting that nucleation dominated during the second phase of the eruption. The overall morphological, compositional and textural data suggest that the juvenile components of the Monte Nuovo eruption are likely to record variations of the magma properties within the conduit. The different textures of pumice clasts from the Lower Member possibly reflect horizontal gradients of the physical properties (P, T) of the ascending magma column, while scoriae from the second phase are thought to result from the disruption of a slowly rising plug crystallizing in response to degassing. In particular, crystal size distribution data point to syn-eruptive degassing-induced crystallization as responsible for the transition in eruptive style from the first to the second phase of the eruption. This mechanism not only has been proved to profoundly affect the dynamics of dome-forming calc-alkaline eruptions, but may also have a strong influence in driving the eruption dynamics of alkaline magmas of intermediate to evolved compositions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 601-621
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Phlegrean Fields ; Vulcanian explosion ; Degassing ; Groundmass crystallization ; Eruption dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this work we present seismological and ground deformation evidence for the phase preparing the July 18 to August 9, 2001 flank eruption at Etna. The analysis performed, through data from the permanent seismic and ground deformation networks, highlighted a strong relationship between seismic strain release at depth and surface deformation. This joint analysis provided strong constraints on the magma rising mechanisms. We show that in the last ten years, after the 1991–1993 eruption, an overall accumulation of tension has affected the volcano. Then we investigate the months preceding the 2001 eruption. In particular, we analyse the strong seismic swarm on April 20–24, 2001, comprising more than 200 events (Mmax = 3.6) with prevalent dextral shear fault mechanisms in the western flank. The swarm showed a ca. NE-SW earthquake alignment which, in agreement with previous cases, can be interpreted as the response of the medium to an intrusive process along the approximately NNW-SSE volcano-genetic trend. These mechanisms, leading to the July 18 to August 9, 2001 flank eruption, are analogous to ones observed some months before the 1991–1993 flank eruption and, more recently, in January 1998 before the February-November 1999 summit eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1469-1487
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Ground deformation ; volcano seismology ; Mt. Etna Volcano ; intrusive mechanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Ground deformation occurring on the southern flank of Mt Etna volcano during the JulyAugust 2001 eruption was monitored by GPS measurements along an EW profile crossing the fissure system. This profile was measured eight times during the eruption, using the 'stop and go' semi-kinematic technique. Horizontal and vertical displacements between GPS surveys are reported for each station. The most significant event is a deformation episode occurring during the first week of the eruption, between 2527 July. Displacements were measured on benchmarks close to the eruptive fissure and the tensile 1989 fracture. Data inversions for measured displacements were performed using the Okada model. The model shows the narrowing of the 2001 dyke accompanied by a dextral dislocation along an east-dipping fault, parallel to the 1989 fracture.
    Description: Published
    Description: 336-341
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: GPS ; Ground deformation ; Modelling ; Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 200203 Mt Etna flank eruption began on 26 October 2002 and finished on 28 January 2003, after three months of continuous explosive activity and discontinuous lava flow output. The eruption involved the opening of eruptive fissures on the NE and S flanks of the volcano, with lava flow output and fire fountaining until 5 November. After this date, the eruption continued exclusively on the S flank, with continuous explosive activity and lava flows active between 13 November and 28 January 2003. Multi-disciplinary data collected during the eruption (petrology, analyses of ash components, gas geochemistry, field surveys, thermal mapping and structural surveys) allowed us to analyse the dynamics of the eruption. The eruption was triggered either by (i) accumulation and eventual ascent of magma from depth or (ii) depressurisation of the edifice due to spreading of the eastern flank of the volcano. The extraordinary explosivity makes the 200203 eruption a unique event in the last 300 years, comparable only with La Montagnola 1763 and the 2001 Lower Vents eruptions. A notable feature of the eruption was also the simultaneous effusion of lavas with different composition and emplacement features. Magma erupted from the NE fissure represented the partially degassed magma fraction normally residing within the central conduits and the shallow plumbing system. The magma that erupted from the S fissure was the relatively undegassed, volatile-rich, buoyant fraction which drained the deep feeding system, bypassing the central conduits. This is typical of most Etnean eccentric eruptions. We believe that there is a high probability that Mount Etna has entered a new eruptive phase, with magma being supplied to a deep reservoir independent from the central conduit, that could periodically produce sufficient overpressure to propagate a dyke to the surface and generate further flank eruptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 314-330
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Multi-disciplinary study ; Mount Etna ; 2002–03 eruption ; Eccentric eruptions ; Flank activity ; Etna feeding system ; Volcanic processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An anisotropic attenuation law, based on an anisotropic characterization of intensity distribution for seismogenic zones, is proposed. This approach, that distinguishes itself for its consistency to the observed data, initially reconfigured by filtering procedures, is particularly suitable for seismic hazard evaluation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 707-714
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Attenuation law ; virtual intensity distribution ; seismic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A modelling of the observed macroseismic intensity of historical and instrumental earthquakes in southern Spain is proposed, with the aim of determining the macroseismic parameters for seismic hazard evaluation in a region in which the characterization of intensity distribution of seismic events shows different levels of difficulty referable to the complex faults system of the area in study. The adopted procedure allows an analytical determination of epicenters and principal attenuation directions of earthquakes with a double level of verification with reference to the maximum shaking area and structural lineaments of the region, respectively. The analyses, carried out on a suitable number of events, highlight, therefore, some elements for a preliminary characterization of a seismic zonation on the basis of the consistency between seismic intensity distribution of earthquakes and corresponding structural framework.
