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  • 1
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The substituted 2,2-dialkyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-ones of type II and III have been prepared by acid-catalyzed cyclization of the corresponding substituted acetylenic ketones I in good to excellent yields (Scheme 1). These 2,2-dialkyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-ones II and III have been used for the in situ preparation of highly reactive dienes of type IV-VI (Scheme 2) in carbonyl-alkyne exchange reactions with electron-poor alkynes VII to yield the highly substituted aromatic compounds VIII and IX. These reactions proceed in good yields and with excellent degree of regioselectivity. Aryl-substituted 2,2-dialkyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-ones III (R1 = Ar) subsequently yield highly substituted biaryls. Reaction mechanisms are presented for the formation of the 2,2-dialkyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-ones as well as for the carbonyl-alkyne exchange reactions with electron-poor acetylenes.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal and molecular structure of bis[dinitrato-(2,4,8,15,18,21-hexaoxatricyclo[20.4.0.09,14]hexacosane)europium(III)]pentakis(nitrato)europiate(III) [Eu(NO3)2LB]2([Eu(NO3)5]), has been determined at 170 K from single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n (ITC No. 14): a = 16.338(3) Å, b = 15.704(3) Å, c = 24.474(4) Å, β = 97.73(1)°, Z = 4. The structure was refined to a final R value of 0.058 (Rw = 0.060). The asymmetric unit contains three independent ions lying on general positions: [Eu(NO3)5]2- and two distinct [Eu(NO3)2LB]+ cations with the macrocyclic ligand in the cis-anti-cis conformation (B-isomer). The EuIIIions are 10-coordinate with the following mean bond lengths: Eu-O(nitrate) = 2.48(2) Å in the anion and 2.45(2) Å in the two cations, Eu-O(ether) = 2.56(8) and 2.55(5) Å. Small but significant differences are observed between the two complex cations, especially with respect to the positions of the cyclohexyl substituent. A conformational analysis performed on the six O-atoms of the complex cations confirms the predictions of a simple model. The metal ion sites of the complex have been probed by high-resolution excitation and emission spectra at 296 and 77 K. The 5D0←7F0 excitation spectrum displays two main bands along with several other minor components. A detailed analysis of the corresponding and selectively excited emission spectra leads to the observation of three types of spectra corresponding to the three crystallographically different EuIII ions. Moreover, three minor sites are identified, one anionic and two cationic, with a population equal to ca. 10% of the population of the main sites. We interpret this finding as reflecting the presence of molecules with slightly different conformations.
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  • 3
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The C2-symmetrical chiral pyrrolidines 2 and 3 are of opposite helicity. The corresponding N-acylnitroso dienophiles 6 and 7 react in good yield with cyclohexadiene, leading thereby with excellent diastereoisomeric excess to the expected Diels-Alder cycloadducts (see Scheme). The [2.2.2] bicyclic moieties of the major diastereoisomers 9 and 11 proved to be of opposite configuration, as expected. Their configuration is best explained by assuming the acylnitroso dienophile to be in the s-cis conformation in the transition state, the approach of the diene being endo (see Fig.).
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An enzyme is extracted from the red peel of Amanita muscaria which cleaves the C(2)-C(3) and the C(4)-C(5) bond of the aromatic ring of L-dopa (1) to form a mixture of 4,5-secodopa (= salt of 6-amino-2-hydroxy-4-(2′-oxoethylidene)hept-2-enedioic acid; 2) and 2,3-secodopa ( = salt of 7-amino-5-formyl-2-hydroxyocta-2,4-dienedioic acid; 3), two hitherto hypothetical biosynthetic intermediates (see Scheme). Though isolation of these products has not been possible, structural evidence is inferred from reaction products, kinetics, and spectroscopical characteristics in comparison with known compounds. Secodopas 2 and 3 are characterized in dilute solution by HPLC and UV/VIS spectroscopy (anions; λmax 424 and 414 nm, resp., ∊420 = 25500; on acidification, shift to 380 and 372 nm, resp.). They cyclize without enzyme catalysis, optimally at pH 4.5-5; 3 produces muscaflavin (5) and 2 betalamic acid (4). The products arc identified by direct comparison with authentic samples in HPLC, by 1H-NMR of 5, and by condensation of 4 with L-proline to form the well known betalain indicaxanthin (7). The enzymatic conversion of L-dopa (1) via 2 to betalamic acid (4; (S)) and its condensation with L-proline leads to pure natural indicaxanthin (7; (2S,115)); correspondingly, the enzymatic conversion of D-dopa to (R)-betalamic acid and its condensation with L-proline produces isoindicaxanthin ((2S,11R)) which is unknown in nature. Particularly relevant is the fact that the same enzyme cleaves pyrocatechol to produce a solution of the enolate form of the known 2-hydroxy-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoate (secopyrocatechol; 9; see Fig. 5). Dissociation constants of the corresponding enolic functions in the cleavage products are determined by spectrometric titration and compared to those of known systems.
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  • 5
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 225-231 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Photochemical behaviors of the pyrazinone derivatives 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones 1a-c and 1,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-2H-cyclohepta[b]pyrazin-2-one 1d were investigated. Dye-sensitized photo-oxygenation of 1a-c gave the 1:1 adducts 5a-c of the corresponding 3,8a-epidioxy-3,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one 4 and H2O, whereas 1d gave 3,9a-epidioxy-1,3,5,6,7,8,9,9a-octahydro-2H-cyclohepta[b]pyrazin-2-one 4d (Scheme 2). The different kind of products was interpreted as being the result of the ring strain and steric hindrance of endoperoxides produced from 1a-d with singlet oxygen. Irradiation of 1a-b in the presence of alkenes gave tricyclic azetidine derivatives 9 by [2 + 2] cycloaddition of the C=N bond of 1 to the alkene.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The piperidines 12-18, piperidmose analogues of Neu5Ac (1) with a shortened side chain, were synthesized from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine via the azidoalkene 32 and tested as inhibitors of Vibrio cholerae sialidase. Deoxygenation at C(4) of the uronate 22, obtained from the known D-GlcNAc derivative 20, was effected by β-elimination (→ 23), exchange of the AcO at C(3) with a (t-Bu)Me2SiO group and hydrogenation (→ 26; Scheme 1). Chain extension of 26 by reaction with Me3SiCH2MgCl gave the D-ido-dihydroxysilane 28, which was transformed into the unsaturated L-xylo-mesylate 29 and further into the L-lyxo-alcohol 30, the mesylate 31, and the L-xylo-azide 32. The derivatives 29-31 prefer a sickle zig-zag and 32 mainly an extended zig-zag conformation (Fig. 2). The piperidinecarboxylate 15 was obtained from 32 by ozonolysis (→ 33), intramolecular reductive animation (→ 34), and deprotection, while reductive animation of 34 with glycolaldehyde (→ 35) and deprotection gave 16 (Scheme 2). An intramolecular azide-olefin cycloaddition of 32 yielded exclusively the fused dihydrotriazole 36, while the lactone 39 did not cyclize (Scheme 3). Treatment of 36 with AcOH (→ 37) followed by hydrolysis (→ 38) and deprotection led to the amino acid 18. To prepare the (hydroxymethyl)piperidinecarboxylates 12 and 17, 32 was first dihydroxylated (Scheme 4). The L-gluco-diol 40 was obtained as the major product, in agreement with Kishi's rule. Silylation of 40 (→ 42), oxidation with periodinane (→ 44), and reductive animation gave the L-gluco-piperidine 45. It was, on the one hand, deprotected to the amino acid 12 and, on the other hand, N-phenylated (→ 46) and deprotected to 17. While 45 and 12 adopt a 2C5 conformation, the analogous N-Ph derivatives 46 and 17 adopt a 5C2 and a B3,6 conformation, respectively, on account of the allylic 1,3-strain. The conformational effects of this 1,3-strain are also evident in the carbamate 47, obtained from 45 (Scheme 5), and in the C(2)-epimerized bicyclic ether 48, which was formed upon treatment of 47 with (diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride (DAST). Fluorination of 40 with DAST (→ 49) followed by treatment with AcOH led to the D-ido-fluorohydrin 50. Oxidation of 50 (→ 51) followed by a Staudinger reaction and reduction with NaBH3CN afforded the (fluoromethyl)piperidine 52, while reductive amination of 51 with H2/Pd led to the methylpiperidine 55, which was similarly obtained from the keto tosylate 54 and from the dihydrotriazole 36. Deprotection of 52 and 55 gave the amino acids 13 and 14, respectively. The aniline 17 does not inhibit V. cholerae sialidase; the piperidines 12-16 and 18 are weak inhibitors, evidencing the importance of an intact 1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl side chain.
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  • 7
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 438-444 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of Monomorin I, a Trail Pheromone of the Pharao Ant (Monomorium pharaonis)Katalytic hydrogenation of the 4-nitroalkanone 5 yielded the cis-pyrrolidine ester 6 (Scheme). The preparation of 5 was accomplished by ethanolysis of the nitrocyclohexanone derivative 4. Iodination at C(α) of 6, followed by cyclization, gave a nearly 5:6 mixture of the two C(5)-epimers 10/9 of octahydroindolizine. Epimerisation of the undesired 10 to 9 and subsequent transformation of the latter gave racemic monomorine I (1; 34% yield from 5).
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  • 8
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 9
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 326-330 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Crystal Structure of a Thiazolorifamycine: Rifamycine PThe crystal structure of a natural thiazolorifamycin, rifamycin P, as an adduct with EtOH and H2O, has been determined by X-ray crystallography by a combination of direct methods and Patterson techniques. Block-diagonal least-squares refinement using 5996 independent reflections and 1475 parameters led to an R factor of 0.092 (two independent molecules of rifamycin P). The middle part of the ansa chain, essential for activity against the bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (DDRP) resembles that of active rifamycins. The four OH groups lie on the same side of the molecule and are almost in the same plane. Interatomic distances between the O-atoms agree well with a spatial model derived from X-ray studies, performed on semisynthetic active rifamycins.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oximes are used in the therapy of organophosphate poisoning. They form an interaction product with the organophosphate which is claimed to be more toxic than the organophosphate itself. We have synthesized one of these compounds which would be formed by the reaction of pyridine-4-carbaldehyde oxime methiodide with sarin (GB). Thus, reaction of oxime 1 with sarin chloridate (2), yielded 4-{{[(isopropyloxy)methylphosphoryloxy]-imino}methyl}-1-methylpyridinium iodide (4) which was characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.
