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  • 1990-1994
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  • 1964  (5,270)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (1,463)
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  • Articles  (5,270)
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  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989
  • 1960-1964  (5,270)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 183-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Die Möglichkeit einer Darstellung der Wirbelstromvorgänge in einem magnetischen Kreis mit Hilfe einer Ersatzwindung wird theoretisch allgemein untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß eine streng gültige Ersatzwindung möglich ist falls das geometrische Bild der Wirbelstromverteilung zeitlich konstant bleibt. Für die Kreiskonstanten werden Ausdrücke angegeben, die für den Fall des Einschaltens eines magnetischen Gleichstromkreises im Allgemeinen eine gute Annäherung geben. Die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung des magnetischen Elusses und des Primärstromes bei Einschaltung eines Telephonrelais werden angedeutet.
    Notes: Summary The concept of replacing the eddy current paths in a magnetic circuit by an equivalent winding is given a general theoretical treatment. It is shown that the equivalent winding is strictly valid if the eddy current pattern remains constant in time. Expressions for the circuit parameters are presented, which will generally yield a good approximation on closing a D.C. excited magnetic circuit. Some results from a numerical study of the current and magnetic flux on closing a telephone relay are given.
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  • 2
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 215-234 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author describes the operation of series-type DDA computing circuits and their application as part of control lcops. The circuits can be constructed using industrial switched transistor logic. As small computing devices which are fitted to their particular applications, they represent an interesting supplement to analog control and computation. The special advantages are: flexible design from a few basic functions, simple combination with control circuitry, accuracy due to absence of drift.
    Notes: Übersicht In der Arbeit wird die Wirkungsweise von digitalen Inkrement-Rechenschaltungen und ihre Anwendung als Teile von Regelkreisen beschrieben. Die Schaltungen können mit industriellen Transistorschaltkreisen verwirklicht werden. Sie stellen als kleine, an die Aufgabe angepaßte Recheneinheiten eine Ergänzung analoger Regel- und Rechenverfahren dar. Ihre besonderen Vorzüge sind: Aufbau flexibler Rechenschaltungen aus wenigen Grundbausteinen, gute Kombinationsfähigkeit mit Regelschaltungen, Genauigkeit infolge des Fehlens von Drift.
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  • 3
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 253-259 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The application of the iteration method for numerical solution of heat-source-networks corresponding to electric machines is examined. Some rules are indicated which contribute to a rapid convergence of the iteration process or which can be used in order to find easily approximate values of the source-temperatures.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird die Anwendung des Iterationsverfahrens auf die für elektrische Maschinen geltenden Wärmequellen-Netze untersucht und einige Regeln angegeben, die die rasche Konvergenz begünstigen und eine verkürzte Näherungsberechnung der gesuchten Temperaturen ermöglichen.
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  • 4
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 260-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary To determine the transient voltage distribution established by a voltage impulse, the loss-free transmission line is replaced, according toH. Prinz, by a ladder network built up of inductive windings and capacitors recurring in alternating succession along the network. The end of the transmission line is terminated by a condenser of arbitrary capacity. The nodal voltages are determined by a matrix differential equation of the second order. This differential equation is solved in closed form by the simultaneous diagonalization of the coefficient matrices for arbitrary voltage surges. From the general solution formula the solutions for the “open” and “earthed” line, respectively, are got as a special case.
    Notes: Übersicht Zur Berechnung der durch einen Spannungsstoß erregten transienten Spannungsverteilung wird eine längskompensierte verlustfreie Fernleitung nachH. Prinz durch eine mehrgliedrige Vierpolkette abgebildet, in welcher in der Längsrichtung induktive Spulen und Kondensatoren alternierend aufeinander folgen. Am Ende ist die Fernleitung durch einen Kondensator von beliebiger Kapazität abgeschlossen. Die Spannungen der knotenpunkte werden durch eine Matrizendifferentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung bestimmt. Diese Differentialgleichung wird durch simultanes Diagnoalisieren der Koeffizientenmatrizen für einen beliebigen Spannungsstoß in geschlossener Form gelöst. Aus der allgemeinen Lösungsformel ergeben sich die Lösungen für die Spezialfälle der „geöffneten” bzw. „starr geerdeten” Fernleitung.
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  • 5
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An approximate formula for calculating the change of capacity of a capacitor due to small and “soft” perturbations of the conducting surfaces is derived. For application of the formula the values of the electric field intensity along the conductor and the capacity (or the field energy) before the deformation must be known.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird eine Näherungsformel zur Berechnung der Kapazitätsänderung von Kondensatoren bei geringfügigen und „sanften” Verbeulungen der Elektroden hergeleitet. Zur Anwendung der Formel muß die Feldstärkeverteilung längs der Elektrode vor der Deformation sowie die ursprüngliche Kapazität (bzw. die ursprüngliche Feldenergie) bekannt sein.
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  • 6
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method for short circuit calculations especially applicable for digital computers was presented in an earlier paper [1]. It is shown how this method can also be used for the calculation of one, two or three open conductors, including the case that a line-to-line or a line-to-ground fault occurs simultanously at the location of open conductors or elsewhere.
    Notes: Übersicht In einer früheren Arbeit [1] wurde für die Berechnung von Kurzschlußströmen ein Rechenverfahren angegeben, das besonders bei Verwendung von Digitalrechnern geeignet ist. In Ergänzung hierzu wird im folgenden gezeigt, wie sich dieses Verfahren für die Berechnung von ein-, zwei- oder dreipoligen Unterbrechungen erweitern läßt. Dabei ist auch der Fall behandelt, da\ gleichzeitig zur Unterbrechung noch ein Kurzschluß an derselben oder einer anderen Stelle des Netzes auftritt.