    Description: Published
    Description: 747-760
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Attenuation directions ; southern Spain ; macroseismic intensity ; virtual intensity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Flank instability and collapse are observed at many volcanoes. Among these, Mt. Etna is characterized by the spreading of its eastern and southern flanks. The eastern spreading area is bordered to the north by the EW-trending Pernicana Fault System (PFS). During the 20022003 Etna eruption, ground fracturing along the PFS migrated eastward from the NE Rift, to as far as the 18 km distant coastline. The deformation consisted of dextral en-echelon segments, with sinistral and normal kinematics. Both of these components of displacement were one order of magnitude larger (~1 m) in the western, previously known, portion of the PFS with respect to the newly surveyed (~9 km long) eastern section (~0.1 m). This eastern section is located along a pre-existing, but previously unknown, fault, where displaced man-made structures give overall slip rates (11.9 cm/year), only slightly lower than those calculated for the western portion (1.42.3 cm/year). After an initial rapid motion during the first days of the 20022003 eruption, movement of the western portion of the PFS decreased dramatically, while parts of the eastern portion continued to move. These data suggest a model of spreading of the eastern flank of Etna along the PFS, characterized by eruptions along the NE Rift, instantaneous, short-lived, meter-scale displacements along the western PFS and more long-lived centimeter-scale displacements along the eastern PFS. The surface deformation then migrated southwards, reactivating, one after the other, the NNWSSE-trending Timpe and Trecastagni faults, with displacements of ~0.1 and ~0.04 m, respectively. These structures, along with the PFS, mark the boundaries of two adjacent blocks, moving at different times and rates. The new extent of the PFS and previous activity over its full length indicate that the sliding eastern flank extends well below the Ionian Sea. The clustering of seismic activity above 4 km b.s.l. during the eruption suggests a deep décollement for the moving mass. The collected data thus suggests a significant movement (volume 〉1,100 km3) of the eastern flank of Etna, both on-shore and off-shore.
