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  • Articles  (3,474)
  • Springer  (3,474)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (2,450)
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  • 1983  (2,450)
  • 1965  (1,024)
  • Geosciences  (3,474)
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  • Articles  (3,474)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (2,450)
  • 1965-1969  (1,024)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 221-229 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract C18H10S2,M=290.34, monoclinic,P21,a=20.556(5),b=15.843(3),c=3.963(1) Å,β=92.79(2)° at 18°C,Z=4,D x =1.496 g cm−3,μ(Cu Kα)=3.53 mm−1. Full-matrix least-squares refinement resulted in a final conventionalR value of 0.036 for 2030 observed reflections. The average C-S bond distance is 1.747(16) Å, the S-S bond length is 2.074(1) Å. The torsion angles at the disulfide group are close to zero, at 3.5 and 0.8°. The carbon frameworks are nearly planar, and closely approximate symmetrymmm. Bond distances are comparable with those in related molecules.
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  • 2
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 231-239 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results of an X-ray structure determination of one of the three possible chloride salts of [Cr(en) F2(OH2)2]+ show the two fluoro ligands to betrans to each other. The purple crystals are monoclinic in the space groupC2/c-C 2h 6 , witha=11.409(3),b=9.319(2),c=10.260(3) Å,β=128.73(2)° andD c =1.73 g cm−3 forZ=4. Least-squares refinement based on 1341 independent observed reflections resulted in a finalR of 0.026. The molecule lies on a crystallographic two-fold axis, and the Cr-F, Cr-N, and Cr-O bond lengths are 1.885(1), 2.044(2), and 1.997(2) Å respectively. It is suggested that the ill-defined shoulder in the visible electronic spectrum of this complex is indicative of atrans dihalo geometry.
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  • 3
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 263-272 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The X-ray crystal structure of 3-ammonium-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid chloride dihydrate has been determined from single-crystal diffraction data. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space groupPna 21 with four molecules in a unit cell of dimensionsa=17.712(7),b=13.468(4), andc=4.798(2) Å. The structure was solved by the Patterson method and refined to a finalR value of 2.1%. The average C-C phenyl distance is 1.393 Å, but two bonds are somewhat shorter than the others. This, coupled with the fact that the C-O and C-As bonds are shorter than normal, makes it appear as if there is a minor resonance contributor of a keto form. The C-N bond length of 1.443 Å is intermediate between values found in aminophenols and other ammoniumphenols. The H2AsO3 group is nearly tetrahedral, with the double-bonded oxygen rotated 9° out of the phenyl plane about the C-As bond. There is an extensive hydrogen-bonding system, involving every one of the OH and NH hydrogens, through the chloride and the waters of crystallization.
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  • 4
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 279-292 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of white (MNA-1) and yellow (MNA-3) forms of 4-methyl-2-nitroacetanilide have been determined by X-ray diffraction techniques. The crystals of MNA-1 are monoclinic,a=10.421(2),b=9.980(2),c=9.568(2) Å,β=99.51(2)°, space groupP21/c,Z=4. Crystals of MNA-3 are triclinic,a=17.956(2),b=12.908(2),c=4.039(1) Å,α=93.13(2)°,β=83.71(2)°, γ=90.77(2)°, space groupP¯1,Z=4. Both structures were solved by direct methods using theShelx-76 system of programs, and refined using full-matrix least squares. The number of unique reflections used in refinement and the finalR values are: MNA-1, 1545, 0.067; MNA-3, 3127, 0.065. The two distinct molecules in MNA-3 have intramolecular hydrogen bonds and different molecular conformations, although both are fairly planar, and each type is closely packed in columns of parallel molecules along thec direction. In MNA-1 the C=O⋯H-N geometry is indicative of intermolecular hydrogen bonding and the molecules adopt a conformation in which the nitro and amide groups lie in planes at approximately 45° to the benzene ring.
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  • 5
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 303-310 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound has been synthesized and its structure at room temperature has been solved. It crystallizes in the space groupP21/c, witha=9.581(5),b=13.746(4),c=8.869(1) Å, β=101.000(5)°, andZ=2. The structure was refined toR=0.029 from 1738 reflections. It consists of centrosymmetric dimeric units with two asymmetric end-to-end azido bridges. Each copper(II) ion is fivefold coordinated in the form of a slightly distorted square-based pyramid CuN5. The apical position is occuped by a nitrogen atom of the azido bridge with a Cu-N apical bond of 2.456(6) Å. The Cu-N bond with the azido bridge in the basal plane is 1.979(5) Å. The intradimer Cu⋯Cu distance is 5.004(2) Å. The magnetic properties and the X-band EPR spectrum are interpreted in the light of these structural data.
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  • 6
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 333-353 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The X-ray crystal structure of a racemic mixture of D- and L-penicillamine has been determined. Crystals are monoclinic,P21/c (No. 14), with cell dimensionsa=11.624(3),b=5.919(1),c=11.482(2) Å,β=114.48(2)°, andZ=2, based on the racemate. The structure was determined by standard methods and refined toR 1=0.0666,R 2=0.0726 for 985 independent reflections. Bond lengths and bond angles do not differ from those in similar structures. Mass spectra and1H and13C NMR spectra are reported ford-penicillamine, and detailed infrared and Raman spectra are reported for solidd-penicillamine hydrochloride,d 5-d-penicillamine hydrochloride,d-penicillamine,d 4-d-penicillamine, anddl-penicillamine. The Raman spectrum ofd-penicillamine in H2O solution as a function of pH is also reported.
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  • 7
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of SnBr[N(SiMe3)2]3 has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data collected by counter methods. This compound crystallizes in the rhombohedral space groupR3c witha=11.970(3) Å, α=99.06(3)°, andZ=2forD c〉 =1.37 g cm−3. The finalR value was 0.027 based on 608 independent observed reflections. The molecule lies on a crystallographic three-fold axis which contains the Sn and Br atoms. The bromine atom is covalently coordinated to the tin atom at a Sn-Br separation of 2.519(2) Å. The three nitrogen atoms complete the bonding to tin with an Sn-N bond length of 2.056(7) Å.
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  • 8
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 19-29 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract C26H38O4,Mr=414.6, is monoclinic,P21/c, witha=15.059(2),b=7.348(2),c=23.164(3) Å,β=90.35(16)°,V c =2563.13(85) Å3,D x =1.07(4) g cm−3,μ(CuKα)=5.28 cm−1. The structure was determined by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least squares toR=0.074 for 2479 observed reflections. The two cyclohexane rings both adopt a chair conformation.
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  • 9
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 31-41 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 13α-Hydroxy-α-isolupanine (I) and 13β-hydroxy-α-isolupanine (II) crystallize in the space groupP212121 witha=13.123(2),b=13.221(3),c=8.224(1) Å,Z=4 anda=9.745(2),b=11.383(1),c=12.710(2) Å,Z=4, respectively. Structural differences between the epimeric molecules are concentrated around ringA. In (I) ringA has a half-chair conformation, and in (II) it is a distorted sofa. TheA/B ring junction configuration isquasi-trans in the case of (I) andquasi-cis in (II). The above differences can be explained by the different intermolecular interactions observed in these two structures.
