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  • Articles  (43)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (43)
  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • 1985-1989
  • 1965-1969  (43)
  • 1967  (43)
  • Medicine  (43)
  • Political Science
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
Collection
  • Articles  (43)
Source
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1965-1969  (43)
Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010102
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010101
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The in vivo metabolic degradation of poly (methyl cyanoacrylate) via thiocyanate (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 11-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Methyl α-cyanoacrylate, when implanted subcutaneously in rats and dogs, has been shown to lead to an increase in thiocyanate output in the urine, presumably through the formation of cyanide anions which are subsequently converted to thiocyanate. It is postulated that this reaction may be one of the reactions contributing to tissue necrosis when methyl α-cyanoacrylate is used as a tissue adhesive.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue adhesives and hemostasis-inducing compounds: The alkyl cyanoacrylates (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 3-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In an effort to obtain tissue adhesive monomers which would wet and spread on tissue substrates and be rapidly biodegradable, the branched esters of alkyl α-cyanoacrylates, as well as a 95-5 wt.-% mixture of n-heptyl and methyl α-cyanoacrylate, were studied. The data indicate that alkyl α-cyanoacrylates having branched alkoxy groups appear to be promising in this regard.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010103
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical behavior of metals as stimulus electrodes (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A theory for the behavior of anodes as stimulus electrodes, particularly as pacemaker electrodes, is presented. Expressions are obtained for the minimum duration and energy of the stimulus. These expressions are applied to that for the dissolution of the anode and transport of the resulting ions in the tissue in order to obtain an estimate of the extent of penetration. Comparison with experimental data indicates good agreement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010106
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New synthetic membranes for dialysis. IV. A copolyether-urethane membrane systemThis investigation was supported by the John A. Hartford Foundation, Inc. and the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases under Contract No. PH-43-66-493. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 17-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: New dialysis membranes, prepared from linear block copolymers, have shown unique separation properties which appear to be based on definite solute-membrane interaction. The synthesis and characterization of block copolyetherurethanes based on poly (oxyethylene glycol) is described.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010105
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Problems of materials in mechanical heart systemsSupported by U.S. Public Health Service Grant HE-06510 and Contract PH-43-66-7. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 33-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Currently available materials for mechanical heart systems are surveyed, particularly with respect to long-term implantation, from the viewpoints of availability and workability, mechanical and biological durability, and compatibility with blood and tissue. Some materials have one or more desirable physical properties, but none offers perfect blood and tissue compatibility. Medical grade Silastic, considered best for blood handling parts, has produced promising results in auxiliary ventricle patency experiments. The insufficient tensile strength of Silastic should be increased, and it may be possible to accomplish this while maintaining the present resilience, elongation, and inertness. No long-term data on thrombus formation are available, but clot-retarding quality is essential and may perhaps be obtained by incorporating heparin. Developments in polymer chemistry may also lead to other surfaces with the requisite mechanical properties with blood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010107
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative studies of cyanoacrylate derivatives in vivoThis paper was read by Dr. Ota at the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs and Tissues in July 1964. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 55-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Seven surgical adhesives were prepared; n-butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, and isopropyl cyanoacrylate monomers and several combinations of ethyl cyanoacrylate and a plasticizer (either di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate or tricresyl phosphate). These were implanted as a thin film over the entire circumference of the adventitia of 48 canine carotid arteries. Vicissitude of cyanoacrylate polymers in vivo and tissue reaction to the polymers were traced for 6 months and investigated histologically. All adhesives tested in this study were insoluble in vivo and more resistant to biodegradation than methyl cyanoacrylate polymer. Tissue reaction against n-butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, or isopropyl cyanoacrylate was essentially the same as against ethyl cyanoacrylate in quality and was not less in degree than ethyl cyanoacrylate in spite of having longer side chains than ethyl radical.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010108