    Description: Published
    Description: 417-430
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Volcano spreading ; Fracturing ; Mt. Etna ; Pernicana Fault System ; NE Rift ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We have characterized pumice products belonging to the climactic phase of the 800-year-b.p. Quilotoa eruption. Bulk rock compositions, petrography, mineral, and glass chemistry and textural investigations were performed on the three end-member pumice types, namely white, gray, and mingled pumices. All the investigated pumice clasts are dacites characterized by the same bulk rock composition and mineralogical assemblage, but glass compositions and bulk textures change according to different pumice types. White pumice has higher crystallinity (~48 wt%), abundant euhedral pheno/microphenocrysts, no groundmass microlites, the most evolved glass compositions (7478 wt% SiO2), and heterogeneous vesicle populations marked by deformed and highly coalesced vesicles with thin walls. Gray pumice exhibits lower crystallinity (2936 wt%), abundant broken and/or resorbed crystals, ubiquitous groundmass phenocryst fragments and microlites, the widest range of glass compositions (6978 wt% SiO2), and quite homogeneous poorly deformed and coalesced vesicles with thicker walls. Mingled pumices are characterized by the alternation of bands or patches with white and gray pumice compositional and textural characteristics. We attribute heterogeneities in glass compositions and crystal and vesicle textures to processes occurring within volcanic conduits as magma is ascending to the surface. In particular, the above observations and results are consistent with an origin of a gray magma by heating of the original white magma in a strongly sheared region of the conduit because of a mechanism of viscous dissipation and crystal grinding and resorption at the conduit walls. The less viscous gray magma, therefore, would enable the onset and preservation of a high mass flux of the eruption otherwise difficult to explain for highly viscous crystal-rich dacitic magmas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 307-321
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Plinian eruption ; Crystal-rich magma ; Crystal grinding ; Pumice types ; Viscous dissipation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The anisotropic modelling of intensity distribution, affected by the construction of macroseismic planes, allows an analysis of the influence of each point of observed intensity on the analytical determination of epicenter and of the principal attenuation directions. Such a procedure is a vital aid in the cases in which the observed intensity points, that, for location or joined intensity level, are not consistent with an anisotropic model of intensity attenuation. A suitable filtering on intensity levels associated with the points of the intensity map, for a better modelling of observed intensity distribution, is proposed with the aim of a better seismic hazard evaluation
    Description: Published
    Description: 683-697
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Macroseismicity ; observed intensity filtering ; macroseismic planes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This paper shows the results of a detailed reprocessing of aeromagnetic data,obtained by the downward projection to the seabed. The area of interest is centered over the Tyrrhenian Basin,whose bathymetric –topographic lay-out is characterized by a somewhat irregular trend.The origin of the intense depth variations depends on the Tyrrhenian structural setting,that is associated with the presence of several tectonic lineaments,seamounts or volcanic islands.The data were characterized by good quality and dense sam- pling,but they have been reprocessed in order either to solve some problems in the original compilation,and to reduce the distor- tion of the geomagnetic anomaly field caused by the difference of distance between the survey level and the magnetic source.The reprocessed magnetic map is proposed as an e ffective analysis tool for the Tyrrhenian area that is characterized by high susceptibility lithotypes.Downward projection of the aeromagnetic data by BTM algorithm increases the de finition of the anomalous magnetic signal without distortions in the geometric pattern of the field,thus showing a more stable and effective association between the magnetic anomalies and their geological sources.This effect is particularly true for high frequency anomalies that are directly comparable after the topographic projection because the depth filtering effect is attenuated.Moreover,the BTM method has been applied for the first time to a regional scale survey that shows substantial advantages because no fictitious anomalies in the high frequency sector of the spectrum were generated.This has been a typical effect of the traditional downward projection methods widely used before.The final result is a BTM anomaly map that is able to show the structural connections between the geological magnetic sources of the Tyrrhenian Sea area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 265-277
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Potential methods,marine geomagnetism,downward continuation,Tyrrhenian Sea ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.04. Magnetic and electrical methods
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 31 (1969), S. 529-540 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is assumed that waves of configurational change of cell surface proteins can pass over the length of columnar cells in a multicellular membrane, thus passing across the membrane. It is expected that waves of change in fluidity of surface water and of Na+ vs K+ complexing preference by cell surface proteins will result from the waves of change in surface protein configuration. The entire wave process is called a chemiperistaltic wave, and is a natural extension of the concepts embodied in the association-induction hypothesis of Ling. It is shown that chemiperistaltic waves may transport Na+ across multicellular membranes through extracellular space between cells in a manner which is consistent with the experiments of Cereijidoet al. (1968) on frog skin. Equations for transport of Na+ by chemiperistaltic waves are derived for an idealized membrane. It seems possible that Na+−K+ activated ATPase may represent the isolated form of the cell surface protein in which chemiperistaltic waves are propagated or that an actomyosin-like protein may be involved.