ALBERT

Description: From a bryological point of view Greenland is not well known in detail. Unlike Siberia or Arctic America, it is not known through a few large collections, but through multitudes of mostly relatively small gatherings. In this arctic island that is almost 2000 miles long and extends from below 60° N.lat. to nearly 84° N.lat., travel and logistics are difficult. Consequently no over-all study of the whole island has been made, although many collections have been achieved through casual or intensive studies of small areas. Like the other contributions to the knowledge of the bryoflora of Greenland this paper will only deal with a rather limited area; the Angmagssalik district on the East coast of Greenland, ranging from 65° N.lat. to 67°20' N.lat. In 1887 Lange and Jensen published the first and until now the only comprehensive review of specimens and publications on the Musci of Greenland. In their paper the first moss collection from the Angmagssalik area was reported, made in 1884-1885 in the course of ethnographical studies by Gustav Holm (Sphagnum girgensohnii and Polytrichum juniperinum), the first European to visit this part of East Greenland.

Description: A palynological assemblage obtained from marly limestones of the Dutch Lower Muschelkalk is discussed. A qualitative analysis has disclosed its great resemblance to Upper Bunter (Röt) assemblages ; however, differences in quantitative composition were demonstrated. Utilizing palynological data new information can be added to the knowledge of the European Middle Triassic flora.

Description: Although algology deals with a large group of plants, widespread and of a great morphological diversity, the history of this branch of botany is fairly young. Linnaeus (1753) listed in his Species Plantarum under the heading “Cryptogamia—Algae” only five genera of plants which are still accepted as algae at the present time. Under the same heading he also described a number of liverworts, lichens and sponges and a few other things.

Description: Studies in the Moraceae showed that Acanthinophyllum should be regarded as congeneric with Clarisia, and that Clarisia spruceana and Aliteria sagoti are conspecific with Clarisia ilicifolia. Some characters of the inflorescences and seeds and the position of Clarisia and its relationships with Trophis and Sorocea are discussed.

Description: In Sweden Erlandsson (1942) showed that the species Parnassia palustris L. has two chromosome numbers, 2n = 18 and 2n = 36. Rozanova (1940) found the same numbers in plants collected in the U.S.S.R. Some morphological differences could be demonstrated in the Swedish material (Erlandsson, 1942). This was confirmed by Löve and Löve (1944) and, therefore, these authors (1950) distinguish 2 species: the diploid Parnassia palustris L. em. Löve and the tetraploid Parnassia obtusiflora Rupr. em. Löve, also separated by sterility barriers and by their geographical distribution. In the Netherlands a tetraploid population was found by Gadella and Kliphuis (1963). As the tetraploid population occurs in an area situated far south of the circumpolar distribution area of the tetraploid plants, it seemed worthwhile to determine the chromosome numbers of other plants of Parnassia palustris L. growing in the Netherlands.

Description: Les systèmes radiculaires des espèces des prés salés du Juncion maritimi ont été étudiés. Nous avons distingué six types morphologiques principaux d’enracinement. Les particularités des différents types et espèces ont été décrites et dessinées. La répartition des différents types d’enracinement dans le Junco-Triglochinetum et le Caricetum divisae a été interprétée écologiquement. Les racines de nombreuses espèces du Juncion maritimi sont pourvues de lacunes aérifères. C’est une adaptation au niveau élevé de la nappe phréatique. La résistance mécanique du sol a également une influence sur le système radiculaire. La concurrence des systèmes radiculaires a été discutée. On a essayé de différencier les groupements végétaux par leurs types d’enracinement. Je tiens à remercier M. J. Braun-Blanquet, directeur de la Station Internationale de Géobotanique Méditerranéenne et Alpine à Montpellier, de son aide et de l’intérêt stimulant qu’il a porté à mon travail, et M. J.-M. Betsch de son conseil. Les subventions de la Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (Montpellier fonds) et du Utrechts Universiteitsfonds m’ont facilité le séjour à la Station et rendu possible ces recherches.

Description: In February and early March, 1961, the senior author spent three weeks on a small savanna in the approximate centre of Suriname, South of Tafelberg, (map 1). He was accompanied by Mr. W. H. A. Hekking. The time was spent in exploring the flora of the savanna and the adjacent forest. As a detailed study of the vegetation of the savannas of northern Suriname was then in progress, several extensive papers being in preparation (Heyligers, 1963; Van Donselaar, 1965; Van Donselaar-Ten Bokkel Huinink, 1966), it was felt that a more thorough inventory of the vegetation and the flora of the savanna might be rewarding. When a general impression of the plant-cover of the area had been obtained, eight representative sample-plots were selected, their vegetation was analyzed and described after the method of the French-Swiss school of phytosociology, and pits were dug in the soil down to bedrock, samples being taken in every distinctive-looking layer. This work was carried out jointly by the senior author and W. H. A. Hekking; part of the floristic exploration was also done by or with Dr. R. M. Tryon, Harvard Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. The results are here presented. It was felt that in order to integrate them with those obtained elsewhere in Suriname, the collaboration of a specialist familiar with the Suriname savannas in general was required. This was the junior author’s task, who, after his prolonged work on the savannas of northern Suriname, later expanded his work to those of the southern part of the country. The preliminary results of the last-named study are in the press; more detailed field work is in progress as this paper goes to the press.

Description: These small structures in nerve axils at the underside of leaves have given food to various theories and have been nonetheless in phytographic and taxonomic neglect almost from the beginning. That was in 1887, when the Swede A.N. Lundstroem published an extensive paper, in which he explained domatia as structures intended to accommodate mites – hence the word acarodomatia – which latter would in turn benefit the plant by cleansing the leaves from fungus spores. Lundstroem arrived at this hypothesis on the strength of ideas current in that time, about the existence of symbiotic relations between ants and plants; it was in the heydays of teleology. A closer investigation left little of the illusions about mutual benefit between ants and plants, but such critical interest was never focused on the supposed relation between mites and plants. Recently I could grow a few domatia-bearing species under acari-free conditions; the plants with their domatia did as well as in the open. Yet it is hard to prove that Lundstroem was wrong, but a combination of the experiment, the wellknown fact that domatia are inhabited by acari as often as not, and the origin of the hypothesis make if very unlikely that mites will creep into domatia for other reasons than a natural preference for shelter in small holes. All other (physiological) explanations are unconvincing, too, and so for the time being an explanation is lacking – provided that such an explanation would be necessary.

Description: Dr. P. S. Ashton of Kuching went on leave at the end of September 1965, to return mid-1966. In Europe he hopes to consult some Herbaria for type materials of Dipterocarpaceae. Mr. M. M. J. van Balgooy of the Rijksherbarium travelled in New Guinea, Australia, Lord Howe Island, and Java, from 30 March to 14 August 1965.

Description: Diagrams drawn after electron-micrographs of the spore formation in Phoma spp. are shown. The manner in which the spores are formed, called here the ‘monopolar repetitive budding process’, is discussed.

Description: Attention is drawn to the fact that the development of ascostromatic fungi is so diverse that it is possible to recognize a number of differently organized groups. Some of these groups correspond to the developmental types recognized by Luttrell but it is also shown that his Pleospora-type is not homogeneous, comprising as it does a number of categories, each of which has its own type of development of the ascocarp. To designate structures not indicated before, the new terms tichus, cataphysis, and tinophysis are introduced.

Description: When revising the Icacinaceae from SE. Asia and Malesia recently, my interest was drawn again to the genus Lophopyxis Hook. f. Designated by its author (1887) tentatively as a member of the Euphorbiaceae, it was rejected from this family by Pax as early as 1890. Engler (1893) transferred Lophopyxis to the Icacinaceae as the type of a new subfamily Lophopyxidoideae. Hallier f. (1910) disputed Engler’s view and retained it in the Euphorbiaceae, from which it was excluded again by Pax & Hoffmann in 1931. A possible place in the Rhamnaceae and Flacourtiaceae was considered and rejected by Gilg in 1918; Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr. & van Steenis (1966) likewise rejected the former, though its alliance with the Rhamnaceae was firmly expressed by Airy Shaw (1966). Other authors, as Pierre quoted by Boerlage (1890), inserted Lophopyxis in the Saxifragaceae, Schumann (1898) in the Olacaceae, and Ridley (1922) in Bentham’s Olacineae. In more recent times the genus was referred again to the Icacinaceae by Schellenberg (1923) and Kanehira (1931), but excluded from that family by Hallier f. (1921) and Sleumer (1942). Dahl (1955), discussing the pollen morphology of Lophopyxis, stated that the range of pollen forms known to exist within the Euphorbiaceae could include that of Lophopyxis. Erdtman in the newest edition of his ‘Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy’ (1966) still placed it under Euphorbiaceae. Hutchinson (1959), and subsequently Scholz (1964), place it in the Celastraceae. Though Lophopyxis fits in the general circumscription of the Celastraceae, and shares the winged fruit with the subfamily Tripterygioideae, it cannot be placed in the latter, which all have basal ovules, whilst Lophopyxis has pendent (and certainly epitropous) ones. If placed in the Celastraceae, it would keep an isolated position, as, for instance, does Siphonodon. There is thus no certainty as to the right place of this genus, whose gross morphology, wood anatomy, embryology, and pollen morphology is so well known to-day, in one of the established plant families. It therefore seems justified to regard it as the type of a family of its own within the Geraniales-Sapindales-Celastrales. Suggested already by van Tieghem (1897) and Pierre (1897) casually as Lophopyxidacées’, the family was formally described by Pfeiffer (1951) who raised Engler’s Lophopyxidoideae to family rank, and recently conceived by Airy Shaw (1966).

Description: The previous subdivision of Freycinetia Gaud. ( Pandanaceae) into two parts, Sect. Oligostigma Warb. and Sect. Pleiostigma Warb. (now called Sect. Freycinetia) has because of numerous additions to our knowledge of the genus become obsolete. Fifteen new sections are proposed, based on natural species-groups, and the original two sections are restricted and redefined. Species not yet adequately known may be termed Freycinetiae imperfectae, when only staminate specimens are known, or incertae sedis. A map showing the distribution of the genus is included.

Description: During a collecting trip to Thailand, as a member of the Thai-Dutch botanical expedition 1965/1966, I was struck by the excessive amount of mucilage sometimes present on the circinnate fronds of several leptosporangiate ferns. This was especially evident in representatives of the monotypic fern family Plagiogyriaceae and the Thelypteroid ferns. The mucilage is secreted by a multitude of minute glandular hairs. In mature leaves the hairs are shrivelled and easily overlooked, or even have disappeared. Moreover, usually only herbarium specimens are available for investigation.

Description: This study forms a part of biological, oceanographical, and sedimentological investigations carried out in the Ria de Arosa (NW. Spain) 1962—1964. Details of the aim and scope of these investigations have been set forth by Brongersma and Pannekoek (1966). The present paper deals with the macroscopic algae of this region. Firstly, it was attempted to obtain a complete survey of the floristic composition. These data were utilized in a study of algal phytogeography (van den Hoek and Donze, 1967). Secondly, a rough description of the intertidal vegetation types and zonation patterns is given. Thirdly, the local distribution of species and vegetation types is outlined with respect to the main environmental factors. Fourthly, a rather detailed picture of the depthdistribution of many species is given.

Description: The elevation effect is defined as the phenomenon that mountain plants occur only on mountains which attain a certain minimum altitude peculiar to the species, but that they generally descend below this critical altitude on the higher mountains. It can also be expressed in figures as the difference between the minimum altitude of the peaks and that of the lowest known locality. If for example a species occurs from 1500 m upwards, but only on mountains whose highest peak exceeds 2200 m altitude, the effect amounts to 2200—1500 = 700 m. First observed for one plant on the volcanoes of Java by Backer & van Slooten (1924), it was assumed applicable to all Malesian mountain plants by van Steenis (1934). It was further elucidated by him (1961) by a number of computed examples; he abandoned the earlier idea that it had something to do with the ‘Massenerhebungseffekt’ (mountain mass-elevation effect) and gave an explanation for the elevation effect by assuming that each mountain plant occupies a zone of permanent establishment, on both sides bordered by a zone of temporary localities, the critical altitude being the lower contour of the permanent establishment (fig. 1). In other words, mountain plants can only descend to their lowest localities on peaks whose summits fall at least partly in the zone of permanent establishment, ensuring a constant upper source for descending diaspores. If the explanation is correct, the elevation effect must be universally valid for all mountain plants, and not only for those on volcanoes. Encouraged by an observation of a New Zealand Ranunculus by Fischer (1965), which was said to occur only on mountains with a minimum peak altitude, the author has tested the alpine flora of Switzerland on the occurrence of the elevation effect. For this purpose he has drawn a map of Switzerland at the 2000 m contour by which it became divided into 121 ‘mountain islands’ exceeding that altitude (list p. 278, Karte 1). Then 23 species of mountain plants were selected responding to the conditions that they occur largely above 2000 m, that they are fairly common, that they are not expressly bound to very narrow ecological conditions, and finally that they are homogeneous and do not show infraspecific differentiation (see list on p. 280). The proper scoring was done in II herbaria in Switzerland, public and private, from many thousands of sheets of which the label carried an altitudinal notation, in a few cases supplemented by data from local monographs. The complete survey of altitudinal data, with their frequencies for each species has been compiled in table 1; for four species these data have been figured in graphs illustrating more clearly the tailing off of frequencies at both higher and lower altitudes. For each species a detailed account is given of the number of specimens examined, their distribution over the various ‘mountain islands’, data found in literature, lowest ‘mountain island’ on which the species is found, a list of the lower localities, and finally a discussion of the results. It appears that each of the 23 species examined shows the elevation effect and that there is no reason to doubt its general validity, even for arimals. All occur only on mountains with a minimum altitude and all descend on the ‘mountain islands’ to a distinctly lower altitude. The elevation effect in metres for each species, as computed by the difference between the height of the lowest ‘mountain island’ on which it occurs and the lowest locality known, is reproduced in table 2 on p. 312. The explanation adhered to is that the scarce lowest localities are, for their maintenance, entirely dependent on the continuous supply of diaspores from the permanent, higher situated populations. On the higher mountains there is a continuous supply from this source, but this is absent on the mountains not reaching above the minimum altitude. The elevation effect is influenced in detail by various ecological factors among which the most important are: temperature, soil, physiognomy of the vegetation, autecology of the species, dispersal biology, and man. These factors have all been discussed separately. It appears that the lowest localities always occur on sites which deviate in some way or other very locally from the surrounding biotope, by lower temperature, more open vegetation, etc. Such ‘enclaves’ show characteristics of higher situated zones; they are for example streamborders, glaciers, deep ravines, waterfalls, etc.

