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  • Cambridge University Press  (891)
  • 1960-1964  (891)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1940-1944
  • 1963  (891)
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  • 1960-1964  (891)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 16 (1963), S. 112-136 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The rural people's communes, launched in the summer and autumn of 1958, purported to be a grand new social, political and economic organisation. They were supposed to be like “a fine horse, which having shaken off its bridle, is galloping courageously directly towards the highway of Communism.” An organisation had been created where collective living was actively promoted and the “Five-togethers” practised, where women were “freed from the drudgery of home life” and Idrawn into full time participation in the commune production, where labour could be shifted from area to area or even occupation to occupation according to needs and requirements, where the rural areas were not only the scene of agricultural production, but were also new centres of workshops producing steel and machine tools, and where the previous village, township and even county administration was now merged into the new commune administration, which thus undertook multifarious activities.
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  • 2
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 15 (1963), S. 12-34 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Fourteen years have elapsed since a shattered Nationalist Government fled to Formosa with the hope of reorganising and revitalising its forces and of building an effective base for a counter-attack against the Chinese Communists. At that time it appeared to have little chance of survival. However, because of changing international conditions and Formosa's impressive domestic economic performance, the Nationalist Government has been able to re-establish itself as an effective political force. Formosa's economic achievements have given the Government a certain international prestige and, combined with military assistance from the United States, have allowed it to maintain a large, well-equipped military establishment.
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  • 3
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 15 (1963), S. 51-55 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: America's policy towards Formosa has come under fire in recent months from all three groups of Chinese. The Nationalists and the Communists alike share the heritage that China is one state; some of the facts of international life, however, have given American policy a preference for accepting two Chinas in the world. The apparent American support for the Formosan independence movement is favoured neither by Peking nor Taipei. On the other hand the native Formosans criticise the contradictions and indecisions of American policy which, they say, encourages their democratic liberal movements, but at the same time helps Chiang Kai-shek to stay in office.
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  • 4
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 15 (1963), S. 75-85 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: For decades, Formosa was a frontier for those people who set out from Kwangtung and Fukien in the waning days of the Ming dynasty, during the early part of the seventeenth century. By the time Koxinga defeated the Dutch in 1661 Formosa could claim a body of literature of its own. This, however, consisted mainly of histories and reports compiled by scholar-officials leaving an account of their stewardship, chronicles telling the story of settlement, cultivation and perennial skirmishes with the local aborigines, and poetry of the sort with which the learned men of China have traditionally amused themselves. This literature followed classical forms and was written in the traditional wen-yen.
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  • 5
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 15 (1963), S. 107-114 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The ancestors of the contemporary Formosans abandoned the Chinese mainland with its poverty and inequalities, in the latter half of the sixteenth century, and emigrated to Formosa in order to open up and settle in new territory. Yet they have had little independence. The Dutch East India Company conquered Formosa and used it as a commercial base between 1624 and 1661; Koxinga and his supporters expelled the Dutch in 1661 and used Formosa as an anti-Manchu base until 1683; then the Manchus of the Ch'ing Dynasty gained control of Formosa until 1895; the island was ceded to the Japanese in 1895 and it was not until the collapse of Japan hi 1945 that the Chinese Nationalist Government was able to rule Formosa.
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  • 6
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 15 (1963), S. 91-106 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Eighteen years ago Formosa was liberated from half a century of Japanese colonial rule. When Kuomintang soldiers and administrators arrived to reassert Chinese sovereignty over the island province in October 1945 they were enthusiastically welcomed as liberators by the For-mosans. Within a few months, however, the Kuomintang had succeeded in alienating virtually all segments of the native population by inaugurating a military régime that treated Formosa as a conquered territory rather than a liberated area. The mass pillaging, official corruption and political repression that marked the early period of Kuomintang rule in Formosa set in motion the tragic events that culminated in the revolt of February 1947 in the course of which at least 10,000 Formosans were massacred. The Kuomintang has since done little to heal the scars of 1947 and today most of the 10,000,000 Formosans look upon the nearly 2,000,000 mainlanders who fled to Formosa with the collapse of Kuomintang rule as foreign overlords and describe the Chinese Nationalist régime as a colonial tyranny far more oppressive than the former Japanese rule. That the overwhelming majority of Formosans favour the establishment of an independent Formosan state, without ties to mainland China and, preferably, without the presence of mainlanders, is a fact that can no longer be ignored in considering the present condition and future status of Formosa.
