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  • Articles  (291)
  • Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry  (242)
  • fertilization  (49)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (291)
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  • Articles  (291)
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (291)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Copernicus
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  • 2020-2022
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (291)
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  • 2014
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  • 1988  (104)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Motility and centrosomal organization during sea urchin and mouse fertilization (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 6 (1986), S. 163-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: centrosomes ; fertilization ; mice ; microfilaments ; microtubules ; mitosis ; pericentriolar material ; sea urchins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Motility and the behavior and inheritance of centrosomes are investigated during mouse and sea urchin fertilization. Sperm incorporation in sea urchins requires microfilament activity in both sperm and eggs as tested with Latrunculin A, a novel inhibitor of microfilament assembly. In contrast the mouse spermhead is incorporated in the presence of microfilament inhibitors indicating an absence of microfilament activity at this stage. Pronuclear apposition is arrested by microfilament inhibitors in fertilized mouse oocytes. The migrations of the sperm and egg nuclei during sea urchin fertilization are dependent on microtubules organized into a radial monastral array, the sperm aster. Microtubule activity is also required during pronuclear apposition in the mouse egg, but they are organized by numerous egg cytoplasmic sites. By the use of an autoimmune antibody to centrosomal material, centrosomes are detected in sea urchin sperm but not in unfertilized eggs. The sea urchin centrosome expands and duplicates during first interphase and condenses to form the mitotic poles during division. Remarkably mouse sperm do not appear to have the centrosomal antigen and instead centrosomes are found in the unfertilized oocyte. These results indicate that both microfilaments and microtubules are required for the successful completion of fertilization in both sea urchins and mice, but at different stages. Furthermore they demonstrate that centrosomes are contributed by the sperm during sea urchin fertilization, but they might be maternally inherited in mammals.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970060215
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microtubules in ascidian eggs during meiosis, fertilization, and mitosis (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 9 (1988), S. 219-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: fertilization ; ooplasmic segregation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sequential changes in the distribution of microtubules during germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), fertilization, and mitosis were investigated with antitubulin indirect immunofluorescence microscopy in several species of ascidian eggs (Molgula occidentalis, Ciona savignyi, and Halocynthia roretzi). These alterations in microtubule patterns were also correlated with observed cytoplasmic movements. A cytoplasmic latticework of microtubules was observed throughout meiosis. The unfertilized egg of M. occidentalis had a small meiotic spindle with wide poles; the poles became focused after egg activation. The other two species had more typical meiotic spindles before fertilization. At fertilization, a sperm aster first appeared near the cortex close to the vegetal pole. It enlarged into an unusual asymmetric aster associated with the egg cortex. The sperm aster rapidly grew after the formation of the second polar body, and it was displaced as far as the equatorial region, corresponding to the site of the myoplasmic rescent, the posterior half of the egg. The female pronucleus migrated to the male pronucleus at the center of the sperm aster. The microtubule latticework and the sperm aster disappeared towards the end of first interphase with only a small bipolar structure remaining until first mitosis. At mitosis the asters enlarged tremendously, while the mitotic spindle remained remarkably small. The two daughter nuclei remained near the site of cleavage even after division was complete. These results document the changes in microtubule patterns during maturation in Ascidian oocytes, demonstrate that the sperm contributes the active centrosome at fertilization, and reveal the presence of a mitotic apparatus at first division which has an unusually small spindle and huge asters.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970090304
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wave of cortical actin polymerization in the sea urchin egg (1987)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 7 (1987), S. 46-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin filament ; fertilization ; fluorescent labeled phallotoxins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of actin filaments in the cortical layer of sea urchin eggs during fertilization has been investigated by light microscopy using fluorescently labeled phallotoxins. The cortical layer of both whole eggs and cortices isolated on a glass surface was examined. In cortices of unfertilized eggs, numerous fluorescent spots were seen, which may correspond to short actin filament cores in microvilli. After insemination, one of the sperm-attaching points on the egg surface first became strongly fluorescent. This fluorescence grew around the point of sperm penetration with the growth of the fertilization cone. Then, the cortical layer of the egg around the fertilization cone became strongly fluorescent and the fluorescence propagated in a wavelike manner over the entire cortex. The mechanism of the propagation of actin polymerization is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970070107