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  • 11
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 531-542 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Substitued N-(isoxazol-4-yl)thioureas 1 undergo a transformation in the presence of hexacarbonylmolybdenum and acid to yield functionalized thiazoles 3 in a one-pot reaction. In a few cases, 1,4,5-trisubstituted dihydroimidazolethiones 4 are also isolated as side products. Mechanistic considerations are outlined and scope and limitations of this new methodology discussed.
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  • 12
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 565-571 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aphelandrine (1) is shown to be biosynthesized in the root cells of Aphelandra tetragona (VAHL) NEES from labelled putrescine (4), spermidine (5), and cinnamic acid (3). Whether spermine (6) and the (p-hydroxycinnamoyl)spermidine 8 are precursors of 1 is uncertain, since the latter is hydrolysed to a large extent before incorporation, and the former is metabolized to 4 and 5. Methionine (7) is the source of the 3-aminopropyl unit of 5 and 6.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermolysis of the glycosylidene-derived O-benzylated diazirine 1 in the presence of N-phenylmaleimide (2), acrylonitrile (3), dimethyl fumarate (4), or dimethyl maleate (5) led in good yields to mixtures of the spirocyclopropanes 6/7, 8-11, 12/13, and 12/13/16/17. The diastereoselectivity depends upon the alkene. The cycloaddition of 1 to 5 is not diastereospecific, in keeping with previous results. Deprotection of 12, 13, 16, and 17 yielded the tetrols 14,15, 18, and 19, respectively.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The course of solid-phase peptide-coupling reactions as well as the swelling properties of a peptide-resin are influenced by the addition of inorganic salts (LiCl, LiBr, LiClO4, KSCN). Used as additives, these salts can (i) improve coupling yields (e.g., for Fmoc-(Ala)5-Phe-resin → Fmoc-(AIa)6-Phe-resin in DMF/CH2Cl2 1:1 from 89.4 to 97.1% (for polyethylene oxide) on polystyrene (= PEO-PS) resin) or from 77.5 to 93.8% (for poly-(N,N′-dimethylacrylamide) on ‘Kieselgur’ (=PDMAA-KG) resin) without and with 0.4M LiCl, respectively), (ii) increase resin swelling (e.g. for Fmoc-(Ala)5-Phe-(polystyrene resin) from 2.42- to 5.73-fold in 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one (=NMP) without and with LiCl, (respectively), and (iii) change coupling rates. Example;; of coupling reactions and swelling behaviour (degree and rate) in different solvents (DMF, DMF/CH2Cl2 1:1, THF, NMP, N,N-dimethylpropyleneurea (= DMPU) with and without salts) using different resins (polystyrene (PS); PEO-PS, and PDMAA-KG) and an improved analysis of alanine oligomers up to Ala12-Phe by HPLC and FAB-MS are reported.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rearrangement of methyl 2-(methylthio)benzenesulfonate (1) to the zwitterionic 2-(dimethyl-sulfonium)benzenesulfonate (2) is known to proceed in solution by intermolecular Me transfers. The same rearrangement has been observed to occur in crystalline 1, but the crystal structure shows that the molecular packing is not conducive to intermolecular Me transfer. The reaction has been carried out with mixed crystals composed of 1 and deuteriomethylated (D6)-l. By fast-atom-bombardment mass spectroscopy, it has been shown that the product consists of a 1:2:1 mixture of the non-, tri-, and hexadeuterated species, the mixture expected, if the solid-state reaction proceeds by intermolecular Me transfers. From this result, together with the slower rates of conversion in the single crystal compared with the melt, it can be concluded that the reaction must occur not topochemically but rather at defects such as microcavities, surfaces, and other irregularities in the ordered crystal arrangement.
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  • 16
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 717-726 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of the complexes 3 of various metals ligated to chiral 4,5-dihydro-2-(2′-oxidophenyl-ϰO)oxazoles-ϰN is described (Scheme). Three of them, i.e. 3a, 3e, and 3f containing CuII, ZnII and NiII, respectively, were analyzed by X-ray diffraction studies. A series of CuII complexes (6a-d) with differently substituted dihydrooxazoles have been synthesized.
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  • 17
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 748-760 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1-(2′-Deoxy-β-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)thymine (= 1-(2′-deoxy-β-D-xylofuranosyl)thymine; xTd; 2) was converted into its phosphonate 3b as well as its 2-cyanoethyl phosphoramidite 3c. Both compounds were used for solid-phase synthesis of d[(xT)12-T] (5), representing the first DNA fragment build up from 3′-5′-linked 2′-deoxy--β-D-xylonucleosides. Moreover, xTd was introduced into the innermost part of the self-complementary dodecamer d(G-T-A-G-A-A-xT-xT-C-T-A-C)2 (9). The CD spectrum of d[(xT)12-T] (5) exhibits reversed Cotton effects compared to d(T12) (6; see Fig. 1), implying a left-handed single strand. With d(A12) (7) it could be hybridized to form a propably Left-handed double strand d(A12) · d[(xT)12-T] (7·5) which was confirmed by melting experiments in combination with temperature-dependent CD spectroscopy. While 5 was hydrolyzed by snake-venom phosphodiesterase, it was resistant towards calf-spleen phosphodiesterase. The modified, self-complementary duplex 9 was hydrolyzed completely by snake-venom phosphodiesterase, at a twelvefold slower rate compared to unmodified 8; calf-spleen phosphodiesterase hydrolyzed 9 only partially.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Temperature-dependent 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra reveal that polyhalogenated marine β-chamigrenes or synthetic derivatives thereof which are trans-diequatorially, substituted at C(8) and C(9), such as rogiolol ((-)-2), obtusol ((+)-3), and their acetates (+)-1 and (-)-4, undergo slow ring-A chair-chair inversion. Conformational equilibria and kinetics are investigated with the aid of synthetic model compounds and molecular-mechanics calculations. Thus, steric repulsions between Brax-C(2) and Heq-C(7) are seen to disfavour thermodynamically conformers 1b, 2b, 3b, and 4b, which can only be detected through cross-saturation transfer, while additional steric repulsions between Meax-C(1) and OHax-C(3) make conformer 8b of obtusol epimer so scarcely populated that it can not be detected. In agreement, with (+)-9 and (+)-10, which have a trigonal C(2), two conformers can be directly observed by NMR. The kinetic barriers, which are seen to arise mainly from steric repulsions between Hax-C(14) and the axial H or halogen atoms at C(8) and C(10), are calculated and discussed with respect to well documented exocycliemethylidene-substituted cyclohexane(ene) systems. This helps to rationalize why in rogiolol acetate ((+)-1) ring B is unusually inert towards Zn/Et2O/AcOH which causes bromohydrine-group elimination from ring A.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cycloviolaxanthin (= (3S,5R,6R,3′S,5′R,6′R)-3.6:3′,6′-Diepoxy-5,6,5′,6′-tetrahydro-β,β-carotene-5,5′-diol), a Novel Carotenoid from Red Paprika (Capsicum annuum)From red paprika (Capsicum annuum var. longum nigrum) cycloviolaxanthin was isolated as a minor carotenoid and, based on spectral data, assigned the symmetrical structure 8.
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  • 20
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 807-818 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of quinic acid (4) via epoxide 13, starting from shikimic acid (5), is described (Scheme 1). Treatment of 13 with thiophenol yielded not only 17, but also the γ-lactones 18 and 19 as result of migration of silyl groups within a cis- and trans-diol system. The conversion provides a direct stereoselective epoxidation of a shikimic-acid derivative as well as an alternative pathway for the preparation of 4. A shorter approach via the disilylated epoxide 22 was unsuccessful because the γ-lactone 25 was obtained in place of the desired α-hydroxy ester 24 (Scheme 2).
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The four protected diastereoisomcrs 7a/7b and 8a/8b P-thioadenylyl-(3′-5′)-P-thioadenylyI-(3′-5′)-adenosine were synthesized, separated, and deblocked to the free oligonucleotides (Scheme). Biochemical characterization of these (3′-5′)phosphorothioate analogues of adenyiate trimer indicate that these compounds, and the corresponding 5′-monophosphates, neither bind to nor activate RNase L, and are considered to be valuable control compounds in screening experiments.
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  • 22
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 825-877 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal structures of four inclusion compounds of 2,6-dimethylideneadamantane-1,3,5,7-tetracarboxylic acid (4) are described, which involve the following guest species: (a) a mixture of 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one, 2,6-dimethylhepta-2,5-dien-4-one, and mesitylene (condensation products of acetone); (b) mesitylene; (c) a mixture of 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one and mesitylene; (d) (tert-butyl)benzene. In all four cases, the host architectures consist of two interpenetrating super-diamond networks built up by the tetra-acid molecules via pairwise H-bonds between the tetrahedrally directed COOH groups. In the first three cases (tetragonal crystal symmetry), the two diamond-like host lattices interpenetrate symmetrically, in the fourth case (monoclinic) asymmetrically. This asymmetry is brought about by the increased steric bulk of the (tert-butyl)benzene guest molecules. Attempts to enforce an inclusion compound of 4 with a single, extremely hollow diamond-like host lattice by offering still bulkier guest molecules have as yet not been met with success. The generally very high propensity of 4 to form inclusion compounds was envisaged and designed beforehand by appropriate evaluation and modulation of the crystal structure of the parent adamantane-1,3,5,7-tetracarboxylic acid, which represents a fivefold diamond-like self-inclusion compound. Crystals of the free, uncomplexed 4 appear to be extremely unstable and could so far not be obtained. On the other hand, from aqueous solution a very stable monohydrate of 4 may be crystallized (4-H2O), which was also subjected to X-ray analysis. The (triclinic) crystal structure of 4·H2O involves an interesting dichotomy inasmuch its pattern of H-bonding may be rationalized either in terms of a double, cross-linked super-zincblende (sphalerite) architecture, or as a system of porous, puckered 4-connected sheets, which interpenetrate each other pairwise and are cross-linked by the H2O molecules. Various structure and (space group) symmetry characteristics of the supramolecular solid-state complexes reported here are highlighted by pointing out analogies with comparable structures retrieved from the literature.