Description: Herba perennis, gracilis, caule repente valde furcato. Rami erecti vel suberecti, quadrangulares, e gemmis axillaribus emergentes, straminei, squamosi, simpliccs et infra glabrescentes, corymbose furcati et glandulari-pubescentes, sursum altitudine 10—20 cm attingentes. Folia simplicia, exstipulata, sessilia, ad basin connata, opposita, paribus sursum gradatim minoribus et in bracteas transeuntibus, lamina lineari-lanceolata vel elliptico-lanceolata, acuta vel ad basin paulum angustata, apice acuminata, integra, margine paulum incrassata et incurva, coriacea, utrinque glabra, infra pallida, 5—20(—25) x 2—5(—6) mm; nervi praeter medium nervum eminentem obscuri. Flores albi, 5—6 mm longi, ad nodos singulos in axilla folii unius solitarii, cymas terminales foliosas corymbosas paniculatas efformantes. Bracteae foliosae, sed vulgo foliis minores, 5—10 mm longae, pedicello tereti, gracili, erecto-patente, glandulari-pubescente, 3—10 mm longo; bracteolae nullae. Sepala 5, usque ad basin libera, lanceolato-oblonga, acuminata, integra, marginibus angustis scariosis, utrinque glabra, e basi 3-nervia, nervo medio eminenti ad apicem in mucronem parvum desinente, nervis duobus lateralibus languidis cum nervo medio sub ipso apice convergentibus, 5—6 X 1.5—1.8 mm. Petala 5, libera, subsessilia, oblanceolata, ad apicem in lobos ovatos, subacutos, 0.6—0.8 mm longos breviter bifida, 5.0—5.5 mm longa, sepalis aequalia vel paulo breviora. Stamina fertilia 5, staminodiis 5 alternantia, disco paulum 5-lobo glandulari annulari insidentia; filamenta gracilia, cum petalis alternantia, ad basin paulum dilatata, 4 mm longa; antherae subbrunneae, oblongae, 1 mm longae; staminodia linearia, theca vacua minuta albida 2 mm longa, i.e. staminibus fertilibus dimidio breviora. Ovarium ovoideum, subsessile vel omatum brevi gynophoro, 1—5 ovulatum, apice cupulari, discoideo, circum stylos tumescente; styli terni (raro bini), filiformes, glabri, 2.5—2.8 mm longi; stigma simplex. Capsula ovoidea, calyce multo brevior, seminibus 1—5, usque ad medium circum apicem incrassatum in valvulas 6 ovatas subacutas dehiscens. Semina compressa, rubro-brunnea, fere levia, 1 mm longa. Perennial, slender herb, with creeping, much branched stems. Branches erect or suberect, 4-angled, springing from the axillary, straw-coloured, scaly buds, simple and glabrescent below and corymbosely branched and glandular-pubescent upwards, attaining a height of 10—20 cm. Leaves simple, exstipulate, sessile, connate at base, arranged in opposite, equal pairs, becoming smaller and passing into bracts upwards; lamina linear-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or slightly narrowed to the base, acuminate at the apex, entire, with slightly thickened, incurved margin, coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, pale beneath, 5—20(—25) X 2—5(—6) mm; nerves obscure except prominent midrib. Flowers white, 5—6 mm long, solitary at each node in the axil of one leaf, forming terminal, leafy, corymbose, panicled cymes. Bracts leaf-like, but usually smaller than leaves, 5—10 mm long, pedicel terete, slender, erecto-patent, glandular-pubescent, 3—10 mm long; bracteoles o. Sepals 5, free to the base, lanceolateoblong, acuminate, entire with narrow scarious margins, quite glabrous inside and outside, 3-nerved from the base, middle prominent nerve terminating into a small mucro at the apex and two faint lateral nerves converging with the midnerve just below the apex, 5—6 X 1.5—1.8 mm. Petals 5, free, subsessile, oblanceolate, shortly 2-fid at the apex into ovate, subacute, 0.6—0.8 mm long lobes, 5.0—5.5 mm long, as long as or slightly shorter than the sepals. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with 5 staminodes, inserted on slightly 5-lobed, glandular, annular disc; filaments slender, alternating with petals, slightly dilated at the base, 4 mm long; anthers brownish, oblong, 1 mm long; staminodes linear, with minute, whitish, empty anther-sacs, 2 mm long. Ovary ovoid, subsessile or with short gynophore, 1—5 ovuled, with cupular, disclike, swollen apex around the styles; styles 3 (rarely 2), filiform, glabrous, 2.5—2.8 mm long; stigma simple. Capsule ovoid, much shorter than the calyx, 1—5-seeded, dehiscing up to the middle around the thickened apex into 6 ovate, subacute valves. Seeds compressed, reddish-brown, nearly smooth, 1 mm long.

Description: The Dermaptera of the northern part of South America have been little studied. The Dermaptera fauna of Columbia and Ecuador to the east of this region has been investigated to some extent, but records of this order from the western countries are very sparse indeed. Prior to BOESEMAN (1954) only two species were known from Surinam, whilst 10 species have been recorded from Guyana, and 13 species from French Guiana. These totals obviously represent only a very small proportion of the true fauna, and BOESEMAN (1954) recorded a further 9 species from Surinam, so bringing the total known species from all the Guyanas to 26.

Description: This note is the result of a preliminary investigation made in the summer of 1964. During that season the author visited the coal-mine ”Villoria” of ”Cementos Fradera S.A.” (Asturias, Spain) in order to collect specimens of Carboniferous ostracodes. Two new species of Hollinella were found and are being described in this article. Besides it turned out that, at least in this coal-mine, the marine bed from which the fossils were collected directly overlies one of the two productive zones in the mine. Wherever the marine bed is present it could serve as an aid in determining one’s position in the local stratigraphic sequence.

Description: Until recently biological research in the sea off Suriname had not received much attention. There was no fishery in the open sea and there was no incentive to investigate this unknown world. But in the last twenty years, experiments have gradually led to serious study of the subject. Before the second world war, schooner fishing in the open sea to catch red snapper fish, as already carried out off (British) Guyana, was tried by the Curaçao Trading Company in Paramaribo, but this experiment was not a success. During the war, a study of the local fisheries became urgent, to find out how far Suriname was able to supply the people with protein food.

Description: The material studied was mainly collected by Drs. P. H. VAN DOESBURG, Jr. during his stay in Surinam and during a visit to Venezuela. In addition, specimens from the Western Hemisphere brought together in the Rijksmuseum at Leiden by various collectors and some samples taken in Surinam by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK have been studied. Some specimens in the author’s collection, with unknown collector were also examined. The material has been deposited at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden (LM); the Zoologisch Museum at Utrecht (UM) and the collection of the author (N). The collection of Drs. P. H. VAN DOESBURG now belongs to the Leiden Museum and is consequently indicated LM too.

Description: 1. Uca rapax of Curaçao showed a daily colour rhythm. The animal is dark during the day and light during the night. This rhythm persisted in animals which were placed in constant darkness for 110 days, and in those which were placed in constant illumination for 40 days. The latter condition caused a gradual phase shift of the maximum darkening from 12 (noon) to 3 AM within a period of 18 days. The maxima and minima of animals kept in constant darkness were higher than in control animals. No correlation between tide levels and colour change was found. 2. Eyestalk extracts were found to contain a pigment dispersing activity. There was no difference in the amount of dispersing material between the extracts of eyestalks removed either in daytime or at night. Males reacted more strongly upon injection of eyestalk extracts than females. 3. Blood taken from eyestalkless or normal animals had no dispersing activity, although a “non-specific” dispersing activity can be demonstrated in blood kept outside the body for 45 minutes.

Description: On the existing geological maps of the South-Central Pyrenees such as those of Dalloni (1910, 1930), Misch (1934), Almela & Rios (1947) and Alastrue, Almela & Rios (1957) the units distinguished and the colours used represent stratigraphie time intervals. Many stage boundaries, however, fall at levels which may lie anywhere in a homogeneous rock sequence. To overcome this difficulty the practice up to now has been to substitute the nearest marked lithological change for the unmappable time-stratigraphic limit. This simplification hardly matters in small-scale geological maps (scales of 1 : 175,000 and 1 : 200,000). The errors introduced become unjustifiable, however, when mapping on scales of 1 : 10,000 to 1 : 50,000. Pronounced facies changes and diachronism as have been shown to apply to many of the deposits under consideration (Souquet, 1967), add a further complication. Mapping of the Central Pyrenees has been undertaken by the Geological Institute of the University of Leiden and to date the first six, 1 : 50,000, map sheets of the projected series of ten maps have been published. In the course of field studies carried out by the present authors in the South-Central Pyrenees, a lithostratigraphic subdivision was developed which is here published in a condensed form. The subdivision is largely based on physical criteria, recognizable in the field. The units distinguished are formations in the sense of the Code of Stratigraphical Nomenclature (1961).

Description: In a C 14 dated pollen diagram from ”Cienaga del Visitador” (ca 6°8’N; 72°47’ W) in the Colombian Eastern Cordillera the zones Ib + Ic + II (including the Allerød and Bølling interstadials) form one fluctuation in the diagram, as the short cold zone Ic is not reflected. An earlier Late-glacial interstadial is recognized and is called Susacá-interstadial. It probably lasted from about 13900 to 13100 B.P., was colder than the Bølling-interstadial, and is probably reflected in pollen diagrams from other parts of the world. The Holocene part of the diagram shows very high Gramineae-percentages, apparently due to a considerable lowering of the ”tree-line”. This must have been caused by the fact that the Holocene local climate has been much drier than the Late-glacial, even dominating the effect of the increase of temperature on the tree-line. The pollen zonation is nevertheless rather clear, and directly comparable with that from the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy and other areas. The contemporaneity of the Colombian and European pollen zones, strongly suggested or proved by earlier partly-dated diagrams, seems to be fully confirmed by the present one.

Description: In the southern slopes of the Cantabrian mountains (prov. León NW Spain) a miogeosynclinal and non-metamorphic series, 2—3 km thick, of Precambrian to Carboniferous age has been studied. Four main stratigraphic and tectonic units have been recognized: 1. Northern fracture zone of Las Salas, 2. Autochthone of Valdoré, 3. Esla nappe, 4. Western-Bernesga thrust structures. Expression of the Caledonian orogeny is very vague. The rocks have been subjected to tectonic forces during the Hercynian and Alpine orogenies. Epeirogenic movements during the Devonian (Bretonic phase of Stille) preceded large scale folding and thrusting during the early Westphalian (Sudetic phase). During this time the rocks of the Esla nappe have travelled a distance of 15—20 km to the north and northeast. It is suggested, that folding and thrusting happened simultaneously in different parts of the area. Further it is shown that basement configuration as expressed in facies boundaries played an important role putting limits to the rather thin thrust sheet during its movement. Fundamental weakness zones border the thrusted area. The Asturian phase of Stille may be held responsible for a great amount of refolding of the previously- formed thrust structures. To the north of the thrusting boundary i.e. fracture zone of Las Salas otherwise León line of de Sitter (1962 b), Westphalian deposits are found resting unconformably on rocks, that are represented in the nappe. So in the north and in front of the thrusts deposition went on during „middle” and upper Carboniferous times. Stephanian coal bearing rocks in the northern fracture zone are unconformably resting on both the Westphalian and the Older Palaeozoic thrusted series. Likewise Stephanian rocks of the Sabero basin in the south fill a depression in the nappe. This depression also occurs on a fundamental zone of weakness, the Sabero-Gordon line. From several locations it is inferred, that the tectonic forces, which folded the Stephanian rocks severely, left the older Palaeozoic, Sudetic and Asturian folded,rocks practically unaltered. The southern border zone is seen as an Alpine flexure zone; in places the Cretaceous steeply covers the previously mentioned series. Morphogenetic uplift of the chain most probably is accounted for by the Pyrenean phase. The Tertiary conglomerates of the Duero basin are to be derived from this uplift. It is held, that none of the mentioned unconformable rocks have covered the older Palaeozoic thrust series as full and uninterrupted blankets. The basin configuration of the Cambrian as described by Lotze 1961 is supported by stratigraphic and tectonic observations in the area. Thus Lotze’s Cambro-Ordovician geosyncline may have been tectonised as late as the Devonian—Lower Carboniferous. De Sitter’s view, that the thrustsheets contained in the Leonides moved from south (center of preceding basin) to north is confirmed by stratigraphic and tectonic evidence. In the east-west striking part of the Asturian—Cantabrian chain only the miogeosynclinal part of the greater subsidence is disclosed to our inquiry, the orthogeosynclinal development was not uplifted.

Description: La structure microscopique du test de quelques Spirifères dévoniens espagnols a été étudiée. Il se trouve qu’on peut distinguer différentes couches: la couche de King extérieure, granuleuse, comparable au ”primary layer” de Williams; la couche prismatique aux prismes obliques (= fibrotest s.s. de Vandercammen); le myotest aux points d’attache des muscles, et la couche mediane, le médiotest, dans les lamelles dentaires. Le myotest et le médiotest forment donc le prismotest de Vandercammen. Les lamelles de croissance ont été classées en trois types dont les lamelles libres sont les plus remarquables. Celles-ci sont dues à un arrêt de croissance et à une rétraction palléale, de sorte que le manteau s’est détaché de la couche granuleuse et aussi de la couche prismatique (= fibrotest s.s.). Des épines marginales massives ont été trouvées dans Hysterolites spec; il pourrait y avoir un rapport entre les épines et les soies sensorielles. De la position du deltidium on peut conclure que la jonction entre l’épithélium coquillier et l’épithélium pédonculaire se trouve à l’extérieur des deux rainures deltidiales. Probablement la plaque delthyriale n’est pas vraiment l’homologue du col pédonculaire des Brachipodes récents. Les cavités glénoïdes se forment entre les crura et les deux bords de l’aréa dorsale. Elles s’étendent dans un sens parallèle au plan médian. Des extensions secondaires à partir des bases crurales et du fond de la valve dorsale, peuvent produire des plaques apicales dorsales, à savoir les plaques crurales. Le brachidium s’agrandit par sécrétion calcaire d’une part et par résorption d’autre part.

Description: During an extensive investigation on Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous pollen and spores we were able to make a detailed study of Classopollis (Pflug 1953) Pocock & Jansonius 1961. The basic material for our study consisted of a boring section in the East of Holland, that was very kindly placed to the disposal of Dr. Th. van der Hammen, head of the Palynological Laboratory, by the N.V. Nederlandsche Aardolie Maatschappij (N.A.M.) in Oldenzaal. The grains of Classopollis form an interesting object of inquiry because of the complexity of features to be observed on these grains. All that has been published about Classopollis before has been insufficient for any comparison with new material, both concerning the descriptions and the illustrations. It was the outstanding publication of Pocock and Jansonius (1961), that contained detailed and complete descriptions of some Classopollis species which permitted us to make a comparison with the Dutch Classopollis grains.