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  • 7
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 92-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird die Theorie über die Raumladungs-Sperrschicht an der Grenze zwischen einem Niederdruck-Plasma und einer negativen Elektrode ausführlich dargestellt. Auf Grund des Boydschen Schichtkriteriums wird über die Ergebnisse von Bohm hinausgehend eine neue Randbedingung allgemein für die positive Säule im Bereich der ambipolaren Diffusion aufgestellt. Die Gültigkeit dieser Randbedingung wird an früheren Sondenmessungen von Klarfeld geprüft und bestätigt gefunden. Mittels der neuen Randbedingung wird in Verbindung mit früheren Messungen die Beweglichkeit der Quecksilber-Ionen bestimmt, die sich, bezogen aufp=1, als allein von der Elektronentemperatur abhängig erweist. Diese Ergebnisse werden bei der Betrachtung der Entionisierung des Gitter-Anodenraumes und des Ionenrückstromes zur Anode verwendet. Der Entionisierungsvorgang wird bei vereinfachter Anodensystemgeometrie sowohl statisch (mit Vernachlässigung der Sperrschicht vor der Anode) als auch dynamisch mit Berücksichtigung der Sperrschicht betrachtet. Es werden Meßergebnisse wiedergegeben und Übereinstimmung der Theorie mit der Erfahrung gefunden. Der von Koch angegebene Ansatz für den dynamischen Ionenrückstrom wird erweitert, womit die von Zipfel gemessenen hohen dynamischen Rückströme erklärt werden können. Es ergibt sich sowohl theoretisch als auch auf Grund einer dargestellten Sondenmeßmethode, daß die gemessenen Anodenrückströme bis zu sehr hohen Steilheiten der anlaufenden Sprungspannung (du δ/dt) praktisch reine Ionenströme sind.
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  • 8
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 136-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 9
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 162-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The author treats of the characteristics of some servomechanisms, especially the case of input signal including a noise and also compares it with each other. The signal adaptive system which has a minimum square error, proposed in this paper, is very usefull for the practical applications.
    Notes: Inhalt Die Eigenschaften von einigen Folgesystemen, besonders bei zusätzlichem Störgeräusch, werden untersucht und miteinander verglichen. Praktische Methoden, durch die die quadratische Endabweichung des Systems zu einem Minimum wird, werden vom Verfasser vorgeschlagen.
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  • 10
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 190-202 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary On the basis of the method of symmetrical components and the space-vectors, the asynchronous machine with asymmetrical rotor is discussed. Especially the equations of a reluctance-motor are given with laminated rotor and without rotor windings.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden auf Grund der Methode der symmetrischen Komponenten und des Raumvektors die Asynchronmaschinen mit asymmetrischem Läufer systematisch behandelt. Besonders werden die Gleichungen des reinen Reluktanzmotors (mit lamelliertem Läufer und ohne Läuferwicklung) angegeben.
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  • 11
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    Electrical engineering 48 (1964), S. 373-386 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 12
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    Electrical engineering 48 (1964), S. 421-444 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 13
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    Electrical engineering 48 (1964), S. 444-444 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 14
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 13-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Investigation of physical mantities characterizing the magnetic field. The magnetic induction may be derived arbitrarily from the given mantities force, speed and electric charge. The same definition is being achieved by corresponding interpretation of the classic experiment byGauss.
    Notes: Übersicht Untersuchung der physikalischen Größen (Größenarten), die das magnetische Feldbeschreiben. Die magnetische Induktion kann willkürfrei aus vorgegebenen Größen (Größenarten) Kraft, Geschwindigkeit und elektrische Ladung abgeleitet werden. Zu der gleichen Definition kommt man bei entsprechender Interpretation des klassischen Experimentes vonGauss.
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  • 15
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 32-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 16
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 17
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 56-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The differential equation of a coil with curved magnetic characteristic on alternating voltage can be generally solved by series eyxpansion. It is shown that, with any ohmic resistance in the circuit, all peaks of the transient current and flux have their maximum values if the switch is closed in the crossover of the sinusoidal voltage and hysteresis is neglected. This critical switching moment is the same for at least the first peak when considering hysteresis.
    Notes: Übersicht Durch formale Reihenentwicklung des Einschwingvorgangs der Spule mit gekrümmter magnetischer Kennlinie bei Vernachlässigung der Hysterese läßt sich zeigen, daß auch bei beliebig hohem ohmschen Widerstand alle Fluß- und damit Stromscheitelwerte am größten sind, wenn im Nulldurchgang der sinusförmigen Nerzspannung eingeschaltet wird. Dasselbe gilt auch mindestens für den ersten Höchstwert bei Berücksichtigung der Hysterese.
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  • 18
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Es wird gezeigt, wie der Begriff eines verallgemeinerten, komplexen oder operatorischen magnetischen Widerstandes („Reluktanz”) eine bequeme Behandlung von Problemen über wirbelstrombehaftete magnetische Kreise zuläßt. Zwei einfache Beispiele werden durchgerechnet. Die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung des magnetischen Flusses bei Ausschaltung eines Telephonrelais werden angedeutet.
    Notes: Summary The concept of generalized—complex or operational—reluctances is introduced. It is shown that these reluctances simplify considerably the calculation of systems, containing magnetic circuits with eddy currents. Two simple applications are worked out. Some results from a numerical study of the magnetic flux on breaking a telephone relay are given.