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  • 10
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 61-70 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
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  • 11
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 71-72 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
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  • 12
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 89-97 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystals of 1-o-nitrophenyl-3-methyl-5-tert-butylpyrazole, C14H17N3O2, are orthorhombic:a=12.0924(6),b=11.3601(7),c=10.2317(4) Å,Z=4, space groupP212221. The crystal and molecular structures have been determined from X-ray diffractometer data by direct methods, and refined by least-squares to a finalR index of 0.034 for 1043 observed reflections. The title compound shows the substituents in the hypothesized positions. Bond distances and angles have reasonable values. The phenyl ring makes an angle of 74.6° with the pyrazole ring and the nitro group is rotated 23.8° with respect to the phenyl ring. The methyl ring in the 3-position exhibits disorder between two possible tetrahedra. Close molecular packing is given by layers of molecules approximately parallel to the (101) plane.
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  • 13
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    Notes: Abstract Infrared spectra of potassium azidopentacyanocobaltate(III) dihydrate (PACDH) were obtained from the polycrystalline substance, both normal and deuterated, and from the monocrystal using in this case a polarization analyzer. Raman spectra of the normal powder were also obtained. The observed bands were assigned either to the internal vibrational modes of the azidopentacyanocobaltate(III) ion (AC) or to the internal and librational modes of the hydration water.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1572-8854
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    Notes: Abstract The title compound is C16H20O5, MW=292.3, orthorhombic,P212121,a=9.741(2),b=29.391(7),c=5.354(1) Å from diffractometer measurements,V=1532.8 Å3,Z=4,D c =1.267 g cm−3,D o =1.271 g cm−3 (ether/1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane), λ(Mo Kα)=0.71069 Å,F(000)=624,μ=1.02 cm−1, crystal dimensions 0.23×0.23×0.40 mm,R=0.049 for 1164 observed reflections. The molecule contains a possibly significant asymmetric ether linkage between the oxacyclohexane ring and the highly anisotropic benzyl ring. The packing consists of zigzagged chains parallel to thea-axis formed by hydrogen bonds. The chains are separated by van der Waals contacts.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1572-8854
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    Notes: Abstract Δ1(6)-Dehydro-17-oxosparteinium perchlorate, [C15H23N2O]+·C10 4 − , is monoclinic:P21,a=8.620(1),b=14.406(2),c=6.825(1) Å, β=101.97(1)°,Z=2,V c=829.1(1)Å3,D x=1.52g cm−3, μ (Cukα)=21.7cm−1. The finalR was 0.051 for 1159 observed counterreflections. Carbon atoms C(3) and C(4) are highly disordered. This is probably due to conformational properties of the ringA, which are caused by the group situated between ringsA andB. RingsB,C, andD have sofa, sofa, and chair conformations, respectively. The bond distances and valency angles of the quinolizidone moiety (ringsC andD) are in good agreement with those obtained previously for 17-oxosparteine (free base) and its perchlorate salt. The title compound was obtained from Δ5-dehydro-17-oxosparteine, the product of mercuric acetate dehydrogenation of 17-oxosparteine. From IR spectra in the condensed phase and13C-NMR measurements in DMSO-2H6 solution, it is evident that, in the crystalline state as well as in solution, the immoniumlactam molecular structure is present in the compound studied.
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  • 16
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 179-189 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of the two carboxylic amides C13H10N2O3 (I) and C14H13NO2 (II) have been determined by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least squares. The predominant structural feature is the hydrogen bonding (N-H⋯O=C) which influences the conformations of both structures.
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  • 17
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 77-87 
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    Notes: Abstract The coefficient σ1 describing the linear dependence of proton magnetic shielding on density has been measured for the gases CH4, C2H6, C2H4, CH3F, CH2F2, CHF3, and H2S at 20° C for some other temperatures. Measurements were made at 220 MHz. Corrections for bulk susceptibility give fairly good agreement with earlier values but make clear that existing susceptibility data are inadequate for making these corrections precisely. A temperature variation of σ1 is detectable for all the gases except methane.
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  • 18
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 99-105 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
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    Notes: Abstract Crystals of 9-methyladenine salicylate (C6H8N 5 + ·C7H5O 3 − ), mp 126°C, are orthorhombic, space groupPbcn (D 2h 14 , No. 60) witha=25.305(3),b=8.066(1),c=12.928(2) Å,d c=1.446 g cm−3,d m=1.43 g cm−3 (CCl4/ cyclohexane) forZ=8. The 9-methyladenine, protonated at N(1), and salicylate form a pair of strong hydrogen bonds with N⋯O distances of 2.617 and 2.858 Å. In addition, a hydrogen bond is formed between two adenine moieties using the amino group and imidazole nitrogen, N(7), with N⋯N separation of 3.114 Å. As in salicylic acid, an intermolecular hydrogen bond of 2.560 Å is formed between the hydroxyl and a carboxyl oxygen atoms.
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  • 19
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    Notes: Abstract 13C-enriched carbido carbonyl clusters of the type [M6C(CO) n ] z− (M=Fe,n=16,z=2; M=Ru,n=16 ifz=2 andn=17 ifz=0) have been prepared and their IR spectra observed in the 900−600 cm−1 region; the band shifts occurring upon13 C substitution enable the assignment to the stretching modes of the interstitial C atom. Band patterns reflect the symmetry of the M6C core, but the frequencies seem dependent on other molecular features.
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  • 20
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 135-141 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical description for the symmetry coordinates of the vibrational fundamentals of five-membered ring systems is presented. A force-constant calculation was performed for 1,3-dioxol-2-one and compared with results assuming an ideal pentagon. Though the deviation of the ring fromD 5h , symmetry is rather small, some force constants already show differences in the first digit.
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  • 21
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 173-173 
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  • 22
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 165-172 
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    Notes: Abstract The title compound, C15H22N2O2, is monoclinic:P21,a=10.876(2),b=8.620(2),c=7.390(2) Å, β=99.2(2)°,Z=2. TheA/B ring junction configuration isquasi-trans, and theC/D junction istrans. RingA has a conformation intermediate between sofa and half-chair; ringsB,C, andD are in chair, boat, and distorted chair conformations, respectively.