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  • 7
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 15 (1963), S. 166-171 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
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  • 8
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 16 (1963), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
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  • 9
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 16 (1963), S. 56-61 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The two stretches of Sino-Soviet frontier which lie on either side of the Mongolian Republic differ from each other in at least one important respect: whereas the Soviet population on the eastern stretch is predominantly Russian, or at any rate non-Asian, and faces the solidly Asian population of Manchuria, that of the western stretch is predominantly Turkic-Muslim and faces the predominantly Turkic-Muslim population of the Sinkiang Uighur Autonomous Region formerly known as the Province of Sinkiang.
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  • 10
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 16 (1963), S. 99-111 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Despite his claim to have advanced beyond Marxism and arrived at an entirely new conception of the nature of traditional non-Western societies, it is somewhat surprising to learn that Professor Karl Wittfogel still feels the need to seek the testimony of no less an “authority” on Asia than Karl Marx. In a recent article in this journal Professor Wittfogel has once again examined the canons of Marxism in order to find support for the theory of “Oriental despotism.” In this case the articles that Marx and Engels wrote on China during the 1850s have been rescued from obscurity and presented as major canonical texts in the evolution of the doctrine of “Oriental despotism.”
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  • 11
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 16 (1963), S. 137-150 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: At the lowest level of state administration in China some direct popular control of government is formally sanctioned. It is, therefore, at this level that the apparent conflict between the Chinese Communist Party's desire for mass participation in government and Party leadership over policy formation and execution can be analysed. The rural communes serve as a logical point of departure in this analysis. When formed in 1958, the rural communes replaced the hsiang as the basic unit of government administration for roughly 80 per cent, of the population. At the same time “democratic management,” a Party term for all kmds of mass political activity was emphasised, and by the autumn of 1958 a movement for the “Democratisation of Management” was under way. By December of the same year, however, the Central Committee of the Party warned that “militarisation of organisation” (another battle cry of that period) must not be used as a pretext to impair “democratic life” in the communes. From then on, the rural communes have been, in effect, a testing ground for the Party's policy towards popular participation in government.
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  • 12
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 16 (1963), S. 169-180 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
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  • 13
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 16 (1963), S. 75-85 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Mongolia has unexceptionably, unqualifiedly, and unhesitatingly supported the Soviet Union in all aspects of its dispute with China. It signed the test-ban treaty (on August 8); it publishes all the Soviet attacks on China immediately, and publishes Chinese attacks on the Soviet Union only after the Soviet press does so; it vilifies Albania; and praises and deals with Yugoslavia. A semi-weekly Russian-language newspaper was inaugurated in Ulan Bator on January 1, 1963 (Novosti Mongolii), and the introduction of an expanded and intensified programme of Russianlanguage instruction throughout the country was announced on May 24. In August, the Mongolians reorganised its State Planning Commission to include a separate division for agriculture and one for industry, along the lines of the reorganisation of the Soviet Communist Party. Mongolia supported the inclusion of the Soviet Union in Afro-Asian councils (at the conference of journalists in Indonesia), and in the United Nations moved that Iraq be condemned for its attack on the Kurds. Every day in every way it has been a firm supporter of the Soviet Union in the Sino-Soviet quarrel and in all things.