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  • 23
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: As the root bark CH2Cl2 extract of Bauhinia rufescens showed antifungal activity in a bioassay with the plant pathogenic fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum, a phytochemical investigation was undertaken on material collected in Niger. Activity-guided fractionation of this extract, using different preparative chromatographic methods, allowed the isolation of the four new antifungal tetracyclic compounds 1-4. Their structures were established by 1H- and 13C-NMR data, and single-crystal X-ray analyses were used to confirm the structures of 1 and 3. The isolated compounds seem to be biogenetically related to a stilbene.
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  • 25
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 800-806 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new route to completely protected α-methylated α-amino acids starting from alanine is described (see Scheme). These derivatives, which are obtained via base-catalyzed opening of the oxazolidinones (2S,4R)- and (2R,4S)-2, can be directly employed in peptide synthesis. The synthesis of both enantiomers of Z-protected α-methylaspartic acid β-(tert-butyl)ester (O4-(tert-butyl) hydrogen 2-methylaspartates (R) or (S)-4a), α-methyl-glutamic acid γ-(tert-butyl) ester (O5-(tert-butyl) hydrogen 2-methylglutamate (R)- or (S)-4b), and of Nε-bis-Boc-protected α-methyllysine (N6,N6-bis[(tert-butyloxy)carbonyl]-2-methyllysine (R)- or (S)-4c) is described in full detail.
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  • 26
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Via the phosphotriester approach, new structural analogs of (2′-5′)oligoadenyiates, namely 3′-deoxyadenylyl-(2′-5′)-3′-dcoxyadenylyl-(2′-ω)-9-(ω-hydroxyalkyl)adenines 18-21, have been synthesized (see Scheme) which should preserve biological activity and show higher stability towards phosphodiesterases. The newly synthesized oligonucleotides 18-21 have been characterized by 1H-NMR spectra, TLC, and HPLC analysis.
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  • 27
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 905-906 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 28
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of [Leu5]enkephalin-related glycoconjugates with an ester-, ether-, or amide-type linkage were synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activity against HIV-1 in a cell-culture system using peripheral blood lymphocytes. All tested glycoconjugates exhibited a certain antiviral activity which was significantly higher than the activity of the parent peptide compound itself. These results indicate that synthetic glycoconjugates of opioid peptides are good candidates for the development of anti-HIV agents.
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  • 29
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Developmental efforts to improve the yield of the chemical synthesis of (3R,3′R)-zeaxanthin resulted in the isolation, partly by chromatography from reaction mixtures, and full spectroscopic characterization by 1H-NMR, UV/VIS, and CD spectrosocpy of eleven (Z/E)-isomers of zeaxanthin: (7Z)-, (9Z), (13Z)-, (15Z)-, (7Z,7′Z)-, (9Z,9′Z)- (7Z,9Z,7Z)-, (7Z,11Z,7′Z)-, (9Z,13Z,9′Z)-, (7Z,9Z,7′Z,9′Z)-, and (7Z,9Z,11Z,7′Z,9′Z)-zeaxanthin. Five of these isomers were obtained by specific synthesis, namely the (7Z)-, (7Z,7′Z)-, (9Z,9′Z)-, (7Z,9Z,7′Z)-, and (7Z,9Z,7′Z-9Z)-isomers.
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  • 30
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ring Enlargement of 1,2-Thiazol-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxides and 3-Amino-2H-azirines to 4H-1,2,5-Thiadiazocin-6-one-1,1-dioxidesReaction of 3-amino-2H-azirines 2 with the 1,1-dioxides 4 and 7 of 1,2-thiazol-3(2H)-ones and 1,2-thiazoli-din-3-ones, respectively, in i-PrOH at room temperature leads to 4H-1,2,5-thiadiazocin-6(5H)-one-1,1-dioxides 5 (Scheme 2, Table) and the corresponding 7,8-dihydro derivatives 8 (Scheme 4), respectively. The structure of some of the new 8-membered heterocycles as well as the structure of the minor by-product 6 (Scheme 3) have been established by X-ray crystallography (Chapt. 4). The proposed reaction mechanism for the ring expansion to 5 and 8 (Scheme 2) is in accordance with previously published results of reactions of 2 and NH-acidic heterocycles and is further supported by the results of the reaction of 4a and the (1-15N)-labelled aminoazirine 2a*.
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  • 31
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oxidation of 1,2-Thiazoles; A Convenient Approach to 1,2-Thiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-DioxidesThe 1,2-thiazoles obtained from 3-chloroalk-2-enals and ammonium thiocyanate (7 → 9, Scheme 1) are easily transformed to 1,2-thiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxidcs 10 on treatment with H2O2 in AcOH at 80°. Hydrogenation of 10 in AcOH yields the corresponding saturated 1,2-thiazolidin-3-one 1,1-dioxides 16 (Scheme 3). Cycloalka[c]-1,2-thiazoles 18 are prepared from 2-[(thiocyanato)methyliden]cycloalkan-1-ones and ammonia (Scheme 4). Surprisingly, oxidation of 18a with H2O2 in AcOH yields the tricyclic oxaziridine 19.
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  • 32
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1095-1101 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On the Synthesis of Derivatives of Pyrido[1,2-a]lazepineThe conjugated pyridinium ylides of type 4 undergo 8π -electrocyclisation affording the heterobicyclic allenes 5 which, in the presence of H2O and H2O2, are subsequently transformed into the substituted pyrido[1,2-a]-azepinones 6, a novel heterocyclic system. The chemical behaviour of 6a,b is dominated by cleavage of the lactam bond and subsequent reaction to pyridinc and isoquinoline derivatives, respectively; e.g. reaction of 6a, b with 4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-dione affords the cycloadducts 11 and 12 almost quantitatively. The successful transformation of 6b into 15 is described, the latter being the first representative of the presently unknown, potentially antiaromatic pyrido[1,2-a]azepine (1).
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  • 33
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1156-1156 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 34
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Regio- and stereospecific labeling experiments are conducted to unravel the mechanistic features of the Fe+-induced dehydrogenation of octane-1,8-diol in the gas phase. With regard to the regioselectivity, ca. 20% of molecular hydrogen originates from the C(3)/C(4) or the equivalent C(5)/C(6) positions. The remaining 80% are, provided by the C(4)/C(5) methylene units. The steps, preceding the reductive elimination of hydrogen, are irreversible, and the overall reaction follows a 1,2-elimination mode. The loss of HD from C(3)/C(4) is associated with a kinetic isotope effect KH2/KHD = 1.68. Formation of D2 from the positions C(4)/C(5) has an isotope effect of KH2/KD2 = 4.7; this figure is slightly dependent on the configuration at C(4)/C(5). Most interesting is the finding that the configuration at C(4)/C(5) in [4,5-D2]octane-1,8-diol, i.e. 5c vs. 5d, plays a pivotal role in the dehydrogenation of the central C(4)/C(5) part. This unexpected and unprecedented result is explained in terms of conformational analysis. A staggered-like conformation serves as a precursor to generate a trans-fused bicyclic intermediate 6. It is this very intermediate from which most of the molecular hydrogen is eliminated. Of minor importance is the as-fused chelate 7, which is formed from an eclipsed-like conformation of the octane-1,8-diol/Fe+ complex. The contribution of 6 and 7 to the product formation is controlled by the relative configuration at the labeled positions C(4)/C(5). For the D,L-form 5c, we estimate a ratio of ca. 9:1 for the contribution of 6 vs. 7; due to an isotope effect, this ratio drops to 1:85:1 for the meso-form 5d. This finding constitutes the first example for the existence of isotopically sensitive branching (‘metabolic switching’) in gas-phase organometallic chemistry.
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  • 35
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal structures of the LaIII, EuIII, and TbIII complexes of macrobicyclic [bpy.bpy.bpy] ligands, [La3+ ⊂ 1]3 Cl- ( = 3-La), [Tb3+ ⊂ 1]3 Cl- ( = 3-Tb), and [Eu3+ ⊂ 2]3 C1- ( = 3-Eu), have been determined. They confirm the cryptate nature of these species, the cations being bound to the eight N-sites of the ligand. The macrobicycle presents two open faces, thus allowing additional coordination of two species, Cl- ions or H2O molecules, to the bound cations. These data provide structural support for the photophysical studies of the luminescent properties of the EuIII and TbIII cryptates, which indicated residual coordination of H2O molecules.
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  • 36
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oxidation of 4-alkylpyrocatechols 2 by means of an insect diphenoloxidase (laccase) or K3 [Fe(CN)6] yields, in the presence of resorcinols 1 (R2 = H), complex mixtures of products from which biphenyltetrols 3 (R3 = H) and dibenzofuranones 5 and 6 were isolated. It is suggested that similar homo-coupling products are formed from pyrocatechols 2b and 2c in insects during cuticle sclerotization.
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  • 37
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1236-1238 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High-pressure 17O- and 13C-NMR show that [Ru(H2O)6]2+ reacts quantitatively with carbon monoxide (50 bar) in water to form [Ru(CO)(H2O)5]2+.
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  • 38
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1264-1272 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of ‘Push-Pull’-OligoAcetylenes‘Push-pull’ triacetylenes 11a, b, c, as well as ‘push-pull’ tetraacetylene 13b have been prepared by reaction of the corresponding trichloroene(oligoinyl)amines 9 and 10 with 2 mol-equiv. of BuLi followed by acylation. The sequences (Schemes 3 and 4) are very simple and straightforward, they could in principle be applied to the synthesis of ‘push-pull’ pentaAcetylenes 15 and hexaacetylenes 17 (Scheme 5). Main limitations are the moderate yields as well as the low thermal stability of push-pull oligoacetylenes.
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  • 39
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sphydrofuran (1) was isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces sp. (strain Gö 28 and Tü 3616) by chemical screening methods. Metabolite 1 is an anomeric and ring-chain tautomeric mixture and could easily be transformed into the stable furan derivative 2 under acidic conditions. The constitution and relative configuration of 1 was established by X-ray crystallography of its 8-O-methyl derivative 3a. The absolute configuration at C(4) of 1 and thus of the whole molecule (3R,4S,5S) could be determined starting from 2 using the Helmchen method.
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  • 40
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On treatment with H2SO4/MeOH, epimerization of hexamethyl cis-5,6-dihydroxycobyrinate c,8-lactam (3) takes place quantitatively at C(6), yielding the corresponding trans-diol 4. The corresponding lactone 7, whose structure has been established by X-ray analysis, is obtained from xanthocorrinoids 5 and 6 under similar conditions.