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unfertilized sea urchin eggs contain a discrete cortical shell of actin that is subdivided into two organizational states (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 9 (1988), S. 85-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: fertilization ; echinoderm eggs ; egg cortex ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Changes in the distribution and organizational state of actin in the cortex of echinoderm eggs are believed to be important events following fertilization. To examine the initial distribution and form of actin in unfertilized eggs, we have adapted immunogold-labeling procedures for use with eggs of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Using these procedures, as well as fluorescence microscopy, we have revealed a discrete 1-μm-thick concentrated shell of actin in the unfertilized egg cortex. This actin is located in the short surface projections of unfertilized eggs and around the cortical granules in a manner that suggests it is associated with the cortical granule surface. The actin in the short surface projections appears to be organized into filaments. However, most if not all of the actin surrounding the cortical granules is organized in a form that does not bind phalloidin, even though it is accessible to actin antibody. The lack of phalloidin binding is consistent with either the presence of nonfilamentous actin associated with the cortical granules or the masking of actin-filament phalloidin-binding sites by some cellular actin-binding component. In addition to the concentrated shell of actin found in the cortex, actin was also found to be concentrated in the nuclei of unfertilized eggs.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970090109
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wave of free calcium at fertilization in the sea urchin egg visualized with fura-2 (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 9 (1988), S. 271-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: fertilization ; Ca2+ wave ; fura-2 ; sea urchin egg ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A wave front of increased free calcium traversing the egg at fertilization is demonstrated in the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. The use of the fluorescent calcium chelator fura-2 in combination with low-light-level TV microscopy and image processing allows the visualization of the Ca2+ wave front with high spatial and temporal resolution. Such a wave is demonstrated as increased fluorescence after an excitation of 340-nm wavelength and as the reciprocal image in form of a reduced fluorescence when excited at 380 nm. The band-like appearance of the wave resembles the Ca2+ wave described for larger eggs of other species. In a dispermic egg the high resolution of the system used allows us to recognize two waves of Ca2+ originating from the respective points of sperm entry.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970090309
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An improved method for isolation of fertile zona-free mouse eggs (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 13 (1986), S. 213-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: fertilization ; zona-free egg ; chymotrypsin ; plasma membrane ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Studies of sperm-egg fusion using zona-free mouse eggs are impaired by the procedures used for removal of the zona pellucida. Methods involving proteolytic digestion or mechanical aspiration through micropipettes are limited in that proteases can adversely affect fertility and mechanical removal often results in low egg yields. An efficient procedure for preparation of zona-free mouse eggs was developed using a combined enzymatic (chymotrypsin) mechanical approach (CT-M procedure). Zona-intact eggs, obtained after hyaluronidase treatment, were exposed to 0.001% α-chymotrypsin in medium containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Brief (2 minute) exposure to chymotrypsin under these conditions caused pronounced zona distention in a majority (80-90%) of the eggs, facilitating mechanical removal and resulting in a high yield of zona-free eggs. Eggs prepared by the CT-M method displayed identical penetration levels relative to mechanically denuded eggs. CT-M prepared eggs also showed sperm concentration dependent penetration levels and demonstrated a plasma membrane block to polyspermy, qualities previously observed in mechanically prepared eggs [Wolf DP, 1978, Dev Biol 64:1-10]. Eggs could be exposed to 0.001% CT for zona distention over a 2-10-minute time period with no detrimental effects on fertility. The effect of chymotrypsin was also studied by treating zona-free eggs for 30 minutes over a 1-1,000-μg/ml range of enzyme, and a concentration-dependent reduction in penetration levels was observed. These results indicate that the CT-M method is a useful procedure for the isolation of large numbers of zona-free mouse eggs.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120130304