Description: This study of the calcareous algae in the limestone deposits of the two formations (San Emiliano and Lois-Ciguera) in NW Spain is based on field observations and microscopical study. It was possible in the field to divide almost all the limestone members into smaller units on the basis of physical, chemical and biological composition of the rocks. After studying the organic content of the rocks, it appeared that there was a close connection between their lithological and biological composition. With these aspects known, it became a fact that units with a given composition alternated in a regular sequence. This offered the possibility of recognising a cyclical sedimentation within a single limestone member. Considering the special properties of the cyclical sedimentation, such as the fact that it is only found in CaCO3 containing layers and the small size of the cycles, the name minor cycle has been suggested for such deposits. Two facies types can be distinguished: (1) originating in a quiet milieu, and (2) facies originating in a disturbed milieu (these were called limestone facies type A and limestone facies type B, respectively). It is typical of the limestones which were deposited in facies type A, that, amongst other properties, they have very little terrigenous material in their matrix, while those of facies type B contain large quantities in their matrix. A mixture between the two facies types was also observed and called facies type AB. The microscopical study was aimed to investigate: 1. the characteristics of the limestone construction, 2. the quantitative composition of the fauna and flora over the whole area; in a member in a minor cycle, and in a bed, 3. certain environmental changes, which affected the composition of the organic material. A detailed study has shown that two types of limestone are present, with respect to origin, manner of accumulation, and texture. These are skeletal and fragmental limestones. The skeletal limestones can occur as reefs and as banks. Proportionately, there are as many banks as fragmental limestones, and fewer reef limestones. It became clear, from the quantitative analysis, that the algae were by far the most important rock builders. Brachiopods, Foraminifera, corals, and gastropods also form a considerable fraction. There are fewer bryozoans, trilobites and ostracods present in detectable numbers. In the qualitative analysis, various associations of organisms were found, which must be considered as constant associations. It has thus been established that associations of, gastropods with red algae (mainly specimens of the genus Archaeolithophyllum), brachiopods with bryozoans and echinoderms, corals with blue green algae, Foraminifera with algae and echinoderms, are often found. On the other hand, gastropods are found with brachiopods and bryozoans, Foraminifera with brachiopods and bryozoans, and calcareous algae with brachiopods and bryozoans, can be considered as less frequent associations. An exception is the association of brachiopods with gastropods and red algae, in oolitic beds. These elements, however, lived in a special environment and this resulted in an exceptional composition of dwarf elements. Sometimes, clear changes could be seen in the composition of the flora and fauna within a bed. These changes can be qualitative and quantitative. It is noticeable, in most echinoderm beds, that the percentage of brachiopod fragments increases from the bottom to the top. The composition of other beds also shows such changes with other types of organic remains. The algal beds can generally be divided into three parts, on the basis of their biofraction composition. This can be explained by changes in one or more of the environmental components. Until now, no attention has been paid to a study of the rich algal flora in the Carboniferous deposits of NW Spain. 21 genera (4 new) and 26 species (15 new ones) have now been described. There are 8 species (7 genera) of red algae, 15 species (11 genera) of green algae, and 3 species of blue-green algae. The systematic position of the red algae, which are found in the area, has not yet been fully determined, thus two newly described genera Amorfia and Pseudokomia have been placed in the first group — according to Johnson's usage the ”Red algae of uncertain affinities”, together with the genera Cuneiphycus, Komia, Archaeolithophyllum, Petschoria, and Ungdarella. Three new species of red algae are described: Archaeolithophyllum johnsoni, Amorfia jalinki, and Pseudokomia cansecoensis. The largest proportion of the green algae belong to the family Dasycladaceae, 11 species (8 genera) are described in the present work, nine of these being new. These are Beresella hermineae, Epimastopora bodoniensis, Epimastopora rolloensis, Epimastopora sp., Macroporella ginkeli, Mellporella beundermani, Mellporella anthracoporella – formis, Uraloporella sieswerdai, and Zaporella cantabriensis. The new genera are Mellporella and Zaporella. 4 new species of the family Codiacea are described (3 genera), 3 of these species are new: Donezella lunaensis, Eugonophyllum mulderi, and Ortonella myrae. Strong arguments, on the basis of algal body construction, were found for placing the new species, Donezella lunaensis, in the family Codiaceae. The blue-green algae could not be specifically determined because of their generally poorly preserved structures. Of these, Girvanella sp., Osagia sp., and Pycnostroma sp., were described.

Description: A new Androstrobus from the Jurassic of Yorkshire is described and compared with other, earlier identified, Androstrobus species.

Description: The Brokopondo Lake in the interior of Surinam began to form when on 1 February 1964 the dam in the Surinam River near Afobaka was closed. The lake was intended to cover an area of about 150.000 ha and to have a maximal depth of about 47 m. The basin, largely occupied by forest, was not cleared beforehand. During the initial stage the water in the flooded forest was characterised by a very high content of organic matter and the absence of oxygen. As the water level rose, differentiation between a hypolimnion and an epilimnion developed. The oxygen content of the epilimnion was high. During the first three years of its existence the lake attained an area of about 84.000 ha and a maximal depth of 38 m. Within this period eight aquatic plant species became numerous in the lake. Special attention was paid to Eichhornia crassipes and Ceratopteris pteridoides. In April 1966, when the lake covered about 78.000 ha, the former had colonized 53%, the latter 21 % of this area. Since September 1966 both diminished greatly, Eichhornia as a result of artificial control, Ceratopteris for unknown reasons. Floating pieces of decaying wood became overgrown by a variety of plant species, 27 of which were recorded. Mixed vegetations of water and marsh plants developed, free-floating mats ( Eichhornia being the matrix), patches attached to partly submerged tree tops, and belts along the shore. Twentytwo species were observed as constituents of these floating vegetations.

Description: A pollen-morphological study has been carried out on the American Costoideae, a subfamily of the Zingiberaceae ( Costus L., Dimerocostus O. Kuntze, and Monocostus K. Schum.). Four pollen types and two subtypes could be established on the basis of size, exine and apertural characters. These types are: Costus lima type, Costus warmingii type, Costus congestiflorus type and Dimerocostus type. It is assumed that the pollen grains of the genus Costus are pollen morphologically more advanced than the grains of Dimerocostus and Monocostus.

Description: The views of previous authors on the elm fall, especially backgrounded by Tauber’s (1965) theory on differential pollen dispersion, are discussed. Five possible explanations are given: climate, competition and edaphical factors, human influence, diseases, selective pollen filtering. For the time being the present author concludes that the most probable explanation for the elm fall is human influence, eventually in interaction with a change in climate. Depending on local, edaphic and ecological conditions, the various factors which may be held responsible for the elm fall, are probably of unequal importance for different regions.

Description: Geology and soils in general Surinam is situated at the northern edge of the very old and stable Guiana shield. Six-sevenths of the country’s surface are occupied by formations belonging to the shield and designated together as the basal complex. However, the Roraima formation does not belong to the complex. It was deposited during the Mesozoic (probably the Cretaceous) as a thick layer mainly consisting of sandstone that covered the greater part of the shield. Later on the original sandstone plateau was dissected, a process accelerated by the uplifting of the shield, and finally it disappeared almost completely by erosion. The former surface is now only represented by the flat tops of some table-mountains one of which is found in the interior of Surinam: Tafelberg. See Schols & Cohen (1953). The surface of the northern seventh part of the country is occupied by deposits of Quaternary age. In general may be distinguished (from the south to the north): 1) The Zanderij formation, consisting mainly of sands of continental origin; 2) the Coropina formation, comprising the “old coastal plain”; the main parts are (a) the so-called “schols”, i.e. the remnants of an old sea-clay plain, separated by filled-up tidal gullies, and (b) the remnants of the offshore bars that formerly separated the plain from the sea; 3) the Demerara formation, comprising the “young coastal plain”. See Van der Eyk (1954, 1957). Geological-pedological classification of the savannas Savannas are found on the basal complex, the Roraima, the Zanderij and the Coropina formation. Cohen & Van der Eyk (1953) classify them as follows: I Savannas of the Coropina formation 1. Watamalejo-type – on the offshore bars 2. Welgelegen-type – on the “schols” II Savannas of the Zanderij formation a. Kasipora-type – on dry bleached sand soils b. Zanderij-type – on wet bleached sand soils c. Coesewijne-type – on non-bleached soils III Savannas of the Roraima formation: Tafelberg-type IV Savannas of the basal complex 1. Paroe-type – on granitic soils 2. Bosland-type – on schist hills 3. Saban-pasi-type – on subgraywacke hills Savanna soils The climate is characterized by the sequence of a long rainy season (April-July), a long dry season (August-November), a short rainy season (December-January) and a short dry season (February-March). In connection with this periodicity the water-table in many places fluctuates strongly in the course of the year. During the dry seasons the upper layers of the savanna soils are always completely dry, except just after a shower. A soil is called very dry if even during the rainy seasons the upper layers are not influenced by the ground water. A very wet soil, however, at this period is covered by some cm of water; in addition it is characterized by many small hummocks, in Surinam called “kawfoetoes”, which are built up by worms and in which these animals are able to keep their heads above the water. Certain soils occur that in spite of deep watertables are wet, because an impermeable layer in the subsoil impedes drainage of the topsoil. Of course there is a scala between the extremes “very dry” and “very wet”. The texture of the upper layers ranges from bleached and slightly red sand to sandy and silty clay. Object of the investigation The flora and the vegetation of the northern Surinam savannas are the object of this investigation. These savannas do not only represent the types of the Zanderijand the Coropina-formation, but also the Bosland- and the Saban-pasi-type, for these two types are present on the basal complex only near its northern border. The following savannas have been studied. Welgelegen-type: the savannas of Bersaba and Vierkinderen, the Bigi-olo savanna near Hanover and the Fransina savanna near Welgelegen; Kasipora- and Zanderij-type: the white-sandy part of the Lobin savanna near Zanderij; Coesewijne-type: the loamy part of the Lobin savanna, the savanna Mimili Okili near Powaka, the Doti savanna near Wisawini and the Coesewijne savanna near Bigipoika; Saban-pasi-type: the Gros savanna and the De Jong Noord savanna. Data of some other authors pertaining to these and the other types have also been taken into account, some published (Lanjouw, 1936; Maguire c.s., 1948; Heyligers, 1963), some unpublished. The savannas present a marked diversity, among other things with regard to the structure of their vegetation. However, nearly all satisfy this definition: “A savanna (or a campo) is an area with a xeromorphic vegetation comprising an ecologically dominant ground layer consisting mainly of grasses, sometimes together with sedges, and with or without trees and/or shrubs either forming a more or less continuous layer, or in groups, or isolated.” The species have been studied with respect to the relation with the habitat, the means of dispersal and the area of distribution, all in mutual correlation. Vegetationunits have been distinguished and classified; ecological and chorologic aspects have been taken into account. A combination of all data, obtained during this as well as former investigations by others, permits the drawing of a provisional and general picture of the flora and the vegetation of the northern Surinam savannas as far as the present aspects are concerned. The following statements all apply to N. Surinam only, unless mentioned otherwise. Flora Habitat in general. Nearly all plants occurring on the savannas are heliophilous and are able to survive repeated burning. The flora of the open vegetation types consists of about 270 species the majority of which (72 %) is restricted to the open savannas. However, there are species occurring either in other open situations too, partly as weeds (8 %), or on wet savannas and other wet places (3 %), or in savanna rivulets and in swamps (7 %), or in savanna bushes (8 %). Out of ca. 100 species of the savanna bushes only 15 % are restricted to this vegetation type. The other species occur either also in the open savanna (20 %), or along forest borders (8 %), or in savanna wood and forest (23 %) and/or even in rain forest (31 %). A group of 12 % belonging to the last category does not flower or even not grow high in the bushes. Quite apart from this division other groups may be distinguished among the species of the bushes in the following way: occurring also in secondary forest (31 %) in marsh forest (9 %), in swamps (3 %). The trees and shrubs of the savannas support only few epiphytes and (half-) parasites; these belong to 19 different species. In the field nearly all species show some (factual) range with regard to the degree of moistness and the texture of the soil. The texture itself is not necessarily the decisive factor as there is a relation between the texture and some other properties of the soil, e.g. the consistency and the mineral content. This has not been further investigated. The same holds for the species preferring slightly shaded localities. These spots have a microclimate that differs more from that of its surroundings than in light intensity only. The majority of the open-savanna species have diaspores that are not obviously adapted to any agent of dispersal (71 %). The remaining 29 % are distributed over 6 different categories. The diaspores of the species of the bushes belong partly to the non-adapted forms too (35 %), but 50 % of them are fleshy. Generally speaking, the savanna species have a wider geographic distribution than the spieces of the flora of Surinam as a whole. This is particularly true for the opensavanna species. On the basis of similar areas of distribution the species are classed under 6 geographic elements, viz. the Guianan (G), the northern South-American (N), the northern + eastern South-American (NE), the Middle- and northern + eastern South-American (MNE), the South-American (S) and the American element (A). The distribution of the species of the open-savanna vegetations and of the bushes, respectively, among the geographic elements is as follows (percentages): G 12 : 26; N 11: 18; NE 16 : 13; MNE 10 ; 3; S 9 : 18; A 42 : 22. It appears from a comparison of these figures too, that the species of the first group in general have a wider distribution. Apart from the geographic elements the Roraima element has been distinguished. It comprises all species collected on one or several of the table-mountains in the Guianan interior. The distribution of these species among the geographic elements does not differ considerably from the one of the savanna flora as a whole. It may have appeared already from the foregoing that the species of the bushes, though presenting a higher percentage of adapted diaspores, nevertheless do not have areas of distribution wider than those of the open-savanna species. The expected correlation is, however, apparent if the two groups are considered separately: the mean area of distribution of the species with adapted diaspores is wider than the one of those with non-adapted diaspores. A comparison of the ecological and the chorologic aspects brings to the fore two focal points within the savanna flora: The elements with a small distribution (G and N) are most numerously represented on wet to very wet sandy (in particular white-sandy) soils, whereas the elements with a wide distribution (MNE, S and A) are concentrated on dry and moist non-bleached sands and loams and on very wet soils and present a preference-top on dry and moist loamy sand. The Roraima species are by far the most numerous on the wet white sand, in general they are more numerous on wet than on dry soils. Vegetation Vegetation-units have been distinguished and classified according to the BraunBlanquel school. It has been attempted to make the groups of so-called characteristic and differential species correspond with ecological groups in the sense of Duvigneaud (1946, 1949). The latter consist of species with clear, sociological affinities between them because of similar habitat requirements. The open-savanna (and orchard-savanna) vegetation-types have been united into a single class which is defined and divided as follows: Class Leptocoryphio-Trachypogonetea. Principal species; Trachypogon plumosus, Leptocoryphium lanatum, Axonopus pulcher and Rhynchospora barbata. It seems likely that this class and its subdivision up to and including the alliances may be applied to the whole of Guiana. 1. Order Trachypogonetalia plumosi. Principal species: Trachypogon plumosus, Axonopus pulcher and Bulbostylis junciformis. On very dry to moist soils. 1.1. Alliance Cassio (ramosae)-Trachypogonion. Principal species: Axonopus pulcher Trachypogon plumosus, and Bulbostylis conifera. On white sands. There are 3 or 4 associations two of which occur on open patches between so-called muri-bushes (see B1). Distribution: Kasipora-type; Guiana and adjoining parts of Brazil. 1.2. Alliance Curatello-Trachypogonion. Among the many tens of species the most common ones are Trachypogon plumosus, Axonopus pulcher, Schizachyrium riedelii and Heliconia psitlacorum. Usually there is a thin layer of trees mainly consisting of Curalella americana, giving the vegetation the aspect of a type of so-called orchard savanna. A rather large part of the species occurs outside the savannas on other open spots too. The alliance occurs on pure reddish and on loamy sands. On the savannas of the Coesewijne- and the Welgelegen-type 5 associations are present. Similar vegetation types are found throughout Guiana, on the central Venezuelan llanos and far into E. Brazil. 1.3. Alliance Rhynchosporo (barbatae) – Trachvpogonion. Principal species: Axonopus pulcher, Leptocoryphium lanatum, Mesosetum cayennense, Bulbostylis conifera and Rhynchospora barbata var. barbata. On sandy (clay) loam. Two associations on savannas of the Coesewijne-type; they are related to vegetation types in French Guiana and in regions farther to the west, up to the Venezuelan llanos and some of the West Indian Islands. 2. Order Paspaletalia pulchelli. Leptocoryphium lanatum is the only species which is common in all communities of this order. In general the vegetations are not closed. On wet (or even very wet) soils. 2.1. Alliance Syngonantho-Xyridion. Principal species: Paspalum pulchellum, Panicum micranthum, Rhynchospora barbata var. glabra, R. graminea, Xyris guianensis and Abolboda americana. On white sands, wet and very wet. Three associations are found on the savannas of the Zanderij- and the Watamalejo-type. Distribution: Guiana and adjoining parts of Brazil, also on the table-mountains of the Guianan highlands. 2.2. Alliance Bulbostylidion lanatae. Principal species: Trachvpogon plumosus, Paspalum pulchellum, Panicum micranthum, Mesosetum tenuifolium, Rhynchospora barbata var. barbata and R. rhizomatosa. On loamy sand and sandy loam; wet. In northern Surinam 5 associations occur on savannas of the Saban-pasi- and the Watamalejo-type. Distribution: Guiana, probably also on the table-mountains. 2.3. Alliance Imperato (brasiliensis)-Mesosetion (cayennensis). Principal species: Leptocoryphium lanatum, Mesosetum cayennense, Imperata brasiliensis, Rhynchospora barbata var. barbata and R. globosa. On wet sandy loam and heavier soil types. Four associations on savannas of the Coesewijne-, Welgelegen- and Saban-pasi-type. Related vegetation types occur, as far as known, only in regions more to the west, up to the llanos and Guatemala. 3. Order Panicelalia stenodis. Principal species: Leptocoryphium lanatum, Panicum nervosum, Hvpogynium virgatum, Heliconia psittacorum and Tibouchina aspera. On very wet soils, in savanna rivulets and small depressions. There are 2 alliances, both showing relationship with vegetation types occurring in regions more to the west, up to the llanos and some West Indian Islands. 3.1. Alliance Axonopodion chrysitis. Principal species: Leptocorvphium lanatum, Panicum nervosum, Rhynchospora globosa and Tibouchina aspera. On very wet soils of sandy loam and heavier. In N. Surinam 3 associations are found on savannas of the same types as alliance 2.3. 3.2. Alliance Mauritio-Hypogynion (virgati). Principal species: Hypogynium virgatum, Leptocoryphium lanatum, Panicum nervosum, Rhynchospora glauca, Heliconia psittacorum and Tibouchina aspera. Typical are the tall palms of Mauritia flexuosa. The alliance has rather many species in common with the communities of swamps, e.g. Blechnum indicum and Rhynchospora cyperoides. There are 3 associations, found in rivulets and depressions on savannas of all types. The different types of savanna-bushes are merely described. A classification on floristic grounds would be justified only if the savanna woods and forests were included in it too. B1. Ternstroemia-Matayba bushes. See Heyligers (1963). Principal species: Ternstroemia punctata, Clusia fockeana, Licania incana, Humiria balsamifera var. guianensis (“muri”), Pagamea capitata, Matayba opaca and Conomorpha magnoliifolia. On dry white sand. B2. Rapanea bushes. Principal species: Rapanea guianensis, Davilla aspera, Tapirira guianensis, Symplocos guianensis, Miconia rubiginosa, Byrsonima crassifolia, B. coccolobifolia and Curatella americana. On dry loamy sand and dry sandy loam. B3. Cupania bushes. Principal species: Cupania scrobiculata var. frondosa. Byrsonima crassifolia, Davilla aspera, Miconia ciliata, Maprounea guianensis, Symplocos guianensis Protium heptaphyllum, and Curatella americana. On moist loamy sand and moist sandy loam. B4. Clusia-Scleria bushes. See Heyligers (1963). Principal species: Licania incana, Clusia fockeana, Bactris campestris and Scleria pyramidalis. On wet white sand. B5. Marlierea bushes. Principal species: Marlierea montana, Bactris campestris and Licania incana. On wet loamy sand. B6. Roupala-Antonia bushes. Principal species: Roupala montana, Antonia ovata, Davilla aspera, Miconia ciliata, Bactris campestris, Licania incana, Humiria balsamifera div. var., Pagamea guianensis and Marlierea montana. On knolls of pebbles embedded in sandy loam; wet. Existence, origin and maintenance of the savannas There is no type of climate that accounts for a savanna vegetation irrespective of other conditions. However, a climate that permits the existence of savanna vegetations may be called a “savanna climate”. The latter is characterized by a certain difference between the precipitation in dry and wet seasons, independent of absolute values. The climate of northern Surinam is a savanna climate in this sense. A savanna vegetation is natural, i.e. determined edaphically, if the upper layer of the soil is alternately desiccated and saturated with water, thus in general in wet and very wet localities and in rivulets. As far as known the following savanna types and vegetation types are involved in this situation (the rivulets left out of consideration): Watamalejo (2.1) Welgelegen, partly (2.2), Zanderij (2.1 and B4), Saban-pasi (2.1 and B5, 2.2. and B6) and Bosland (?). A savanna vegetation occurs in dry localities only if fires prevent the formation of a closed layer of trees or shrubs. This is found among the following types: Welgelegen, partly (1.2 and 1.3), Coesewijne (1.2 and B2, 1.3 and B3) and Kasipora (1.1 and B1). Parts of the savannas of the Welgelegen-, Coesewijne- and Saban-pasi-type occupied now by vegetations of the Imperato-Mesosetion (2.3) and the Axonopodion chrysitis (3.1) would probably be overgrown very slowly by the surrounding forest and only starting from its edges if the fires were stopped. It might be easily assumed that savannas owing their maintenance at present only to deliberate burning, originated from forests as a result of human interference as well. However, the possibility may not be excluded that they came into existence very long ago, either caused by natural fires or in consequence of a water economy of the soil differing from the present one. Final conclusions All available data concerning the flora and the vegetation of the northern Surinam savannas justify the following theories: The wet white-sand savannas of the Zanderij-type have vegetation types (2.1) consisting of species that mainly stem from formerly or still existing savannas on the basal complex and on the Roraima formation, probably chiefly on the latter. These species may have reached the Zanderij formation either directly by means of series of savannas in the interior that still may have been present during the break-down of the Roraima plateau, or indirectly by the way of other sandy regions bordering the edges of the Guiana shield. The vegetations of the savannas belonging to the Saban-pasi-type on wet loamy sand and sandy loam (2.2) consist of species which already for a long time were common to the basal complex and the Roraima plateau or/and which originated from the plateau, and besides of species that developed on the basal complex or migrated from elsewhere to the subgraywacke-area. The savannas of the Watamalejo-type and of the Welgelegen-type N. of the Wane-creek have a flora that may be regarded as a selection from that of the two preceding types. The vegetation types on dry and moist, red, pure and loamy sands belonging to the Coesewijne- and the Welgelegen-type (1.2) have a high percentage of their species in common with the campos of central and eastern Brazil. It seems possible that these species came to N. Surinam from the campos. The species combination of the savanna vegetations from other habitats does not permit a conclusion with regard to their possible origin.