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metallic and plastic prosthetic devices as vascular wall substitutes: Biophysical criteria and methods for evaluationSupported in part by grants No. HE 03879, 07821, 07371, and 10795 from the National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Service, Bethesda, Maryland. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 83-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Evidence is presented for the view that intravascular thrombosis proceeds via an electrochemical mechanism. It is strongly substantiated by some recent work on electrical wire thrombosis. These experiments show that thrombosis occurs on noble metal electrodes at potentials more positive than 0.3 v (NHE) but tends not to occur on electrodes more negative than this interfacial potential. Further, the same factors which prevent intravascular thrombosis are shown to prevent thrombosis on electrodes maintained at all potentials up to + 1.0v. Thus occurrence or prevention of thrombosis appears related to electrical and electrochemical properties of both blood and blood vessel wall. Methods for the determination of these properties are described and experimental results briefly presented. The studies have proved useful in establishing criteria for the selection of metal and plastic vascular substitutes. A combination of several electrochemical and biophysical criteria have been discovered which aid in the selection of nonthrombogenic vascular substitutes. Unfortunately not all metals which satisfy anti-thrombotic electrochemical criteria are suitable. Many, including magnesium, have cellular and proteolytic destructive characteristics. Certain metals and electrically treated Teflon tubes do not suffer from this defect and have proven useful in preliminary testing.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010110
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved hemodialysis membranes for the artificial kidneyThis research was supported by the National Institutes of Health, initially by the National Heart Institute under Contract No. PH 43-64-496, and currently by the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases under Contract No. PH 43-66-545. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 67-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A major part of current effort in improving artificial hemodialysis techniques concerns the development of improved membrane structures. Although blood compatibility of membranes is a part of the Battelle program, this discussion is confined to membrane composition, structure, and transport. On the basis of a need for improved hemodialysis techniques, membranes for use in the artificial kidney were prepared and evaluated for urea, creatinine, and uric acid permeability. Water-soluble polymers were crosslinked to form insoluble, but swellable, membranes. Faster metabolic waste transfer than with the conventional cellulosic membranes was obtained with diisocyanate-crosslinked poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)-dextran membranes and with membranes obtained by crosslinking poly (vinyl alcohol) with polyfunctional aldehydes. Membranes prepared from emulsions of vinyl pyrrolidone-ethyl acrylate and vinyl pyrrolidone-styrene copolymers had exceptionally high urea and creatinine dialysis rates, but were deficient in uric acid transfer. This shortcoming was corrected by incorporating solutes such as sucrose into the membranes followed by leaching. Another important approach concerned the development of a relatively high-strength membrane based on an impermeable nylon resin. Permeability of these membranes which have dialysis characteristics superior to those currently used was obtained through the addition of DMSO and one of several other additives to the coating solution.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010109
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue reaction in rabbit muscle exposed to metallic implantsSupported by National Institute of Health Grant AM1625 and reported to the Orthopedic Research Society, Chicago, Illinois, January 1965. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 135-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The tissue reaction to metallic and nonmetallic implants in the back muscles of New Zealand White Rabbits is presented. These reactions are graded and correlated with the trace metal contained around such implanes. Correlations are drawn as to the acceptability of various materials for the manufacture of surgical implants.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010113
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A hydraulic figure-of-merit for heart valve prosthesesResearch supported by The John A. Hartford Foundation, Inc., New York. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The pressure losses in the currently available prostheses are too high. We believe an excellent way to focus designers' attention upon this fact is to rank the various designs according to their hydraulic efficiency. The proposal of this paper is for pressure drop vs. velocity data (pulsatile flow) to be taken similar to that of Figure 2, so that a pressure loss coefficient, Kv, based upon the valve lumen area can be found for each valve design; further, that this Kv be used to compare and rank the various valve designs. The fact that Kv is a dynamic loss coefficient guides designers toward its improvement, for this compares the prosthesis problem to many “solved” problems (propeller blade profiles, hydrofoil profiles, etc.) which are similar hydraulically. The confusion of the surgeon when confronted with conflicting claims regarding various prostheses would be largely eliminated by acceptance of Kv as a figure of hydraulic merit by those concerned with this aspect of biomedical engineering.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010111
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some problems concerning the assessment of arterial prosthetic materialsThis work was aided by grants-in-aid from the USPHS and the Research Council of the City of New York. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The problems with the experimental and clinical assessment of arterial prosthetic materals vary from species-transfer of data to vested interests once an implantale device has been perfected for human trail. In spite of all the problems which arise, there has been a steady increase in our knowledge of the basic healing pattern of implanted arterial prostheses and the elaboration of specific paths for improvement of prosthetic design. Further development will be linked closely to the active participation of the biomedical researcher in areas of biophysical and bioengineering investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010115