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  • 19
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 83-91 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Criteria will be deduced, which permit to find out the number of superfluous coils and capacitors in a linear and losslessn-port without magnetic couplings. The investigation starts with the loop impedance matrix of a losslessn-port and its linear transformation in the matrix of an equivalent circuit. This is described in the second chapter. In the third chapter relations are to be presented between the minimum number of coils and capacitors and topological structures. Some extensions of the won theorems, especially on the invariance of the minimum number of coils and the minimum number of capacitors in equivalentn-ports, are given in the last chapter.
    Notes: Übersicht In dieser Arbeit werden Kriterien abgeleitet, die cs erlauben, an einem vorgelegten kopplungsfreien Reaktanz-2n Pol die Zahl der überflüssigen Spulen und Kondensatoren zu ermitteln. Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchungen ist die im 2. Kapitel dargestellte Maschenimpedanzmatrix eines Reaktanz-2n-Poles und deren lineare Transformation in die Matrix einer äquivalenten Schaltung. Im 3. Kapitel wird ein Zusammenhang zwischen der geringsten Zahl von Spulen und Kondensatoren und topologischen Größen aufgezeigt. Im letzten Kapitel werden Erweiterungen der gewonnenen Sätze dargestellt.
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  • 20
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 109-123 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The possibilities of constructing a heat-source network to represent a given many-body (transient) heat conduction problem with given accuracy are discussed. It is shown that in networks with an equal number of sources and bodies (called by us equivalent thermal ciscuits) the inner thermal resistance of the sources is time-dependent. On the basis of a profound analysis of these circumstances it occurs to be possible to replace the actual course of values by proper constant values without exceeding resonable limits of inaccuracy, though. This way the equivalent thermal network with constant resistances is proved to be an approximation of the many-body system and a practical way to contract it and to esteem possible errors etc. is given now.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden die Möglichkeiten zu einem gegebenenn-Körperwärmeleitungsproblem ein Wärmequellennetz, das eine beliebige Approximation des Problems liefert, zu konstruieren, untersucht. Bei den Wärmequellennetzen mit gleicher Anzahl von Wärmequellen wie Körpern, die allein wir in Hinkunft „äquivalent” nennen wollen, tritt dabei bei dem inneren Wärmewiderstand der Quellen ein Widerstandsfaktor, der von der Zeit abhängig ist, auf. An Hand einer Abschätzung des Wertes den dieser Faktor annehmen kann, wird gezeigt, daß es bei annehmbarer Annäherung möglich ist, den tatsächlichen Wert der inneren Wärmewiderstände durch geeignete konstante Werte zu ersetzen. Damit erweist sich das äquivalente Netz mit konstanten Widerständen nicht nur als Approximation desn-Körperproblems, sondern es ergibt sich ein praktischer Weg zu dessen Konstruktion, zur Fehlerabschätzung, usw.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 124-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Small induction motors of salient-pole type, having highly saturated magnetic bridges from pole to pole, render necessary a calculating schedule depart from that of normal induction motor type. That is especially due to the difficulties brought about by the saturation effect of the magnetic bridges, which conduct not only leakage-flux, but also influence the distribution of flux-density in the air-gap. Firstly the physical conditions of operating are regarded. Then the differential-equations are set up, which enable the derivation of equations for calculating the current and the torque of the motor under consideration of field-harmonics. Test and calculating results agree very well. That affirms the theoretical conclusions.
    Notes: Übersicht Die magnetisch hochgesättigten Streustege und der ungleichförmige Luftspalt bei kleinen Induktionsmotoren mit ausgeprägten Polen erfordern eine von der Theorie normaler Asynchronmaschinen abweichende Darstellung. Insbesondere bedingt das nichtlineare Verhalten der Streustege, die sowohl Streu-als auch Nutzfluß führen, einige zusätzliche Schwierigkeiten. Zunächst werden die physikalischen Vorgänge in einem solchen Motor untersucht. Aus den Spannungsgleichungen läßt sich ein galvanisches Ersatzschaltbild ableiten. Daraufhin lassen sich die Ströme und Drehmomente unter Berücksichtigung des Einflusses der Feldoberwellen berechnen. Die gemessenen und berechneten Betriebskennlinien eines solchen Motors werden miteinander verglichen. Es ergibt sich eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung und damit eine Bestätigung der theoretischen Voraussagen.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 150-161 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary If a conductor or winding is surrounded by a closed magnetic circuit of ideal permeability, the tangential component of the intensity of the magnetic field along the inner surface of the iron depends only on the geometrical dimensions of the magnetic circuit and not on the position of the conductor inside it. Using the conformal mapping there is analysed the form of the tangential component of the magnetic intensity along a rectangular and polygonal frame and the theoretically derived results are compared with the experimental measurements of the tangential component in a rectangular frame.
    Notes: Übersicht Wenn ein Stromleiter oder eine Wicklung von einem geschlossenen Magnetkreis idealer Permeabilität umgeben ist, ist die tangentielle Feldstärke längs der inneren Oberfläche des Eisens nur von den geometrischen Dimensionen des Magnetkreises, nicht aber von der Lage des Leiters abhängig. Es wird der Verlauf der Tangentialkomponente der magnetischen Intensität längs eines rechteckigen und polygonalen Rahmens mittels konformer Abbildungen untersucht und die theoretisch gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden mit experimentellen Messungen der Tangentialkomponente in einem Rechteckrahmen verglichen.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 170-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The investigation of the transients on an electrical multiconductor system leads to the wellknown line equations. A step-by-step method for solving these equations is described which enables also the treatment of complicated boundary conditions. Some examples show the flexibility of this method.