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  • 41
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1314-1328 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A number of biologically relevant O4-phospho-L-tyrosine-containing peptides have been synthesized by either the global phosphorylation of the side-chain-unprotected L-tyrosine moiety in presynthesized resin-bound peptides or alternatively by the incorporation of suitably protected O4-phospho-L-tyrosine building blocks in the continuous-flow method of Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. Different phosphate-protecting groups have been applied.
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  • 42
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1352-1361 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Stereoselective Synthesis von Pyrrolizidin Alkaloids from NitroalkanonesReduction of 5-nitropentadecane-2,8-dione (11), synthesized by a Michael reaction from nitromethane, methyl vinyl ketone, and dec-1-en-3-one, gave, depending on the conditions, two epimeric 3-heptyl-2,3,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-5-methyl-1H-pyrrolizines as the main products: Catalytic hydrogenation (Pd/C) afforded the expected 7aα-hydro epimer 1b with cis-orieted H-atoms at C(3), C(5), and C(7a). NaBH3CN/NH4OAc reduction of the nitrodione 11 yielded all four diastereoisomers with the 7aβ-hydro epimer 1a as the predominant component; 1a is a pheromone of the cryptic thief ant Solenopsis sp. The N-atom of the pyrrolizidine ring stems from NH4OAc exclusively as shown by reduction of 11 with NaBH3CN/(15N)H4OAc.
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  • 43
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1362-1372 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of the first glycosylidene-derived 2-acetamido-2-deoxydiazirine 4 from N-acetylglucosamine 6 is described. Thus, 6 was transformed into the 3-O-mesylglucopyranoside 9 by glycosidation with allyl alcohol, benzylidenation, and mesylation (Scheme 2). Solvolysis of 9 gave the allopyranoside 10 which, upon benzylation and glycoside cleavage, yielded the hemiacetals 12. Using our established method (via the lactone oxime 14 and the diaziridines 16), 12 gave the diazirine 4. Thermolysis of this diazirine in the presence of i-PrOH gave the dihydro-1,3-oxazole 5 (Scheme 1); in the presence of acrylonitrile, the four diastereoisomeric spirocyclopropanes 17-20 and the acetamidoallal 21 were obtained and separated by prep. HPLC (Scheme 3). Assignment of the configuration of 17-20 is based on NOE measurements and on the effect of diamagnetic anisotropy of the CN group. The ratio of the four cyclopropanes, which is in keeping with earlier results, is rationalized.
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  • 44
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: O-Methylation of the optically active 3′-hydroxycoclaurines 3a and 3b and of the N-methylated analogs 5a,b with S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-14C]methionine in presence of mammalian COMT was investigated in vitro. The N-unsubstituted (1S)- and (1R )-isomers 3a and 3b, respectively, afforded almost equal amounts of the corresponding N-norreticuline 4 and N-nororientaline 19, besides two unknown by-products (see Fig. and Table 1). The N-methylated (1S)-isoquinoline 5a, on the other hand, afforded largely (S)-orientaline ((S)-19), while an almost equal mixture of (R)-reticuline (6b) and (R)-orientaline ((R)-19) was obtained from the (1R)-enantiomer 5b. The isoquinolines 3a,b and 5a,b were prepared by a Bischler-Napieralski cyclization yielding O-benzyl-protected isoquinoline 10 (Scheme 1). The optical resolution of 10 was accomplished with 2′-bromotartranilic acid. The N-methylated isoquinolines were prepared by N-formylation of 10a,b and reduction of the formamides 13a,b with diborane (→ 14a,b). Deblocking of the benzyl-ether moieties of 10a,b and 14a,b was accomplished by catalytic hydrogenation in presence of HCl, affording directly 3a,b·HCl and 5a,b·HCl, respectively.
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  • 45
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acetone extraction of cultures of the marine ascomycete Leptosphaeria oraemaris (LINDER) on cornmeal disk gave the novel polyketide derivative leptosphaerolide ( = (+)-7-[(1E)-l,3-dimethylpent-1-enyl]-10-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzo[1,2-b:5,4-c′]dipyran-2(9H)-one; (4+)-8) besides the o-dihydroquinone 3-[(1E)-1,3-dimethylpent-1-euyl]-8,10-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-8-(2-oxopropyl)-1H-naphtho[2,3-c]pyran-9(8H)-one (1) as a 10:9 mixture of epimers. retro-Aldol reaction of 1 gave leptosphaerodione ( = (-)-3-[(1E)-1,3-dimethylpent-1-enyl]-10-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1H-naphtho[2,3-c]pyran-8,9(8H)-dione; (-)-6) which was also present in small amounts in the extracts and which gave 1 on reaction with acetone. It is thus likely that 1 is an artefact of the extraction by acetone. Biogenetically (+)-8 might derive from (-)-6 via an unusual oxidation with loss of CO2.
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  • 46
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1600-1607 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Radical addition to 2-cyclohexyl-5-methylidene-6-methyl-1,3-dioxan-4-one (2) affords stereoselectively 5,6-trans-products trans-3. The size of the radical has no influence on the selectivity. These trans-acetals are converted into threo-3-hydroxy-butanoates 4. Methyl 2-methylidene-3-[(tert-butyl)diphenylsilyloxy]butanoate (5), treated under the same conditions, leads mainly to the erythro-isomer of 4 after deprotection. An influence of the steric bulkyness of the radical is observed. The stereochemical course of the reactions is discussed.
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  • 47
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1609-1621 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using a complete set of 2H-labeled isotopomers, the gas-phase reactions of Ti+ to Zn+ with butyl isothio-cyanate are studied. The main product for most of the metal ions is MHNCS+ formed by an ion/dipole mechanism. Exceptions are Cr+, which yields significant amounts of H2 and H2S loss, Mn+, which is the only ion that does not form MHNCS+ at all but produces mainly C2H4 and C3H6, and Zn+, which predominantly reacts by charge transfer.
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  • 48
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1,3-Oxathiolanc Synthesis: Spirocyclic 1,3-Oxathiolanes from the Lewis-Acid-Catalyzed Reaction of Cyclic Trithiocarbonates and OxiranesThe cyclic trithiocarbonates 1.3-dithiolane-2-thione (4) and 1,3-dithiole-2-thione (9) in 1,2-dichloroethane and MeCN, respectively, react with alkyl- and phenyl-substituted oxiranes 2 in the presence of Lewis acids to give 1-oxa-4,6,9-trithiaspiro[4.4]nonanes 5 and 6 (Scheme 2) and 1-oxa-4,6,9-trithiaspiro[4.4]non-7-enes 10 and 11 (Scheme 3), respectively. The reactions proceed regioselectively yielding 2-alkyl (5, 10) and 3-phenyl derivatives (6, 11) as the main products. From the reaction of 4 and 2-phenyloxirane (2e) with TiCl4, 2-phenyl-1,4,6,9-tetrathia-spiro[4.4]nonane (7) is isolated as a minor product. The molecular structures of 5a, 6e, and 7 are established by X-ray crystallography.
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  • 49
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1533-1543 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformations in solution of six selected chiral 1,1′-bis (diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl ligands bearing functionalized side chains, the diastercoisomers 4 and 5 and 6-9, have been elucidated by 2D-NMR methods (COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, and 1H,31P and 1H,13C correlations). The possible relationship between the preferred conformation and the stereoselectivity observed in the gold(I)-catalyzed asymmetric aldol condensation in the presence of these ligands is discussed.
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  • 50
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1591-1599 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bimetallic inclusion complexes have been synthesized by a secondary coordination interaction between the guest complex [Fe(η5-C5H5)(CO)2(NH3)][PF6] and copper(II) complex 1a or nickel(II) complex lb containing crown-ether hosts. The X-ray crystal-structure analysis established that the Cu,Fe inclusion complex 2 crystallize as a centrosymmetric dimer with a Cu—Cu separation of 3.73 Å and a novel out-of-plane Cu—N interaction. The magnetic parameters for 2 were obtained by ESR and ENDOR spectroscopy. ESR susceptibility measurements down to 6 K exclude the presence of any antiferromagnetic coupling interaction between the CuIIcenters of the dimer.
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  • 51
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1636-1642 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The revised structure of the indole alkaloid aristolasicone (2) was confirmed through a convergent total synthesis of the racemic form of this metabolite. The key step involves a one-pot condensation/cyclization reaction between 1-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)-1H-indole-2-acetaldehyde (9) and (±)-trans-5-(2,6-difluorobenzyloxy)-p-menth-l-en-8-amine ((±)-7). The resulting allohobartine derivative (±)-13, obtained in 84% yield, was deprotected and oxidized to (±)-alloscrratenone ((±)-15) which cyclized smoothly to the target molecule (±)-2 upon exposure to BF3 · Et2O.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acylnitroso dienophiles 4 reacted instantly with 1-(silyloxy)butadiene 5α and led in good yield to the regioisomeric cycloadducts 6 (major) and 7 (minor; Scheme 2, Table 1). cis-Hydroxylation of these primary cycloadducts with OsO4 (catalyst) occurred stereospecifically and in high yield (→8 and 9, resp.; Scheme 2). It was followed by reductive ring cleavage to give either 1-amino-1-deoxy-DL-erythritol or 4-amino-4-deoxy-DL-erythrose derivatives 10 and 14, respectively, depending on the nature of the reducing agent (Schemes 3 and 4).
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  • 53
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1679-1688 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The autoxidation of CuI in aqueous MeCN has been studied using a Clark oxygen electrode in the presence and absence of Cu11. The reaction is inhibited by Cu11 in the pH range of 0.5 to 5.0, reaching a lower limiting value at the highest concentrations. The reaction order changes from 1 to 2 with respect to CuI under the influence of Cu2+ ion. Detailed kinetics analysis of a total of 275 measurements has shown that an unstable primary adduct CuO+2 decomoses to give .O2- or HO2., depnding on pH, and also reacts directly with a second Cu+ ion, avoiding one-electrton reduction of O2 by this path. Reaction of HO2. is faster with CuI than with Cu11 by a factor of 20, and single-electron transfer within CuO+2 to Cu2+ and .O2- predominates over reaction with a second copper ion for [CuItot] 〈 2. 10-3M in the absence of Cu2+. The most likely value for the reaction of .O2- with CuI is 5.3 · 108 M-1S-1, but even this high rate constant is at the limit of significance. All secondary reactions followinfg the initial formation of CuO+2 are shown to be very fast, a fact that should be properly considered in the discussion of mechanisms of copper-catalyzed oxidations and oxygenations.