Description: A revision of the Euphorbiaceous genus Meineckia has resulted in the recognition of 19 species, with 7 subspecies and 2 varieties (for a total of 25 distinct taxa). Proposed as new are 5 species and 1 subspecies, while new combinations are necessary for 14 species and 6 subspecific taxa. The extraordinary confusion in the taxonomic history of the genus is illustrated by the fact that the 14 previously recognized species have been classified under 6 different generic names: Cluytiandra, Flueggea, Neopeltandra, Peltandra, Phyllanthus, and Securinega. As revised, the number of species represented in the different regions is as follows: America, 3; Africa and Arabia, 4; Madagascar, 8; India and Ceylon, 4. The genus appears to be of African origin and is probably most closely related to Zimmermannia.

Description: It is certainly nothing new to state that palm taxonomy is still in a rather poor condition, despite the work of so many specialists. Linnaeus (1753) in his Species Plantarum did not describe any American palm. Soon afterwards a few species were described, e.g. by Jacquin (1763), Gaertner (1788), and Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth (1816), to mention only a few authors of species occurring in Suriname.

Description: This study was undertaken, in April 1964, at the suggestion of Prof. Dr. J. Lanjouw. The need for such a revision, was, however, stressed by the authors of the subtribe, viz. PAX et K. HOFFMANN, who, while delimiting these genera, remarked that the Systematics of both the (main) genera of this subtribe (viz. Paronychia and Herniaria) required a thorough study. By that remark they implicitly wanted to convey the difficulties encountered in studying the two genera. As a matter of fact theirs is the only account covering the whole group. There is no previous review of all the species of Paronychia, and CORE’s account (1941 of the 21 North American species is the only study of this genus. Herniaria has been studied by F. N. WILLIAMS (1896) and F. HERMANN (1937), but both the accounts are brief and sketchy reviews, and cannot be described as revisions. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to clear up the taxonomic position of these genera. The study was greatly facilitated by the extensive collections made by various workers (in some areas for the first time in history) in recent years, particularly during the past two or three decades. It is indeed immensely gratifying to note that well over 13500 herbarium sheets (about 10500 of them obtained on loan from nearly 45 herbaria) were available for study. A thorough examination of such a vast collection has necessitated a re-evaluation most of the infra-generic groupings, and, moreover, resulted in a considerable increase in the number of species belonging to the two main genera. Of the nine genera originally included by PAX et HOFFMANN in this subtribe, viz. Sphaerocoma, Corrigiola, Gymnocarpos, Lochia, Sclerocephalus, Paronychia, Siphonychia, Herniaria and Philippiella, only eight are retained in this account, the ninth (i.e. Siphonychia) is merged with Paronychia. The latter is subdivided (for the first time) into three subgenera (Siphonychia, Paronychia and Anoplonychia); the subgenus Paronychia includes 57 species of which all but one belong to the section Paronychia. The latter in turn comprises 5 sub-sections and 8 series, all of them being set up for the first time. The second major subgenus, Anoplonychia, includes 48 species grouped into two sections and four subsections. In all there are 29 species being described for the first time (20 in Paronychia, 7 in Herniaria and 2 in Corrigiola) in addition to a number of infra-specific taxa. These figures, however, do not include the taxa published by me in two earlier papers (1966, 1967). In spite of the extensive collecting, however, most of the new species as well as the infra-specific taxa are known from one or a few gatherings only, and are, accordingly, described in this account as endemics. Obviously, in some of these cases more material is highly desirable. Some regions are still rather poorly known or botanized. This is particularly true of Central and Eastern Turkey, NE Spain, and parts of Morocco, Ethiopia, Peru and Chile. Moreover, leaving aside matters of taxonomic interest, which I have endeavoured to clarify in this account, there still remain some problems which require further investigation. The main genera require population studies, and the evidence available so far for hybridization needs to be substantiated. Similarly, cytotaxonomic and experimental studies are needed to help solve some of the problems concerning the delimitation of the infra-specific taxa, especially in the genus Herniaria. Another highly intriguing matter that requires further investigation concerns the correct interpretation of the petals which in most of the genera of this group are filiform structures resembling staminodia, but in two of the genera (viz. Corrigiola and Sphaerocoma) they are quite well-developed. Yet another issue that still remains to be settled, though on a much broader scale, is the long-standing controversy as to whether or not these genera, along with the other members of the subfamily Paronychioideae, are sufficiently distinct from the rest of the family Caryophyllaceae so as to justify their inclusion in a separate family. This is a matter that cannot be settled by the study of a small group of genera, or a small tribe of a large family. I have, therefore, not gone into this problem, and have followed the treatment of PAX & HOFFMANN in the disposition of this group of genera.

Description: De Marseille à la frontière espagnole s’étend le long de la Méditerranée une large plaine côtière. En arrière de la côte s’allonge une chaîne d’étangs saumâtres peu profonds, qui avaient autrefois une étendue beaucoup plus grande. Le comblement de ces étangs se poursuit (voir Braun-Blanquet et al., 1958). Autour des étangs, la végétation halophile, qui prend une grande extension, s’ordonne selon la salinité du sol. La succession de la végétation, à partir des étangs jusqu’au Populetum albae, passe par les associations suivantes: Suaedo-Salsoletum, Salicornietum fruticosae, Junco-Triglochinetum, Agropyro-Inuletum, Caricetum divisae, Agropyro-Trifolietum maritimi et Molinietum mediterraneum.

Description: Noona Dan Expedition. In April 1961 the Danish schooner Noona Dan with a staff of 19, three of them botanists, left Copenhagen to explore in the Philippines during August and September on Palawan, then for two weeks on Balabac, then for a month on Tawitawi; the last two weeks of the year were spent near Zamboanga in Mindanao. The first half of 1962 was spent in the Bismarck Archipelago. In the middle of August, the Solomon Islands were visited; in September-October the expedition members returned to the University of Copenhagen. About 5000 herbarium specimens were collected; especially during the last part of the expedition attention was paid to fungi (T. Wolff in Nature 198, 1963, 1044-1045).

Description: Ferns. At Kew, Dr. R. E. Holttum is continuing his work on the Thelypteris Group. Dr. K. U. Kramer of Utrecht concluded his revision of the Lindsaea Group for the Flora Malesiana, part of his world monograph. Isomeris is included in Lindsaea as a section.

Description: A revision of the genera Geoglossum, Microglossum, and Trichoglossum as represented by collections made in West Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sikkim, and Tibet is given. Several species from this area are recorded for the first time. Geoglossum glabrum, albeit not indigenous, is discussed and shown to be a nomen dubium; the name as used in the sense of Nannfeldt is replaced by G. sphagnophilum. The name Geoglossum nigritum is a misapplication, so that for it G. umbratile is re-introduced. Geoglossum umbratile var. heterosporum is a new combination.

Description: After a distinguished career as a collaborator of Prof. Hugo de Vries, the famous geneticist, Karel Bernard Boedijn (born June 29, 1893, at Amsterdam) became a mycologist, and it is in this latter capacity that he will be primarily remembered. He had already started to pay attention to the fungi during his Amsterdam period when C. van Overeem, Miss D. M. G. de Haas (who later married van Overeem), and Boedijn banded together and called themselves the “Mycologisch Museum te Weesp”. They started building up a collection which, however, never became very big. After some years van Overeem accepted a position in the Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg (now Bogor) in Java, where he died after a short but active period (1921-1927). The collections on liquid of the “Mycologisch Museum” are now at the ”Hugo de Vries-Laboratorium”, Amsterdam, while the dried material, taken to Java by van Overeem, will be found in the collections of Herbarium Bogoriense.

Description: The genus Hygrophorus is perhaps one of the most attractive among the genera of the Agaricales. It is surprising, therefore, that no full treatment of this genus in Europe has ever been published. Doubtless, European mycologists will be strongly stimulated by this American monograph in which 244 taxa are described and 116 illustrated by excellent black and white photographs. Of these 244 taxa, 41 are new to science: about 65 occur also in Europe. The European mycologist will be astonished by the strikingly high number of taxa in this monograph. The “Flore analytique” of Kühner & Romagnesi covers 80 species and varieties of Hygrophorus and there are 86 in the second edition of Moser’s “Die Röhrlinge, Blätter- und Bauchpilze”. Though the actual number of taxa of Hygrophorus in Europe may be much higher (Orton’s treatment of Hygrocybe in the “New check list of British Agarics and Boleti” is already an indication), it is not to be expected that Europe will have more than half as many species as North America.

Description: In 1902 Raciborski (6) described an epiphyte of huge dimensions from New Guinea under the name of Platycerium wandae. In 1908 van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh (I) described the well-known P. wilhelminaereginae, also a large-sized epiphyte occurring in that region.

Description: This taxonomic revision includes all Ochnaceae from South and Southeast Asia, Malesia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. A much wider species concept is applied than in most previous works: 20 species in 10 genera are accepted for the area treated, whereas 199 specific synonyms are listed. A few taxa have been accepted at infra specific level among which Brackenridgea palustris ssp. kjellbergii Kanis is new. It is shown that some old specific names have been overlooked in the past and that the traditional concepts of some species have not been in accordance with the original concepts. All names, currently used for Asiatic species of Ochna L. and Gomphia Schreb. are no longer accepted here, O. jabotapita L. and G. serrata (Gaertn.) Kanis being the correct names for the respective type species. O. fascicularis Blanco is made the type of a distinct section Notochnella (v. Tiegh.) Kanis in the genus Brackenridgea A. Gray. A short history of the taxonomy is given and a partly new suprageneric subdivision of the Ochnaceae is subsequently proposed. Two subfamilies are recognised: the Ochnoideae comprising the tribes Ochneae and Elvasieae Rchb., and the Sauvagesoideae Lindl. including the tribes Sauvagesieae, Euthemideae Planch., and Lophireae Rchb. The Ochneae are newly subdivided in the subtribes Ochninae and Ouratinae (v. Tiegh.) Kanis, and the Sauvagesieae in the subtribes Sauvagesinae and Luxemburginae (Planch.) Kanis.* Some general remarks are made about morphological characters in the family, including some new characters of the pollen. An attempt is made towards a better understanding of the inflorescence types. It is assumed that the genera Ochna and Gomphia migrated from Africa into Asia. Other genera in Southeast Asia, Malesia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands are regarded as long established, because of the more or less relict-like nature of their areas.