    Notes: Übersicht Bei der Untersuchung von Ausgleichsvorgängen auf einem System von mehreren parallelen elektrischen Leitungen wird man auf die bekannten Leitungsgleichungen geführt. Es wird ein Schrittverfahren zur Lösung dieser Gleichungen beschrieben, das auch die Behandlung komplizierter Randbedingungen ermöglicht. Einige Beispiele zeigen die Anwendbarkeit der Methode.
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    Electrical engineering 48 (1964), S. 387-402 
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    Electrical engineering 48 (1964), S. 403-420 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Performance of electromagnetic devices and systems can be analyzed using the system vectors or the field vectors. This approach results in simple techniques and in rigorous treatments; to illustrate this, some conventional problems are discussed. Extension to high frequency problems is also outlined. For nomenclature see Part 1.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 1-1 
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 2-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Printed cards do not admit branch crossings. For a graph it is shown how by a systematic method a representation containing no crossings is achieved, if need be by removing branches. Contents: 1. Problem; 2. Preparing Theorems; 3. Criterion for planarity and construction of the graph containing no crossings if a Hamiltonian circuit is known; 4. Criteria for planarity and construction of the graph containing no crossings if a Hamiltonian circuit is not known; 5. Supplement.
    Notes: Übersicht Die gedruckte Schaltung erlaubt keine Kreuzung von Zweigen. Es wird gezeigt, wie man in einem systematischen Verfahren zur kreuzungsfreien Darstellung eines Graphen gelangt, falls er vom Geschlecht Null ist, und wie man gegebenenfalls durch Entfernung von Zweigen die Kreuzungsfreiheit erzielt. Gliederung: 1. Die Aufgabe; 2. Vorbereitende Sätze; 3. Kriterium der Ebenheit und Konstruktion des kreuzungsfreien Graphen bei Kenntnis einer Hamilton-Linie; 4. Kriterien der Ebenheit und Konstruktion des kreuzungsfreien Graphen, falls eine Hamilton-Linie nicht bekannt ist; 5. Ergänzungen.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 18-31 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two new methods for determining the transfer functions of two-terminal pair RLC-networks are described. Using these methods the impulsive reponse of the respective netword approximates any given and permissible function. The error of approximation can be made arbitrarily small if the order of the transfer function is not taken, i.e. if the number of circuit elements is not restricted. The peculiarity of the new methods appears in the transformation of the time domain in certain other domains. Thus the problem is reduced to the relatively easy problem of approximation by polynomials. The efficiency of the methods is shown by means of some practical examples.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden zwei neuartige Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Übertragungsfunktionen für RLC-Vierpole mitgeteilt. Dabei läßt sich erreichen, daß die Impulsantwort des jeweiligen Vierpols eine im wesentlichen beliebig vorgeschriebene Funktion approximiert. Wenn der Grad der zu bestimmenden Übertragungsfunktion beliebig gewählt werden darf, wenn also die Zahl der Schaltelemente des entstehenden Vierpols keinen Einschränkungen unterliegt, kann die Approximation beliebig genau gemacht werden. Die Besonderheit der Verfahren liegt in der Transformation des Zeitbereichs in gewisse andere Bereiche, so daß die Aufgabe auf das verhältnismäßig einfache Approximationsproblem mittels Polynomen zurückgeführt wird. Die Leistungsfähigkeit der Verfahren wird anhand einiger Zahlenbeispiele vorgeführt.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 137-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The theoretical treatment of properties of semiconductor components requires systems of equations, which have to contain the so-called transport-phenomena (diffusion, viscosity, thermal conductivity etc.), especially in the case of describing avalanche-effects, thermoelectric effects and anomalies of characteristics. In the present paper a method proposed earlier by the author with respect to general gasdynamic treatments will be applied for stating differential equations for the transport of mass, momentum and energy within the system of electrons, holes and lattice-atoms.
    Notes: Übersicht Bei der theoretischen Behandlung der Eigenschaften von Halbleiterbauelementen benötigt man Gleichungssysteme, die-insbesondere für die Beschreibung von Durchbruchseffekten, thermoelektrischen Effekten und Anomalien der Kennlinien—die sogenannten Transportphänomene (Diffusion, innere Reibung, Wärmeleitung usw.) enthalten müssen. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein vom Autor schon früher für allgemeine gasdynamische Behandlungen vorgeschlagenes Verfahren verwendet, um die Differentialgleichungen für den Transport von Masse, Impuls und Energie des Systems von Elektronen, Defektelektronen und Gitteratomen aufzustellen.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 203-214 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Solutions ofMaxwell's equations of the radiation field with a zero-component are dicussed.Bromwich's solutions are of that kind. On example of the wave-equation in toroidal coordinates a simple method is pointed out, to obtain solutions of this equation with one component zero also in coordinate systems, whereBromwich's method is not applicable. A wave-mode in a hollow torus is described.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden Lösungen der Maxwellschen Gleichungen mit einer verschwindenden Feldkomponente im idealen, homogenen Nichtleiter unter Ausschluß elektrischer Ladungen betrachtet. Dazu gehören auch die Lösungen nachBromwich wie z. B. die in Kugelkoordinaten. An Hand der Wellengleichung in Toruskoordinaten wird ein Verfahren aufgezeigt, das es gestattet, Lösungen der Wellengleichung mit einer verschwindenden Feldkomponente auch in Koordinatensystemen zu erhalten, in denen die Bromwichschen Potentialdarstellungen nicht anwendbar sind. Unter anderem wird auch auf eine Hohlrohrwelle im Torus hingewiesen.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 235-239 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Short description of the mode of operation of an inverter circuit lately introduced in electrical power engineering; investigation of the interdependence of operation frequency, control angle, resonant frequency and damping factor of the oscillating circuit forming the load. Limits of operation range are shown. The results are demonstrated by families of curves.