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 31 (1969), S. 541-562 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Much of recent work to determine primary structures of nucleic acids and proteins employs the “fragmentation” or “overlap” stratagem. Typically, a preparation of a given polymer with unknown sequence is purified and then subjected to an enzyme known to cut the polymer at certain specific sites. The quantities and sequences of the resulting fragments are determined. For RNA primary sequences, pancreatic ribonuclease and T1 ribonuclease are ordinarily used as fragmenting enzymes. A technique is described for evaluating such fragment data. It has the following properties: It is easily determined whether or not the fragment data is inconsistent. It is always possible to determine the first and last nucleotides of the unknown sequence from the data of two limit digests. Consistent data from two limit digests can always be fitted into a convenient conceptual framework developed within the theory of graphs. In most cases, partial digest information can be used to modify the framework constructed from two limit digests, as such information is obtained. An efficient analysis of all fragment data in this conceptual framework can always be made. One can detect inconsistencies and can generate the entire list of polymer sequences consistent with the fragment data.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 31 (1969), S. 569-574 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of convective flow on the distribution of a diffusing substance that is being consumed is analyzed. For the mammalian cornea, one of the few tissues where convection, diffusion and consumption simultaneously exist, the effect of convection on the distribution of oxygen is shown to be small.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 31 (1969), S. 605-617 
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    Notes: Abstract A previous study (Bull. Math. Biophysics,31, 417–427, 1969) on the definitions of stability of equilibria in organismic sets determined byQ relations is continued. An attempt is made to bring this definition into a form as similar as possible to that used in physical systems determined byF-relations. With examples taken from physics, biology and sociology, it is shown that a definition of equilibria forQ-relational systems similar to the definitions used in physics can be obtained, provided the concept of stable or unstable structures of a system determined byQ-relations is considered in a probabilistic manner. This offers an illustration of “fuzzy categories,” a notion introduced by I. Bąianu and M. Marinescu (Bull. Math. Biophysics,30, 625–635, 1968), in their paper on organismic supercategories, which is designed to provide a mathematical formalism for Rashevsky's theory of Organismic Sets (Bull. Math. Biophysics,29, 389–393, 1967;30, 163–174, 1968;31, 159–198, 1969). A suggestion is made for a method of mapping the abstract discrete space ofQ-relations on a continuum of variables ofF-relations. Problems of polymorphism and metamorphosis, both in biological and social organisms, are discussed in the light of the theory.
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    European journal of wildlife research 15 (1969), S. 41-62 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans le massif forestier des Fichtelgebirge (32.000 ha), le cheptel cerfs s'était accru, spécialement entre 1937 et 1962, pour atteindre 3 fois la densité considérée aujourd'hui comme normale (10 têtes/1.000 ha). Les causes de cet accroissement furent, par ordre d'importance décroissante, les suivantes: sous-estimation de l'effectif, sous-estimation du croît annuel moyen, relâchement de la pression cynégétique pendant et aussitôt après la guerre. Cet effectif important entraîna des dégâts de gibier préoccupants. Au cours de la dernière décennie, l'on procéda à différentes interventions (réduction sélective de l'effectif, affouragement hivernal, etc. ...) qui eurent pour effet de diminuer les dégâts d'une manière sensible tandis que la production annuelle de cerfs mâles de pleine maturité était désormais assurée. Le poids de la venaison des cerfs (mâles et femelles) augmenta de 15 à 40% au cours des dernières années. Les bois des cerfs de pleine maturité (1ère classe)-qui occuperont environ dix pourcent dans la future récolte annuelle de cerfs boisés-enregistrèrent un gain de poids analogue. Le secteur de “Veldensteiner Forst” (6.000 ha), cité occasionnellement dans cet article, ne doit pas être assimilé au massif des Fichtelgebirge considéré ici: en effet, en raison de son étendue réduite et de la proximité de la plaine de manoeuvres militaires de Grafenwöhr, ce territoire échappe à une gestion cynégétique rationnelle.
    Notes: Summary The red deer range of the Fichtelgebirge, with an extension of about 32 000 hectares, experienced an increase of deer density in the years 1937–1962 to about threefold the desired density of one deer per 100 hectares. This is due in part to the decreased culling during the war and postwar period, but primarily to the fact that population size and annual increase had been severely underestimated. The first decade following the reestablishment of hunting authorities after the war, calculations of the desirable harvest of female deer were too low. Wildlife damage increased accordingly. Over the last ten year period, efforts have been made to uncover the original mistakes. After the harvest level was raised, the population decreased noticeably and forest wildlife damage decreased. At the same time habitat management and proper winter feeding has been started. The reduction of the herd to one of desirable age and quality composition resulted in a number of prime deer heads that appear at the annual exhibition af antlers in Bayreuth. The increase in body weight of female and male deer is about 15–40%, and about as much weight increase was recorded for the best (class I) deer antlers. This class can be expected to represent 10% of the annual future harvest of male deer. The red deer range of Veldensteiner Forst (mostly the state forest district Pegnitz) cannot be subject to similar considerations since it is not large enough (6000 hectares) to be an independant management unit. Migrations of deer from surrounding areas also cannot be calculated.