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  • 23
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 201-210 
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    Notes: Abstract From the1H,13C, and119Sn NMR spectra at different temperatures, it is concluded that the 5-alkyl-5-aza-2,8-dioxa-1-stanna(II)bicyclo[3.3.0]octanes dimerize in nonpolar solvents. The barrier for dimerization is lower (ΔG
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  • 24
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 211-220 
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    Notes: Abstract 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene hydrobromide dihydrate, C14H19N 2 + Br · 2H2O, crystallizes in the space groupPnma witha=7.264(1),b=11.794(1),c=18.986 (2) Å,Z=4,D m =1.34 g cm−3,D X =1350 kg cm−3. The structure was determined by Patterson and Fourier methods and refined to anR factor of 0.038. The 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene cation has mirror symmetry, with the mirror plane passing along the C(9)-C(10) bond. The two N atoms are moved slightly out of the naphthalene plane. Theperi interactions are discussed in relation to aromaticity and to the N-C (ring) bond lengths. The structure contains channels of H bonds (Br− and water molecules) parallel toa which alternate with channels of cations in theb andc directions. One of the water molecules is disordered.
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  • 25
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 445-445 
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  • 26
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    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the Doppler effect of the annihilation γ-line and of the positron lifetime were carried out in three series of solid coordination complexes; the Mössbauer spectra of the iron-containing samples were also recorded. The lack of correlation between the Móssbauer and positron annihilation parameters suggests that electrons of the ligands rather than those of the central atoms dominate in positron annihilation processes.
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  • 27
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    Notes: Abstract Ab initio gradient calculations of the geometries of 1,3-dioxol-2-one, -thione, -onium, and the analogous 1,3-dithioles are reported. Together with force constants derived from GVFF calculations, these results give evidence of the changes in structure when substituting oxygen by sulfur. The electronic structure as well as the vibrational behavior are mainly determined by the electronic delocalization of the heteroatoms.
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  • 28
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 43-48 
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    Notes: Abstract The 1∶1 crystal complex of salicylic acid (C7H6O3) and urea (CH4N2O), mp 121° C, is monoclinic, with space groupC2/c (C 2 6 h, No. 15) and unit cell dimensionsa=22.206(3),b=5.108(1),c=17.177(2) Å,β=106.18(1)°.d calc=1.407 g cm−3,d meas=1.41 g cm−3 forZ=8. The structure was determined by direct methods and refined by a full-matrix least-squares procedure to giveR=0.057 andR w =0.050 for 1652 integrated intensities above 2σ(I). The structure contains a strong OH⋯O hydrogen bond with O⋯O distance 2.54 Å in which the carboxyl OH group is donor and urea oxygen atom is acceptor. There are two NH⋯O intermolecular hydrogen bonds with N⋯O distances of 2.90 and 2.96 Å. Additionally, the salicyclic acid contains an intramolecular OH⋯O hydrogen bond of 2.56 Å.
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  • 29
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    Notes: Abstract Crystals of [NOMo(S2CNET2)2diars]+BF 4 − are monoclinic, space groupI2/a with eight molecules in a unit cell of dimensionsa=25.808(5),b=11.017(2),c=23.275(5) Å, andβ=108.10(2)°. The structure was solved by the heavy-atom method and refined by full-matrix least-squares calculations with anisotropic thermal parameters.R=0.048 for 2038 reflections withI〉3σ(I). The crystal structure contains discrete ions separated by normal van der Waals distances. The Mo atom has a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry with the NO group and one S atom axial. Principal dimensions are: Mo-As 2.634(2) and 2.626(2); Mo-S(eq) 2.535(4), 2.530(4), and 2.503(3); Mo-S(ax) 2.552(4); Mo-N 1.78(1); N-O 1.19(1) Å; and Mo-N-O 175.9(9)°.
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  • 30
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of noxiptyline hydrochloride C19H23N 2 + OCl− (5-dimethylaminoethyloximino-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepta-1,4-diene hydrochloride), is monoclinic:P21/c, a=15.894(5),b=9.116(2),c=13.755(4) Å,β=113.00(7)°,Z=4. It has been determined by application of a multisolution direct method procedure, and refined by full-matrix least squares to a conventionalR of 0.056 for 1674 counterreflections (to 2Θ=44°, MoKα radiation). The noxiptyline molecule adopts a folded boat conformation with dihedral angle between benzo-group planes of 129.3°, and the atypical dimethylaminoethyloximino side chain adopts agauche-gauche distribution about the O-Cβ and Cα-Cβ bonds. The only intermolecular approach less than van der Waals distances is the hydrogen bond between the amine nitrogen atom and the chloride ion.
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  • 31
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 245-251 
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    Notes: Abstract Crystals of C4H10NO2Cl, M r =139.58 are monoclinic,P21/c, witha=7.061(2),b=7.194(2),c=13.932(3) Å,β=98.88(2)°,V=699.2(5) Å3,Z=4,D x=1.326(1) g cm−3. The structure was solved by hand application of direct methods and refined to a goodness of fit of 1.7 for 1212 reflections and 114 parameters (R=0.028 for 1202 reflections withF 2〉0).
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  • 32
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 253-262 
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    Notes: Abstract The optical absorption spectrum of Ni2+ doped in NH4Br single crystals has been studied at room and liquid-air temperatures. The observed ambient bands at 6300, 11,600, 13,400, 18,500, and 20,000 cm−1 have been assigned, respectively, to the transitions3 A 2(F) →3 T 2(F),3 T 1(F),1 E(D),1 T 2(D and3 T 1(P). The crystal field parameters evaluated areD q=630 cm−1,B=850 cm−1, andC=3600 cm−1. In assigning the location of Ni2+ ions within the lattice, evaluations are made of the (limited) extant comparable data. It is then concluded that Ni2+ enters an octahedral interstitial, rather than a substitutional, site. It is surrounded by four bromide ions, in a plane, with two polarized water molecules at the opposing fifth and sixth positions.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 273-278 
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of CoCl(PMes3)3 has shown that the compound is not isostructural with its rhodium analogue. The title compound crystallizes in the cubic space groupPa 3 (No. 205) whereas the analogous Rh compound belongs to the triclinic space groupP ¯1. The cobalt derivative exhibits unit cell constanta=15.490(7) Å andZ=8 forDc=1.15 g cm−3. Full-matrix least-squares refinement gave a finalR value of 0.055 for 283 observed reflections. The Co-Cl bond in the molecule lies along a crystallographic three-fold axis with a Co-Cl distance of 2.21(1) Å. The unique Co-P distance is 2.240(6) Å.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 293-301 
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    Notes: Abstract The structure of the title compound (C22 H20O2S) is orthorhombic with space groupPca21,a=15.467(8),b=9.410(6),c=25.092(7) Å andZ=8. It has been solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques (phenyl rings as rigid bodies) to a conventionalR factor of 0.088 for 1056 reflections. There are only minor differences in the geometry of the two crystallographically nonequivalent molecules. The center ring of the molecule adopts a folded-boat conformation, with a very small angle (106°) between the two benzo-group planes of the (6,7,6) system.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 311-312 
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 325-331 
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    Notes: Abstract The diacetic acid adduct of guanidinium tetrabromochromate(II) crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system:a=8.778,b=9.125,c=12.195 Å,β=89.84°, space groupP21/n,Z=2. The structure was determined using the heavy atom method followed by Fourier methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares toR=0.061 for 2221 observed reflections. The structure contains discrete [CrBr4(HO2CCH3)2]2− anions separated by [C(NH2)3]+ cations. The chromium(II) atom is six-coordinate withtrans pairs of Cr-Br bonds of unequal length (2.84 and 2.63 Å), and two acetic acid molecules completing the coordination.