    Notes: Übersicht Für eine neuerdings in der Energietechnik eingesetzte Wechselrichterschaltung wird kurz die Arbeitsweise beschrieben und abgeleitet wie die Arbeitsfrequenz, der Steuerwinkel, die Eigenfrequenz und die Dämpfung des Lastschwingkreises miteinander verknüpft sind. Die Grenzen des Arbeitsbereiches werden aufgezeigt und die Zusammenhänge durch Kurvenscharen veranschaulicht.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 240-252 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird eine Durchschlagsbedingung für die Sperrschicht an der Anode abgeleitet unter der Voraussetzung, daß die Sperrschicht sich noch zwischen Anode und Gitter befindet. Dabei werden die Feldemission der Anode, die Elektronenemission infolge der auf die Anode auftreffenden Ionen und die Ionisierung von Neutralgasatomen innerhalb der Sperrschicht durch unelastische Stöße mit den von der Anode emittierten Elektronen berücksichtigt. Die Durchschlagsbedingung ergibt sich dadurch, daß die von der Anode emittierte Elektronenstromdichte instabil wird, wenn eine dimensionslose GrößeD größer oder gleich 1 wird. Es ergeben sich ähnliche Verhältnisse wie bei der bekannten Townsend'schen Bedingung für den Durchschlag von Gasen jedoch mit einem zusätzlichen Glied, das von der Feldemission bedingt wird. Die den Durchschlag der Sperrschicht bestimmende GrößeD ist eine Funktion der Sperrspannung, der Ionenrückstromdichte, der Gasdichte, der Anodentemperatur und eines Feldverstärkungsfaktors. Der rechnerisch ermittelte Funktionsverlauf wird dargestellt und zeigt, daß in einem Spannungsbereich von 1–200 kV und für Gasdichten vonn 0=5·1019 bis 5,0·1021 m−3 bei einem Feldverstärkungsfaktorm F =300...700, wie er von Metzler für Anodengraphit gefunden wurde, der GrenzwertD=1 bei Ionenstromdichten von 102 bis 104 A/m2 erreicht wird. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Rückzündungswahrscheinlichkeit proportional zur GrößeD ist. Damit läßt sich die Theorie an dem experimentellen Ergebnis von Zipfel prüfen, der fand, daß der Ionenrückstrom in der 5,25. und die Sperrspannung in der 3,5. Potenz in die Rückzündungswahrscheinlichkeit eingehen. Diese empirisch gefundene Gesetzmäßigkeit erweist sich als gute Näherung für die theoretische GrößeD, so daß sich völlige Übereinstimmung ergibt. Abschließend werden die Ergebnisse ausführlich diskutiert und ein Hinweis auf die Erweiterung der Theorie der Rückzündung mit Ionenfokussierung gegeben.
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    Biological cybernetics 2 (1964), S. 71-77 
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    Notes: Abstract Whenever the eye views a spatially-varying gradient of luminance, the Mach bands arise, causing a subjective distribution different from the luminance distribution of the field of view. This phenomenon has been used for the determination of the contrast-transfer function of the visual system when working under normal viewing conditions, i.e., operating in a region where both luminance and detail size are well above threshold. The Mach bands have been measured by making subjective photometric comparisons and the data have been analyzed under the assumption of linearity of response to input. The hypothesis that the visual system may be treated as an approximately linear link in the imaging chain is satisfied best when the luminances are plotted logarithmically. The possibility of this type of investigation is discussed. The result found is compared with apparent subjective contrast measurements of a sine-wave spatial luminance distribution.