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cortical reaction in pig oocytes during in vivo and in vitro fertilization (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 13 (1986), S. 241-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: oocyte ; fertilization ; cortical granule ; pig ; calcium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The structure of pig oocytes after in vivo and in vitro fertilization and following treatment with the ionophore A23187 with differing levels of calcium are described, with particular reference to the cortical granules.Fertilization in vivo and in vitro resulted in cortical granule exocytosis. Sperm penetration in vivo was more rapid than in vitro and resulted in the dispersal of the cortical granules' contents in the perivitelline space following exocytosis. The contents of the granules remained adjacent to the plasmalemma after in vitro fertilization and suboolemmar vesicles were less numerous than after in vivo fertilization. High calcium levels were necessary to induce the dispersal of the cortical granule contents following treatment with ionophore. The observations are discussed regarding their relevance to the blockage to polyspermy.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120130307
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An in vitro technique to study penetration of hamster oocyte-cumulus complexes by using physiological numbers of sperm (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 13 (1986), S. 293-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: fertilization ; oocyte cumulus complex ; acrosome ; hyperactivation of motility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have developed an inexpensive in vitro system for studying cumulus penetration and fertilization by using physiological numbers of sperm. This system simulates conditions believed to exist in vivo more closely than any in current usage. In this system, 1-100 hamster sperm are used to challenge fresh hamster oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCC). Only fresh (nonoviducal) OCC are used, as they present the most stringent challenge to sperm. Because sperm numbers are low, OCC do not disperse, and sperm can be studied microscopically during penetration of the cumulus oophorus and corona radiata. These conditions permit microscopic assessment of the sperm acrosome. Video tapes of experiments allow easy review and analysis of experiments. Results obtained employing this technique show that, in vitro, (1) capacitated, acrosome-intact hamster sperm can penetrate the extracellular matrix between cumulus cells and bind to the zona pellucida; (2) the “figure-eight motility” characteristic of hyperactivated hamster sperm swimming in culture medium is suppressed when sperm swim in the extracellular matrix between cumulus cells; and (3) fertilization occurs in capillary tubes when low numbers of sperm are used. The in vitro system that we have described will be useful in analyzing the mechanisms used by sperm to penetrate the cumulus and corona radiata and to clarify the role of the acrosomal enzymes in fertilization.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120130404
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Artificial insemination of the American lobster (Homarus) (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 14 (1986), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: artificial insemination ; crustaceans ; lobsters ; fertilization ; spermatophore ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A technique has been developed for artificially inseminating freshly molted female lobsters (Homarus). Using the criterion that eggs were fertilized if they showed development of normal cleavage patterns, at least 49.5% of the inseminated females extruded fertilized eggs. Sixty-two percent of the fertilized eggs developed to the eyespot stage, and 26.6% of these subsequently hatched. Eggs were not fertilized in 7.7% of the extrusions. In 42% of the samples, it was not possible to establish whether fertilization had occurred because either samples were collected prior to initiation of cleavage or eggs were too poorly preserved to assess cleavage with confidence. It is probable that many of the eggs that were evaluated as equivocal were also fertilized. This technique should be valuable in the experimental and commercial aquaculture of lobsters and might be directly applicable to other crustaceans.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120140104
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in elemental composition of fertilized and unfertilized northern pike (Esox lucius) eggs incubated in buffer with and without dimethyl sulfoxide: An X-ray microanalysis study (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 14 (1986), S. 91-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: fish ; eggs ; fertilization ; incubation ; dimethyl sulfoxide ; cryoprotectant ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Fertilized and unfertilized eggs from the northern pike (Esox lucius) were incubated 2 hr in buffer with 0 and 10% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide and then quickly frozen in the wells of aluminum blocks submerged in liquid nitrogen. Control eggs and ovarian fluid were similarly frozen immediately after collection. The frozen eggs were sectioned, freeze dried, mounted on stubs, and carbon coated. X-ray microanalysis was used to determine changes in element levels and dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) penetration in the zona radiata, cytoplasm, cortical alveoli, and egg yolk. Unfertilized eggs incubated without Me2SO showed decreased levels of Na, Cl, and K in the zona radiata; fertilized eggs, incubated without Me2SO showed decreased levels of Na, P, and Cl in the zona radiata and increased levels of K in the cytoplasm; unfertilized eggs, incubated with 10% Me2SO showed decreased Na and Cl in the zona radiata, decreased K in the cytoplasm and increased K in the cortical alveoli; fertilized eggs incubated in buffer with 10% Me2SO showed decreased levels of Na, P, Cl, and K (zona radiata), P, Cl, and K (cytoplasm), Na (yolk), and increased Cl in the yolk (all P〈.01). Me2SO (v/v) levels reached 1.5-3.1% in the zona radiata, 0-3.2% in cytoplasm, 2.3-8.7% in cortical alveoli, and 0-1.6% in the yolk. Unfertilized eggs showed more Me2SO penetration than fertilized eggs.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120140202
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