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    Notes: Abstract The reaction of Au11[P(p-ClC6H4)3]7(SCN)3 with 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino) propane (dppp) in methylene chloride leads to the formation of [Au11(dppp)5] (SCN)3 by a total substitution of the ligands. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space groupP¯1,a=17.369,b=18.222,c=27.810 Å, α=104.00,β=105.25, γ=85.47°,Z=2. The structure was determined by a combination of Patterson, DIRDIF, and Fourier methods, with diffractometer data and refined by least-squares group refinement toR=0.081 for 2774 reflections.
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    Notes: Abstract A redetermination of the crystal structure of the gold cluster [Au9{P(p-MeC6H4)3}8](PF6)3 has been performed. The compound crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P¯4n2, witha=20.283,c=20.330 Å, andZ=2. The structure was determined by a combination of Patterson and Fourier methods, with diffractometer data, and refined by least-squares methods toR=0.065 for 2435 reflections.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 373-379 
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 381-384 
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    Notes: Conclusions Compared with most routine structure determinations, analyses of gold cluster compounds are very measuring-time, computer-time, and man-time consuming, and give less accurate results. However, they are equally useful and relevant as far as chemical information is concerned, even when only the gold skeleton and its connectivity with the ligands have been determined. TheR value is a poor guide to the value of a structure determination of this kind. One may even question whether one should take all possible precautions (change X-ray tubes, measure crystal faces, measure high-order reflection intensities) and try to locate light atoms, or perform three or more incomplete analyses of different compounds; certainly the latter gives more chemical information. Of course, none of the difficulties summarized in this note are unique for gold cluster compounds; the conclusions given here are valid generally.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 413-420 
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of [Co(NO)(ketox)2], where ketoxH is 2-hydroxyacetophenoneoxime, have been determined. This nitrosyl crystallizes in the orthorhombic system,a=14.741,b=6.853,c=32.442 A,Z=8, space groupPbca. The structure was determined by the heavy-atom method, using Mokα diffractometer data, and refined by full-matrix least squares toR=0.041 for 1768 observed reflections. The molecule excluding the nitrosyl group is approximately planar. The cobalt atom is 5-coordinate in an essentially square pyramidal arrangment with the basal plane defined bytrans bidentate oximato ligands between which are strong hydrogen bonds. The nitrosyl group occupies the apical position and the Co-N-O angle is 126.3°.
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    Notes: Abstract The title compound is (μ-H)Ru3(CO)7(μ-As(C6H5)CH2As(C6H5)2)((C6H5)2 AsCH2As(C6H5)2)·CH2C12. Crystal data: monoclinic,P21/n, cell parameters (X-ray)a=12.82(2) Å,b=22.91(2) Å,c=17.83(2) Å, β=99.1(3)°; (neutron)a=12.94(1) Å, β=22.95(2)Å,c=17.93(3)Å,β=99.55(5)°. The structure was solved from X-ray data. FinalR indices areR(F)=0.051,R w (F)=0.049 (X-ray);R(F)=0.064,R w (F)=0.048,R(F 2)=0.072,R w (F2)=0.088 (neutron). The complex is derived from Ru3(CO)8(dpam)2 through reaction with hydrogen. The structure consists of a triangular array of metal atoms involving three metal-metal bonds[Ru(1)−Ru(2)=2.912(7)Å;Ru(1)−Ru(3)=2.829(3) A; Ru(2)−Ru(3)=2.845(6) Å]. The metal-metal edge Ru(1)−Ru(2) is supported by a bridging bis(diphenylarsino)methane ligand which lies in the equatorial plane. Activation of the second dpam ligand has generated the new face-bridging ligand unit μ-As(C6H5)CH2As(C6H5)2. In this unit, the bridgehead As atom spans over the Ru(1)−Ru(2) bond, while the second As atom is only bonded to Ru(3). The metal environment is achieved by CO ligands. The hydride ligand is bridging the Ru(1)−Ru(2) vector [Ru(1)−H=1.791(10) Å; Ru(2)−H=1.818(8) Å]. Geometric features of the dibridged Ru(μ-H)(μ-As)Ru bond are discussed.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 443-443 
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 447-447 
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    Notes: Abstract The X-ray structure determination of (η 5-C5H5)Co(HNC6H4NH) (Ib) reveals that the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/n witha=12.479(3),b=8.865(2),c=17.817(5) Å, {iβ}=94.70(2)°,V=1964.4(6) Å3,Z=8 (two independent molecules form the asymmetric unit). Least-squares refinement based on 1894 independent observed reflections,I≥2.5σ(I), resulted in a finalR value of 0.054. A pattern of somewhat shortened Co-N bonds (〈av〉 1.83 Å), short C-N bonds (〈av〉 1.34 Å), Co-N-C bond angles consistent with trigonally hybridized N, and a nearly planar metallocyclic ring suggest that some electron delocalization may exist in the ring. This pattern, however, may also be explicable in terms of factors other than delocalization; alternatives are discussed. The structure may best be regarded as a CoI complex containing ano-quinonediimine ligand.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. I 
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    Notes: Abstract Reexamination of the structures and electronic spectra of Ln(antipyrene)6I3 crystals indicates that the series is isomorphous [space groupR3, (No. 146);Z=1] at room temperature despite spectral evidence of a centric ligand field for the Ln ions. High birefringence and phase changes at lower temperatures (〈60 K for Ln=Pr) limit the possibilities for CD meaurement.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 13 (1983), S. 421-429 
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    Notes: Abstract Recrystallization from hexane of diastereomeric (S)-((R/S)-1-chloroethyl)-methyl-1-naphthalenylphenylsilane, C19H19ClSi, initially yields crystals composed of only one stereoisomer, whose crystal structure has been determined. The crystals are orthorhombic, space groupP212121 (No. 19), with four formula units in a cell of dimensionsa=7.729(4),b=11.239(1), andc=19.214(3) Å. Intensities were measured (Mo radiation) for all reflections having 2θ〈43°, but only part of the data were collected from 43 to 60° due to crystal decomposition. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares calculations to a finalR of 0.0378 for 2074 reflections havingI〉3σ(I). The crystal structure is composed of discrete molecules having theS configuration at both Si and alpha-C(2) asymmetric centers, and in which the naphthalenyl group bonded to Si is juxtaposed to the Cl bonded to C(2). The plane of the naphthalenyl group almost eclipses the Si-C(methyl) bond, and a similar relationship exists between the phenyl group and the Si-C(2) bond.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 16 (1983), S. 1-1 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 16 (1983), S. 81-84 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 16 (1983), S. 153-155 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 16 (1983), S. 173-180 
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    Notes: Summary The present paper deals with a method of back analysis to be utilized for the interpretation of field measurements in monitoring the stability of tunnels. The method belongs to an inverse approach based on the finite element formulation, assuming the ground media in which tunnels are excavated to be linear, isotropic and elastic. Assuming Poisson's ratio and the vertical initial stress, the method derives the complete initial state of stress and Young's modulus from a set of relative displacements measured between adjacent measuring points. In order to verify the applicability of the proposed method of back analysis to practical engineering problems, a case study is presented.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 16 (1983), S. 209-210 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 16 (1983), S. 211-213 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 16 (1983), S. 283-285 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 16 (1983), S. 199-207 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. Micro hardness tests of compressed crushed rock indicate that the plastic behaviour of powder of ductile rocks, in this case a marble, resembles that of intact rock, irrespective of the deformation history of the crushed material. The inelastic deformation of such rocks under a bit can then be treated by plasticity theory. 2. The deformation properties of crushed material of granite and sandstone are of a brittle nature. Preserved grain interlocking, shape of grains (original or fractured) and degree of confinement are important factors in this respect. 3. Crushed rock powder can reconsolidate at pressures considerably lower than the contact pressure under a button of a drill or a disc cutter. Compacted crescents are then easily explained by the confined situation and the available pressure under a drill bit. 4. The inelastic zone of brittle rocks is partly kept in place by friction between tool-inelastic zone, inelastic zone-elastic matrix and by internal friction. If this friction can be reduced by some chemical agent, the inelastic zone could perhaps be squeezed out. Penetration will also increase after removal of the inelastic zone between cuts, e. g. by flushing or by some mechanical method.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 51-60 
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    Notes: Summary The possibility of propagation of Rayleigh waves in an incompressible crust of constant density and rigidity varying exponentially with depth lying on a semi-infinite transversely isotropic base has been discussed in this paper. Frequency equation has been derived and numerical calculations are made. The result obtained in this case is compared with that ofNewlands [3]2) andDutta [4].