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  • 14
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 15 (1963), S. 178-180 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
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  • 15
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 15 (1963), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
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  • 16
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 15 (1963), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
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  • 17
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 15 (1963), S. 35-44 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Formosa has the unenviable distinction of having proportionally more men under arms than any other country. With resources and manpower being poured into keeping approximately 600,000 men in readiness for an eventual return to the mainland the military presence inevitably pervades Formosan life. Military needs conflict with personal freedom and restrain economic growth. Yet for all the efforts of the Nationalist government—sustained by huge amounts of American aid—the changing international scene and difficulties within the Nationalist forces make a return to the mainland less likely as time goes by.
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  • 18
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 14 (1963), S. 94-104 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: A knowledge of judicial and administrative structure plays a vital part in understanding the government and politics of any society. In a Communist society, the administrative apparatus plays an important role, not only in controlling the society but also in implementing Party and government directives. To fully understand the government and politics of North Korea, it may prove helpful to investigate the administrative structure by which the North Korean leaders control the society and remain in power. After a decade and a half of political rule, these North Korean leaders are faced with constant social changes and rising pressures from below. The relations between political power and political institutions, between political ideal and social reality, between the formulation and implementation of policy, have in fact been a major ideological concern for North Korea's administrators, a preoccupation they share with the leaders of other Communist societies. The amount of information made available about the North Korean judicial and administrative system has been scanty at best. This article therefore is exploratory and not definitive in nature. By utilising the materials that are available this article attempts to present North Korean views and attitudes about law and administration, and to describe the institutional framework in which the legal and administrative apparatus functions; at the same time it also attempts to examine the Soviet and Communist Chinese impact on the development of North Korea's administrative system.
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  • 19
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 14 (1963), S. 153-177 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article is concerned with the nature, functions and scope of the institution in the People's Republic of China that is commonly referred to as contracts. The paper as a whole ultimately focuses on three problems: (1) the nature of this institution; (2) whether this institution, if it is of a different nature from the Western contract, performs tasks in the Chinese context not unlike those of the institution of contracts in the West: and (3) how it performs those tasks.
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  • 20
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 14 (1963), S. 212-217 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: In the November 9, 1962, issue of the People's Daily, a cartoon shows President Kennedy seated at a restaurant table waving a broken missile on the end of a fork and giving his order to a bald, obsequious waiter who stands with pad and pencil in hand. The caption: “His Appetite Grows With The Eating.” Kennedy says “I'll have fried Il-28 bombers next and sugar machete for the sweet course.” The waiter can hardly be mistaken for anybody but Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev.
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  • 21
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 14 (1963), S. 195-211 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Despite the noticeable progress registered since 1954 in the reorganisation of a civilian administrative structure in North Vietnam, after three years much still remained to be done. In particular, while the régime had, from the very start, repeatedly pledged itself to hold popular elections at the earliest possible opportunity to all organs of government, these promises had never been kept, probably out of a desire not to upset the delicate political balance between North and South engineered by the Geneva agreements and to give the South a convenient pretext for repudiating them. But, when the deadline set at Geneva for a referendum in both halves of the divided land on the question of re-unification had expired and it became apparent to Hanoi that it could no longer hope to gain control of South Vietnam at the polls, the last reason for postponing unilateral action in the North vanished. By 1957, official sources in the D.R.V. were openly acknowledging that the situation with regard to elections had indeed become anomalous and even admitting thatthe state apparatus had not yet become sufficiently strong; in many places organs of people's power had not been re-elected for a long time. In some areas people's Councils have almost not been functioning at all or have functioned only formally. Some administrative committees were being appointed by higher organs, whereas they had to be elected by people's Councils.
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  • 22
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 14 (1963), S. 241-244 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
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  • 23
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 14 (1963), S. 254-258 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
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  • 24
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 14 (1963), S. 266-275 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
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  • 25
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 14 (1963), S. 275-276 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
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  • 26
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 14 (1963), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
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  • 27
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 14 (1963), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
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  • 28
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 14 (1963), S. 17-29 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The establishment of Communist power in North Korea represents one more example of the triumph of purposive political behaviour over impersonal economic and social forces and as such merits the attention of all those who are concerned about the survival of the theory and practice of a free society in a shrinking world. If purposive Communist behaviour can become the prime mover of history, then so can the dedicated efforts of those with different conceptions of ends and means in the solution of human problems.