Description: When working up the material of Biophytum (Oxalidaceae) present in the Rijksherbarium at Leyden I came upon an African specimen which according to the African Floras should be B. sensitivum (L.) DC. It differed, however, considerably from the Asian representatives of that species. Being curious to know whether B. sensitivum (L.) DC. occurs in Africa, which appeared to be important for its geographical distribution in conjunction with my revision of the Oxalidaceae for the Flora Malesiana, I could borrow, thanks to the kind cooperation of the directors of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and Brussels, a large amount of African material of ‘B. sensitivum’, in all approximately 40 and 150 sheets respectively.

Description: As the preparation of an annotated check list of the marine Mollusca of Surinam (Dutch Guiana) will take some more years, it was thought appropriate to publish a preliminary report on the bivalves. This report consists of a list of 126 species with a few notes containing, i.a., the description of seven new species, and a discussion of the local distribution of the marine bivalves. Of the 126 species listed seven are described as new, viz., Nucula surinamensis, Crenella abbotti, Periploma coquettae, Tivela geijskesi, Diplodonta (Sphaerella) rehderi, Lucina (Parvilucina) clenchi, and Mactra (Micromactra) surinamensis.

Description: Mrs. EVELINE DU BOIS-REYMOND MARCUS found the turbellarian described below, which belongs to the Umagillidae (Neorhabdocoela, Dalyellioida), in a vial of Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK’S collection of Caribbean polyclads. The species of Syndesmis are known to live in the body cavity and the intestine, especially the rectum, of sea-urchins, so that the present specimens might have been evacuated together with the faeces. The last revision of the Umagillidae (STUNKARD & CORLISS 1951) was followed by papers of WESTBLAD (1953), HICKMAN (1955, 1956), HICKMAN & OLSEN (1955), and HYMAN (1960). Their results suggest continuing the key of STUNKARD & CORLISS. AS the present species has a simple, not H-shaped, intestine, paired testes, and paired ovaries, the supplement to this KEY is restricted to STUNKARD & CORLISS’ numbers 1-15 of the subfamily Umagillinae.

Description: The petrography and the structural geology of some parts of the ”Hercynian” orogene of western Galicia is discussed. The oldest rocks are metasediments and orthogneisses which have some relic-structures of an older orogeny. The ”Hercynian” migmatization gave rise to a large series of anatectic granite formations. Three ”Hercynian” phases of deformation, all with a WSW-ENE-directed stress-field, have been distinguished. Younger wrench-faults are originated by the same stress-field. Some fabric analyses show that the first two phases have a sub-vertical, NNW-SSE-striking schistosity, each with a horizontal B-axis, and that the third phase has a vertical N-S-striking cleavage with a vertical B’-axis. The migmatization took place after the first phase.

Description: Fusulinid faunas from various locations spread throughout the Cantabrian mountains are described as belonging to about 180 species including 17 new species and 11 new subspecies of 18 genera. The latter are Staffella (with 3 new species), Parastaffella (with 3 new species and 2 new subspecies), Millerella, Ozawainella (with 2 new species), Pseudostaffella, Schubertella, Fusiella, Profusulinella (with 1 new species and 3 new subspecies), Aljutovella (with 1 new species), Hemifusulina, Beedeina (with 1 new species and 1 new subspecies), Verella, Eofusulina (with 1 new species), Fusulina (with 2 new species and 1 new subspecies), Hidaella (with 1 new subspecies), Fusulinella (with 3 new species and 3 new subspecies), Obsoletes and Protriticites. The faunas are closely comparable with those of the Eurasian continent, notably of Russia; not only in the species and genera but also in their chronological sequence. The assemblage zones have been subdivided into subzones and subdivisions: Assemblage Zones Protriticites Fusulinella Profusulinella Millerella Subzones B A B A Ps. antiqua Subdivisions B3 B2 B1 The subdivisions and subzones are considered to be only significant for this region where they have facilitated the correlation of many sections. These correlations have been almost invariably confirmed by Racz from his studies of algal floras, and have enabled a synthesis of the general sedimentary history of the Carboniferous Period here. The correlation of the NW European and Russian stages through the Donetz Basin, presented at Heerlen in 1958 is different from that derived from the Spanish floras and faunas. Despite shortcomings in some stratigraphic data the palaeontological identifications are valid and the difference in correlations must be considered significant. This forces the conclusion that some process possibly that of different rates of evolution, existed during this time.

Description: When the author beheld the tranquility and the magnitude of a Caribbean mangrove-lagoon for the very first time, he was so much impressed by the wealth and the complexity of this habitat that he could not but devote his special attention to a number of simple Cassiopeas, lazily pulsating amidst the turtle-grass. Moreover these Bonairean animals challenged him to further research, because at first view, their appearance showed some striking differences from a description given some years before by STIASNY, with reference to Cassiopeas collected by VAN DER HORST on Curaçao. The result was a lengthy paper “Zur Kenntnis der Scyphomedusen-Gattung Cassiopea” (1933). The present article may be considered as a continuation, except for one thing; several subjects discussed in the first publication will here be omitted. Special attention, however, has been given to the number & shape of radial vessels, and to a few striking characteristics of oral arms & vesicles, which may be considered as being of supra-specific and infraspecific taxonomical value respectively. – Thanks are due to H. C. OBREEN (1958) and MIEKE GODERIE (1966) for their kind assistance within the scope of their student’s practical course in taxonomy.

Description: Professor Dr. DIVA DINIZ CORRÊA, Head of the Department of Zoology of the University of São Paulo, was able to work at the “Caraïbisch Marien-Biologisch Instituut” (Caribbean Marine Biological Institute: Carmabi) at Curaçao from December 1965 to March 1966, thanks to a grant received from the Government of the Netherlands. There she collected 26 species of Polyclads, and took notes of their shapes and colours. Furthermore Dr. PIETER WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, of Utrecht, sent us a large collection of polyclads from the Caribbean area, gathered on his trips from 1930 to 1964. He had also collected in 1963 in the Miami area. We received some samples from the latter area from Prof. Dr. CORRÊA and Prof. Dr. FREDERICK M. BAYER, of Miami. Drs. LILIANA FORNERIS, WALTER NARCHI, and SÉRGIO DE ALMEIDA RODRIGUES, all of São Paulo, gave us interesting Brazilian material.

Description: Four Upper Carboniferous limnic coal basins in the Cantabrian mountains are described. In the coal measures, which are known as the Cea formation and unconformably overlie the Older Palaeozoic, two sedimentary cycles are recognised. Accordingly, the unconformable sequence is subdivided into two members. The lower one, the Carrión member, starts with quartzite conglomerates and becomes gradually finer grained upwards. It yields anthracitic coal and upper Westphalian D floras. Its maximum thickness is 1200 m. The upper one, the Prado member, begins with limestone conglomerates and also grades to finer sediments upwards. It contains dry to fat coals and Stephanian A to B floras. Its maximum compiled thickness may be approximately 2500 m but a complete section is not found anywhere. The Cea formation shows onlap onto the Older Palaeozoic towards the west. The predominant structural trend in the Cea formation in the described area is east-west. A few structures with north-south axes were recognised in the Valderrueda and Ocejo basins. They are thought to have originated from differential compaction and to be the earliest structures of the Cea formation. The east-west structures are dominated by wide, asymmetric synclines, separated by narrow zones of disturbance instead of anticlines. They have originated as a secondary effect of block faulting in the underlying Older Palaeozoic formations. In the history of the Cea formation large east-west trending fundamental faults (terminology from de Sitter, 1956), probably separating basement blocks, play a dominant role in the deposition as well as in the deformation of the Cea rocks. Activity along these large east-west faults in the Older Palaeozoic rocks is proved to have continued intermittently from the upper Westphalian (and earlier, Rupke, 1965) to the middle Tertiary. Thus the deformation of the Cea deposits, which is dependent on the movement along these faults, must have been a long-lasting process and not a short-lived event like, for instance, the Permian Saalic phase, as was formerly believed.

Description: In a high Andean valley (6°N. Lat., alt. 3800 to 4400 m) four bodies of glacial drift marked by many end moraines are recognized. Stratigraphically related to the drifts are small bodies of lake sediments, from which core- and outcrop samples were taken. The samples yielded a continuous pollen sequence from which climatic history was derived. The pollen sequence is calibrated by nine C14 dates from organic material in the samples. The dated climatic history permits correlation of the sequence with both Colombian pollen zones and northern European zones. It also permits approximate dating of the drifts, which are in good chronologic agreement with those recognized in North America. The results therefore support the view that major climatic events in high-altitude, tropical South America during at least the last 12,000 years were synchronous with those in mid- and high-latitude North America and Europe.

Description: The Devonian and Carboniferous rock-sequence in the Cantabrian Mountains is developed in two different facies which are separated by an E-W tectonic line, the León Line, and called the Leonide and Palentian facies, respectively to the S and N. The Leonide facies is widely exposed throughout the Cantabrian Mountains and its tectonic history is now well known. The most complete sequence of the Palentian facies occurs in the present area, which lies across the boundaries of the provinces of Palcncia, León and Santander. Towards the west and north the Devonian and Lower Carboniferous gradually plunge below the younger strata. The Palentian facies in this region is only found north of a second fundamental tectonic feature, the SE-NW Cardaño Line. This line joins the León Line in the SE of the area near the village of Santibañez but can be traced far to the NW into the province of Oviedo. Immediately south of the Cardaño Line there is the Sicro basin filled with Upper Carboniferous elastics which even overlap in places the León Line further south. The pre-Westphalian rocks of the present area are limited to the north by the Peña Prieta Line, the fundamental nature of which is emphasised by a large granite intrusion. To the east the Polentinos fault separates the present area from the mainly Westphalian, Pisuerga basin. The fundamental lines are partly expressed at the surface as large fault systems. It is remarkable that in the Palentian facies sedimentation was not interrupted by the major erosional periods known from the Leonide facies. The post-Silurian and pre-Westphalian sequence of the Palentian facies is on average about 850 m thick and consists mainly of shales with thin limestone intervals. The corresponding sequence of the Leonide facies is on average about 1750 m thick and shows important, thick Devonian reef limestone intervals. Only the lower and uppermost of the Devonian contain clearly higher-energy deposits (sandstone sequences). Both the lithology and fossil association confirm that the Palentian facies sequences developed in a more offshore (middle to outer neritic) environment of deposition than indicated for the Leonide facies (littoral to inner neritic), Important epeirogenetic movements in the late Namurian and in the Westphalian disturbed the preceding long period of quiet sedimentation. Between the Cardaño Line to the south, the Peña Prieta Line to the north and the Polentinos fault to the east the Cardaño block was subjected to a regional tilting during the deposition of the rocks of the Yuso Group. The maximum uplift and erosion are indicated in the N and E whereas the deepest subsidence and maximum deposition have been detected in the S and W of the Cardaño block. The pre-Westphalian rocks, where unconformably overlain by those of the Yuso Group, show local, gentle, pre- or synsedimentary folded structures. The present study has not revealed pre-Westphalian structures that would justify the use of the term orogenic phase (i.e. Sudetic) for their origin. They are rather interpreted as the results of local compression accompanying pre- and synsedimentary epeirogenetic movements. The unconformable Yuso Group consists of a conglomerate facies — the Curavacas Formation — up to about 700 m thick and a sandstone-shale facies — the Lechada Formation — of at least 750 m N of Cardaño de Arriba (probably up to 2000 m to the W). The Westphalian rocks were deformed during the main compressive phase, which therefore is thought to correspond with the Asturian folding phase (pre-Stephanian). The tectonic transport here was from north to south in contrast to the Leonides where it was from south to north. This correlates with the theory that the folding of the two areas took place at different times; Asturian in the Asturides (Palentian facies) and Sudetic in the Leonides. The inhomogeneity of the Palentian facies rock sequence is reflected in the very complicated final tectonic picture. The Cardaño Area can be subdivided into 4 subareas (Northern, Central, Southern and Arauz), in each of which a different lithofacies is related with a corresponding minor tectofacies. Simultaneous cross folding can be related to the rapid facies changes in the affected rocks. The present area gives very instructive examples of the close interaction of tectonics and sedimentation. Epeirogenetic movements between fundamental tectonic lines controlled the deposition of the sedimentary sequence. These heterogeneous rocks were then acted upon by a relatively short compressive tectonic phase which created out of them the present architecture of the Cardaño Area.

Description: The Laguna de La Herrera (alt. ca 2550 m) is a lake situated on the western border of the Sabana de Bogotá, near Mosquera (dept. of Cundinamarca, Colombia) (fig. 2). This part of the Sabana has a relatively dry climate (appr. 600—700 mm rainfall), as it lies in the rain-shadow of the hills that border the Sabana on its western edge, and it bears therefore a xerophytic vegetation. The western slopes of the bordering mountains, that fall steeply to warmer valleys, have a much higher rainfall and are almost continuously clouded. They bear therefore a cloud-forest, of the Quercetum type, that reaches partly the very top of these mountains. Fig. 1 shows this in an idealized section. For further details on the mentioned vegetation-types, we may refer to van der Hammen & Gonzalez (1960). In the same publication the Geological history of the Sabana is shortly described, including the Quaternary history as a big lake with fluctuating water-level. Geological data on the area of Laguna de La Herrera were given in van der Hammen & Parada (1958). The present section of the pollen diagram corresponds approximately to bore-hole no. 19 of fig. 2 of that publication. The origin of the lake is probably (at least partly) due to fluvial erosion and sedimentation (old course of Rio Balsillas?). The lake sediments consist principally of diatom gyttja with intercalated layers of clay or peaty material. The base consists of hard greenish to white clay. We believe that this clay possibly corresponds to the altered clays that are exposed in the nearby hills, and which belong to much older eroded lake-sediments (see van der Hammen & Parada, 1958). The only other existing pollen diagram from the Holocene of the Sabana is from near Bogotá, near the eastern border of the Sabana (section CUX upper part, fig. 7 of van der Hammen & Gonzalez, 1960). Nevertheless, that diagram shows a completely different picture, reflecting a local vegetation (it is not from lake-sediments), under much more humid conditions (alternation of Alnetum and Myricetum). A direct comparison of the diagrams of Bogotá and La Herrera is therefore difficult.

Description: The Caldas Formation is introduced to denote a largely terrigenous sequence in the predominantly carbonate facies of the Leonesian basin in Upper Emsian and Lower Couvinian time. Some lithological and palaeontological details of the type section of the Caldas Formation are given. The Caldas Formation rests conformably on the La Vid Formation and is unconformably overlain by the Ermitage Formation.

Description: The Carboniferous Pisuerga basin developed north of the León line and as such is the most eastern one of the Asturide basins. The Carboniferous sequence is subdivided into Ruesga Group (roughly Lower Carboniferous + Namurian), Yuso Group (roughly Westphalian) and Cea Group (roughly Stephanian). Since the beginning of the Yuso Group the Pisuerga basin became subdivided into a western and eastern basin and since the beginning of the Cea Group the western basin became subdivided into two separate basins. The main folding started during the Stephanian. A remarkable interaction of epeirogenic and orogenic movements leads to the analysis of a close relation between sedimentological and structural features. Several pronounced structural lineaments can be traced to have been active since the Middle Devonian into the Tertiary.

Description: The first Paleocene pollen species of Colombia were described in van der Hammen (1954). One species was redescribed in van der Hammen (1956b). The associations of species and the climatic changes of the Paleocene were described and discussed in van der Hammen (1957a) and the palynological correlation of sediments of this age in van der Hammen (1957b).