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 89-94 
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    Notes: Summary A calculation of the slip angle and an analysis of the type of faulting associated with earthquakes was made from the presently available fault-plane solutions in the same fashion as this was done six years ago for the then available fault plane solutions. Most of the earlier results were confirmed: It was found that there exist certain large scale areas in the world which can now be much more specifically defined than previously, with a predominance of either strike-slip or dip-slip faulting. There is no evidence of a level of no strain from seismic data since there is no indication of a distinct decrease of pressure type faulting with increasing depth.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 123-126 
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    Notes: Summary A portable solid state device designed and constructed for the measurement of temperature variation with depth inside a borehole is described. Saturation current (which is highly dependent on ambient temperature) in a reverse biased PN junction has been utilised for the purpose of measurement. The equipment is inexpensive and possesses several advantages over other types of instruments for geothermal measurement regarding simplicity in construction and operation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 245-245 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 246-248 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 13-22 
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    Notes: Summary The wave velocity equation in the form of a ninth order determinantal expression is derived appropriate to Rayleigh type waves in a granular half-space supporting a different granular layer. The calssical frequency equation when both media are elastic has been deduced as a particular case by limiting process.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 5-12 
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    Notes: Summary A computational scheme has been derived to generateHeuman's Lambda function. This has been applied to compute the gravitational attraction of a right vertical circular cylinder. Test computations show that the error introduced by assuming a semifinite cylinder in place of a finite one of depth 30 times its radius is 1.77%.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 5-17 
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    Notes: Summary The upper mantle is assumed to consist of three Layers in which the velocity of bodily waves varies linearly with depth, decreasing in the second and increasing in the others. The relation between the epicentral distance and the angles of emergency are derived and tables of numerical values are given.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 18-22 
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    Notes: Summary The method of operational calculus has been used to deal with the disturbances in an elastic medium traversed by a magnetic field.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 23-28 
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    Notes: Summary The present note, as its title implies, is concerned with the investigation of disturbances in an infinite elastic medium containing an initial magnetic field in the axial direction. The equations ofMaxwell, those of elasticity have been effectively made use of to solve the problem.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 42-50 
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    Notes: Summary Propagation of surface wave in heterogeneous media with various laws of variation of elastic properties have been discussed previously by several authors. There the laws of variations were taken on the considerations that the solutions might be had in terms of known functions. Here the approximate solutions for polynomial law of variations of elastic properties have been obtained.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 29-41 
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    Notes: Summary In this paper, the problem of a normal load moving over the surface of a layer of ice, lying on a rigid foundation, has been considered. FollowingHearmon, the ice is taken to be transversely isotropic. Two cases have been considered-in the first case, the rigid foundation is taken to be smooth, and in the second case, it is taken to be in welded contact with the layer of ice. Expressions have been obtained in both cases for the stresses at any point of the layer. From detailed numerical calculations, it has been found that the value of the normal stress at a point directly below the moving load falls of approximately as that of 1/z with increase in the depthz below the surface. On calculating the normal stress at the boundary between the layer of ice and the foundation, it is found that the normal stress falls off rapidly as we move away along the boundary from the point directly below the load.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 61-73 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By the determination of the reflecting plane with the aid of adjustment the equations for indirect observations can be made linear without series expansion only by the introduction of suitably choosen new unknowns. This method of linear making can be used profitable to the solution of other problems too. One example treated in [1]2), is computed in the appendix with the method mentioned and gives a very good coincidence.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung der Reflexionsebene durch Ausgleichung können die Vermittlungsgleichungen durch Einführung von entsprechend gewählten neuen Unbekannten ohne Reihenentwicklungen linearisiert werden. Diese Methode der Linearisierung kann auch bei der Lösung von anderen Problemen nutzbringend verwendet werden. Im Anhang wird ein in [1]2) behandeltes Beispiel nach der angegebenen Methode berechnet, wobei sich eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung ergab.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 197-200 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Höchste gemessene Werte der Himmelslichtpolarisation in 90° Abstand von der Sonne in Abhängigkeit von der Sonnenhöhe wurden mit theoretischen Werten der Polarisation einer Rayleigh-Atmosphäre bei verschiedener Albedo verglichen. Es ergibt sich daraus, dass die effektive Albedo der Erdoberfläche von etwa 0.1 bei 40° Sonnenhöhe auf 0.25 bei 10° Sonnenhöhe ansteigt, während Reflektion nach dem Lambertschen cos-Gesetz eine Albedo bedingen würde, die unabhängig von der Sonnenhöhe ist. Dieses Ergebnis konnte durch Labormessungen der Albedo in Abhängigkeit vom Einfallswinkel für Oberflächen aus Gras, Boden, Sand und anderem im wesentlichen bestätigt werden.