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    European journal of wildlife research 15 (1969), S. 83-84 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 31 (1969), S. 433-439 
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    Notes: Abstract A model of left ventricle is described which takes into account the physiologic variations of thickness, a function of time and distance prior to and during ejection, by assuming that the prolate spheroids are confocal at a given instant. The hyperbolic segment of arc between innermost and outermost spheroids, confocal with the latter, defines a so-called functional thickness, for which a derivation is given. Results show that this model operates in a range of eccentricity wherein thickness change per unit internal volume change are greatest.
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    Computing 4 (1969), S. 24-29 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit bringt einige ergänzende Resultate über ein in [4] betrachtetes Wartesystem. Die in [4] entwickelten numerischen Methoden zur Berechnung von Gleichgewichtswahrscheinlichkeiten werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In an earlier paper [4] a certain service system has been investigated. The present paper adds some further results and discusses the numerical methods developed in [4] for the calculation of equilibrium probabilities.
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    Computing 4 (1969), S. 75-75 
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    Computing 4 (1969), S. 92-92 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 1-6 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 7-30 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 31-35 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 36-45 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 46-62 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 63-68 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 72-80 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 81-83 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 69-71 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 97-111 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 112-125 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 84-96 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 126-138 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 139-146 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 147-158 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 159-169 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 193-198 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 199-206 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 213-217 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 207-212 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 218-219 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 220-221 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 222-225 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 226-237 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 238-249 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 250-267 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 289-308 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 316-328 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 329-340 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 348-353 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 309-315 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 341-347 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 354-367 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 385-396 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 368-384 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 397-399 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 400-405 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 422-432 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 433-448 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 406-410 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 411-421 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 449-460 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 473-480 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 73 (1969), S. 461-472 
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 401-402 
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 193-200 
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    Notes: Summary In Acatenango, Guatemala studies were made of the dietetic intakes and requirements of groups of families, in the following way: 40 families were studied for exactly one day and a different group of 10 families was studied for exactly one week. This paper considers what information can be gotten from the caloric data by removing the “effect of requirement”, points out important differences in the two types of studies, and shows how the “one-week method” was improperly performed, but indicates how this data was able at least partially to be salvaged. In particular, if it is important to see an “effect” of family, then it is not satisfactory to perform the one-day method, and if the seven-day method is used, the intakes must be recorded day-by-day and not just averaged over a week, lest the effects of family and of day be lost. It is demonstrated that the effect of family is extremely important in Acatenango and that the effect of day of the week on caloric consumption is of very little importance.
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 271-278 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eintagshähnchen zweier verschiedener Rassen erhielten Rationen mit 1–5% Maisöl und 13 oder mehr mgα-Tocopherol per kg Futter. Wenn das Eiweiß der Rationen aus isoliertem Soja-Protein bestand, war das Wachstum der Hähnchen vermindert, die Mortalität nahm zu und Exudative Diathese und Encephalomalacia wurden beobachtet. Diese Symptome des Vitamin E Mangels wurden durch zusätzliches Tocopherol (50 mg/kg) oder durch ein Antioxidans (Ethoxyquin, 0,02% der Ration) verhindert; in einem Experiment wurden die Symptome aber nicht durch Selenium behoben. In einem anderen Experiment, in welchem ein neues Präparat von isoliertem Soja-Protein verwendet wurde, förderte Selenium das Wachstum erheblich. Wenn das Soja-Protein durch Casein ersetzt wurde, entstanden keine Symptome des Vitamin E Mangels mit der Grundration die 13 mg/kgα-Tocopherol enthielt. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf einen Vitamin E Antagonismus hin, der durch eine Interaktion zwischen dem isolierten Soja-Protein und Maisöl hervorgerufen wird.
    Notes: Summary Day-old male chicks of two breeds were fed diets providing from 1–5% corn oil and 13 or more mg/kgα-tocopherol. When the source of dietary protein was isolated soy protein, growth depression, exudative diathesis, and encephalomalacia accompanied by mortality occurred. These vitamin E deficiency symptoms were prevented by higher levels ofα-tocopherol (50 mg/kg) or by an antioxidant (ethoxyquin, 0.02% of diet) but were not relieved by selenium in one experiment. In another experiment, with a different supply of isolated soy protein, selenium significantly improved growth while no deficiency symptoms were noted with this soy protein preparation. With casein as the dietary protein, no vitamin E deficiency symptoms developed with 13 mg/kgα-tocopherol. The results point to a vitamin E antagonism that appears to be related to the processing of isolated soy protein and its interaction with corn oil.