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary considerations for flexural endurance testing of semicrystalline polymers for biomedical materials standards (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 113-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Semicrystalline polymers used as restorative prostheses in the cardiovascular system require more detailed consideration of flexural fatiguing with simple physical characterization and mechanical measurements as one basic means for developing test standards and specification levels for biomedical research materials. Such initial means are considered with polytetrafluoroethylene as a reference polymer nominally inert chemically used to illustrate one approach to assessing morphological and structural changes with a flex tester. Density measurements and void content have been carried out to provide one means of assessment whereby the corresponding crystallinity and permeation can be considered for more detailed correlation to cytological interactions as the polymers are used as replacement components in the cardiovascular system. Progressive flexural cycling up to 106 cycles at a 3 cps rate indicate significant decreases in crystallinity simultaneously with increasing void content. As an accelerated test, the implications for extrapolation to 25-year fatiguing in normal physiological cycling rate are conjectured to provide a starting point for more realistic, cyclic ex vivo screening of biomaterials.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010112
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Textbook of biochemistry (4th edition). E. S. West, W. R. Todd, H. S. Mason, and J. T. Van Bruggen. MacMillan, New York, 1966. 1595 pages. $18.50 (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 175-175 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010117
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peptide synthesis. Miklos Bodanszky and Miguel A. Ondetti. Interscience, New York, 1966. 294 pages. $9.50 (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 175-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010116
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010201
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Textbook of medical physiology (3rd edition). Arthur C. Guyton. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1966. 1210 pages. $16.00 (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 176-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010118
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Blood clotting problems in the artificial heart devicesThis work is supported by United States Grant HE 4448 from the National Institutes of Health to The Cleveland Clinic Foundation with Dr. W. J. Kolff as principal investigator. The works on the auxiliary ventricle were done with Dr. Adrian Kantrowitz, Maimonides Hospital supported by U.S. Public Health Service Grant H-6510 (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 151-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The clotting problem inside the artificial heart device is one of the major obstacles standing in the way of a successful long-term implantation of the artificial heart. To date, there have been two artificial heart devices used clinically. One is the auxiliary ventricle and the other is the left heart bypass pump. The former is for permanent implantation and the other is implanted only temporarily. Several experimental results which had contributed to the successful implantation of the auxiliary ventricle are described, especially from the standpoint of avoiding the clotting inside the device. Basic experiments with the left heart bypass pump are also described. The valves are the foremost problem and the next is the junction of the two materials. It is ideal to have a smooth, seamless surface made entirely of one material. It is also necessary to have a flow pattern analysis inside the artificial heart device as well as a clotting pattern analysis. Since the pump oxygenator and heparinization are involved in the procedure, the clotting problems in the total heart experiment are usually less than in the left heart bypass experiments. Our most urgent requirement is the development of new antithrombogenic material. However, even with our present material a large part of the clotting could be avoided if the heart is carefully constructed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010114
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Velour fabrics applied to medicine (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 179-196 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Warp-knitted velour fabrics of Dacron, nylon, polypropylene, and Rayon have been backed with Silastic to form a laminate. Prior to heat curing, the composite can be molded into many shapes and has been successfully used to line the luminal side of blood pumps and vascular grafts. Prosthetic heart valves are being covered with velour in an attempt to promote a more compatible surface. Velour suture rings are being evaluated as a more efficient anchor for prosthetic heart valves. Silastic tubes with velour bonded to the outer wall have been used to inhibit infection and sinus tract formation where percutaneous lead wires and conduits are necessary. As a flat sheet, the Silastic-velour laminate has been used experimentally as an artificial skin, but the most noteworthy experimental results have been obtained in rats using a double layer of nylon velour, separated by an impermeable layer of poly(vinyl fluoride). Future application will include attempts to anchor artificial limbs via a velour interface and made functional by tendinous attachment.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010202