    Notes: Summary Highest values of measured sky polarization 90° from the sun as function of solar elevation have been compared with theoretical data of the Rayleigh atmosphere for different albedo. The conclusion is that the effective albedo of the earth surface increasing from 0.1 at 40° solar elevation to about 0.25 at 10° elevation, whereas reflection according Lamberts cosine law would result in an albedo independent of solar elevation. This result could be generally confirmed by laboratory measurements of albedo of surfaces like grass, soil, sand, etc.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 201-216 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For a melting snow field in the mountains near Tromsö the energy input is estimated. Samplelike observations of radiation, temperature, humidity and wind in the field are referred to registrations of these variables at Tromsö. From the stochastic relations the daily snow melt is approximately calculated through two months, and is compared with observed runoff.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für ein schmelzendes Schneefeld im Gebirge bei Tromsö wird die Energieaufnahme abgeschätzt. Stichprobenhafte Beobachtungen von Strahlung, Temperatur, Feuchtigkeit und Wind im Gelände werden auf Registrierungen in Tromsö bezogen und aus stochastischen Zusammenhängen die tägliche Schmelzwassermenge während zwei Monaten überschlagsmässig bestimmt. Sie wird mit dem beobachteten Abfluss verglichen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 217-228 
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    Notes: Summary Measurements of the total solar radiation at normal incidence, undertaken at Helwan Observatory, on every clear day and for a period of 10 years, have been studied in terms of the air mass and the sun's altitude. These measurements together with the data available in the literature on diffuse radiation, have led to the evaluation of the hourly rates of total solar radiation on vertical surfaces and south facing surfaces inclined to the horizontal at different tilt angles.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 229-235 
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    Notes: Summary A flat plate heat collector was constructed for the purpose of heating water by solar energy. It was erected facing south, tilted to the horizontal at the optimum tilt angle, and tested under the weather conditions typical to the U.A.R., for the different rates of flow. It was found, for the dimensions of the collector (0.8 m2) that the best rate of flow is about 12 l/h and that the corresponding rise in the temperature of the flowing water is about 40° C. The overall heat transfer coefficient and the efficiency of the collector were investigated. On the average, when the rate of flow ranges between 5 and 12 l/h, the efficiency was found to be about 45 percent.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 244-244 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 236-244 
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    Notes: Summary A photovoltaic cell or solar cell suitably mounted to look at a small portion of the sky and connected to a sensitive recorder yields considerable information as to the condition of the sky. The author has used such a simple device for many years and it is found that familiarity with the type of trace, which is in response to the changes in reflected light from clouds, will permit a good estimate of the type of clouds that are present. The presentation of such cloud information on a standard potentiometer or galvanometer type recorder is very convenient when correlating cloud conditions with other variables being recorded on similar types of recorders.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 5-16 
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    Notes: Summary An analysis of the existing second derivative systems has been attempted and the superiority ofPeters' method overElkins' is brought out. Some properties of vertical derivatives have been discussed and it is clearly proved that the derivative values are independent of the regional. Finally, the weak and strong points of grid and least square methods have been assessed. Some interesting applications of the least square methods are also described.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 23-28 
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    Notes: Summary Two problems of propagation of waves from a spherical cavity in an elastic medium, with transverse isotropy about the radius vector have been considered, the source of the disturbances being (1) an impulsive pressure on the cavity surface and (2) an impulsive radial velocity of the particles of the cavity surface.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 17-22 
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    Notes: Summary For a finite mass with arbitrary distribution σ(x, y, z) is in the first part proved the following theorem: $$2\pi f \cdot \mathop \smallint \limits_{ - \infty }^\infty \mathop \smallint \limits_{ - \infty }^\infty \mathop \smallint \limits_{ - \infty }^\infty (x^2 - y^2 ) \cdot \sigma (x,y,z)dxdy dz = \mathop \smallint \limits_{ - \infty }^\infty \mathop \smallint \limits_{ - \infty }^\infty (x^2 - y^2 ) \cdot g(x,y)dxdy,$$ where (U z≡)g(x, y) is the gravitational effect of the mass, measured in the (x, y) plane. In the second part is shown, that in general two characteristic data of the mass are to be determined by means of this theorem. One of them is the horizontal elongation (prolating) of the mass. Inasmuch as it isn't zero (i.e. the mass isn't symmetrical) the direction can be determined of the elongation, too.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 29-35 
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    Notes: Summary Possibility of non-uniqueness of dispersion curve for various distributions of physical properties has been discussed. It has been concluded that number of layers in a model should be moderate in order to give a representative picture.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 36-44 
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    Notes: Summary The propagation of Rayleigh type waves in an axially symmetric inhomogeneous layer lying between two halfspaces is studied. The halfspaces are supposed to be identical in their elastic properties. The variation of the parameters in the layer is assumed to be of the form $$\lambda /\lambda _0 = \mu /\mu _0 = 1/(1 + \alpha z),\varrho /\varrho _0 = 1/(1 + \alpha z)^2 $$ where α is a constant andz is the distance measured from one interface into the layer. With this assumption, the vector wave equation for the layer is separable. The solution is obtained in terms ofWhittaker's functions and the frequency equation of Rayleigh type waves is derived.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 52-59 
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    Notes: Summary The influence of an external magnetic field on the propagation of purely transverse waves polarized parallel to the plane faces in a homogeneous, initially unstressed, infinitely conducting, elastic flat plate extending to infinity has been investigated. We have found that such waves can be propagated only if the field is normal to the direction of polarization. The effects are of three fold depending on the inclination of the field to the direction of propagation. When the field is normal, it is to decrease the range of modes in which a disturbance of given frequency can be propagated; when parallel, it is to increase the velocity of each mode without decreasing the range of modes of propagation. In both these cases, the different modes can be classified into symmetric and anti-symmetric modes. In the general case, not only the phase velocity and the range of modes are affected over those of purely elastic case but the symmetric and anti-symmetric types of motion are coupled in every mode.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 60-68 
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    Notes: Summary The effects of a uniform external magnetic field on the propagation of waves in a homogeneous, infinitely conducting flat plate with free boundaries have been studied. It has been found that in general all the three types of waves —P, SV andSH waves—are coupled and the influence may be more pronounced in coupling the symmetric and antisymmetric types of motions in every mode. When the magnetic field is parallel to the plane faces and transverse to the direction of wave propagation, the shear wave polarized parallel to the field is purely elastic whereas the coupledP andS V waves are magnetoelastic and exhibit dispersion strikingly similar to the non-magnetic case, provided the electro-magnetic radiation into the surrounding free space is neglected. The results reported in an earlier communication [1]2) are also confirmed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 69-88 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The possibilities of a statistical analysis of the parameters of geomagnetic field are presented, and with reference to the spherical harmonical analysis of the Geomagnetic Institute in Potsdam practical tested. The results are presented and discussed in a summarized manner.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Möglichkeiten zur statistischen Bearbeitung der Parameter geomagnetischer Potentialberechnungen dargestellt und bezüglich der Potsdamer Potentialberechnung zur Epoche 1945.0 praktisch erprobt. Die Ergebnisse werden in zusammengefasster Form vorgelegt und diskutiert.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 105-117 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of slightly curved boundaries (free surfaces and interfaces) of the elastic mediums on the components of displacement of a particle in a medium due to the propagation of the surface waves has been investigated in this paper. It has been found that along with the usual displacement components for stratified boundaries (designated here as primary components), there exist secondary displacement components arising from the presence of curvature in the boundaries. They are constituted of different harmonic components with their amplitudes proportional to the parameters which measure the extent of curvature of the boundaries. The wave numbers of these harmonic constituents are related to those of the primary components in a definite way decided by the shapes of the boundaries.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 118-123 