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  • 29
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    The @China quarterly 14 (1963), S. 82-93 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: It is important to know the structure of the Korean economy prior to the division of the country in order to understand agricultural development in North Korea in terms of its capital expenditure and output during the post-war period.
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  • 30
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    The @China quarterly 14 (1963), S. 105-124 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: When a revolutionary movement seizes power, a Communist one no less than others, it faces the extra-revolutionary task of establishing a loyal and efficient military organisation to consolidate its conquests. In order to ensure unchallenged loyalty, the leaders of the revolution must, first of all, fill the army with their supporters. In order to secure an efficient phalanx, they are at the same time compelled to professionalise their fighting force. However, in the midst of a profound sociopolitical upheaval, these two objectives are not easily fused into one. The North Korean People's Army (NKPA), however, was in a unique position for its strengthening processes from its foundation in 1945. First of all, the NKPA did not need to fight against well-equipped Japanese forces. Secondly, it did not face such complex problems as the dispersal of enemy officer cadres, the securing of enemy loyalty and sympathy, a Civil War and its aftermath, all of which had caused considerable worries to the Communists in the Soviet Union and China. When absolute loyalty is doubtful, officers' professional qualifications are a dubious asset. The Party can never relax its leadership for the sake of a more professional army.
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  • 31
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    The @China quarterly 14 (1963), S. 141-152 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: A leading figure in the field of modern Chinese philosophy, Fung Yu-lan (Feng Yu-lan) has lived and worked amidst the intellectual and political tensions which have characterised the recent history of his country. His major work, Chung-kuo Che-hsueh Shih (History of Chinese Philosophy), was published in the 1930s, and is known in the West through the monumental translation into English prepared by Professor Derk Bodde of the University of Pennsylvania. Fung's technical philosophical theories were defined and articulated in his wartime writings during the 1940s. Like many of the leading Chinese intellectuals, he has now embraced Marxism-Leninism, the new orthodoxy which provides the doctrinal creed for contemporary China even as Confucianism did for the scholar-officials of the imperial period.
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  • 32
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    The @China quarterly 13 (1963), S. 15-38 
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    Notes: Poetry and politics are rare companions in the competitive world of practical affairs today. In Moscow, Nikita Khrushchev, with peasant shrewdness, is addicted to Russian proverbs to enliven his rhetoric; but there are few indications that he is sympathetic with the creative writer and none that he himself will rank with Pushkin in the annals of his nation's literature. In Washington, the appearance of Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy's inauguration in January 1961 was an event at once exceptional and gratifying to admirers of Frost's artistic integrity; the elderly poet's advice to the young president of the United States to stress the Irish and underplay the Harvard hi his background may yet have enduring significance. Only in Peking, however, do we find a world leader who combines distinctive political abilities and literary talents. Indeed the juxtaposition of strategic and artistic instincts hi Mao Tse-tung is so unusual in the post-Churchillian world that the case merits more than passing note.
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  • 33
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    The @China quarterly 13 (1963), S. 60-73 
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Early in 1957, an event perhaps unparalleled in the world of letters was reported from China. A new monthly magazine, Shih-k'an (Poetry), made its appearance in February of that year, its inaugural issue including a collection of eighteen poems by Mao Tse-tung. The appearance of Mao's poetry was not in itself an exceptional event. From ancient times down to recent decades, Chinese statesmen and military leaders have often displayed talent in the writing of poetry; and it appeared that Mao Tse-tung was carrying on the established tradition of a long line of strong rulers in China who desired to impress the world that they were not only victorious conquerors and vigorous administrators, but also accomplished artists.