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  • 54
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1834-1842 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular-mechanics calculations of the sexidentate coordinated complexes of the pendant arm macrocyclic hexaamines trans- (L1) and cis-6,13-dimethyl-3,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-6,13-diamine (L2) reveal that the trans-isomer shows a preference toward small metal ions, whereas the L2 may coordinate a wider range of metal ions without significant intramolecular strain. Conformational disorder in previously reported crystal structures of complexes of L1 is interpreted, and predictions for some, as yet, unknown complexes of L2 are made.
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  • 55
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1790-1800 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oligonucleotides continuing 3-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosine (I) or its N7-regioisomer 2 were prepared by solid-phase synthesis using P111 chemistry. Protection of 1 or 2 with N,N V-dimethylformamide diethyl acetal followed by 4,4′-dimethoxytritylation afforded imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines 10b and 11b, respectively. The latter were converted into the 3′-phosphonates 10c or lie, respectively; the cyanoethyl N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite 10d was also prepared. The oligonucleotide building blocks were employed in automated solid-phase synthesis. 1 he self-complementary oligomers 13, 15, and 17 were prepared and characterized by enzymatic hydrolysis with snake-venom phosphodiesterase followed by alkaline phosphatase. There CD spectra exhibited the general structure of a B-DNA.
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1808-1816 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Force-field parameters have been developed for the molecular-mechanics calculation of tertiary carbenium ions with tricyclane structure, for tertiary cyclobutyl and cubyl cations. The cyclobutyl parameters are also applicable to tertiary 7-norbornyl cations. Satisfactory plots are obtained for correlation of the rates of solvolysis with the differences in steric energies between carbenium ions and the corresponding bromides.
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  • 57
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 934-940 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The chiral bicyclic imidazol derivatives 7 and 8 were obtained from D-glucose derivative 9 by a sequence of selective protection/deprotection and intramolecular SN2 reactions. Triols 7 and 8 are analogues of 6-epica-stanospermine (4) and of 3,7a-diepialexine (6), respectively, and are potential glycosidase inhibitors. However, their anti-HIV activity proved to be only marginal.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Raclopride, an antipsychotic 6-methoxysalicylamide (= 2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzamide) derivative, was shown by titrimetry and UV-pholometry to exist in zwitterionic form at physiological pH. Calculations revealed that the neutral and zwitterionic forms differ considerably in their conformational behavior, the latter form being energetically favored by an intramolecular phenolate-ammonium ionic bond. These findings indicate that raciopride and other halogenated 6-melhoxysalicylamides with a highly acidic phenolic group may not resemble other ortho-methoxybenzamides in their stereoelectronic structure and mode of binding to the dopamine D2 receptor.
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  • 59
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 2 (1968), S. 563-563 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 60
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 2 (1968), S. 651-662 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On propse comme une modification de la méthode SCF-MO-LCGO, une méthode qualitative et on traite le naphthaléne comme illustration. Les rèsultats de ce calcul sont en bon accord avec l'experience. On discute les avantages de la mèthode proposée pour les calculs de la chimie quantique.
    Abstract: Eine Modifikation des SCF-MO-LCGO-Verfahrens in Form einer qualitativen ab initio Methode wird angegeben und als testrechnung auf Naphthalin angewendet. Die Ergebnisse stehen im Einklang mit der Erfahrung. In diesem Zusammenhang wird das Verfahre in den allgemeinen Rahmen gestellt und seine Möglichkeiten diskutiert.
    Notes: A modification of the SCF-MO-LCGO method is proposed in the form of a qualitative ab initio method. Naphthalene is treated as a test case; good agreement between calculated and experiemental results is obtained. The capabilities of the method for quantum-chemical calculations are discussed.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On présente une discussion de la factorisation de l'équation séculaire à l'aide des constantes du mouvement, et on obtient des formules qui lient les facteurs résultants aux traces de certains opérateurs. Ces traces-ci sont indépendantes de la base de l'espace vectoriel, ce qui implique que les facteurs de l'équation séculaire le sont aussi. Les résultats sont employés aussi au cas de factorisation à l'aide d'un groupe de symétrie fini.
    Abstract: Es wurde eine Diskussion von der Faktorisierung der Säkulargleichung mittels der Bewegungskonstanten gegeben. Formeln wurden hergeleitet, die resultierenden Faktoren mit den Spuren gewisser Operatoren in Verbindung bringt. Die Spuren sind von der Basis des Vektorraums unabhängig und dafür haben auch die Faktoren der Säkulargleichung dieselbe Eigenschaft. Die Resultate wurden auch auf die Faktorisierung mittels einer endlichen Symmetriegruppe angewendet.
    Notes: A discussion of the factorization by constants of the motion of the secular equation is given and formulas are obtained which relate these factors to the traces of certain operators. These traces are independent of the specific basis in the vector space, and, hence, so are the factors of the secular equation. The results are also applied to the case of factoring by a finite symmetry group.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 2 (1968), S. 739-739 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Les coéfficients de Clebsch-Gordan pour le couplage de deux moments cinétiques sont déduits à l'aide des opérateurs de projection, introduits par Löwdin. La déduction est faite en deux étapes; d'abord pour le cas principal k = m et après pour le cas général avec une valeur arbitraire de m. Deux déductions différentes sont décrites pour le cas principal, l'une directe et l'autre basée sur une formule récursive. Le cas général est obtenu du cas principal à l'aide d'un opérateur M-.
    Abstract: Die Clebsch-Gordan-Koeffizienten für die Kopplung zwei Drehimpulsmomente wurden mittels der Löwdinschen Projektionsoperatormethode hergeleitet. Die Herleitung wurde in zwei Stufen ausgeführt, erst für den sogenannten Prinzipalfall k = m und dann für den allgemeinen Fall mit einem willkürlichen Wert von m. Zwei verschiedene Herleitungen wurden für den Prinzipalfall gegeben, von denen die eine direkt ist und die andere auf einer Rekursionsformel gegründet ist. Der allgemeine Fall wurde von dem Prinzipalfall mit einem M--Operator erhalten.
    Notes: The Clebsch-Gordan coefficients for the coupling of two angular momenta are derived by using the projection operator technique, developed by Löwdin. The derivation is done in two steps; first for the so-called principal case, i.e. k = m, then for the general case with an arbitrary m. Two different derivations are given for the principal case, a direct one and one based on a recursion procedure. The general case is obtained from the principal case with a step-down operator.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On déduit une modification d'un principe variationnel dǔ à Delves, qui permet le calcul direct de différences d'énergie entre les états de deux Hamiltoniens Différents: [Δ H] = 〈X0| Hx - Wx |X1〉 - 〈Y0| Hy - Wy|y1〉 + 〈X0| Δ H |Y0〉 · 〈X0| Y0〉-1. Δ H = Hy - Hx, |X0〉 et |Y0〉 sont les fonctions d'onde des états X et Y; les fonctions |X1〉 et |Y1〉 sont définies dans le texte. Le principe résultant est appliqué à quelques cas simples.
    Abstract: Es wird eine Modifizierung eines von Delves herrührenden Variations-prinzips hergeleitet, dei direkte Berechnung von Energiedifferenzen zwischen Zuständen zwei verschiedener Hamiltonoperatoren erlaubt: [Δ H] = 〈X0| Hx - Wx |X1〉 - 〈Y0| Hy - Wy|Y1〉 + 〈X0| Δ H |Y0〉 · 〈X0| Y0〉-1. Δ H = Hy - Hx, |X0〉 und |Y0〉 sind die Wellenfunktionen der X- und Y-Zustände während |X1〉 und | Y1〈 im Text erklärt sind. Das Prinzip wird mit einiger einfachen Beispielen illustriert.
    Notes: A modification of a variation principle due to Delves, is derived which permits the direct calculation of energy differences between states of two different Hamiltonians: [Δ H] = 〈X0| Hx - Wx|X1〉 - 〈Y0|Hy - Wy|y1〉 + 〈X0| Δ H|Y0〉 · 〈X0| Y0〉-1. Δ H = Hy - Hx, |X0〉 and |Y0〉 are the wave functions for the X and Y states and |X1〉 and |Y1〉 are functions defined in the text. The principle is applied to a few simple examples.
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  • 65
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 2 (1968), S. 785-792 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On définie un ensemble de fonctions sans spin, φi(r), i = 1, … f, qui forment des fonctions de base pour une chimie quantique sans spin. Il y a une correspondance biunivoque entre ces fonctions φi(r) et les fonctions antisymmétriques Ψi(r, σ) construites à l'aide des opérateurs de projection de Löwdin.
    Abstract: Es wird ein Satz von spinfreien Funktionen φi(r), i = 1 … f, definiert, die eine Basis für eine spinfreie Quantenchemie bilden. Zwischen diesen Funktionen φi(r) und antisymmetrischen Orts-Spin-Funktionen besteht eine eins-zu-eins Zuordnung, wenn die Spinfunktionen mit Hilfe der Löwdin'schen Projektionsoperator-Methode konstruiert werden.
    Notes: A set of spin-free functions φi(r),i = 1 … f, is obtained which form the basis of spin-free quantum chemistry. The φi(r) show a one-to-one correspondence to antisymmetric space-spin functions Ψi(r, σ) with spin functions constructed according to Löwdin's projector operator method.
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  • 66
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 2 (1968), S. 741-749 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On compare une série de calculs CI pour l'état fondamental de BH3 entre eux et avec le résultat “plein-CI” (196 configurations). Les calculs comprennent deux bases d'orbitales moléculaires différentes - la base canonique SCF et une base simple, choisie d'une façon arbitraire, d'orbitales de symétrie. Comme on pouvaits'y attendre, les excitations simples et à un degré inférieur, les excitations triples sont d'importance minime pour le cas SCF, mais ne peuvent pas ětre négligées pour la base arbitraire. Des qu'on admet toutes les excitations ≦4, il n'y a pratiquement aucune différence entre les deux bases - les deux donnant des énergies très proches de la valeur “plein-CI”. En effet les énergies dans les deux cas sont en bon accord aussi dans le calcul avec des excitations (0 + 1 + 2 + 3) et en accord qualitatif dans le cas (0 + 1 + 2).Deux méthodes sont essayées pour la sélection des configurations importantes aux excitations d'ordres plus hauts. On trouve que des résultats très proches de celui du “plein-CI”, peuvent ětre obtenus avec un nombre de fonctions nettement plus petit. L'application de la méthode des “parties non connexes”, basée sur des idées développées par Sinanoğlu, pour prédire les coefficients des configurations excitées un nombre pair, de ceux des fonctions doublement excitées dans un calcul CI-limité semble plein d'avenir.