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    Notes: Summary The complete solution of the propagation of Rayleigh waves in a thin transversely isotropic layer with rigid bottom surface has been developed along with its frequency equation. The ratio of the possible vibrations at the free surface in the horizontal and vertical directions has been worked out and the proposed analysis has been applied to the case of Beryl and Ice Sheets which show definite behaviour of transverse isotropy.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 124-128 
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    Notes: Summary A portable electromagnetic prospecting unit comprising a transmitter, receiver and resolver, designed and constructed to operate with a vertical setup of coils at a single frequency of 1250 cps, measures the components of the magnetic field at the receiver station resolved ‘in phase’ and at ‘quadrature’ with field near the transmitter. This may be used to locate vertical or steeply dipping conductors down to a depth of about 0.6 times the maximum workable transmitter receiver separation of 120 meters, the accuracy of measurements of the resolved components being better than 2%. The variation of resolved components over a buried conductor indicates its position and depth.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 129-136 
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    Notes: Summary The present contribution points out certain analogy between magnetic properties of synthetic ferrites and some natural high-temperature minerals. The synthetic ferrites possess crystal structures of the type of spinel, tetra-spinel, rutile, ilmenite, magneto-plumbite, perovskite and garnet. Such structures are known in great numbers of ‘non-magnetic’ minerals in nature. As soon as the elements of the corresponding synthetic ferrite are attached to their lattice it might be expected that a natural model of ferrite will be obtained. Unique palaeomagnetic properties were discovered in cassiterite with Fe-ions attached to its lattice.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 137-141 
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    Notes: Summary A diversity of diagrams shows the fluctuation of the mean sea level at Esbjerg. There is no sign of a definite long-periodical motion. The only indisputable result seems to be a steady rise of the sea level. The annual means are calculated from weighted monthly means; the weights are chosen thus as to moderate the effects of meteorological disturbances.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 142-147 
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    Notes: Summary The response of the atmosphere to a diurnally oscillating thermal drive, asymmetric with respect to the equator, is investigated. It is found that the solutions ofLaplace's tidal equation do not form a complete set; all of them being orthogonal to the associated Legendre polynomial,P 2 1 (cos Θ), Θ being the latitude. As an extension ofLaplace's theorem for gravitationally excited ocean tides to thermally driven atmospheric tides, it is shown that a diurnal drive whose latitude dependence is given byP 2 1 gives rise to no surface pressure oscillation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 173-190 
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    Notes: Summary The existence of the phenomenon that the temperature in certain layers of the earth's atmosphere is higher at the pole than at the equator is considered as a general problem in planetary fluid dynamics. In a highly simplified model the solution of the problem depends upon a group of non-dimensional parameters. Taking the parameters of the earth's atmosphere as an example, numerical experiments were performed to study the nature of such a meridional counterradiational-heating temperature gradient and the dependence of it on the vertical variation of meridional differential radiation. Some general inferences were drawn from the experiments.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 191-197 
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    Notes: Summary The theory and practice of construction of field mills for static and slowly varying electric fields are discussed. A developed design for a differential field mill suitable for use inside thunderclouds is presented with methods for optimization of the device under usual conditions. This design has been tested both in clouds and in fair weather fields, comparing in the latter case with normal ground based electric field meters.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 198-206 
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    Notes: Summary The reception of pulses on about 1240 MHz from two rotating radars, one 80 miles, the other over 300 miles distant, is examined. A special periodic fading of the trans-horizon transmission is reported and discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 148-160 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An equation about the electron production is deduced in which the meteorological elements of the mesosphere are taken into account. The differential spectrum of the ionizing energy flux with λ≦3 Å for average solar activity is constructed on evidence from rocket and satelitc measurements. The profilesq Rö(z),q Ly-α(z) andq CR(z) for mean geographical latitudes and standard atmosphere are plotted on that basis as well as on data fot the known intensity of the Ly-α emission and the electron production of the cosmic rays. An exhaustive analysis is made of the full equation for the effective recombination coefficient and the contribution of all its components at lower ionosphere conditions is determined. α′ is a rather variable quantity, dependent on the aeronomical and meteorological condition of the area under consideration, as well as on the solar zenith angle. Two profiles for the electron concentrationN(z) at χ=30° and 75° are drawn on the basis of data forq(z) and α′(z). The profileN(z) at χ=30° is compared with the averaged profile of a large group experimentally obtained distributionsN(z); the profile at χ=75° is checked by measurements of the deviative and nondeviative absorption taken for a lengthy period. Both checks are in good agreement with the theoretically obtained profiles. The seasonal variations of the nondeviative absorption in theD region could be completely explained with the variations of the meteorological parameters in the mesopause area at constant energy flux of the ionizing radiation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Gleichung für die Elektronenproduktionq(z) abgeleitet, die die meteorologischen Elemente der Mesosphäre berücksichtigt. Nach Angaben über die mit Satelliten und Raketen gemessene Röntgenstrahlung mit λ≦8 Å wird das Differentialspektrum des ionisierenden Energieflusses für eine mittlere Sonnenaktivität konstruiert. Auf dieser Grundlage und nach der bekannten Intensität der Strahlung Ly-α sowie nach Angaben über dieElektronenproduktion der kosmischen Strahlung werden die Profileq Rö(z),q Ly-α(z) undq CR(z) für mittlere geographische Breiten und Standardatmosphäre entwickelt. Nach eingehender Analyse der vollständigen Gleichung für den effektiven Rekombinationskoeffizienten wird für die Verhältnisse in der tiefen Ionosphäre der Beitrag jeder einzelnen Komponente der Gleichung bestimmt. α′ ist eine recht veränderliche Grösse, die von den aeronomischen und meteorologischen Verhältnissen und der Sonnenzenitdistanz abhängt. Aus den fürq(z) und α′ (z) erhaltenen Angaben werden zwei ElektronendichteprofileN(z) für χ=30° und 75° erhalten. Das ProfilN(z) bei χ=30° wird mit dem gemittelten Profil einer umfangreichen Gruppe experimentell gefundener VerteilungenN(z) verglichen; das Profil bei χ=75° wird durch Messung der deviativen und nondeviativen Absorption für eine längere Zeitperiode überprüft. In beiden Fällen hat sich die Richtigkeit der theoretisch erhaltenen Profile bestätigt. Die jahreszeitlichen Variationen der nondeviativen Absorption in derD-Region sind ausschliesslich durch die Variationen der meteorologischen Parameter im Bereich der Mesopause bei konstantem Energiefluss der ionisierenden Strahlung bedingt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 207-214 
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    Notes: Summary The relationship, already found by the authors, between sunspot numbers and the solar constant, as deduced from the highest global irradiance values at noon, is here reexamined and confirmed. Some attempts at explanation and further inferences are presented.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An analysis of the soundings launched at the Val-Joyeux Scientific Station during 15 months shows that the layers containing higher ozone partial pressure are not those of higher absolute temperature. Their ozone pressure has no relation with the temperature of the tropopause but is conditioned by the position of Europe nearest through. The total ozone amounts are independent of the direction of the 100-mb flow but present a non-linear correlation with the second tropopause height. The existence of certain relations between ozone vertical profiles and the meteorological situation at the surface four days after the sounding is pointed out.