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  • 21
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    Growth changes in mammalian cell cultures by plastic additives. (effect of triethyl citrate)Presented at the Scientific Session, A.Ph.A. Meeting, Dallas, Texas, April, 1966. This investigation was supported by Grant CA-06120 from the National Cancer Institute, U.S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 197-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Inhibition of cultured mammalian cell growth was used to examine the biological activity of triethyl citrate, a common plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride). Cell populations were determined by a sample extraction procedure and measurement of nucleic acid content (total purines and pyrimidines) by its absorbance at 268 mm̈. Triethyl citrate demonstrated strikingly different dose-effect characteristics from its theoretical hydrolysis products (ethanol and citric acid). The inhibitory effects of sodium citrate were reversed by calcium chloride while the action of triethyl citrate underwent little or no change under similar conditions. Triethyl citrate did not appear to produce resistant cell strains in culture but did seem to be degraded with time. Inhibitory action of triethyl citrate was shown to be independent of inoculum size within the ranges utilized in the study. The procedures described appear to have a number of advantages for the biological or toxicological evaluation of ingredients which might be added to a plastic formulation or to contaminates which might enter the plastic during manufacture of the item or device.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010203
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  • 22
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    Studies on the stability and protein adsorption characteristics of heparinized polymer surfaces by radioisotope labeling techniquesThis work supported by National Heart Institute under Contract No. PHS-43-64-496, Dr. Frank Hastings, Monitor. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 239-251 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of studies were performed using S35-labeled heparin to determine the amount and the permanancy of heparin grafted onto nonthrombogenic surfaces. The calculated thicknesses of the heparin layers (based on geometrical areas) ranged from 100 to 1500 A. It was shown that the surface having a 100-A layer of attached heparin was nonthrombogenic. The stability of the heparin attached to polypropylene, silicone rubber, hydrin rubber, and graphite-benzalkonium-heparin (GBH) surfaces in distilled water, isotonic saline, and human plasma was measured. The results showed that after exposure to water and saline, the first three surfaces retained most of the attached heparin (〉90%) in contrast to the GBH surface which retained only 31%. After contact with human plasma for 3 hr at 37°C, polypropylene retained 32% and GBH surfaces 19% of the heparin which was initially present. In another series of experiments, the adsorption of P32-labeled proteins onto unheparinized, quaternary ammonium, and heparinized surfaces was measured. The results indicated that the amounts of albumin, Hageman factor, thrombin, and γ-globulin adsorbed onto heparinized surfaces were equal to or greater than the amounts adsorbed onto unheparinized surfaces. The implications of this in terms of the nonthrombogenicity of the heparinized surfaces are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010205
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  • 23
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    Geordnete Kristallisation. Nucleation und Mineralisation (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 213-238 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: 1. With the help of ionotropic gels it is possible to duplicate native structures consisting of two materials, one of them the matrix. 2. Counter-ions combined with the ionic groups on the ordered polyelectrolytes can be exchanged. With certain counter-ions an insoluble, crystalline precipitate is formed immediately after the ion-exchange process as an ordered reaction product, i.e., nucleation. 3. Ionotropic gels were crosslinked through the secondary hydroxyl groups (uronic acid residuals) in such a way that the rate of ion exchange was only slightly lower, that no great shrinkage resulted, and that the pores remained free of extraneous polymers. 4. The microscopic structure of ionotropic gels can be divided into (a) a part with secondary structure with micellar particles and hollow pores and (b) a part with tertiary structure with lamellae and isopores. 5. On crystallization in shrunken gels the crystals enter into the tertiary structure - both intracapillary as well as interlamellar - due to spatial reasons. 6. Through control of the shrinkage of the gels, one can regulate the way in which the ordered crystals enter into the two structures. 7. One can change the size of the crystallites by variation of the degree of crosslinking. The higher the degree of crosslinking, the smaller the crystallite. 8. By treatment with waves of ions one can increase the solid content of the gel to values from 50 to 70%. One obtains gels with a mechanical strength like that of bones, teeth, shells, or pearls. The phenomenon of intramicellar crystallization is reversible. Monovalent counter-ions, as well as H-ions, dissolve and extract the included secondary substance. One then obtains the original crosslinked gel. 10. The gel has always to be formed first. Without the ordered base structure (matrix) one obtains unordered crystallites such as occur in the chalklike fields of the pearl shells.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010204
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Porous plastic prostheses (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porous laminates prepared by incorporating a volatile solvent into an epoxy resin system used to impregnate a fabric filler satisfactorily alleviated the problems caused by perspiration in upper extremity prostheses, but did not have sufficient strength for use in artificial legs. A new technique is described which results in a 100% increase in both porosity and strength of porous epoxy laminates. The method consists of impregnation of the fabric with resin and solvent and evaporation of the solvent prior to laying up the laminate. The improvement in properties is ascribed to better control and homogeneity of impregnation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010206