    Abstract: Es wurde eine Reihe von CI-Berechnungen für den Grundzustand von BH3 unter ihnen und rnit dem “voll-CI” - Resultat verglichen. Die Vergleiche enthalten Berechnungrn mit zwei verschiedenen Molekülorbitalsätze dem kanonischen scf-Satz und einem einfachen, willkürlich gewählten Symmetrieorbitalsatz. Wie erwartet sind ein und drcifache Anregungen unbedeutend im scf-Falle aber können für den willkürlichen Funktionssatz nicht vernachlässigt werden. Wenn aber alle Anregungen ≦4 cingeschlossen werden, sind die Resultate für den zwei Funktionssäitze so gut wie identisch. Beide geben Energien die sehr nahe an den der “voll-CI”-Methode liegen. Die Energien für die zwei Funktionssätze stimmen in der (0 + 1 + 2 + 3)-Anregungsberechnung wohl und in dcm (0 + 1 + 2)-Fall qualitativ überein.Zwei Methoden werden für die Auswahl der wichtigen Konfigurationen mit Anreg-ungen höher Ordnung getestet und es wird gczcigt, dass Resultatc, die sich sehr nahe an die der “vollen-CI”-Berechnung anschliessen, rnit wesentlich wenigen Funktionen, erhalten werden können. Besonders vielversprechend ist die Anwendung der “unlinked cluster”-Methode, für die Vorhersagung der Koeffizieriten der Konfigurationen mit Anregungen gerader Ordnung, von den der Doppelangeregten Funktionen in einer begrenzten CI-Berechnung.
    Notes: A series of CI calculations for the ground state of BH3 in which various levels of excitation from the ground state are included are compared with each other and with the full-CI(196 configurations) result. The comparisons cover calculations in terms of two different molecular orbital bases - the canonical SCF basis and a simple, arbitrarily chosen, symmetry orbital basis. As expected, single and, to a lesser extent, triple excitations are of little importance in the SCF case but cannot be ignored for the arbitrary basis. However, as soon as all excitations ≦4 are included, there is practically no difference in the results for the two bases, both giving energies quite close to the full-CI value. In fact, the energies for the two bases are in close agreement also in the (0 + 1 + 2 + 3)-excitation calculation and in qualitative agreement in the (0 + 1 + 2) case.Two methods are tested for the selection of the important higher-excitation configurations, and it is found that results very close to full CI can be obtained with substantially fewer functions. Particularly promising is the application of the “unlinked cluster” approach, based on the ideas developed by Sinanoğlu and others, to the prediction of the coefficients of evenly excited configurations from those of the doubly-excited functions in a limited-CI calculation.
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    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Une formule de Kotani pour le couplage des particules identiques dans un champ ayant une symétrie donnée est déduite avec des méthodes de l'algébre des groupes.
    Abstract: Eine von Kotani gegebene Formel für die Kopplung identischer Teilchen in einem Feld mit gegebener Symmetric, wurde mit gruppen-algebraischen Methoden hergeleitet.
    Notes: A formula of Kotani for the coupling of equivalent particles in a field of a given symmetry is rederived using group algebraic methods.
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  • 68
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 2 (1968), S. 825-843 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: La théorie des orbitales de liaison pour les composés III-V, décrite par Coulson, Rédei et Stocker, est employée pour le calcul des charges atomiques effectives et de l'énergie de liaison par liaison dans le nitride du bore. La théorie a été reformulée pour permettre des calculs ab initio ainsi que des calculs semi-empiriques. Deux choix différents pour les exposants des orbitales atomiques ont été considérés. Dans les deux cas les résultats de la méthode ab initio différent de ceux des calculs antérieurs, en prédisant un déplacement de la charge électronique de l'azote au bore. La grandeur des charges effectives dépend de la façon dont la charge de recouvrement est partagée entre les atomes d'azote et de bore. On examine aussi l'emploi de fonctions de Slater 2s orthogonalisées.Les calculs semi-empiriques ont été faits en incluant explicitement l'énergie de Madelung. On démontre que l'ionicité de la liaison est déterminée par la compétition entre la différence des électronegativités des orbitales et celle des potentiels de Madelung à travers les bouts de la liaison. Malheureusement la théorie semi-empirique faillit parce l'énergie par liaison passe par un maximum à la valeur optimale du paramétre de polarité. On examine et discute les raisons de ce comportement.
    Abstract: Die Theorie der Bindungsorbitalen für III-V-Verbindungen, die vorher von Coulson, Rédei und Stocker beschrieben worden ist, wurde für die Berechnung der effektiven Atomladungen und der Bindungsenergie per Bindung in Bornitrid angewendet. Die Theorie wurde so formuliert dass sowohl ab initio als halbempirische Berechnungen ausgefuhrt werden können. Zwei Sätze von Orbitalexponenten wurde berücksichtigt. In beiden Fallen sind die. Resultate von den der früheren Berechnungen verschieden in der Vorhersagung einer Ladungsverschiebung von dem Stickstoff nach dem Boratome. Die Grösse der effektiven Ladungen variiert mit der Verteilung der Überlappungsladung zwischen dem Stickstoffund dem Boratome. Die Anwendung von orthogonalisierten Slater 2s-Funktionen wurde auch untersucht.Die halbempirischen Berechnungen wurden mit expliziter Einschliessung der Made-lungenergie ausgeführt. Die Ionizität der Bindung ist von der Konkurrenz zwischen der Differenz der Orbitalelektronegativitäten und der Differenz der Madelungpotentiale quer über die Bindung bestimmt. Unglucklichenveise versagt die halbempirische Methode weil die Energie per Bindung durch ein Maximum für den Optimalwert des Polaritäts-parameters geht. Die Ursachen dieses Verhaltens wurden auch untersucht und diskutiert.
    Notes: The bond-orbital theory of III-V compounds, previously described by Coulson, Redei and Stocker, is used to calculate the effective atomic charges and the binding energy per bond in boron nitride. The theory is reformulated in a manner which is convenient for performing both ab initio and semiempirical calculations. Two different choices for the atomic-orbital exponents are considered and, in both cases, the results obtained from the ab initio method are at variance with the earlier calculations in predicting an electronic charge displacement from nitrogen to boron. The magnitude of the effective charges is found to vary according to the method of partitioning the overlap charge between the nitrogen and boron atoms. The use of orthogonalized Slater 2s functions is also examined.The semiempirical calculations are performed with an explicit inclusion of the Madelung energy from the outset. The ionicity in the bond is shown to be determined by the competition between the difference in orbital electronegativities and the difference in Madelung potential across the ends of the bond. Unfortunately, the semiempirical theory breaks down because the energy per bond passes through a maximum at the optimum value of the polarity parameter. The reasons for this behaviour are examined and discussed.
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  • 69
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 2 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 70
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 2 (1968), S. 341-347 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On présente une démonstration inductive du théorème de Löwdin concernantl'indépend-ance liréaire d'un set convenablement sélectionné de fonctions propres de spin projetées.
    Abstract: Es wird ein induktiver Beweis für Löwdins Theorem über die lineare Unabhängigkeit und Vollständigkeit eines richtig gewählten Satzes von Spineigenfunktionen gegeben.
    Notes: An inductive proof is given of Löwdin's theorem about the linear independence and completeness of a properly selected set of projected spin eigenfunctions.
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  • 71
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 2 (1968), S. 333-339 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Une méthode qui converge rapidement pour l'état fondamental de l'atome de hélium, a été appliquée aux états excités S. Cette méthode est basée sur un développement de la fonction d'onde en puissances de \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sqrt {r_1^2 + r_2^2} $\end{document}, In (r12 + r22), \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ w = r_{12} /\sqrt {r_1^2 + r_2^2} $\end{document}. Des charges nucléaires effectives différentes ont été employées pour les deux électrons. Des résultats très satisfaisants ont été obtenus pour les valeurs moyennes de plusieurs opérateurs.
    Abstract: Eine Methode, die sehr schnell für den Grundzustand des Helium-atoms konvergiert, wurde zu den angeregten S-Zuständen ausgedehnt. Diese Methode ist auf eine Entwicklung der Wellenfunktion in Potenzen von \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sqrt {r_1^2 + r_2^2} $\end{document}, In (r12 + r22), \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ w = r_{12} /\sqrt {r_1^2 + r_2^2} $\end{document} basiert. Verschiedene effektive Kernladungen wurden für die zwei Elektronen benützt. Sehr befriedigende Resultate wurden für die Erwartungswerteverschiedener Operatoren erhalten.
    Notes: A rapidly convergent method, which has previously been applied to the ground state of the helium atom, has been extended to excited S states. This method is based on an expansion of the wave function in powers of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sqrt {r_1^2 + r_2^2} $\end{document}, ln (r12 + r22), \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ w = r_{12} /\sqrt {r_1^2 + r_2^2} $\end{document}. Different effective nuclear charges are used for the inner and the outer electrons. Very satisfactory results are obtained for expectation values of various operators.
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  • 72
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 2 (1968), S. 405-411 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Les atomes et ions dans les configurations électroniques 1s22s22pN (N = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) ont été examinés N orbitales radiales de type hydrogenoïde ont été utilisées pour les électrons 2p. Les énergies de la couche des électrons 2p obtenues sont comparées avec ceux de la méthode ordinaire et avec les résultats expérimentaux. Les rapports des intervalles entre les termes sont aussi considérés.
    Abstract: Die Atomen und Ionen in den Elektronenkonfigurationen 1s22s22pN (N = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) werden untersucht. N wasserstoffähnlichen Radialwellenfunktionen warden für die 2p-Elektronen gebraucht. Die berechneten Energien des 2p-Elektronenschales werden mit den der gewöhnlichen Rechenverfahren und auch mit experimentellen Werten verglichen. Die Termdifferenzquotienten werden auch betrachtet.
    Notes: The atoms and ions in the electronic configurations 1s22s22pN (N = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) are examined. N hydrogen-like radial orbitals for 2p electrons were used. The calculated energies of the 2p shell are compared with those of the ordinary method and with experimental results. The intermultiplet separation ratios are considered as well.