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 301-311 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The physico-chemical data of the ammonia-ammonium-system are briefly discussed and same remarks made about the difficulties of the estimation of ammonia in biological media. The content of ammonia in foods, compared with the ammonia-production in organism, shows the alimentary supply of ammonia lying in the range of milligrams, but the production lying in the range of grama. The capacity of the ammonia-fixating metabolic systems, characterized by a remarkable resistance against damages, is in excess of the production in normal conditions. In liver cirrhosis, there is occasion for an enterogene ammonia-intoxication, because the blood of the portal vein surrounds the liver by collateral vessels.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach einer kurzen Darstellung der physiko-chemischen Parameter des Ammoniak/ Ammonium-Systems in biologischen Medien und der Schwierigkeiten der Ammoniak-Bestimmung werden einige Angaben über den Ammoniak-Gehalt von Lebensmitteln gemacht. Aus ihnen geht hervor, daß die alimentäre Ammoniak-Zufuhr im Milligramm-Bereich, die Ammoniak-Produktion im Organismus, insbesondere durch den Beitrag der Darmbakterien, jedoch im Gramm-Bereich liegt. Normalerweise übersteigt die Kapazität der Ammoniak-fixierenden Stoffwechselsysteme, die sich weiterhin durch eine bemerkenswerte Resistenz gegenüber Schädigungen auszeichnen, die Produktion um ein Vielfaches. Bei der Leberzirrhose, bei der das Portalblut via Kollateralbahnen an der Leber vorbei geleitet wird, kann es zu einer enterogenen Ammoniak-Intoxikation kommen.
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 332-339 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gemäß unserer Untersuchungsergebnisse sind Ameisensäure und ihre Salze meines Erachtens bis zu bestimmten Grenzmengen, wie sie beispielsweise in der Liste 2 des geänderten und ergänzten Lebensmittelgesetzes vom 21. 12. 1958 angegeben sind (Tageshöchstmenge 1 g, Höchstkonzentration 1 g/kg), als nicht gesundheitsschädlich anzusehen. Als Gründe seien angeführt: Ameisensäure ist ein normaler Bestandteil des menschlichen Blutes und der Gewebe; sie spielt im intermediären Stoffwechsel eine hochwichtige Rolle bei der Übertragung von C1-Körpern. Ameisensäure kommt in bestimmten Lebensmitteln, wenn auch nur in geringen Mengen, vor, wie z. B. in der Seefischmuskulatur, im Honig, in Röstprodukten und in einigen Früchten. Zugeführte Ameisensäure wird vollständig abgebaut und ausgeschieden; es besteht keine Cumulationsgefahr. Die chronische Zufuhr von 200 mg/kg Calciumformiat bei der Ratte im Zweijahres-Versuch führt keine stoffspezifischen Schädigungen der Organfunktionen herbei und hemmt nicht Wachstum und Entwicklung neuer Generationen. Am bebrüteten Hühnerei wirkt Ameisensäure in Form ihres Natriumsalzes (5 mg, 10 mg und 20 mg/Ei) nicht toxisch und nicht teratogen auf den bebrüteten Hühnerembryo.
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 180-192 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Aminosäuren der peptischen und peptisch-tryptischen Hydrolysate von 22 ausgewählten Nahrungs- und Futterstoffen dienten als Grundlage zur Bewertung der Eiweißqualität. Hierzu wurde auf das Grundprinzip des Verfahrens vonMitchell undBlock zurückgegriffen. Der Vergleich der errechneten chemical score-Werte erfolgte mit den an wachsenden Ratten ermittelten BW. Als Referenz-AS dienten die vonBender angegebenen, an wachsenden Ratten ermittelten AS-Bedarfszahlen. Die engsten Korrelationen mit der BW wurden erhalten, wenn 1. die nach peptisch-tryptischer Hydrolyse „verfügbaren“ AS berücksichtigt wurden, 2. die limitierenden, „verfügbaren“ AS als Grundlage für die Errechnung des „vereinfachten chemical score“ dienten und 3. wenn der Bezug auf die AS-Bedarfszahlen erfolgte. Dieser „vereinfachte chemical score“ geht aus dem errechneten „,Bedarf-AS-Verhältnis“ (BAV) hervor. Durch Berücksichtigung der limitierenden AS nach Totalhydrolyse wird bei Bezug auf die AS-Bedarfszahlen etwa die Hälfte der untersuchten Nahrungsstoffe zutreffend bewertet. Die Verfügbarkeit der AS darf jedoch in diesen Stoffen nicht beeinträchtigt sein. Der „vereinfachte chemical score“ errechnet sich aus den limitierenden AS Methionin, Cystin und Lysin. Den S-haltigen AS kommt die größte Bedeutung zu.