Description: A continuous sequence of Devonian sediments is exposed in the northern part of the province of Palencia (NW-Spain), on the southern slope of the Cantabrian Mountains. This study concerns the stratigraphy and paleontology of the Lower Devonian formations. At the base of the sequence a clastic formation is found, called the Carazo Formation. This unit can be sub-divided into three members, from top to bottom: (c) alternating shales and sandstones, (b) quartzitic sandstones, partly strongly ferruginous, (a) shales and micaceous sandstones. Members a and b did not yield fossils. The upper part of the formation is richly fossiliferous. The main element of the fauna consists of brachiopods, which occur together with tentaculites, trilobites, ostracods, and pelecypods. The well-preserved and characteristic brachiopods are illustrated. The fauna indicates a Lower Gedinnian age for these sediments. The next lithologic unit, called the Lebanza Formation, consists of some 100 metres of well-bedded limestones with shale intercalations at the base and top of the formation. This formation is extremely fossiliferous. Brachiopods dominate; tentaculites, trilobites, pelecypods, corals, stromatoporoids, bryozoans, and crinoid stems also occur. The diagnosis and systematic position of 18 of the brachiopods are discussed, viz. 3 dalmanellids; 7 rhynchonellids, including 3 new species; 4 terebratuloids; and 4 rostrospirids. Special attention is paid to the internal structure which was studied in serial sections by means of the peel technique. Drawings of the more important sections are given with each diagnosis. In total, 25 species were determined in the brachiopod assemblage. Different assemblages occur in the upper and lower parts of the formation. The association in the lower part gives no definite indications about the age of these rocks. With their stratigraphical position taken into account, an Upper Gedinnian to Lower Siegenian age is concluded. The upper part of the formation shows only typical Siegenian species. On account of the correspondence with faunas of the Middle Siegenian formations of the Massif Armoricain (Brittany, France), the age of this part of the formation can be established as Middle Siegenian. The correlations with sequences in adjacent areas are discussed. There is a marked divergence from the brachiopod succession in other parts of the Cantabrian Mountains, due to different oecological factors.

Description: The present investigation is a systematical treatment of the sporomorphs from strata at the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in the eastern Netherlands Twente area, and an attempt to apply palynology to detailed stratigraphical study, by making use of quantitative pollen analyses. The rock samples used have been derived from two drilled sections in the eastern Netherlands, each of them representing the uppermost Jurassic and lowermost Cretaceous. The sediments are part of the sequence belonging to the Mesozoic Lower Saxon Basin; they contain the so-called ”Wealden” beds, the age of which is not exactly known. Two pollen diagrams were composed from the analyses and show major pollen fluctuations, which are most probably to be regarded as a consequence of long-range oscillations of vegetational belts near the western border of the Lower Saxon Basin. The purpose of the investigation has been to establish the time-stratigraphical position of the ”Wealden” more precisely and furthermore, to establish major quantitative frequency changes in the pollen flora at the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. For this purpose the diagrams have been divided into nine pollen zones R to Z, based on first and last occurrence of sporomorph species. The ”Wealden” section contains nearly three zones (V to X). Recent correlation in several European stratigraphical sequences, based on ostracods, have shown that the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in the Dutch-German stratigraphy may be located between the base of the Serpulite and the upper limit of ostracod zone ”Wealden” 4, with strong indications that it might even be placed in a much less extended interval, ranging from the uppermost Serpulite to the base of ostracod zone ”Wealden” 2, that is to say from the base of pollen zone V to the base of pollen zone W. The present investigation in the field of palynology takes also into consideration the rhythmic fluctuations, shown in the pollen diagrams from the eastern Netherlands. Similar fluctuations were recorded in the pollen flora from Maastrichtian and Paleocene strata in Colombia, South America. They are attributed to regular oscillations of the climate at timeintervals of approximately 2.3 million years and 7 million years. These rhythmic fluctuations were also recorded in the sedimentary history of the Eastern Cordillera in Colombia during the Cretaceous; they are assumed to originate from regular sea-level oscillations, taking place synchronously with the Cretaceous ages at time-intervals of around 7 million years. Applying this theoretical time-scale to the pollen diagrams from the eastern Netherlands, it might be possible to attribute the rhythmic oscillations, shown in the Dutch pollen flora, to time-intervals of approximately 2.3 million years. In this case the Berriasian occupies 3 cycles immediately underneath the Valanginian, that is to say the pollen zones X and W, and possibly also zone V. The Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary might then be located at the base of zone W or the base of zone V. This agrees with a major change in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the pollen flora, and with the results of the correlation based on ostracods.

Description: From the following bibliography, most of the publications directed to the general public, such as articles in newspapers, etc., as well as part of the book-reviews, have been omitted. The topics are divided over six headings: Hirudinea, Echinodermata, Opisthobranchia, History of Biology, Museology, and Miscellaneous. The author is indebted to Dr. J. H. Stock, of the Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam, for several additions and remarks.

Description: The myicolid copepod Pseudomyicola spinosus is reported from 22 new hosts (pelecypods) in Bermuda and the West Indies, from 1 new host (a pelecypod) in Madagascar, and from an ascidian (Pyuridae) in Curaçao (probably an accidental association). P. spinosus is redescribed, based on specimens from Isognomon alatus in Bermuda. Among 316 P. spinosus from Bermuda, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Barbados, Brazil, Senegal, Madagascar, and Jugoslavia the dimensions of the body and caudal ramus varied widely. The ornamentation of the anal segment showed four different conditions of spination, and sometimes included an extra long ventral setule on either or both sides. The specimens studied are regarded as one species, P. spinosus, without apparent subspecific differences. The following are considered as synonyms of P. spinosus: P. glaber Pearse, 1947, Myicola tageli Pearse, 1947, P. anomalocardiae Narchi, 1965, and P. mirabilis Humes, 1959.

Description: Die Geburt der Laboratoriumratte wird kurz beschrieben. Das Fressen der Nachgeburt ist nicht notwendig für eine gute Milchsekretion. Die Feten liegen in gekrümmter Haltung in der Gebärmutter, aber werden während der Austreibung gestreckt. Die Austreibung erfolgt nicht immer abwechselnd aus den beiden Uterushörnern. Die Trennung von Plazenta und Uteruswand wird von der Wehentätigkeit herbeigeführt. Durch eine Verschiebung im Bindegewebenetzwerk unter der Plazenta ändert sich die Struktur, sodass diese flache Schicht einen relativ hohen Wulst bildet. Die zirkulär verlaufenden collagenen Fasern bekommen deshalb nach Lösung der Plazenta einen radiären Verlauf. Die Rückbildung dieses Bindegewebewulstes wird beschrieben. Makrophagen spielen dabei eine wichtige Rolle. Nach etwa 5 Monaten ist die Rückbildung vollständig und ist die Narbe nur noch an einer kleinen haemosiderinreichen Stelle erkennbar. Der Epitheldefekt wird etwa 48 Stunden nach der Geburt geschlossen. Unmittelbar nach der Geburt zieht sich die Wunde zusammen infolge der Verschiebung im Bindegewebenetzwerk unter der Wunde. Eine halbe Stunde nach der Geburt faltet sich das Epithel über die Wundränder. Etwa 22 Stunden nach der Geburt findet eine Abflachung der Epithelzellen statt und wenige Stunden später treten die ersten Mitosen auf. Bei der Uterusinvolution der Ratte spielen also mehrere Faktoren eine wichtige Rolle. Die älteren Autoren haben häufig nur ein oder zwei dieser Phaenomene beschrieben. Wir konnten tatsächlich alle in der Literatur erwähnten Möglichkeiten, mit Ausnahme der Neubildung von Epithelzellen aus Bindegewebezellen, bestätigen. Es handelt sich hier aber nicht um eine Frage nach der Richtigkeit der verschiedenen Auffassungen, denn nach unseren Befunden treten die einzelnen Prozesse zum Teil zu gleicher Zeit auf, zum Teil auch finden sie nacheinander statt in einem und demselben Uterus.

Description: Extensive reports on losses in zoo animals are very rare. As fas as we know only London, Paris, Philadelphia and Washington give yearly reports. Of these London and Paris give very complete information. One of the reasons that so few zoos publish their results may be that it is always more pleasant to give information about successes than about failures. In our opinion, however, it is no use to disguise the truth and for other zoos it can be very useful to have the opportunity to compare results. The period described in this paper is part of an important era in the history of our zoo, a period of reconstruction, rebuilding and, of increasing the collection. This period will last another 10-15 years or so as at that time the really old and worn-out buildings will have been replaced and appropriate facilities for the veterinarian will have been achieved. At the same time this period has seen great advances in veterinary care. The Cap-Chur pistol in use in our zoo since 1960 made injection possible of any animal at any time. The increasing arsenal of therapeutics and the international contacts by way of the international symposia on diseases of zoo animals have contributed largely to a better medical care of zoo animals. Thus prevention of diseases is becoming more and more important. In our opinion the effective disinfectant halamid (Chloraminum) plays an important rôle in this respect.

Description: In the summer of 1966 three students, bachelors in botany, of the State University of Utrecht, Netherlands, made botanical investigations in the Angmagssalik area (65° N.lat.-67°20' N. lat.) in South-east Greenland. The main purpose was to carry out floristical and ecological investigations, while special attention was paid to the altitudinal belts in the vegetation on mountain slopes. The fieldwork will be continued in 1968. From the botanical collection the lichens were identified by the author and are listed here, except some critical species of which the determinations have not been finished yet. The number of samples collected amounts to ca. 300, most of them taken from vegetation analyses. All samples will be incorporated in the Herbarium of the State University of Utrecht, Netherlands.

Description: The flora of the southern Surinam savannas (not completely known but probably so for the greater part) consists of 314 species collected so far. Ten of these were not found in any other region, 6 belong to the southern Guianan element, 14 to the Guianan element, the rest have a wider distribution. Fourty of the species occur in this region on the northern limit of their area and 18 of these even reach their northernmost station here. Among the 290 species collected on savannas in central Amazonia 82 species were found also on the savannas of southern Surinam. Northern Surinam, with a total of 288 recorded savanna species, has 183 species in common with southern Surinam. This floristic contrast can be correlated for about half of the differentiating species with ecological or geographic factors. The geographic spectra of the two regions are greatly similar.

Description: In the Netherlands the distinction of the species Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl (Syn.: S.marginata (DC.) Kittel) and Spergularia marina (L.) Grisebach (Syn.: S.salina J. et C. Presl) is not always easy. These taxonomical difficulties gave cause to investigate the variability of these two halophilous species. From a nomenclatorical study it appeared that S.media and S.marina are the legitimate names (Chapter I). The variability of both Spergularia-species has been studied by means of population samples (Chapter II). The seeds of S.media and S.marina vary from unwinged to broadly winged; however, the variation per plant is limited, the plants mostly producing in their proximal capsules either unwinged to rudimentary or narrowly winged, or only broadly winged seeds. These differences in the width of the seed wing are apparently genetically controlled. In general the winged seeds are larger than the unwinged seeds. The most important diagnostic characters of both Spergularia-species are (a) the number of stamens: in S.media (0-)10, in S.marina (0-)2-5 (-10) and (b) the diameter of the flower: in S.media (7-)10-12(-13) mm, in S.marina (4-)5-7(-8) mm Both species show a reduction of the androecium; the total number of stamens and staminodes of S.media is always 10, but when staminodes are present the diameter of the flower is smaller; flowers 7-8 mm in diam. always have a considerable number of staminodes. S.marina rarely has staminodes: if present there are at most only three of them. Other diagnostic characters are the length of the bracts and the position of the stigmas. In Chapter II the variability is correlated with the geographic distribution and the environment. The distribution of S.media on the outside of the dikes can be correlated with the salinity of M(ean) H(igh) W(ater). The limit of distribution upstream in the estuaries is found near the transition of Polyhalinicum to Mesohalinicum (see page 72). S.media is a differential species of the order Glauceto-Puccinellietalia. In some respects this species shows an independent behaviour in its relation to the other species of this order. S.media occurs in a zonation of vegetation in the Artemisietum maritimae and not in the Puccinellietum maritimae and vice versa. In sandy regions S.media is found in the zonation below Puccinellia maritima. Populations of S.media with a high frequency of plants producing unwinged seeds are found in open pioneer vegetation, on sandy soil in an extreme and unstable environment (see photo 2, page 81) or in intensively grazed vegetations (also on clayey soils). Populations of S.media composed of plants that produce exclusively winged seeds, are found in closed vegetation on clayey soil in a less extreme and more stable environment (see photo 1, page 81). In the population complex of S.media there is apparently an ecotypical differentiation. Populations composed of plants producing exclusively unwinged seeds do not occur in the Netherlands, the pressure of selection probably not being strong enough. On the isle of Römö (Denmark) and according to reports in the literature also elsewhere in Europe and North-Africa there are populations exclusively composed of plants with unwinged seeds. As the genetically controlled variability of the size of the seeds and the seed wing is largest in relative extreme and unstable environments, the variability decreases when the environment becomes less extreme and more stable. This also happens when the environment becomes very extreme. When population of extreme and less extreme environments are compared, the population density is higher, and the mean age of the individuals lower, in the first case. The distribution of S.marina on the outside of the dikes can be correlated with the salinity of M(ean) H(igh) W(ater). In the Mesohalinicum (see page 72) S. marina is found on the level of M.H.W., in the Polyhalinicum and Buhalinicum S.marina occurs at a higher level with regard to M.H.W. Upstream in the estuaries the limit of distribution is found mostly near the transition between Mesohalinicum and Oligohalinicum. S.marina is a differential species of the alliance Puccinellio-Spergularion. The species occurs in the subordinate associations with high presence. In one locality in the Netherlands, (see photo 3, page 110), namely in the eastern part of Terschelling, a population of S.marina is found that for the greater part is composed of plants producing exclusively broadly winged seeds in their proximal capsules. In general it can be concluded that incidental factors have a considerable influence on the variation pattern in the Netherlands as a result of the small size of the local populations, the scattered habitats and the obligatory autogamy. As regards dissemination, S.media and S.marina are polychorous, namely anemochorous, hydrochorous, zoochorous and anthropochorous (Chapter IV). Both Spergularia-species show a number of differences in floral structure and floral ecology (see page 124 e.v.). S.media is, dependent on the circumstances, allogamous or autogamous; S.marina is almost invariably autogamous, very rarely allogamous. Both species do not hybridise (Chapter IV). The diploid number of chromosomes of S.media is 18 and of S.marina 36 (Chapter V). In Chapter VI a taxonomic description of S.media and S.marina is given and a key of all the Spergularia-species native in the Netherlands. The final conclusions of the general discussion (Chapter VII) are that S.media and S.marina are clearly distinguishable on morphological, cytological and also ecological grounds. The species are reproductively isolated. Both species are very variable. In the population complex of S.media a great deal of ecotypical differentiation is found. The local populations of S.media are not reproductively isolated, and the same applies to the local populations of S.marina. As the variation is clinal no infraspecific taxa are described.

Description: At least some of the species of the genus Caltha are polymorphic, showing not only a wide range of intraspecific morphological variation, but also considerable cytotaxonomic differentiation. A number of taxonomic problems are connected with this phenomenon. In a previous paper (Smit, 1967) a survey of the chromosome numbers of 46 Dutch populations was given. Two cytotypes of Caltha palustris were found, 2n = 32 and 2n = 56, respectively, with slight morphological differences and different ecological preferences.

Description: Some Dutch populations of Parnassia palustris L. were studied cytologically and morphologically. Diploid and tetraploid plants both belong to the subspecies palustris. The diploid plants were found in different places along the coast and in one locality in the province of Noord-Brabant. The tetraploids occur in the provinces of Overijssel and Gelderland.