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  • 34
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    The @China quarterly 13 (1963), S. 92-112 
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this article is to show what Communist literary dictatorship has done to some of the writers, who, though not literary giants, had in the past shown some promise in the art of letters.
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  • 35
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    The @China quarterly 13 (1963), S. 139-157 
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    Notes: Modern Chinese literature, which I date from the deliberate new beginnings made at the time of the May Fourth movement, is distinguished by its conscious effort at Europeanisation, which is in itself a catchall term embracing a whole assembly of themes and techniques, images and linguistic features taken and adopted from the vast literature beyond the seas and vaguely and often incorrectly designated as European. To be European was in fact simply to be non-traditional Chinese.
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  • 36
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    The @China quarterly 13 (1963), S. 180-194 
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Speaking in a very general way, youth and age have been taken in traditional Chinese literature as two stages in a continuous development of which the first represents the preparation and the last the goal. Respective values attached to these stages were derived from this concept. In a civilisation where literature, even polite literature, was to a large extent an amateurish pursuit of the scholar-official, this evaluation does not come as a surprise, particularly since it will not be easy to find another civilisation which was as strongly ideology-motivated as was the Chinese. Established attitudes concerning youth and age were thus, in general, accepted and taken for granted also by the poet.
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  • 37
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    The @China quarterly 13 (1963), S. 195-211 
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: In less than a decade, collectivisation has come to more than five hundred million Chinese peasants and a large portion of the urban population; it has transformed the socio-economic structure of the nation, causing general repercussions around the world and unascertainable effects in the country. The development of this massive and significant collectivisation movement is reflected, in large measure, in Chinese Communist literature. This article first presents, following a general chronological order, fictional materials reflecting the co-operative and commune movements, and then discusses summarily the artistic and social values of this literature.
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    The @China quarterly 13 (1963), S. 158-179 
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    Notes: In Chinese Communist literature, men and women are primarily seen in their likeness as workers rather than in their sexual and emotional unlikeness as human beings. Women, as much as men, are praised for their socialist zeal and heroic capacity for work and condemned for being socialist sluggards indifferent to production. But despite its repudiation of “human interest” as a symptom of capitalist or revisionist decadence, even this supremely practical literature cannot begin to exist without some superficial attention to personal problems, and these problems, inevitably, attest to the persistence of biological instincts and immemorial habits of human civilisation. Until the techniques, Communist or otherwise, for dehumanisation are perfected, men and women will remain subject to irrational passions, and if circumstances permit, they will fall in love, get married, bring up children, and in other devious ways contrive for pleasure and happiness. In tracing the lot of Chinese women under Communism, I will therefore take for granted that the primary purpose of their earthly existence is to contribute to and assist in production and examine rather their residual personal problems in the context of the overriding importance of socialist construction. The results of niy investigation, if my women characters, drawn invariably from short stories, are at all typical, will show, not surprisingly, the pathetic adjustment of their feminine instincts and interests to the jealous demands of Party and state. The exceptions that I will take notice of—sympathetic victims and challengers of the impersonal Communist bureaucracy—are all heroines of revisionist fiction that has been subject to vehement attack by the press.