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 208-215 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this publication are shown normal selenium contents of green forages and roughage of tuber crops, ground grains and milling products, by-products of the oil manufacture further in other and mineral feedstuffs. At normal conditions the absorption of selenium by forage plants is very little. A little higher are the selenium contents in ground grains and by-products of the oil manufacture. Relatively high are the selenium contents in fish meal and in one for to some extent utilized rock phosphate, phosphate for feeding, which is relatively poor in its fluorine content. For the clearing-up of questionable causes of diseases at animals, especially at calves, pigs and poultry, it would be advantageous to examine the feeding ration to the content of selenium. In the publication is moreover reported of the analysis of selenium, of selenium as a toxic and essential trace element, as well as of the requirement of selenium at agricultural productive animals.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der Arbeit werden Normal-Selengehalte in Grün- und Rauhfuttermitteln, Knollen- und Wurzelfrüchten, Getreideschroten und Müllereierzeugnissen, Nebenerzeugnissen der Ölgewinnung, in sonstigen und mineralischen Futtermitteln aufgezeigt. Die Futterpflanzen nehmen unter normalen Verhältnissen sehr wenig Selen auf. Etwas höher liegen die Selengehalte in Getreideschroten und Nebenerzeugnissen der Ölgewinnung. Relativ hoch sind die Selengehalte in Fischmehl und in einem für die Fütterung z. T. angewandten fluorarmen Rohphosphat. Zur Klärung fragwürdiger Ursachen von Tiererkrankungen, besonders bei Kälbern, Schweinen und Geflügel, sollte man auch in Deutschland die Futterration evtl. auf deren Gehalt an Selen überprüfen. Ferner wird über Selenanalytik, Selen als toxisches und essentielles Spurenelement, sowie über Selenbedarf der landwirtschaftlichen Nutztiere berichtet.
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 123-147 
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 148-174 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die befragten rund 5500 Haushalte wurden nach der Größe der bewirtschafteten landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche (LN) geordnet. Dabei wurden folgende Gruppen gebildet: unter 5 ha LN, 5–10 ha LN, 10–15 ha LN, 15–20 ha LN, 20–25 ha LN, 25–30 ha LN, 30–40 ha LN, 40–50 ha LN, 50–100 ha LN, über 100 ha LN. Der vorliegende Teil der Gesamtuntersuchung bildet zugleich die Prämisse für die auf der Betriebsgrößenstruktur aufbauenden ernährungsphysiologischen Auswertungen des Lebensmittelverbrauchs dieser spezifischen Konsumentengruppe. Während sich gegensätzlich zu den landsmannschaftlichen Verzehrsgewohnheiten beim Betriebsgrößenvergleich einige Antwortreihen nivellierend verhalten, ergeben sich bei anderen Befragungen um so differenziertere Resultate. Ein Einfluß seitens der Betriebsgröße auf die Fragestellung der Untersuchung ist unverkennbar. Die allgemeine Fiktion wird damit authentisch bestätigt. Art und Anzahl der täglichen Mahlzeiten, Art der verbrauchten Getränke zu den einzelnen Mahlzeiten, jahreszeitlicher Verbrauch wichtiger Lebensmittelgruppen, Abhängigkeit von Arbeitsspitzen, Art und Häufigkeit der verwendeten tisch- und kochfertigen Produkte nebst Bestimmungsgründen, Beachtung chemischer Zusätze beim Einkauf von Nahrungsmitteln sollen hier als Beispiel genannt werden, um einen deutlichen Überblick des Inhalts dieses Teiles der Abhandlung zu vermitteln.