Description: The Brinckheuvel Nature Reserve includes the most characteristic part of the geomorphological Sabanpasi (or Subgreywacke) landscape (see fig. 4), formed by low, elongate, parallel, gently sloping ridges. The centre of each ridge is crowned by a narrow rib (gravel rib) (see fig. 5). The gravel ribs are in general formed by residual soils of sandy loam covered with a thin layer of quartzite material. The flanks of the ridges are occupied by sandy colluvial soils separated by a layer of gravel from the residual subsoil. At the bases of these flanks there is alluvial soil (see fig. 5 and 9). Generally the residual and colluvial soils bear savanna vegetation, the alluvial soils bear xerophytic wood and mesophytic forest. In the savanna vegetation on the ribs and the flanks of the ridges twelve plant communities can be distinguished (see table I and II). The residual soils are hardly permeable; the colluvial soils, on the other hand, absorb rainwater quickly and soon dry up again. In the Nature Reserve there are three hills; Brinck Hill, Klaiber Hill and Lobles Hill. They rise about 30 m above the level of the vicinity and consist of unweathered subgreywacke rock; their tops are flat and have a cover of 6 m of very permeable, white sand (see fig. 6). In the places where the vegetation was burned in the last few years there is now a savanna vegetation in which fourteen plant communities can be distinguished (see table I and II). The rest of the tops of the hills is covered with xerophytic wood. The rainwater quickly seeps through the white sand cap to the unweathered subgreywacke, runs off sideways, and reappears at the foot of the cap (the so-called source level). On the greater part of the slopes of the hills the subgreywacke crops out, with little gullies and furrows that are filled with erosion material. Ca. 245 species of plants were collected on the savannas of the Brinckheuvel Nature Reserve. Except in places where the influence of fire was noticeable, the presence of a more or less impermeable soil layer at shallow depth is doubtless responsible for the existence of the savannas of the Nature Reserve. This layer makes it possible that the overlying permeable mass is alternately wet and dry, depending on the season. The degree to which this happens depends not only on the thickness of this permeable topsoil but also on the inclination of the surface. This may be illustrated by the following (see fig. 10): 1. Xerophytic forest is found on white sand caps and slopes of the three hills and on very high gravel ribs. In such places the rainwater disappears rapidly, either the soil is well drained (white sand caps), or because most of the water runs off on the surface owing to the sloping of the ground. The soil is never extremely wet. 2. Savanna scrub is found on less high residual ribs and on gently sloping land with a thick permeable topsoil. In both cases the soil can take up more water and hold it longer. The contrast between wet and dry is greater. 3. Savanna hushes and open vegetations are found on the parts with a more level and thin topsoil of permeable material. The topsoil is soon saturated with rainwater that can not or hardly drain off, but dries up relatively soon. The contrast between wet and dry is therefore even greater. 4. Exclusively open vegetations, finally, are found on flat savanna parts with a few cm deep soil situated on uneroded rock, e.g. at the source level of the three hills, beside or near great rock flats and on level residual ground covered with gravel. Here we find the greatest contrast between wet and dry. All this illustrates the fact that in the Sabanpasi savanna area the hydrology of the soil is one of the principal habitat factors. Therefore, more attention should be paid to this factor by a next investigation in the Brinckheuvel Nature Reserve.

Description: The chromosome numbers of 86 species of Angiospermae occurring in the Netherlands are reported.

Description: In my work for the Index Muscorum it became apparent that dating problems existed for publications of the years 1825-1827, which were important for the nomenclature of Musci. The article by Arnott, Nouvelle disposition méthodique des espèces de mousses, was indicated from 1825 in some sources, but the copy of the periodical consulted had the title—date 1827 and the fascicle conderned probably was issued in 1826, Bridel, Bryologia universa, had the internal date 16 Dec. 1826 in the preface, usually bound with vol.1 the year 1826 for this volume, therefore, could be doubted. Moreover a supplement to the same volume was apparently published later than the main text, but the date 1827, assigned to this part in the preparation of Index Muscorum, was not fully confirmed. Some of the 11 parts of Schwaegrichen, Species Muscorum ... Supplementum, had to be dated with more precision, in connection with other works, th than was possible during the work for the Index Muscorum. Within the framework of the project Bibliographic Huntiana of the Hunt Botanical Library, Pittsburgh, Pa., it was possible to select a chapter of botanical bibliography, and the bryological publications of these three years were chosen with the literature related thereto. An effort was made to trace every book containing names of Musci. Articles in periodicals were not checked as thoroughly as the books. To bridge the gap between 1825 and 1821, the last year studied by Dr. Sayre in her Dates of publications treating Musci ... , bryological publications of the years 1822-1824 were studied too, but no effort was made to treat this period exhaustively. The publications included in this thesis are described according to the method of descriptive bibliography, as developed by W.W. Greg, F. Bowers, and for botanical books by Allan Stevenson. This method is adapted to the problems of the books of the period, by omitting the description of some features (binding, type-font) and by using page references in the descriptions of the contents instead of signature references. Some refinements in the method are proposed and applied. A new key for determination of books of handmade paper, especially laid paper, is included, Information concerning the dates of publication was derived from the references to reviews and announcements in contemporaneous periodicals, collected by a team of workers of the Hunt Botanical Library; I checked the original sources in many cases which might be critical. Moreover I studied several manuscript collections in botanical libraries and in archives. Completeness in these two fields, reviews and manuscripts, of course, is impossible, but some important sources remained untapped because of time restrictions. The result is the first analytical bibliography of all publications on a plant group of a certain period, at least to my knowledge. A considerable number of dates of publication are given with more precision than was the case up to now. Some of the important solutions to special problems or new points which came to light are enumerated below. 1. The article of Arnott was published in no less than 5 variants. The first one certainly is the quarto separate, which has the title-date 1825. My research made it probable that this was issued in January 1826. The later variants may be of importance because of indirect references to Schwaegrichen and Gaudichaud. 2. The two volumes of Bridel: Bryologia universa, were indeed published in 1826 and 1827, as the titles indicate; however, the supplement to vol.1 and the preliminaries were published together with vol.2. 3. The several parts of Schwaegrichen’s supplements are placed in the chronological order with the other important publications. For some parts, however, more accurate dates would be welcome. 4. The relative dates of Greville: Flora Edinensis, and the relevant fascicle of his Scottish cryptogamic flora were better established than those used in the Index Muscorum. 5. The contents, of the fascicles of a number of books and periodicals were determined, mainly with the help of internal bibliographical evidence. These were in several cases not known to the last details, e.g. Hooker: Musci exotici and Exotic flora. Off-sets of fascicle-titles in a particular copy of the latter work were helpful in establishing the breaks and dates of some fascicles. 6. Some publications were found, of which the new names of Musci were overlooked in the bryological literature (Cambessèdes, Chevallier). 7. The first color prints of mosses, to my knowledge, are indicated: of protonema in T.F.L. Nees von Esenbeck, 1824, and of complete plants in Sommerfelt, 1826, and Chevallier, 1826. 8. Of several books cancellantia are described which were not yet indicated before, including some in the starting-point book, Hedwig: Species Muscorum frondosorum. 9. Wove paper, originally used for expensive paper states of books, apparently became available in larger quantities and at relatively lower prices in the period treated, since several books show a shift from laid to wove paper. Machine-made paper was not yet often used for books; I only saw this paper type with certainty in the Transactions of the Linnean Society [London] of 1827 (see Greville n.9). As a general result of this research I can discuss the development of bryology in the first three decades of the 19th century, stressing the application of the natural classification to bryophytes, and the diverse opinions on the life cycle of mosses.

Description: During the last world war the town of Caen was almost completely destroyed. The valuable collections of the Caen herbarium (CN) were evacuated and were thus saved. It is now twenty years after the war. The town of Caen has been beautifully rebuilt and the newly erected buildings of the university are very impressive. This university, founded in 1432, is now said to be not only the oldest but at the same time the most modern in France. Although the herbarium is now in a modern building, this does not mean that it is managed in a modern way.

Description: We deeply regret to have lost three ardent supporters since the last bulletin appeared. Among them the nestor of Malesian botanists, Mr. I. H. Burkill, who passed away at the age of 94, a gentle scholar whom we had the privilege to meet on several occasions and with whom we had a fairly lively correspondence. Originally a collaborator of Sir George Watt on Economic Products of India, explorer of the Abor Expedition, Assam, later director of the Singapore Botanic Gardens, he had a wonderful knowledge of and intense interest in the relations between man and plants. This was probably the reason that he got deeply interested in the botany of the yam family, of which he became a specialist, taxonomical, ecological, morphological and anatomical. He had also a deep interest in the relations between plants and animals, pollination, seed dispersal, subjects now much neglected because of the modern specialisation of biologists. His classic Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula is in course of a second edition and his learned essays on the History of Indian Botany is expected to appear in book form.

Description: The 150th Anniversary Volume of the Royal Botanic Garden Calcutta. Parts I-II. Edited by Dr. K. Biswas. Bengal Government Press, Allpore, Bengal. The title page of this book is without date. The anniversary took place in 1938.

Description: Abid, Munir Ahmad: A revision of Petraeovitex (Verben.) (Gard. Bull. Sing. 21, 1965, 215-257, tab. I-IV, maps 1-4, fig. 1-15). Monograph; keys; descr.; distr. maps and detailed fig. Agnihothrudu, V.: Notes on Fungi from North-East India. XX. Two new parasitic Fungi from the tea gardens (Mycologia 56, 1964, 420-424, 7 fig.).

Description: Through the efforts of Dr T. C. Whitmore and Mr G. F. C. Dennis large collections of trees from the Solomons have been accumulated in the past six years. Among them are some interesting collections of the genus Crossostylis, a truly oceanic-Pacific genus, ranging from the Tuamotos westwards as far as and including the Solomon Is. and New Caledonia. A map of its distribution has been given in ‘Pacific Plant Areas’ vol. I, map 23. Whitmore in his ‘Guide to the Forests of the British Solomon Islands’ 1966, p. 174, listed only C. cominsii Hemsl. from the Santa Cruz group. There appears, however, to be a second, undescribed species from the Solomons proper.

Description: Cultural and caryological investigations on Sphacelaria furcigera from Hoek van Holland give evidence of a slightly heteromorphic diplohaplontic life-history in this species. A relatively slender (13.5—31 μ) haploid gametophytic phase alternates with a more robust (19—41 μ) diploid sporophytic phase. Female gametophytes form plurilocular macrogametangia at 12˚ C and 4˚ C, male gametophytes form plurilocular microgametangia at 12˚ C and 4˚ C. Zygotes of female macrogametes and male microgametes grow into diploid sporophytes which form unilocular meiotosporangia at 4˚ C. Meiosis takes place in the initials of these sporangia. About 50 % of the spores produced by them grow into male gametophytes, about 50 % into female gametophytes. Propagules are formed at higher temperatures, i.e. at 12˚ C and 20° C. In nature gametangia are formed during the winter half of the year, and propagules during the summer half of the year. Female gametes can develop parthenogenetically into new female gametophytes, but also into haploid plants forming unilocular zoidangia instead of plurilocular macrozoidangia. Such plants are repeatedly formed and represent dead ends in the life-history of S. furcigera. The result of our investigations are summarized in fig. 4. Sphacelaria britannica Sauv. and S. saxatilis (Kuck.) Kuck. ex Sauv. are synonyms of S. furcigera Kütz.

Description: (1) Faunistic insect collecting was done in Suriname from September 1963 to December 1964 with two types of “malaise” traps. (2) Trapping was practised on nine localities in different habitats, operating from the seacoast near Paramaribo via the older coastal belt and the savanna region into the rainforest of the hilly interior. (3) During this operation, a total of about 90.000 insects was collected. There was but little variation in the proportions of the different orders of insects taken in the nine localities. This is explained by the mode of sampling. (4) The catches show the following relative abundance: Diptera 1/2, Hymenoptera 1/5, Lepidoptera 1/7, Coleoptera 1/20, Hemiptera 1/40, Orthoptera 1/50, others less than one percent. (5) The variation within the orders was: Diptera 36—72%, Hymenoptera 11—33%, Lepidoptera 8—37%, Coleoptera 1—11%, Hemiptera 1/2—9% and Orthoptera 1—4%. (6) Most of the collected insects belong to dayfliers, i.e.: Diptera, most of the Hymenoptera (Aculeata), Lepidoptera Rhopalocera and Odonata. Other species collected are active at night. The moths and micro’s were represented 10 times as many as the Rhopalocera, but the Nematocera formed only 1/6 of the Diptera. Among the flies 1/5 belonged to the Tabanidae.