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  • 73
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 2 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: En mécanique quantique des systèmes à plusieurs particules il est très important de distinguer entre états à couches complètes et états à couches incomplètes, cela en particulier si l'on s'intéresse au problème de la corrélation. Les définitions habituelles permettent une telle classification seulement dans le cas des états pour lesquels une description par un modèle à particules indépendantes est acceptable. On propose ici une classification dans le cadre d'une mécanique quantique rigoureuse, indépendante d'un modèle quelconque. On établit une distinction entres états à couches complètes et plusieurs sortes d'états à couches incomplètes. On formule des conditions suffisantes, permettant de reconnaǐtre des états à couches complètes, en fonction des invariants unitaires des matrices-densité à une particule.
    Abstract: In der Quantentheorie der Mehrteilchensysteme ist es wichtig-insbesondere im Hinblick auf das Korrelationsproblem-zwischen Zuständen mit offenen und solchen mit abgeschlossenen Schalen zu unterscheiden. Die üblichen Definition für diese beiden Arten von Zuständen sind aber nur für solche Zustände sinnvoll, die sich durch ein Modell der unabhängigen Teilchen beschreiben lassen. Hier werden dagegen im Rahmen einer strengen quantenmechanischen Beschreibung Definitionen angegeben, die unabhängig von irgendwelchen Modellvorstellungen sind. Man kann zwischen “Zuständen mit abgeschlossenen Schalen” und verschiedenen Typen von “Zuständen mit offenen Schalen” unterscheiden. Hinreichende Kriterien, ausdrückbar durch unitäre Invarianten der Einteilchendichtematrix, für “Zustände mit abgeschlossenen Schalen” werden angegeben.
    Notes: The distinction between open- and closed-shell states is quite important in few-particle quantum mechanics-especially in view of the correlation problem. The current definitions of such states and of shells in general are, however, only meaningful if one can assume that the independent particle model is a valid description of the state under consideration. Definitions are given in terms of rigorous quantum-mechanical concepts which allow a classification of states irrespective of any model assumptions. Closed-shell states and different types of open-shell states are distinguished. Sufficient criteria for a state to be a closed-shell state are derived in terms of unitary invariants of the one-particle density matrix of this state.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dans le premier article de cette série nous avons développé une classification rigoureuse d'états de type couche complète et incomplète. Dans le présent article nous appliquons cette méthode aux états atomiques, qui peuvent être classifiés dans la limite Z → ∞ des séries isoélectroniques, parce qu'on en connaît la fonction d'onde exacte. Nous donnons des nombres d'occupation de la matrice-densité du premier ordre pour un nombre d'états des atomes de la première ligne dans la limite Z → ∞, et nous classifions les états correspondants.Pour Z fini on peut définir une classification dans le cadre de la théorie des perturbations grâce à un théorème sur la stabilité d'un état à couches complètes en fonction de petites perturbations. Pour les états à couches incomplètes il n'existe en général pas de stabilité correspondante.
    Abstract: Die strengen definitionen der Zustände mit abgeschlossenen und offenen Schalen, die im ersten Artikel dieser Reihe eingeführt worden sind, wurden auf Atomzustände angewendet. Diese können in der Grenze Z → ∞ der isoelektronischen Reihen klassifiziert werden, weil die exakte Wellenfunktion in dieser Grenze bekannt ist. Besetzungszahlen der Einteilchendichtematrix werden für eine Reihe von Zuständen der Atome der ersten Zeile in der Grenze Z → ∞ gegeben und die entsprechenden Zustände werden klassifiziert.Für endliche Z ist eine Klassifikation für Zustände mit abgeschlossenen Schalen möglich im Rahmen einer Störungstheorie, wobei ein Satz über der Stabilität eines Zustands mit abgeschlossenen Schalen mit Rücksicht auf kleine Störungen benützt wird. Für Zustände mit offenen Schalen gibt es im allgemeinen keine solche Stabilität.
    Notes: The system developed in the first paper of this series for the classification of states as open- or closed-shed type is applied to atomic states. These may be classified in the isoelectronic limit (Z → ∞) from knowledge of the true wave function in this limit. One-matrix occupation numbers are tabulated for a number of states of the first-row atoms in the limit Z → ∞ and the states classified.A classification for finite Z is possible in the framework of the Z-dependent perturbation theory by use of a thoerem for the stability of a closed-shed with respect to small perturbations. Such a stability does not hold in general for open-shel states.
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  • 76
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 19-29 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A procedure for identifying redundancy in the Cartesian force constant matrix is described, and a prescription is given for generating the entire matrix of second derivatives from the minimal set of information. A proof is supplied which demonstrates that the number of nonredundant rows corresponding to a symmetry unique atom is necessarily less than three if the atom is invariant with respect to a symmetry operation of the point group other than the identity or inversion. Furthermore, only one row is required if the atom lies on a threefold or higher-order rotation axis. An application of the procedure to the evaluation of harmonic force constants by numerical differentiation of gradient vectors is briefly described.
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  • 77
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 31-45 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO) model for elements of the second transition series is described. Values of exponents for the radial portion of the Slater basis atomic orbitals, the orbital ionization energies, and the beta (or bonding) parameters for these elements are reported. Use of the model to investigate equilibrium geometries, relative energy ordering of geometric isomers, spectroscopic transition energies, energy ordering of state wave functions of different symmetry, trends in dipole moments, and equilibrium stretching frequencies is reported. The results indicate that the INDO method is capable of yielding quality results for species containing atoms of the second transition series.
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  • 78
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 625-645 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The numerical properties of a two-dimensional integral representation [J. Grotendorst and E.O. Steinborn, Phys. Rev. A 38, 3857 (1988)] of the three-center nuclear attraction integral with a special class of exponential-type orbitals (ETO'S), the B functions [E. Filter and E.O. Steinborn, Phys. Rev. A 18, 1 (1978)] are examined. B functions span the space of ETO'S. The commonly occurring ETO'S can be expressed in terms of simple finite sums of B functions. Hence, molecular integrals for other ETO'S, like the more common Slater-type orbitals, may be found as finite linear combinations of integrals with B functions. The main advantage of B functions is the simplicity of their Fourier transform that makes the derivation of relatively simple general formulas for molecular integrals with the Fourier transform method possible. The integrand of the integral representation mentioned above shows sharp peaks causing, in the case of highly asymmetric charge distributions, slow convergence of the quadrature method used by Grotendorst and Steinborn. New quadrature schemes are presented that use quadrature rules based on Möbius transformations. These rules are well suited for the numerical quadrature of functions that possess a sharp peak at or near a single boundary of integration [H.H.H. Homeier and E.O. Steinborn, J. Comput. Phys., 87, 61 (1990)]. Numerical results are presented that illustrate the fact that convergence of the new quadrature schemes is about a factor two faster in case of highly asymmetric charge distributions.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 681-688 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An orbital transformation that minimizes the sum of the squares of the off-diagonal Hamiltonian elements between the singly excited configurations is described. The resulting single-excitations-adapted molecular orbitals (SEAMOS) are found to be very suitable for the description of electronic excited states. The test calculations on the singlet and triplet excited states of the N2, CO, and H2CO molecules are presented.
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  • 80
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 709-727 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A theoretical model based on physical, chemical, and biochemical mechanisms has been presented to evaluate the yields of DNA strand breaks (single and double) as a function of linear energy transfer (LET) or -dE/dx. Energetic heavy charged particles are considered explicitly to provide a general theory for low- as well as for high-LET radiation. There are three main features of the calculation: (a) track structure considerations for the energy deposition pattern, (b) three-dimensional structure of DNA molecules to provide information on the exact location of damage, and (c) a Monte-Carlo scheme to simulate the diffusion processes of water radicals. To avoid the complexities of a cellular medium, an aqueous solution of DNA is considered in the calculation. When the results of the calculations are compared with experimental measurements of the yields of strand breaks in mammalian DNA (exposed in a cellular complex), reasonable agreement is obtained. However, only those experimental data have been compared where there were no enzyme repair processes. The method of calculation has also been extended to study breaks in higher-order structures of DNA molecules such as chromatin. Specific limitations of the present model have been pointed out for making further improvements.
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  • 81
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 767-786 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electronic aspects of the catalytic mechanism of liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) are studied with the help of ab initio analytical gradient SCF MO methods. Three points are considered: (i) role of the catalytic zinc; (ii) geometry and electronic structure of the transition state for the hydride transfer reactions; and (iii) factors affecting the energy gap for the hydride transfer step, namely, substrate binding to zinc, reaction field, and serine 48 effects on the potential energy profile. The coordination sphere of the catalytic zinc has been modeled with an ammonia molecule and two SH- groups; complexes with CH3O-, CH3OH, and CH2O have been studied; a (6, 2, 2, 2, 1/6, 2, 1/3, 2) basis set has been used for Zn++; a (5, 2, 1, 1/3, 2) was used for oxygen, carbon, and sulfur; and a (3, 1) was used for hydrogen atoms. The hydride step was studied with two model systems: pyridinium cation/1,4-dihydropyridine coupled to the CH3O-/CH2O reaction, and cyclopropenyl cation/cyclopropene coupled to the CH3O-/CH2O system. For the latter, the role of Ser48 has been studied at the supermolecule level. The calculation on the hydride transfer step has been done at a 4-31G basis set level. The results obtained shed new light on the sources of catalytic activity of liver alcohol dehydrogenases.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 839-849 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We present a treatment of chemisorption that uses the Green matrix of the surface and the admolecule, as well as a cluster calculation of a small surface cluster. Since full HF-SCF-band structures with nonlocal exchange are available now for larger systems for a couple of years, it is possible to treat the substrate surface and the admolecule on equal footing. This offers a natural way to solve the embedding problem. We have applied the formalism to the adsorption of H2 on beryllium and show that in contrast to cluster calculations there appears a binding, which is experimentally verified.
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  • 83
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 211-226 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electronic absorption spectra of 2-, 3-, and 4-vinylpyridines and 1,2-(2,3-dipyridyl), 1,2-(2,4-dipyridyl), 1,2-(3,4-dipyridyl), and 1,2-(4,4-dipyridyl) ethylenes have been investigated in polar and nonpolar solvents. A correlation has been made between the geometry of the molecule and the observed spectrum. Molecular orbital calculations have been carried out using the INDO/S—CI procedure and a limited geometry optimization. The solvent effect at the MO level has been calculated. MO calculations predicted the existence of nπ* transitions that were not observed experimentally. The wave functions of the different CI states were calculated. The experimental transition energy as well as oscillator strength corresponded satisfactorily with the calculated ones. The observed transitions were assigned according to the results of MO calculations.