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    Biological cybernetics 2 (1964), S. 43-61 
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    Notes: Summary The functional properties of the processing of visual information by the complex eye of Limulus was studied. The spatial distribution of activity that results in the optic nerve when the Limulus eye is exposed to a stationary optical pattern depends upon the transfer characteristics of two subsystems: the dioptric apparatus and the nervous interactions comprising the lateral inhibition system. — The transfer characteristic of the dioptric apparatus is determined by the sensitivity distribution function of single ommatidia. This distribution was measured and found to be approximately of Gauss-function type. The sensitivity falls off to 1/e at a distance of one ommatidium; thus the visual fields of adjacent ommatidia strongly overlap. As a consequence of the overlap, amplitudes of the spatial Fourier components, of which the brightness distribution of the optical surround is made up, are more and more reduced with increasing frequency in the intensity distribution on the receptor mosaic. The amplitude of the spatial frequency 1/λ=0,25 (λ in units of interommatidial distance) is reduced to half of the maximum value, which is attained at zero frequency. It is shown that the amplitude frequency characteristic of the sensitivity distribution function has no zeros, which means that no loss of optical information results from overlap of visual fields. Thus the resolving power of the dioptric apparatus is limited only by the number of receptors per unit area. — The transfer characteristic of the lateral inhibition system in the Limulus eye depends on the distribution of the inhibitory coefficients around the individual receptors. This distribution function was determined from excitatory responses in the optic nerve elicited by a spatial light intensity step function on the receptor mosaic. It is found that this distribution is also Gaussian in form, but decays to 1/e at a distance of eight to nine ommatidia along the major axis of the eye. The average value of the inhibitory coefficients between adjacent ommatidia was found to be 0,025. The amplitude frequency response of the inhibitory system is constant for high spatial frequencies down to 1/λ=0,1 while amplitudes of lower frequency sinusoids are reduced down to nearly half of the maximum value at frequency zero. The amplitude frequency characteristic of the inhibitory system ensures a one to one correspondence between the intensity distribution on the receptor mosaic and the excitation distribution in the optic nerve. The overall transfer characteristic of the eye is derived from the transfer characteristics of the dioptric apparatus and the inhibitory system. This characteristic is of bandpass type with a maximum amplitude response at a frequency of 1/λ=0,07. The overall transfer characteristic was independently confirmed in a separate experiment. The nature of the overall transfer characteristic shows that the inhibitory system does not exactly correct for the overlap of the visual fields of single ommatidia, which in principal the system could do if the distributions of inhibitory coefficients and ommatidia sensitivity were equal. The overall transfer characteristic of the Limulus eye garantees a one to one correspondence between patterns in the optical surround and excitation distributions in the optic nerve. — The average values of the inhibitory coefficients derived from these experiments are at least a factor ten smaller than those determined directly by other investigators. Possible explanations of this discrepency are discussed. — In a separate chapter the overall transfer characteristic for eyes submerged in water is described. It was found that this characteristic does not differ from that determined in air for the eye region which was investigated in the experiments. This result is explained by two properties of the eye which are dependent on the refractive index of the surround medium and whose influences cancel each other: the visual fields of ommatidia are reduced under water, while the divergence angles between the optical axes of adjacent ommatidia also diminish.
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    Biological cybernetics 2 (1964), S. 144-144 
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    Biological cybernetics 2 (1964), S. 124-127 
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    Notes: Summary Nonlinear properties of the human pupillary light reflex have been studied using binocular light stimuli of sinusoidally varying intensity. As reported earlier, the pupil responds with a net contraction to the modulation of the light intensity within a wide range of modulation frequencies. Results of the present experiments show that the net contraction does not depend upon the relative phase difference of the binocular light stimuli. However in the lower frequency range, where the in-phase stimuli result in a periodic light reflex, the out-of-phase stimuli fail to do so. These results allow certain conclusions to be drawn regarding the localisation within the photopupil reflex arc of the nonlinearities involved.
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    Notes: Summary Binary sequences, whose statistical properties follow some law can be predicted with an accuracy depending on their statistical law. The conditional cumulative entropy is a measure of predictability and can be measured in a relatively simple way by using suitable methods. A binary predictor can be realized by the learning matrix for binary signals due to K. Steinbuch. The predictor system depends on the order of the statistical interdependence of the binary digits, which can be expressed in terms of cumulative redundancy. Binary sequences randomly generated by subjects show statistical interdependence between even three preceding digits. Experiments with 121 such binary sequences with 700 digits each have shown that on the average 73% of the digits can be predicted.
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    Biological cybernetics 2 (1964), S. 114-124 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde gezeigt, daß durch funktionell eingebaute Fehlerkorrektur in Zuordnerschaltungen, wie sie in Abschnitt 1 definiert wurde a) es möglich ist, trotz Vorhandensein einer angebbaren Anzahl fehlerhafter Bauelemente, die richtige Aussage zu erhalten; b) die fehlerhaften Bauelemente verhältnismäßig rasch und mit wenig Aufwand lokalisiert werden können; c) die Kosten dieses Verfahrens unwesentlich über, z.T. sogar unter denen konventioneller Diodenschaltungen liegen können (vgl. Abb. 14); d) die Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit dieser Schaltungen um einige Zehnerpotenzen niedriger ist, als die konventioneller Schaltungen (vgl. Abb. 13); e) die Anzahl der korrigierbaren Schaltungsfehler unter gewissen Voraussetzungen (s. Abschnitt 3) ebenfall durch Unterteilung der Korrekturmatrix erhöht werden kann (vgl. Tabelle 2), wobei gleichzeitig die Anzahl der Bauelemente, bzw. die Kosten der selbstkorrigierenden Schaltungen (vgl. Abb. 5 und Tabelle 2) weiter herabgesetzt werden; f) die Code-Redundanz des mehrwertigen Codes der Ähnlichkeitsmatrix durch mehrmalige Diskriminierung und Verarbeitung in mehreren Korrekturmatrizen voll ausgenutzt werden kann (vgl. Gl. 12).
    Notes: Summary It has been demonstrated that by functional error correction of translator circuits according to the definitions of part 1 a) it is possible to obtain the correct response in spite of a limited number of failing hardware elements; b) failing hardware elements can be located quickly and without large expense c) the cost of this method is insignificantly higher, eventually even lower than conventional diode circuitery (see fig. 14) d) the probability of failure of these circuits is by some magnitudes lower than that of conventional circuits (see fig. 13) e) the number of corrigible circuit failures can be increased under certain conditions (see part 3) likewise by subdivision of the correcting matrix (see table II). In this case the number of hardware elements or the cost of the self-correcting circuits resp. (see fig. 5 and table 2) is reduced further. f) The code redundancy of the non-binary code of the similarity matrix can be fully utilized by multiple discrimination and processing by several correcting matrices (see eq. 12).