Description: Along the coast of St. Martin, St. Eustatius and Saba the rocks above sea-level often show a number of differently coloured zones. This is clearly visible when the coast over a larger distance is formed by one type of rock, as for instance on Saba. In many places a light-coloured belt is seen above the zone with algal growth; still higher the rocks are dark-coloured (Fig. 11, 17 and 22). The uppermost part of the light-coloured zone indicates rather exactly the height of the waves at low tide (splash zone). The darkcoloured zone is wet from finely dispersed water (spray zone). Sometimes differently coloured zones are formed (Fig. 13) which may, however, be correlated with the above mentioned ones on account of their organisms. Below the algal zone on open coasts hardly any other zones can be discerned, since the various communities of plants and animals form here a mosaic-like pattern. On rocky bottoms in the sublittoral region next to the lithophilous algae many corals are present. When the rocks are covered with a thin layer of sand, a rich fauna of Gorgonids may be present; when this layer becomes thicker, the horny corals are replaced by seagrasses and psammophilous algae. From our data the following facts about the rocky coasts, from the supralittoral margin to the uppermost part of the sublittoral region, are obvious. A zonation for molluscs is distinctly visible. Tectarius tuberculatus and Littorina ziczac are found in the spray zone, which is usually recognizable by a dark colour, caused by microscopic bluegreen algae. The rocks in this zone as a rule are almost dry. Chitons are usually present at a somewhat lower level, in places which are constantly washed by the waves; generally they indicate the upper limit of the waves at low tide (e.g. Figs. 17 and 21). They are mostly found in a lightcoloured zone. In places where the rocks are not exposed to the sun, Chitons may occur at much higher levels than is normally the case, when, however, the rocks are scoured by sand they are scarce or absent. Nerita tessellata is common among the Chitons, but may also be found at a lower level among the highest algae. Under overhanging rocks, and also in other places without direct sunlight a characteristic algal vegetation is found, mainly consisting of Bostrychia-species and Polysiphonia howei; the Bostrychias at a somewhat higher level than Polysiphonia. Protected by overhanging rocks and reached by the waves at high tide Bostrychia tenella may form a continuous zone at about 10—20 cm above the water level, with Polysiphonia howei immediately below (Great Bay; Fig. 17). In some cases, however, the Bostrychias may be absent (Little Bay near Kay Bay Hill, and near Fort Amsterdam). Other species with a comparable life form may also be found at a high level in shady places, for instance Lophosiphonia cristata (Little Bay) or Loposiphonia spec. of which very large patches were found on St. Eustatius. Next to these species hardly any algal growth is observed in the littoral region of St. Martin, St. Eustatius and Saba: the high air temperatures and the strong sunshine cause a desiccation of all organisms in the tidal zone. Moreover, because of the oscillations of the mean sea-level during the year, the mortality of the highest algal growth may be considerable. In the zone, which is also washed by the waves at low tide, a moss-like algal vegetation may be found, with many intermingled species, such as: Polysiphonia ferulacea, Lophosiphonia cristata, Jania adhaerens, Cladophoropsis membranacea, Cladophora fuliginosa, Centroceras clavulatum, Valonia ocellata, Dilophus alternans, D. guineensis, Hypnea musciformis, H. spinella, Spyridia aculeata, Laurencia intricata, L. papillosa, L. microcladia, L. gemmifera, Caulerpa racemosa, Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, Dictyota spp., Padina sanctae-crucis, P. gymnospora, P. vickersiae, Grateloupia cuneifolia, G. filicina, Pocockiella variegata, Ulva fasciata, Gelidiella acerosa, Amphiroa fragilissima, Sargassum Stichothamnion antillarum, Pterocladia pinnata, spp., and Wrangelia argus. Combination of species may vary from place to place. On flat rocks, for instance beachrock plates, such species as Polysiphonia ferulacea, Lophosiphonia cristata, Jania adhaerens, Centroceras clavulatum may be predominant. On protruding rocks, as for instance coral limestone, Laurencia papillosa and also Padina sanctae-crucis may be abundantly present. This moss-like algal growth may be found in many places along the coast of the islands, particularly in places with strong wave-action. When the boulders rest in a sandy bottom and much sand is carried by the waves, in several places on the coast of St. Martin a vegetation has developed, consisting of Chondria tenuissima and Digenea simplex, together with a number of species partly mentioned already when describing the moss-like algal vegetation, for instance Padina sanctae-crucis, P. vickersiae, Bryothamnion triquetrum, Laurencia microcladia, L. papillosa, L. poitei, Polysiphonia ferulacea, and Sargassum spp. A clear distinction cannot be made between these two algal vegetations which grow about the same level, as the amount of sand carried by the waves varies from place to place. A number of algal species is very sensitive to the scouring sand: Pocockiella variegata and crustforming Lithothamnia are for instance absent in these places. A number of the algae present under these circumstances has adapted itself to this special habitat, for instance in developing long trichoblasts, which provide extra protection to the growing tips. In a few places a distinct zonation of the brown algae is observed, e.g. in Little Bay off Kay Bay Hill. Here zones are present of respectively Turbinaria turbinata (in the deeper water), Sargassum spec. and Padina sanctae-crucis (in the highest places). These species are found on horizontal or gently sloping places. Other kinds of algae, e.g. Laurencia papillosa and L. microcladia are mostly found on vertical rocks, together with Pocockiella and the crustlike Lithothamnia, which form together a mosaic, nearly completely covering the rock. Apparently the slope of the rock surface determines the establishment of these species. Our observations confirm that Turbinaria and Sargassum prefer exposed places, and Padina less exposed habitats. In many places crustlike Lithothamnia are numerous. On open coasts they may cover almost the entire rock surface below water level. Under overhanging rocks they may be found as high as the Chitons. In exposed places they form rock-covering mosaics together with Pocockiella; in protected places Lithothamnia are predominant; both species are absent in the proximity of corals. A zone of barnacles was observed in a few places. In most cases they are found on the flat upper side of rocks, together with Chitons and the highest algae. Echinometra lucunter is abundant in the zone of the highest algae, but may also occur at a lower level, to a depth of about 50 cm. In deeper water other species of sea urchins are found, e.g. Diadema antillarum, generally in large numbers, both on sandy and on rocky bottoms, and Lytechinus variegatus, mostly solitary in seagrass vegetations. The richest algal vegetation is found on moderately exposed coasts. When the swell is heavy, it tends to impoverish the flora, and the plants become short and compactly built, but even then they may become detached. In quiet water which is insufficiently renewed, the vegetation may be poorly developed too (cf. Guana Bay versus Baie de la Grande Case). In spite of the fact that the significance of the subsoil for marine organisms is fundamentally different from that for land-plant life, the type of rock may still be of influence on the algal vegetation: the possibilities for attachment may be different; niches or small rock pools may offer special habitat conditions. On smooth doleritic rocks in Great Bay near Fort Amsterdam, the algal vegetation for nine-tenths consists of Chaetomorpha media. Normally this species is firmly attached with a branched system of rhizoids, which is much less the case on smooth doleritic boulders where other algae are almost absent. The rocks of the Point Blanche formation also offer special conditions for attachment (Little Bay off Kay Bay Hill). When niches are formed, as for instance in coral limestone or the limestone cliffs of the Low Lands formation, favourable conditions are offered for sciophilous algae, such as Bostrychia and Polysiphonia howei. In tropical countries the difference in water absorption between porous course-crystalline rocks and fine-crystalline rocks is less reflected in the level in which the algal zones of the littoral region are found than in temperate regions (DEN HARTOG, 1959, p. 29). This is due to the high air temperatures, and fluctuations in mean sea-level. In the sublittoral region, different communities of plants and animals have developed in a certain relation to the type of bottom. Where the rocky coast forms a horizontal platform at a depth of a few meters, this may harbour several corals and Gorgonids, and also a number of lithophilous algae such as Amphiroa hancockii, Galaxaura spp., and Halimeda discoidea. In some localities corals, such as Millepora alcicornis, Eusmilia fastigiata, Porites porites, Acropora cervicornis, A. palmata, Agaricia agaricites and Montastrea are found up to rather high levels. Although corals are of general occurrence on St. Martin, St. Eustatius and Saba, the beaches of coral debris, well-known on Bonaire and Curaçao, are not present. This possibly may be explained by the fact that the sea around St. Martin is rather shallow, and the bottom over large areas consists of sand. When the seabottom consists of sand, the littoral region and the uppermost part of the sublittoral region may be devoid of algae. At a greater depth where the sandy bottom is more stable, vegetations of Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme and also of algae may develop. Especially Thalassia is important for accumulating sand: the Thalassia fields gradually rise and finally may protrude 30—50 cm or more above the surrounding seabottom (cf. Simson Bay and Mouth Piece Bay). In seagrass vegetations many species of algae are found; particularly representatives of the order Siphonales may be fairly abundant, also in bare sandy bottoms which are somewhat settled. A seagrass vegetation with algae is not only found on open sandy coasts but also in the lagoons, especially at their shallow entrances, where the water is more quiet than in open bays. The presence of numerous spherical-branched Lithothamnia among the Thalassia vegetation, at a depht of about 40 cm, near the entrance of Oyster Pond, is remarkable. The algal vegetations on the roots of Rhizophora in Oyster Pond and in the entrance of Fish Pond are exactly as described in the literature. In the littoral region Bostrychia binderi and Polysiphonia howei are common; in the uppermost part of the sublittoral region many other species are present, especially Acanthophora spicifera, together with Caloglossa leprieurii, Murrayella periclados and Ulva lactuca. In the rear part of the lagoons, and along the banks of lagoons completely shut off from the sea, the bottom is muddy and the salt content shows remarkable fluctuations. Only a few euryhalinic algal species are found in these shallow pools; especially Batophora oerstedi and Enteromorpha spp., in most cases attached to coral fragments, pieces of wood or shells.

Description: SHREVE & WILLIAMS (1963) have discussed at some length the relationships between several named forms of West Indian Eleutherodactylus, including E. pictissimus Cochran and E. weinlandi Barbour. The former had been long known from only the type specimen from the Massif de la Hotte on the Tiburon Peninsula of Haiti, and the latter from the Peninsula de Samana and extreme eastern and northern Republica Dominicana. Extensive Haitian collections amassed by Dr. ERNEST E. WILLIAMS for the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) and large lots of specimens collected by the writer and parties in the years 1962 and 1963 have elaborated the distribution of these two species, and have made it possible to ascertain geographic variation in both. In addition to my own collections, I have been able to study those of the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), Museum of Comparative Zoology, United States National Museum (USNM), and the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (UMMZ); for the privilege of examining these specimens I wish to thank Mr. CHARLES M. BOGERT and Miss MARGARET BULLITT, Dr. ERNEST E. WILLIAMS, Dr. DORIS M. COCHRAN, and Dr. CHARLES F. WALKER and Mr. GEORGE R. ZUG. Miss PATRICIA A. HEINLEIN, and Messrs. RONALD F. KLINIKOWSKI, DAVID C. LEBER, DENNIS R. PAULSON, and RICHARD THOMAS have been enthusiastic assistants in my Hispaniolan ndeavors, and they deserve my most sincere thanks for their help. The figures in the present paper are the work of Mr. LEBER and Mr. KLINIKOWSKI, who again have made significant contributions to the effort.

Description: Les deux seules especes de Pénicillates connues de Haïti (Hispaniola) ont été décrites par H. F. LOOMIS (1934b, 1936): Lophoproctus niveus, de l’île Beata près de la cote méridionale de Haïti, auquel furent attribués aussi des specimens récoltés plus tard à Kenscoff, et Lophoproctus aequatus, de Petite Rivière de Artibonite. Grace à l’amabilité de M. H. F. LOOMIS, du Pr. F. M. CARPENTER et du Dr. H. W. LEVY, il nous a été possible d’examiner à Nancy les paratypes de ces deux espèces dont les descriptions, déjà anciennes, ne tenaient pas compte des critères importants introduits récemment dans la systématique du groupe. Nous donnerons done ici des diagnoses aussi complètes que le permettent l’état de conservation de ces échantillons.

Description: The calcareous algae were important rock-builders in the deposition of the many limestone members of the Pisuerga Basin. Systematic descriptions are given of 12 species. The following species are new: Clavaporella reinae, Clavaphysoporella endoi, Epimastopora camasobresensis, Psuedoepimastopora? impera and Vermiporella hispanica. The algal associations in the Pisuerga Basin may be classified into six distintive zones, one of which can be subdivided into two subzones. Many of these zones are readily comparable with those distinguished elswhere in the Cantabrian Mountains and can be directly correlated with the foraminiferal faunas associated with them. While five of these zones contain associations of definitely Carboniferous algal floras, the uppermost contains both Carboniferous and Permian elements. A brief discussion of ecological aspects is made.

Description: During general examination of the West Indian Coleoptera Cerambycidae small amounts of material from the Dutch West Indian islands of Curaçao, Bonaire and Aruba came to hand. Following this, Dr. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK of Utrecht, and Ir. COBBEN of Wageningen, searched their collections and produced fairly considerable numbers of specimens for examination. A personal search amongst the undetermined material in the Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam, produced more material, and a little more was found in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. A small quantity of material from Curaçao, from Drs. B. DE JONG, was already in my collection, and this agglomeration of material, collected over a period of years, has given, I think, a reasonable preliminary sample to show the extent of the Cerambycid fauna of the triumvirate under consideration herein. The main affinities of the fauna of these islands appears to be with that of South America, several of the species being widely distributed in the Neotropics. However, there are considerable affinities of genera and species with those of the Antilles.

Description: During her stay at Curaçao from December 1965 to March 1966 Prof. Dr. DIVA DINIZ CORRÊA collected several groups of marine invertebrates. I should like to thank her for having entrusted me with the Polyplacophora and Archaeogastropoda for further study of radulae and spines.

Description: The collecting sites from which isopods were obtained are located around the island (see p. 84). Concentrated collecting at several depths was done in the San Juan area at Boca de Cangrejos and at La Parguera where the Institute of Marine Biology is located. Many collections were made by washing a substrate sample in a bucket of formalin sea water soon after collection. Motile animals such as isopods fall to the bottom of the bucket. Substrate samples taken with SCUBA techniques were carefully placed in a plankton net and transferred to a surface vessel without loss of specimens en route. The substrate was broken up to obtain the burrowers and discarded and the remaining liquid filtered through a No. 00 mesh plankton net. The filtrate was preserved in 70% ethanol and the isopods were removed later with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope and placed in vials in 70% ethanol. Isopods kept in formalin lose carbonate and are not easily identified. In all cases care was taken not to contaminate the environment with discarded formalin sea water.

Description: During the years 1958-1960, several shipments of specimens collected in the Caguanes Caves of Cuba were sent to the United States National Museum by GILBERTO SILVA TABOADA. Mr. SILVA'S collections included 3 specimens of a blind anthurid isopod, which I determined to be a species of Cyathura, similar to but apparently specifically distinct from C. curassavica Stork (1940) from Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. I wish to express my thanks to Mr. SILVA for the gift of these unusual troglobitic crustaceans and to Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK for the loan of specimens of C. curassavica for comparison. Having these specimens at my disposal has enabled me to supplement herein STORK'S description and illustrations.

Description: Cambrian sandstones, limestones and slates, unconformably overlain by Ordovician and Silurian slates, intruded by Hercynian granodiorite and dolerite, and Alpine andesite, occur. The traditional rock stratigraphic subdivisions of the sequences below the Ordovician unconformity are here proposed as formal units. Cabitza Formation Calcescisti Member Iglesiente Group Metallifero Formation Calcare Member Arenarie Formation (base not seen) Dolomia Member It is possible to distinguish Cambrian from Ordovician slates even where the basal conglomerate of the latter fails. As a consequence part of the official geological map (scale 1 : 100000, 1938) had to be revised. The Cambrian and the Ordovician-Silurian rocks have undergone respectively four and three deformation phases with the development of slaty, fracture and crenulation cleavages. The large E-W folds of the Cambrian Sardic-phase are partly concentric (Arenarie and Metallifero rocks) and partly similar (slaty cleavage in the Cabitza slates). The second phase, also E-W, caused a further tightening of the ”Sardic” structures and folded the Ordovician and Silurian rocks. The third deformation phase (N-S) was the Hercynian mainfolding, accompanied by fracture and crenulation cleavage. The fourth and last Hercynian phase (NW-SE and NE-SW) made a conjugate system of folds and cleavages. A specific structural pattern (domes, basins etc.) followed from the interference of these fold systems (”Schlingenbau”). Most folds are disharmonie as a result of differences in rock competencies of the Cambrian Formations. The Cambro-Ordovician unconformity has been partly obliterated by slip (”decollement”) due to disharmonic folding above and below this plane. Limestones have been partly converted into lime-silicate rocks by Hercynian hydrothermal and pneumatolytical action along irregular zones and an interesting skarn mineral paragenesis developed. The ore deposits (Pb, Zn, Cu etc.) are almost completely tied to the limestones of the Cambrian Metallifero Formation. The ”lead-modelages” of galena samples from Min. Giuenni (N-Sulcis) and Min. Monte Poni (S-Iglesiente), both deposits in the Metallifero Formation, are about 600 million years old; samples from Min. Monte Vecchio (N-Iglesiente) and from an outcrop along the road Siliqua-Acquacadda, deposits respectively in a Hercynian quartzdike and a Cambro-Ordovician lime-silicate rock, are about 400 million years old. Almost all deposits have been rejuvenated during the Hercynian orogeny.

Description: Conodonts have been extracted from calcareous units of the Devonian and Lower Carboniferous sequence from 3 areas in the S. part of the Cantabrian Mountains. There can be distinguished Emsian, Givetian, Frasnian, Famennian and Viséan faunas.

Description: During the summer of 1962, the author collected many Orbitolina-bearing samples in northern Spain with financial support of the ”Molengraaff Fonds”. One of the samples also was rich in other conspicuous foraminifera, which deserve a description.

Description: Recently DELAMARE DEBOUTTEVILLE & RENAUD-MORNANT (1965) described two new species of marine tardigrades, Florarctus heimi and F. salvati, for which they erected a new genus. The representatives of this remarkable genus are characterized by the possession of large, aliform expansions of the body, structures which were unknown among the Tardigrada. The two species were taken from coral sand from New Caledonia. Two specimens of an undescribed species, which undoubtedly belongs to the genus Florarctus, have now been found in a sample of coral sand from Curaçao. The sample, preserved in alcohol, was kindly put at the author’s disposal by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, who collected it during his investigations of the Piscadera Baai in 1964.

Description: The geology of the map sheet 6, Aston, is described. The stratigraphic sequence consists of Paleozoic rocks from Cambro-Ordovician to Carboniferous age and some Cretaceous rocks along the northern border of the axial zone. The lower part of the Cambro-Ordovician is strongly metamorphosed and consists of micaschists, migmatites and granites. A leucocratic augengneiss, probably an orthogneiss, forms the core of the Aston-Hospitalet massif. Two intrusive granites occur in the Paleozoic rocks. Two types of major structures are distinguished, the metamorphic infrastructure and the non-metamorphic suprastructure. Several phases of deformation, all belonging to the Hercynian orogeny have been recognized. The relationships of the metamorphism to these deformation phases and the metamorphic events of the orthogneisses are described.

Description: Several folded structures are described from an area in the western part of the Aston massif. The examples discussed date mainly from the first, the third and the fourth phase of deformation.

Description: Cosmopsaltria agatha Moulton is removed from the synonymy of Orientopsaltria montivaga (Distant) and reallocated in Orientopsaltria. The drawings of the male genitalia facilitate the distinction of both species.