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  • 84
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 251-267 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: From the speculations of G. N. Lewis in 1916, [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 38, 762 (1916)], the spectral predictions of R.S. Mulliken [Nature 122, 505 (1928)], and the quantum mechanical treatment by E. Hückel [Z. Phys. 60, 423 (1930)], the three lowest states of molecular oxygen (3Σg-, 1Δg, and 1Σg+) remained spectroscopic elusives until Gerhard and Lisa Herzberg [G. Herzberg, Nature 133, 759 (1934); L. Herzberg and G. Herzberg, Astrophys. J. 105, 353 (1947); G. Herzberg and L. Herzberg, Astrophys. J. 108, 167 (1948)], precisely defined them by observed infared transitions. The excited singlets remained of interest mainly to atmospheric spectroscopists and astrophysicists, and research on these species was scarce. The discovery in 1963 by A.U. Khan and M. Kasha [J. Chem. Phys. 39, 2105 (1963)] of the simple chemical production of singlet molecular oxygens by the aqueous reaction of hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite released an explosion of research on the neglected species. Fifteen research symposia and research treatises confirm the broad range of chemical activities of singlet oxygen. The extension to biological systems is now proceeding, with surprising evidence of involvement of natural processes, including the action of singlet oxygen in white blood cell phagocytosis.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 371-386 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We propose 10 desirable features or criteria for general purpose methods to be applied to the calculation of a range of spectroscopic properties. We discuss the second-order polarization propagator approximation (SOPPA) in light of these criteria by giving the actual computational expression used as well as a few numerical examples taken from the theory of NMR spectra (magnetic shieldings and spin-spin coupling constants). We demonstrate that SOPPA comes close to fulfilling these criteria.
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  • 87
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 423-436 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method for analyzing asymmetric top rovibrational bands displaying both blended and resolved features is described. The two-phase computational procedure uses a modified version of the asymmetric rotor-band contour program FASTPLOT to generate a preliminary set of upperstate spectroscopic constants. The parameters are subsequently refined by employing the assigned line-fitting formalism of the ASYROT program using both resolved and blended features. The technique is detailed in a comprehensive analysis of the ν17 band of pyridine. Inclusion of quartic centrifugal distortion constants was found to satisfactorily model a high-resolution (0.004 cm-1) spectrum of this band, yielding a standard deviation of 0.00137 cm-1. The variation in the rotational parameters with vibrational quantum number is examined in terms of possible weak rovibrational perturbations to the ν17 state. An ab initio calculation of the ν17/ν27 Coriolis coupling constant indicates the observed results are consistent with the interaction of these two vibrational states.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 521-521 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 89
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bridged bis(dihydrooxazole) compound (-)-2 and its silylated derivative (-)-3 have been synthesised as building blocks for chiral ligands. The complex of (-)-3 with CuII has been obtained, and its crystal structure has been determined. The CuII ion is bound to two deprotonated ligands in a twisted tetracoordinated geometry.
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 55-64 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In presence of crown ether, 2-alkoxy-1,1-dichlorocyclopropanes react with t-BuOK/THF preferentially via ring opening to 2-chloroalk-2-en-1-ones and alkynones or to chlorocyclopropenes. The latter may be intercepted with 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran, but in the absence of trapping agent, the rearrangement to vinylcarbenes does not occur.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The efficiency of aromatic ketones as singlet-oxygen (1O2(1Δg)) sensitizers can vary considerably with the electronic configuration of their lowest triplet state and the solvent used. Near-infrared measurements of tie luminescence of singlet oxygen have shown that the quantum yield of singlet-oxygen production (ΦΔ) by 1H-phenalen-1-one (1) is close to unity in both polar (ΦΔ = 0.97±0.03 in methanol) and non-polar solvents (ΦΔ = 0.93±0.04 in benzene). Analysis of the absorption spectra of the ground state and phosphorescence measurements show that the lowest singlet and triplet states have dominant π, π* electronic configurations. The quantum yield of intersystem crossing (ΦISC) of 1, determined by laser flash photolysis (partial-saturation method), is equal to unity. In comparison with other aromatic ketones, these parameters are important for the discussion of the surprisingly high ΦISC of 1 and the efficient energy transfer from its triplet state to molecular oxygen. The 1H-phenalen-1-one (1), being one of the most efficient singlet-oxygen sensitizers in both polar and non-polar media, could be used as a reference sensitizer, in particular in the area of relatively high energies of excitation.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ingestion of yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) by horses produces parkinsonism due to nigro-pallidal degeneration. The toxin responsible has not been identified so far. A CH2Cl2 extract from the aerial parts of C. solstitialis exhibited significant neurotoxicity against primary neuronal cultures of foetal rat brain. Activity-guided fractionation yielded the known sesquiterpene lactones solstitialin A (1), 13-0-acetylsolstitialin A (3), cynaropicrin (4), and the hitherto unknown 3-O-acetylsolstitialin A (2). In the bioassay with rat foetal full cell culture, 3 and 4 were toxic in a concentration-dependent manner and may be responsible for the ability of the plant to cause neurodegenerative changes in the brain of horses.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1-Methoxycarbonyl-Substituted 2,3-Dihydropyridin-4(1H)-one(= Methyl 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-4-oxopyridine-1-carboxylate) as Chromophore for Photochemical [2 + 2]-CycloadditionsWith olefins having an electron-acceptor as well as with olefins having an electron-donor substituent, 1-methoxycarbonyl-substituted dihydropyridinone 12 undergoes [2 + 2] cycloaddition in good preparative yields. The photochemical cycloaddition is highly regioselective. For preparative purposes, the ring junction can be equilibrated to the thermodynamically more stable cis-junction. Only the ‘endo’/‘exo’ selectivity at the C-atom bearing the olefin substituent cannot be controlled. The photodimerization of 12 is the only side reaction. Using a slight excess of the olefin, the photodimerization can be suppressed. The protecting group at the N-atom of the dihydropyridinone can be varied in order to introduce an internal sensitizer, as shown with 1-acyl-substituted compound 29, which underwent the cycloaddition process even with sunlight.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of a series of enantiomerically pure, C2-symmetric 4,4′,5,5′-tetrahydro-2,2′-methylenebis[oxazoles] and 4,4′,5,5′-tetrahydro-2,2′-bi(oxazoles) is reported. Copper complexes with anionic tetrahydromethylenebis[oxazole] ligands are efficient catalysts for the enantioselective cyclopropane formation from olefins and diazo compounds (up to 96% ee in the reaction of styrene with menthyl diazoacetate). Tetrahydrobi(oxazole)iridium(I) complexes were found to catalyze transfer hydrogenations of aryl alkyl ketones with i-PrOH (up to 91% ee). Tetrahydrobi(oxazole)palladium complexes can be used as enantioselective catalysts for allylic nucleophilic substitution (up to 77% ee in the reaction of PhCH=CHCH(OAc)Ph with NaHC(COOMe)2).
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A number of isomers and analogs of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) were examined for their lipophilic behavior. Their partition coefficients in the 1-octanol/H2O system were measured by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC), which, being much faster and markedly more precise than the classical shake-flask method, proved a very promising alternative for assessing lipophilicity. A smaller-than-expected lipophilicity was shown by the ortho-isomer of MPP+ (M2PP+) and is explained in terms of electronic effects and rigidity, as revealed by UV and NMR spectroscopy, and conformational analysis. Implications of lipophilicity in modulating the in vivo dopaminergic neurotoxicity of the examined compounds are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The regioselectivity of the hydro-alkoxycarbonylation of methyl acrylate, methacrylate, and crotonate catalyzed by [PdCl2L2] complexes (L = phosphine ligands) can be largely controlled by variation of the ligands. PPh3, promotes preferential carbonylation at the α-position, whereas with [(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-diyl)bis-(methylene)]bis[diphenylphosphine] as ligand, the β-position is overwhelmingly carbonylated.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 336-342 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Racemic boronolide (1) is prepared in six steps in 4.4% overall yield from acrolein dimer 6 and 1-(trimethyl-silyl)hex-1-yne (8). The latter, by hydromagnesiation, is condensed with 6 to give the corresponding threo-allylic alcohol 13 (Scheme 2). Conversion of 13 to the erythro-allylic alcohol 5 (Scheme 3), bis-hydroxylation, and acetylation afford 1.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The tripeptide and hexapeptide derivatives Boc-Gly-Sar-MeLeu-OH (5b), Boc-Ala-Sar-Sar-OH (6b), Boc-Ala-Sar-MeLeu-OH (7b), and Boc-Abu-Sar-MeLeu-Val-MeLeu-Ala-OH (12b) can be poly-deprotonated (tri- and pentalithio derivatives K and P, respectively), and thus C-alkylated on sarcosine (Sar) moieties with MeI and allyl or PhCH2Br. The polylithiated species are solubilized in THF, and their reactivity modified by excess base (lithium diisopropylamide (LDA)), by added LiCl, and/or the cosolvent N,N′-dimethylpropyleneurea (DMPU). Optimization of the reaction conditions for methylation in the cases of 7b (Table 3) and 12b (Scheme 8) gave products in which the Sar residue of the educt has been transformed into a Me-D-Ala unit in yields of 80 (9c/8c) and 67% (14c/13c), respectively, and with a diastereoselectivity of ca. 4:1. Less selective methylations and benzylations were observed with the tripeptides 5b and 6b containing only one stereogenic center; also, excess base and alkyl halide may lead to double alkylations in those latter two cases (Tables 1 and 2). No epimerization of stereogenic centers was detected under the strong-base conditions. The analysis of the products was accomplished by a combination of NMR and FAB-MS spectroscopy, as well as by hydrolysis to the parent amino acids, subsequent formation of derivatives with isopropyl isocyanate, and GC analysis on the chiral column Chirasil-Val®.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A large series of orthopramides (= 2-methoxybenzamides), 6-methoxysalicylamides, and 2,6-dimethoxy-benzamides were examined for their affinity to the dopamine D2 receptor. The binding data were correlated with physicochemical parameters and 13C-NMR chemical shifts using the cross-validated partial least-squares method and multiple linear regression analysis. The results quantitate the influence of electronic factors and lipophilicity to D2 receptor binding. They also show that the N-[(1-ethylpyrroIidin-2-yl)methyl] and N-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl) side-chains affect the mode of binding of these compounds.
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