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    Biological cybernetics 2 (1964), S. 127-144 
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    Notes: Summary Using the physical and mathematical basis given in two foregoing papers, a differential equation is proposed for a model of the biological 24-hour-periodicity. This oscillation equation contains two characteristic non-linearities describing the self-sustaining property and the “circadian rule”. The right side of the equation (“external force”) represents the controlling environmental conditions, mainly the intensity of illumination. Solutions were obtained for different environmental conditions using a digital computer. Under “constant conditions” the solution of the equation describes oscillations self-sustained within a certain range of environmental conditions. In this range the oscillations fulfil the circadian rule, e.g. for light-active organisms: The frequency and the mean value of the oscillation increase with increasing light intensity; with an additional (arbitrary) threshold separating activity time and rest time for describing an activity rhythm, the α∶ρ (activity time ∶ rest time) ratio and the total amount of activity also increase. Under periodically changing environmental conditions five properties of the “Zeitgeber” used (two distinct intensities with twilight transitions) are variable and varied: The range of oscillation of the Zeitgeber, its frequency, its mean value, its L ∶ D ratio (time relation of light time and dark time), and the duration of the twilights. The most important of the examined properties was the phase angle difference between the (forced) oscillation and the (forcing) Zeitgeber. The general result for light-active organisms was: The phase of the oscillation advances relative to the Zeitgeber (in sofar as the oscillation is synchronized) if the period of the Zeitgeber, or its mean value, or its L∶D ratio, or the duration of the twilights increase. In dark-active organisms, the relation between phase angle difference and the mean value or the L∶D ratio is reversed. Exceptions to this general rule exist in the relation between phase angle difference and L ∶ D ratio if the “free running” period of the oscillation deviates too much from the period of a “weak” Zeitgeber (mainly in dark-active organisms) or if the duration of the twilights is too short (especially if the transitions are rectangular). Single exposures to light (or darkness) during constant conditions result in phase shifts depending in direction and amount on the phase of the oscillation at which the disturbance occured. The resulting response curves depend in range and form on the one hand on the time of measuring the phase shifts (either immediately or after several periods — in the steady state — following the disturbance) and, on the other hand, on the intensity of the initial illumination, on the duration, and on the intensity of the exposures, each in a different manner. Moreover, response curves effective in LD conditions deviate from those measured under constant conditions; the reason being the difference in the energy state of the oscillations in the two conditions. Therefore, it is impossible to derive the phase angle difference between the oscillation and a Zeitgeber in self-sustained oscillations from the measurement of response curves alone. The oscillation equation used contains only one free parameter, the frequency coefficient. If this coefficient is changed, the equation describes other biological rhythms. For instance, with a high value it describes the behaviour of single nerve cells, and that not only in cases of spontaneous rhythmicity (e.g. receptor cells) but also in cases of reactions to single or rhythmic stimuli. Moreover, the derived characteristics of the equation — especially the non-linearities — seem to be significant for other biological problems such as control mechanisms.
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    Biological cybernetics 2 (1964), S. 33-43 
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    Notes: Summary The mean diameter of the human pupil was measured during stimulation of the eye with light of sinusoidally varying intensity and during stationary illumination with the corresponding average intensity. Continuous records of the pupil diameter were obtained using an electronic pupillometer. The light stimuli were electronically controlled by utilizing the Faraday effect and applied under “open loop” conditions. The pupil responded with a net contraction to modulation of the light intensity within a range of modulation frequencies up to 30 c/sec. The net contraction was maximal between 1 and 3 c/sec, but remained significant at high frequencies, which did not result in a periodic light reflex any more. The higher the modulation degree and the average intensity, the larger the net contraction. The dependence of the net contraction upon the modulation frequency is very similar to that of the subjective brightness (Brücke effect), although certain difficulties are encountered in attempting a direct comparison of the two phenomena.
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    Biological cybernetics 2 (1964), S. 77-92 
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    Notes: Summary The optical properties of the compound eye of Drosophila have been analysed using the optomotor reactions of flies with normal and mutant eye pigmentation. The stimulus was provided by cylindrical patterns with different periodic intensity distributions rotating at different speeds. The response consists of a torque about the vertical axis and was recorded under conditions of fixed flight. (Maximum reaction is about 0.04 dyn · cm). The transfer characteristics of the optical system are determined by the inter-ommatidial angle Δϕ, influencing the resolving power and by the width of the visual field of single ommatidia Δρ, influencing the response at high spatial frequencies. The values Δϕ = 4.6° and Δρ= 3.5° are obtained from stimulus-response experiments with Drosophila. They are independent of the presence of screening pigments. Differences in the response of flies with strong (+, se), weak (w a), and missing (w) pigmentation can be explained by the increased amount of scattered light in the pigment-deficient eyes. The overall intensities in the equally illuminated receptors are expected to be in the ratio 1∶1∶8∶25, respectively. The perception of motion depends only on the temporal, not on the spatial phase relations between periodic intensity variations in neighbouring ommatidia. Therefore the inhomogeneous distribution of the inter-ommatidial angle Δϕ changes the resolving power in different parts of the eye without changing the response to motion. Different simultaneous stimuli of equal strength in different parts of the eye are averaged in the perceptive system of Drosophila according to the number of ommatidia in these parts.