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    Materials and design consideration for a compact artificial kidney (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 275-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A design theory is developed for a compact artificial kidney utilizing microcapsules containing urease, ion exchange resin, and adsorbents for uric acid and creatinine. It is shown that the critical factor is the permeability property of the microcapsule wall and that an artificial kidney 10 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter is feasible.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010208
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  • 26
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    X-ray diffraction evidence for the presence of β(Ag—Hg) in dental amalgam (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 285-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Samples of (Ag + Hg) amalgam and of dental amalgam have been prepared and stored at temperatures of 23, 37.5, and 60°C for various lengths of time up to 10 years. X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy have been employed to determine the approximate increase in the β(Ag—Hg) phase as a result of the γ → β transition in the Ag—Hg system. Data are presented to show that the transition occurs in both systems but much less rapidly in dental amalgam. Increases in storage temperature increase the rate of the transition in both systems.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010209
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    Strain on the framework of a mandibular free-end saddle partial denture under loadPaper presented at 44th General Meeting of the International Association for Dental Research, March 25, 1966, Miami, Florida. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 263-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Strains were determined in a typical mandibular partial denture metal framework of the free-end saddle type. The overall strain patterns were determined using a brittle lacquer coating technique and loads were applied vertically to positions on the saddles. The results from the coating study indicated the area of high strain were just anterior and posterior to the finishing lines. Strain gages were attached to positions anterior and posterior to the finishing lines and the strain was measured at these positions when the saddles were loaded either at a posterior or anterior position at intervals of 2 lb up to 20 lb. When a static load of 20 lb was applied to the posterior of the left saddle a strain of 750 μ in./in. was obtained, which for the alloy used was equivalent to a stress of 22,200 lb/in.2. The amount of strain observed was a function of the length of the saddle, the bulk of the framework, the relation of the site of the gage to the position of loading, the presence of an indirect retainer, and the position of the fulcrum for the loading conditions used.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010207
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    Biomedical engineering education. Miss Josephine N. Martin, Ed. Rimbach Publications, Division of Chilton Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1967. 34. $2.00 (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 299-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010210
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    Masthead (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010301
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  • 30
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    A new method for preparing nonthrombogenic plastic surfaces (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 301-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The present paper describes a new technique for preparing the surface of polyethylene and polypropylene plastics for the adsorption of heparin. The procedure consists of exposing the plastic surface to a solution of cationic surfactants at a temperature close to the softening temperature of the plastic. The mechanism of adsorption of the anticoagulant of the surfaces is discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010302
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    Gel-fabric prostheses of the ureter (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 325-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In 14 canines the ureter was substituted with a new type of ureteral gel-fabric prosthesis. The prosthesis is a tube of knitted fabric of polyester fiber case in a layer of hydrophilous glycol methacrylate gel. Anastomoses were carried out by inserting the prosthesis ends into the ureter lumen and by suturing the stump of the ureter to a special fixing ring on the prosthesis. Preliminary results of short-term obsevations (4 months) are quite promising. The prosthesis is non-irritating and conducts the urine satisfactorily.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010304
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  • 32