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    The @China quarterly 13 (1963), S. 258-262 
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    The @China quarterly 13 (1963), S. 263-263 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 534-535 
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    Notes: Teaching and research in French universities on African history and contemporary problems are no longer the sole privilege of Paris. Several provincial universities, including Strasbourg and Bordeaux, have in fact well equipped research centres. Among these newly-developing programmes, special mention must be made of the University of Aix-Marseille. The long-standing connexions of the Marseille region with Africa, especially the Maghreb, have led to the establishment in recent years of a number of institutes and centres dealing with African affairs—first by the University, then by other local bodies in association with it.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 535-536 
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    Notes: The Institute of Oriental and African Studies (Prague 1, Lazenska Str. No. 4), originally founded in 1922 by the Government, has since 1952 been an integral part of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, the president of which is a member of the Government. The purpose of the Institute, under its director, Professor J. Prusek, is to foster research in Oriental and African languages, cultures, economics, and history; there are four departments, one of which is concerned with the Near East and Africa, and has 17 members of staff, headed by Dr. O. Klima. Four scholars are working on various aspects of African languages and literature: Dr K. F. Waridi-Ruzicka (Swahili and Bantu), Mr S. Pantucek (Berber), Mr P. Zima (Hausa and Yoruba), and Mr J. Hulec.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 532-533 
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    Notes: This Committee was organised by interested scholars meeting in December 1962 at McGill University in Montreal. Representatives were present from the Islamic Institute, the Universities of Alberta (Edmonton), McGill, Montreal, New Brunswick, and Toronto, and from Loyola College and the Ontario Agricultural College. Expressions of interest were also received from Alberta (Calgary), British Columbia (Vancouver and Victoria), Manitoba, Memorial, Queens, Carleton, Waterloo, and York Universities. Professor Ronald Cohen (McGill) was elected chairman, Professor Donald C. Savage (Loyola) executive secretary, and Professor Donald L. Wiedner (Alberta-Edmonton) editor of a proposed annual bulletin. Organisational support and assistance was given by Dr J. R. Kidd, executive secretary of the Social Science Research and Humanities Research Councils of Canada, with which the Committee on African Studies is to be affiliated for its first two years.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 531-532 
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    Notes: The African Studies Center at U.C.L.A. was established in June 1959, with the following objects: to bring together scholars from all of the social sciences, the humanities, education, law, and linguistics; to provide a framework for interdisciplinary collaboration and communication; to promote the organisation and development of undergraduate and graduate teaching programmes; and to further research on African subjects by both staff and students. It also serves to provide liaison with other institutes, centres, and associations in the same field, and works to improve the University's resources of Africana. In addition to its academic and professional functions, the Center furthers interest in Africa among the University community and the public at large.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 536-537 
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    Notes: The hum of giant transformers and the roar of turbines at the underground power station beside the dam at Kariba, visited by conference members, offered an appropriate illustration to a paper by Dr. J. M. A. Lenihan on ‘Humanity and technology, or: Why teach physics?’; he had stressed that science and technology provide an indispensable stimulus to each other.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 539-541 
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    Notes: These conferences grew out of the new University's desire to offer more direct assistance for the development of East Africa. The objects were:(1) to provide a forum for political leaders from all the East African countries and from some others, in which they could discuss matters of major public policy in an objective and private atmosphere;(2) to provide a series of opportunities for these leaders to meet and gain a deeper understanding of each other; and(3) to help establish the fact that the University of East Africa is anxious and able to be of use in facing practical problems.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 541-542 
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    Notes: The University of Nigeria, founded on the initiative of Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe, President of the Republic, is now three years old, and has inaugurated a new College of African Studies, at the beginning of the academic year, 1963–4. The University has already declared that ‘Foreign educational systems provide a reservoir of ideas and experience, yet final answers will be found only by adapting these ideas to the new setting of our time and country.’