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    European journal of nutrition 9 (1969), S. 103-108 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 14C-Coffein wurde an Ratten als Coffeinlösung bzw. als Bestandteil eines Kaffee-oder Tee-Infuses per os verabreicht. Die Resorption von Coffein erfolgte nach Verabreichung von Coffeinlösung und Kaffee-Infus verhältnismäßg schnell, nach Verabreichung von Tee-Infus dagegen mit einer gewissen Verzögerung. Die14C-Aktivitätswerte im Serum und im Rattenkörper fielen nach Erreichung ihres Maximums nach Gabe von Coffein und Kaffee sehr schnell, nach Gabe von Tee dagegen sehr langsam ab. Die14C-Ausscheidung im Harn war nach Verabreichung von Tee deutlich geringer als nach Coffein oder Kaffee. Die Spontanaktivität von Mäusen wurde durch Kaffee und Tee etwa in gleichem Maße angeregt. Diese Wirkung war deutlich stärker als die von Coffein in entsprechender Dosierung.
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    Papers in regional science 22 (1969), S. 29-38 
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    Papers in regional science 22 (1969), S. 65-82 
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    Papers in regional science 22 (1969), S. 85-96 
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    Papers in regional science 22 (1969), S. 141-147 
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    Papers in regional science 22 (1969), S. 149-155 
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    Papers in regional science 22 (1969), S. 107-140 
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    Papers in regional science 22 (1969), S. 159-193 
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    Papers in regional science 22 (1969), S. 195-202 
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    Papers in regional science 22 (1969), S. 203-213 
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    Papers in regional science 23 (1969), S. 7-23 
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    Papers in regional science 23 (1969), S. 201-215 
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    Papers in regional science 23 (1969), S. 177-199 
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    Notes: Conclusions We wish to reiterate that our research is far from finished. We report upon it at this time to make some of it available to interested scholars. Also, certain of its results may already be useful for policy formulation. Although the work on the technical input-output coefficients for the Philadelphia region is complete, and our materials on the federal agency structure of the Philadelphia region are also in satisfactory shape, we still must engage in further explorations on appropriate methodlogy. Such methodology would pertain to the specific adjustments of the technical coefficients, on account of import-export patterns and competitive cost position, which are required or desirable before a matrix is inverted. We then will be in a much better position to design a methodology to attack different kinds of social problems whether they relate to the closing down of wartime operations and conversion programs or to diverse development programs. Pending the attainment of such improved methodology, we still assert that it is desirable to use the methodology that we have, in particular that employed in this paper, to attack basic social problems—especially if we combine this methodology with intuition and good judgement. It is in this context that we have examined the impacts of the Vietnam War on the Philadelphia region and suggested one approach toward the development and consideration of offset programs.
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    Computing 4 (1969), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary If, referring to a certain definition of distance in a linear space X, you approximate an elementf ofX by elements of a linear subspaceV, characterization theorems can be found for elements ofV, which have the shortest distance fromf. These theorems of characterization are known for linear normed spaces and have turned out to be of a certain importance for applications. This paper intends to clear the question, to which subsetsV ofX the theorems of characterization for linear subspaces apply as well.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Approximiert man bezüglich eines gewissen Abstandsbegriffes in einem linearen RaumX ein Elementf ausX durch Elemente eines linearen UnterraumesV, so lassen sich für die Elemente ausV, die vonf den kleinsten Abstand haben, Charakterisierungssätze beweisen, die für normierte Räume bekannt sind und sich dort als bedeutsam für Anwendungen erwiesen haben. Es wird nun die Frage untersucht, für welche TeilmengenV vonX die für lineare Unterräume geltenden Charakterisierungssätze auch noch gelten.
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    Computing 4 (1969), S. 30-42 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For finite automata one has two different comprehensions of equivalence which prove to be equal. One of the definitions calledR-equivalence rests on the internal structure of the automata. The other equivalence concerns those automata which cannot be distinguished by any experiments. The extension of these equivalences to theChomsky languages and related languages leads to different possibilities for the definitions ofR-equivalences. The paper summarizes the results which are proved at this moment.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für endliche Automaten hat man ihrem Wesen nach zwei verschiedene Äquivalenzdefinitionen, die sich dann als gleich herausstellen. Die eine Definition beruht auf der Wirkung des Automaten nach außen, die andere geht von der inneren Struktur des Automaten aus. Letztere Definition wird hier R(eduktion)-Äquivalenz genannt. Bei der Übertragung dieser Äquivalenzbegriffe aufChomsky-Sprachen und verwandte formale Sprachen ergibt sich für dieR-Äquivalenz eine ganze Reihe von Möglichkeiten. Es wird hier über die Ergebnisse berichtet, die in diesem Zusammenhang bis jetzt erzielt wurden.
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