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    Biologic properties and possible uses of polymer-like sponges (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 313-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The biologic properties of the sponge-like polymers of ethylene glycol methacrylate gels and their host compatibility have been verified in subcutaneous and intraperitoneal application in rats. All three sample types tested, with different porosities, have been tolerated very well with the receptor and have caused no pathologic reaction. Subcutaneous implants are directly integrated in teh organism, cellular immigration taking place with vascularization of the surface layer of the implantate to a depth of some 500 μ during the second week after implantation, causing the sponge to become an integral component of the surrounding tissues. More substantial differences in the reaction to the presence of implantates of different porosity ahve not been observed. These properties directly predetermine the sponge-like polymers for wider application in plastic and reconstructive surgery. In addition, there is the possibility of utilizing them as an auxiliary surgical material, e.g., for drying and cleaning the operative field, or as operation towels. Good results have been achieved also in mechanically stopping bleeding from parenchymatose organs by application of the sponge foil.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010303
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    Nucleation and mineralization of organic matrices (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 337-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Features controlling the initiation of matrix calcification have been investigated in a model system. Two major influences which dominate nucleation are the matrix integrity and the location of certain chemical binding sites. It has been shown that chemical chelating groups can, and do, promote calcification under simulated physiological conditions. Organically bound phosphate does not appear to promote nucleation, suggesting that it is chelation of calcium or other cations which is the initial step in tissue calcification. In the sequence of compounds investigated for nucleation catalysis, those possessing at least three chelating groups and a stereopsecific configuration were effective. The mineral phase forming first in association with the organic matrix is a soft non-apatitic calcium phosphate of Ca/P ratio approximately 1.5. This is the same phase that forms in the absence of organic matrices at physiological pH and is probably the precursor to hydroxyapatite in biological calcification. It is suggested that nucleation catalysts exist both within and outside the collagen fibrillar framework. A possible location of the internal site has been proposed, based on the availability of a capillary channel and chelating ligands, and this postulate is supported by electron microscopic evidence which shows that bone crystals lie within the fibrils, occupying space which terminates in the polar 640 A staining area.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Announcement (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 369-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010307
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    Masthead (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010401
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    Effect of varying electrolyte concentration on in vitro streaming potentials across canine aortae and carotid arteriesPaper presented at the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Meeting (Abstract No. 1646), April 1967. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 355-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Knowledge of the characteristics of the blood-intima interface is important because it leads to information concerning (a) the normal antithrombotic mechanism (b) nature of interreactions between blood and intima (c) testing and selection of vascular wall substitutes which are antithrombotic and inhibit clotting. A technique for obtaining the electrical interfacial characteristics of blood vessel walls is by measuring streaming potentials. Experiments described in the present work are extensions of original in vivo streaming potential measurements. In vitro streaming potentials were measured across fresh canine aortae and carotid arteries using Krebs saline serum substitute, logarithmically varying both internal and external electrolyte concentrations. Positive streaming potentials were measured indicating that the blood vessel wall is negatively charged. Streaming potentials increased linearly with increasing flow rate, decreased with increasing internal electrolyte concentration, decreased with increasing external electrolyte concentration, and reversed, becoming positive, with aging of exteriorized artery. Thus the electrical characteristics of the blood vessel wall are dependent on an ionic balance between the blood vessel wall, flowing blood stream, and external environment. The information demonstrates the importance of electrochemical and physicochemical phenomena in the structure and function of the vascular interface and helps explain in vivo conditions conducive to or inhibitory of intravascular thrombosis.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Tissue reaction after implantation and in situ polymerization of hydrophilic gel (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 387-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The authors followed the tissue response of a new plastic tube composed of neutral hydrophilic gel, after implantation in the subcutis of rats. They further studied tissue reaction when gel rods were connected by polymerization in situ. After implantation, the gel tubes developed a fine encapsulation but no inflammatory response. The gel rods were connected “end to end” by means of a drop of the polymerizing mixture. The healing proceeded in the same manner with the exception that minute granules of macrocellular elements were formed in the ligament surrounding the polymerization mixture remnats. According to these results, the neutral hydrophilic gel has proved to be a suitable material for implantation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010403