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 537-539 
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    Notes: This conference was sponsored jointly by the Government of Tanganyika and the University College, Dar es Salaam, and was financed by the Ford Foundation. It was attended by delegates from African countries, some of whose legal systems have been influenced by common law, some by European civil law or Islamic law. Official representatives came from Ethiopia, Ghana, the Ivory, Coast, Nigeria, Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Sierra Leone, the Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika, and Zanzibar. Some celebrated authorities on Islamic law and African customary law attended as observers, and contributed a great deal to the discussions. The chairman of the conference was the Tanganyikan Minister of Justice, Sheik Amri Abedi, and the secretary general was Mr P. J. Nkambo Mugerwa of the local Faculty of Law.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 542-544 
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    Notes: This conference, organised jointly by the Overseas Studies Committee of Cambridge University and the United Kingdom Department of Technical Co-operation, was primarily concerned with economic planning in Commonwealth Africa. The largest delegation, made up of Ministers and civil servants, came from the Federal Government and the three regions of the Federation of Nigeria. Other delegations came from Sierra Leone, Gambia, Ghana, Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika, Zanzibar, Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, Basutoland, and Swaziland, the last four territories being represented primarily by British administrative officers. There were staff members of eight African universities, from Accra, Kumasi, Dar es Salaam, Makerere, Salisbury, Ibadan, Zaria, and Ife. From outside Africa there were delegates from the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Canada, India, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Several participants, including the chairman of the conference, Dr R. E. Robinson, came from Cambridge University.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 547-548 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 544-545 
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    Notes: Soon after the first session of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa in Addis Ababa in January 1959, a Library was established to serve the needs of the Commission's secretariat. A comprehensive list of all the publications concerning Africa available at the U.N. Headquarters Library in New York was prepared as a basis for the acquisition of material. Lists were also drawn up of the government publications required from each individual country, dating back to 1950 (1958 for annuals and periodicals), and these were obtained from the governments concerned. Constant contact is maintained with them, to keep the collection up to date. Non-government publications were purchased through the Headquarters Library during the first four years. Since 1963, the Library has placed orders through booksellers in each country in Africa, and a few others elsewhere. A full list of booksellers in Africa is now being compiled, and will be published as soon as possible.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 549-550 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 548-549 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 555-557 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 557-558 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 560-560 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 558-560 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 1-1 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 1-13 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 563-564 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 293-311 
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    Notes: The purpose of this article is not only to explain an African constitution, but also to examine, in that context, certain general ideas about constitutions and politics. The Ivory Coast, a former French West African colony, gained full independence as late as 1960. As a newly independent state, with a population of under four million, the Ivory Coast is participating in a nation-building experiment which the flood of new countries has made a widespread phenomenon of our times. The experiment is doubly meaningful for other countries. First, its results will weigh significantly in the balance of world power; secondly, as Ivorians look to the western example in pursuing their experiment, the West can see, reflected in Ivorians' words and deeds, a new and different image of itself.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 327-350 
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    Notes: In January 1963 the London talks on Swaziland's proposed constitution ended, as expected, in a deadlock. It had long been evident that the demand for equal (50–50) white and Swazi representation as advocated by the Swazi National Council (S.N.C.) and the European Advisory Council (E.A.C.) could not be accepted by the representatives of Swaziland's emerging political parties. This formula, which would give the country's 9,000 whites an equal voice with the nominees of the S.N.C., who were supposed to speak for the 270,000 Swazi, was vigorously denounced by all progressive elements in the country.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 313-326 
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    Notes: The chain reaction set off in Paris by the Franco-Moroccan Declaration of 2 March 1956 still reverberates in the politics of north-west Africa. On that day, France ended 44 years of its protectorate over Morocco, restored to Mohamed V full sovereignty over 162, 120 square miles of land and some seven million people, and pledged ‘to respect, and see to it that others respect, the integrity of Moroccan territory, as guaranteed by international treaties’.1
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 281-291 
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    Notes: This is indeed a momentous and historic day for Africa and for all Africans. We stand today on the stage of world affairs, before the audience of world opinion. We have come together to assert our role in the direction of world affairs and to discharge our duty to the great continent whose 250 million people we led. Africa is today at midcourse, in transition from the Africa of Yesterday to the Africa of Tomorrow. Even as we stand here, we move from the past into the future. The task on which we have embarked, the making of Africa, will not wait. We must act, to shape and mould the future and leave our imprint on events as they slip past into history.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 351-371 