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    Biological cybernetics 2 (1964), S. 61-71 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung/Summary 1. The activity of single nerve cells in the visual system of cats (curarized or encéphale isolé preparations) was investigated. Records were sampled from units in the optic tract, the lateral geniculate body, and the striate cortex. The non-sequential interval distribution and the mean discharge rate of spontaneous activity and of that during stimulation of the retina with continuous light was analysed over long periods. An interval analyser was used. 2. The mean discharge rate of spontaneous activity is highest in the optic tract and decreases significantly towards the visual cortex. The mean values are: 35.5 per sec in the optic tract (13 units), 14.0 per sec in the lateral geniculate (24 units) and 5.7 per sec in the visual cortex (145 units). 3. The variety of possible interval distributions was reduced to 3 characteristic types. As belonging to type I those distributions were classified which showed exponential form. Only the frequency of short intervals was reduced, so that the distribution had a peak at 8–10 msec. The joint interval histogram showed that the successive single discharges were independent from each other. From this it could be assumed that spike generation in these cells occurs according to a Poisson-type process. The initial dead time can be explained by the excitability cycle of the units or by recurrent or collateral synaptic interactions. — Bi- or trimodal interval distributions were labelled as type II. The different peaks were attributed to different activity determining factors. A third group (type III) is found by those distributions which show transitional characteristics between the other two. Only one peak of short intervals is distinguishable and flanked by a wide and unsystematic distribution of longer intervals. 4. In the optic tract mainly type I, in the lateral geniculate mainly type II and in the visual cortex almost always type III distributions were found. 5. The interval distribution from each unit in darkness remained essentially the same under continuous illumination, even though the average discharge rate of optic nerve fibers was considerably changed by stimulation. In cortical cells only little changes of discharge rate were induced by continuous illumination of the retina.
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    Biological cybernetics 2 (1964), S. 102-114 
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    Notes: Summary This paper is concerned with the learning matrix for non-binary signals (LMn) as a classifying network. It can be shown that the properties of a LMn are determined by five parameters. One of these parameters corresponds to a criterion of similarity as the basis of the classification process. Two types of LMn, incorporating different criteria of similarity are investigated and compared as far as the accuracy and the invariance of classification are concerned. The second part of the paper deals with the technical realization of both types of the LMn. There the main problem is the storage of non-binary information in the connecting elements of the LMn. This difficulty can be met by the application of control techniques. Finally some results of investigations on transfluxors are reported which show that transfluxors are suitable connecting elements of a LMn.
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    Biological cybernetics 2 (1964), S. 92-92 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 1-3 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 22-24 
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    Notes: Conclusions The optico-mechanical transmitting mechanism of the photoelectric sorting transducers provides a high operating speed (approximately one order higher than the existing pneumatic system). The speed of operation of the circuit depends on its components and the method of their connection. The cyclograms of sorting automatic machines can be plotted directly from the transducers' transient function graphs.
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 4-6 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 20-21 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 16-19 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 29-30 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 27-28 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 25-26 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 35-36 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 37-39 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 31-34 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. The close mutual relationships between precision, speed of operation and the power drained from the tested objects by measuring devices depends basically on the negentropic properties of the measured parameters of the statistical physical phenomena. 2. The relationship between the maximum contained information, the negentropy, and energy follows a logarithmic law. 3. The perfection of actual measuring devices (the total effect of their precision, speed of operation and the power drained from the measured object) is determined by a single generalized index which can be expressed either in relative units (ℵ being the loss or marginal precision) or in logarithmic units(Δq being the loss of information). 4. An absolute improvement in instruments can only be attained by reducing the value of the instrument's information loss Δq. 5. Within the range of the minimum information loss attainable in an instrument under the present technological conditions, any improvement in one of its parameters can only be achieved by a mutual transformation of precision, speed of operation and the power drained from the measured objects (as is conventionally shown by a triangle of arrows in Fig. 2). Improved precision can be attained by sacrificing speed of operation or power consumption, speed of operation by sacrificing power consumption or precision, and improved sensitivity (with respect to power) by sacrificing speed of operation or precision. 6. Taking into consideration that according to [7] the product δ i 2 ti=τ is “dead time” of the measuring instrument, a brief deduction of the above analysis can be written in the form of a general equation for any measuring device $$\tau P_\chi = 2\kappa \theta $$ or else it can be formulated in the following manner: the product of dead time and the useful information power for any measuring device is a constant quantity equal to double the product of Boltzmann's constant and the absolute temperature.
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 40-40 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 41-42 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 43-44 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 45-46 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 47-49 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 50-51 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 52-56 
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    Notes: Conclusions The above investigations have confirmed the advisability of designing a highly-sensitive automatic potentiometer with a photogalvanometric null detector. In order to provide single-unit high-quality potentiometers according to the above circuit, it is necessary to revise the design of the ÉPP-09 instrument for the purpose of reducing considerably its power dissipation and simplifying its mechanism.
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 61-61 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 62-62 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 57-60 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 63-66 
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    Notes: Conclusions The error in testing and calibrating modulation meters at high modulating frequencies (up to 500 kHz) by the suggested method does not exceed 2%. By the suggested method it is possible to evaluate the error of calibrating by means of a pulsating signal fed to the input of the diode detector. The pulsating signal method provides a small calibration error at modulating frequencies up to 20 kHz, but it has a considerable error at modulating frequencies in the radio range.
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 67-68 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 76-79 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 86-86 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 855-866 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 941-942 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 950-953 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 962-967 
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    Measurement techniques 7 (1964), S. 954-957 
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    Notes: Conclusions The above theoretical investigations, a brief analysis of the dynamic errors in weighing a moving load and subsequent test results have shown that the method of measuring the load at the instants when the effort applied to the strain gauges passes through its mean-amplitude value provides measurements with an acceptable precision for various types of dynamic loading. The cited relationships and formulas can be used for evaluating systematic dynamic errors for various types of load oscillations, and thus for predicting the efficiency of any given method in forming a control pulse for reading the weight of the load.
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