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    Preliminary clinical trials of a new oral adhesive bandage (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 371-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A new intraoral adhesive bandage composed of gelatin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and polyisobutylene backed by a layer of polyethylene film was used by 148 investigators in 1468 patients. The bandage adhered well to the fixed mucosa of the palate, gingiva, and teeth. It adhered less satisfactorily to the loose mucosa of the cheek and floor of the mouth. It did not adhere very well to the tongue. The duration of adhesion of the bandage was at least 5 hr in approximately 87% of all treated cases, and it remained in place for 9-51 hr for more than 50% of all treated patients. Tolerance of the application was good or excellent in 75% of all cases. There was no irritation attributable to the bandage in any patient. The bandage provided an effective means of protecting the vital repair mechanism of a wound during the early hours after extraction. The results of these trials indicate that the new adhesive bandage is safe and that it provides effective cover and protection of wounds and lesions of the mucous surface up to 24 hr.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010402
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    Experimental anastomoses of small arteries employing alkyl-cyanoacrylates (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 395-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Sutured, stapled, and methyl- or thickened n-pentyl-2-cyanoacrylate-adhered end-to-end arterial anastomoses were compared in two series of 10 dogs, employing the three 4-mm diameter terminal branches of the aorta for these comparisons. Patency rate, speed of construction, and gross and microscopic appearances were employed as criteria for evaluation. In a series of adult white rabbits the same criteria were applied to compare sutured and thickened n-pentyl-2-cyanoacrylateadhered end-to-end anastomoses of the 2-mm diameter abdominal aorta. Anastomoses adhered with methyl-2-cyanoacrylate were significantly more often thrombosed than any other variety; a marked inflammatory response followed application of this material. Thickened n-pentyl-2-cyanoacrylate adhesive was well tolerated, and the results obtained with this material were equivalent to those obtained by suturing or stapling in the dog, or by suturing in the rabbit.
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    Corrosion rate measurements in vivo (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 405-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Corrosion resistance is particularly important in medical treatments requiring implantation of metallic objects in the human body. Unfortunately, weight loss measurements and other conventional corrosion testing techniques are insufficiently sensitive and difficult to adapt to in vivo environments. The linear polarization technique can be used to remotely meaure the corrosion rates of metals implanted in tissue using needle probes. The principles of this technique are reviewed and the results of tests performed on steel, cobalt, and molybdenum implanted in experimental animals are discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010405
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    Confirmation of the presence of β(Ag—Hg) in dental amalgam (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 415-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The presence of the β1 phase in dental amalgam after 60°C heating has been confirmed by x-ray diffraction, metallography, microhardness tests, and electron beam analysis. It appeared that the γ1 → β1 transformation began at preferred sites, believed to be possibly areas deficient in Hg, and grew outward from these sites. Even after heating for nearly a year, however, some γ1 still remained in the sample.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010406
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    Antithrombogenic effect of a graphite, benzalkonium chloride, and heparin coating on a flexible polyvinyl chloride plastic implant in the rabbit (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 427-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In vivo and in vitro experiments described herein have demonstrated that the GBH coating is antithrombogenic when placed on PVC, as tested in the blood system of rabbits for periods up to 2 weeks. In vitro clotting times cannot be correlated with the in vivo thrombogenicity of the same implants. For example, dog and man have very similar in vitro clotting times, but very dissimilar in vivo prosthetic thrombosis problems. In vivo and in vitro tests are for the most part not comparable in that they do not measure the same things. However, both in vivo and in vitro tests proved the GBH-treated vinyl to be antithrombogenic. It may be concluded from the available data that a flexible plastic can be treated with GBH and become antithrombogenic for a practicable period of time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010407
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    Toxicologic aspects of implantsPresented to the 7th International Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, August, 1967. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 433-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Man-made polymeric materials are being utilized in a number of devices which will be implanted into animals and humans for various periods of time. The diversity of materials and the introduction of new materials into the medical and paramedical professions appear to be increasing at an accelerated rate each year. Even though great advancements have been made by the biomedical engineer and the surgeon in designing and implanting a prosthetic device in the body, less emphasis apparently has been given to the possible or potential hazardous aspects of the material. An implantable material may initiate a body response in two general ways: (1) release of an ingredient from the material to the biological environment and (2) alteration of the material by the biological environment, leading to degradation of the material with its various consequences. If serious future hazards are to be kept to a minimum, greater emphasis must be placed on well-designed toxicity studies of materials which, in turn, could lead to standardized materials for implants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010408
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