    Notes: Résumé L'analyse des sondages effecturés au cours de quinze mois à partir de la Station Scientifique du Val-Joyeux près de Paris, montre que les couches où la pression partielle d'ozone est maximale ne sont pas celles où la température est maximale. La pression partielle d'ozone de ces couches n'est pas en relation avec la température de la tropopause, mais est conditionnée par la position géographique sur l'Europe du plus proche thalweg. L'épaisseur réduite totale d'ozone est indépendante de la direction du flux à 100mb, mais présente une relation non linéaire avec l'altitude de la deuxieme tropopause. L'existence d'une relation entre l'allure de la courbe de répartition verticale de l'ozone et la situation météorologique au niveau du sol quarte jours après le sondage, est mise en évidence.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 74-79 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel wurden die Love- und Rayleigh-Wellen vom Erdbeben in Agadir vom 29. Februar 1960, aufgezeichnet in Lwiro, und vom Erdbeben in Skopje vom 26. Juli 1963, aufgezeichnet in Pretoria und Windhoek von langperiodischen Columbia-Seismographen, untersucht und somit mit Dispersion von beiden Love- und Rayleigh-Wellen der Aufbau der Erdkruste in Afrika bestimmt. Die erhaltenen Resultate wurden miteinander und mit anderen Werten, die bis heute von verschiedenen Autoren für Afrika und Europa bestimmt wurden, verglichen. Somit wurde vorgelegt, dass die Erdkruste in Afrika im allgemeinen dünner ist als in Europa und dass die Schicht in der Richtung von Skopje zu Pretoria dicker ist als in der Richtung von Agadir zu Lwiro.
    Notes: Summary In this study has been interpreted the Love- and Rayleigh-waves of Agadir earthquake on February 29, 1960 recorded at Lwiro and Skopje earthquake on July 26, 1963 recorded at Pretoria and Windhoek by long period Columbia type seismographs, and determined the crustal structure in Africa with dispersion of both Love- and Rayleigh-waves along the paths on two different directions. The obtained results are compared each other and with those founded recently by several investigators for Africa and Europe. Herewith has been showed that the average thickness of the crust in Africa is thinner than in Europe and the thickness in direction from Skopje to Pretoria is more than that from Agadir to Lwiro.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 80-84 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus einem Folgesatz des Green-Theorems wird abgeleitet, dass eine dünne Schicht mit veränderlicher Dichte die gleiche Gravitationswirkung verursacht wie eine bestimmte — unter dieser Schicht liegende — Massenverteilung. Zwischen dieser dünnen Schicht mit veränderlicher Dichte und einer beleuchteten Fläche mit veränderlicher Lichtstärke besteht eine Analogie. Die Intensität der Beleuchtung wird mit einer Philips-LDR-Zelle gemessen. Es wird weiter darauf hingewiesen, dass die Methode auch für Bestimmung des vertikalen Gravitationsgradienten anwendbar ist.
    Notes: Summary From a corollary ofGreen's theorem is derived, that a thin layer of variable density can produce the same gravitational effect as a certain mass distribution below this layer. To this thin layer of variable density is analogous a sheet illuminated of variable intensity. The intensity of illumination is detected with a Philips LDR (light dependent resistor) cell. It is pointed out further that the method can be applied to determine the vertical gravity gradient too.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 85-100 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Thermal conductivity and anisotropy of thermal conductivity of sandstones, graywackes and quarzites are determined. Model computations yield three factors responsible for total anisotropy: grain-size-anisotropy, grain-structure-anisotropy and anisotropy of the poresystem. Measurements prove model computations. The anisotropy-coefficients depend on the degree of diagenesis and tectonic deformation. There are two types of total anisotropy with hexagonal and rhombic or monoclinic symmetry. Thermal conductivity is very sensitive with respect to rock fabric.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Sandsteinen, Grauwacken und Quarziten werden die Wärmeleitfähigkeit und die Wärmeleitfähigkeitsanisotropie bestimmt. Es werden Modellberechnungen durchgeführt, um die Zusammenhänge zwischen Anisotropiekoeffizient und Gefügeregelung zu klären. Es zeigt sich, dass die Gesamtanisotropie ein Summeneffekt von drei Faktoren ist: einer Kornformanisotropie, einer Kornbauanisotropie und einer Anisotropie des Porensystems bzw. der Intergranularen. Die Messergebnisse bestätigen die Modellberechnungen und zeigen deutliche Beziehungen zum Grad der diagenetischen Verfestigung und der tektonischen Deformation. Die Gesamtanisotropie der vermessenen Proben lässt sich in zwei Typen mit hexagonaler bzw. rhombischer bis monokliner Symmetrie teilen. Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit reagiert sehr empfindlich auf eine Gefügeregelung, auch wenn diese optisch noch nicht eindeutig erkennbar ist.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 101-106 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Geschwindigkeitspotential und die Gestalt des freien Grundwasserspiegels einer stationären Strömung inkompressiblen, homogenen Grundwassers innerhalb eines anisotropen, inhomogenen Grundwasserträgers sind aus einem nichtlinearen Randwertproblem zu bestimmen. Es wird ein äquivalentes Variationsprinzip angegeben, welches als Basis für die Anwendung “direkter Methoden der Variationsrechnung” zur approximativen Lösung dieses Randwertproblemes dienen kann.
    Notes: Summary The velocity potential and the shape of the free surface of a steady state gravity flow of incompressible, homogeneous groundwater inside an inhomogeneous, anisotropic aquifer are to be determined as the solution of a non-linear boundary-value problem. In this paper an equivalent variational principle has been formulated which is useful as a base of variational methods solving this boundary-value problem approximately.
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 107-116 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A perturbation method is used to calculate steady non-linear effects in rotatory tidal currents. The inclusion of the Coriolis acceleration leads to a uniquely determined second order current system in the tidal stream. This is shown to be absent in high frequency gravity waves. It is found that particle drift, or mass transport, is critically dependent on this mean current, and consequently on the value off/σ,f being the Coriolis parameter, and σ the angular frequency of the oscillation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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