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    Notes: Throughout West, East, and Central Africa today—at a time when all these countries want to quicken the pace of development—masses of young people drift from rural areas to the cities in search of work. Mainly primary school leavers with an aversion to traditional farming, they set out hopefully to become first-generation wage-earners. But neither the jobs nor the vocational training exists that could meet their demands. And, as each year passes, the numbers of unemployed in the cities swell.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 373-382 
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    Notes: Before 1960 there was little general interest in the Belgian Congo, and the published material available on any aspect of its development was extremely limited. The accession of the Congo to independence in July 1960 and the prolonged crisis which followed has, however, completely altered this situation, and in the last three years more books and articles have been published on the Congo than on any other country in Africa. The purpose of this article is to list and evaluate at least some of this material and to suggest the main sources which exist for a study of the various aspects of the Congo crisis.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 383-384 
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    Notes: The Institute was founded in January 1963 as a department of the Haile Selassie I University, for research in all fields relating to Ethiopia. It is at present organised in three main sections, the Amharic collection, the library, and the museum. The Amharic collection, a unique assortment of books, pamphlets, and periodicals published in this language, is under the charge of Mr Stephen Wright, a life-long specialist in Ethiopian affairs. Mr. S. Chojnacki is responsible for the Institute's valuable library of books on Ethiopia, and for an ethnological and a small but growing historical museum.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 384-385 
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    Notes: The University introduced area courses on the Middle East and North Africa into its regular offerings in the academic year 1960–1. This Program is a part of the School of International Relations, and focuses on contemporary area problems, in contrast to the more traditional approach of oriental studies. It also differs by concentrating on both the Mashriq (East) and the Maghreb (North Africa), rather than solely on the eastern Mediterranean. The community of interests, language, and culture of these two regions, plus the increasing importance of North Africa in world affairs, emphasises the practicality of this treatment.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 386-387 
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    Notes: The rich history and original culture of the peoples of Africa have long attracted attention in Russia. The first Russian books on Africa appeared as far back as the end of the eighteenth century. Since then about 600 books on Africa, including fundamental monographs, special anthologies, and booklets, have been published in our country; but the new encyclopaedia, Africa, is the first comprehensive reference book on this subject to be produced in the Soviet Union. It has been sponsored by the Africa Institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and the ‘Sovetskaya Encyclopaedia’ State Scientific Publishing House, with research assistance from several institutes of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and other educational and scientific institutions.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 385-386 
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    Notes: Historically, Japan has had neither political nor cultural contacts with Africa. During the latter half of the nineteenth century, however, Japanese scholars took some interest in the European ‘scramble for Africa’, and some works by explorers and administrators in Africa were translated; the emphasis was placed upon colonial policy, rather than upon Africans themselves. The first Japanese report of a visit to Africa was Afurika isshu by Naokichi Nakamura and Shunro Oshikawa, published in 1910. Soon afterwards, economic development in Japan stimulated the search for new markets, and many fact-finding missions, both official and unofficial, were sent to South and East Africa. A Japanese consulate was opened in Cape Town in 1917; a shipping service to East Africa was inaugurated in 1926, and others to West and North Africa in 1933. During the 1930's further translations were made of European works on African arts, sociology, anthropology, and geography. By this time, there was a professional chair of colonial policy in most Japanese universities.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 387-388 
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    Notes: This Committee was incorporated as a non-profit organisation under the laws of New York State in September 1953, and began to appoint some full-time staff two years later. It was founded by a small group of individuals who felt the need for an American organisation which could give expression to the liberal American tradition in support of the African peoples struggling for freedom, equality, and independence. At the same time the Committee aimed to interpret the meaning of African events to the American people, and to introduce African leaders to the public.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 390-392 
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    Notes: Dakar, Senegal, 26–30 March, and Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3–8 April 1963. These two conferences—both sponsored by the Congress for Cultural Freedom—arose out of an earlier meeting on inter-university co-operation held at Fourah Bay College in December 1961. The aim of both was to persuade African universities to integrate the teaching of African literature in French and English into their regular syllabuses, and to ensure that it is studied as literature, not for its curiosity or ethnographic value.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 388-390 
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    Notes: ‘Bread ... before politics’ was the aim set for this session of E.C.A. in an early address by the Commission's retiring chairman, M Oumar Baba Diarra of Mali. Fittingly enough, these words were attributed to Cyrille Adoula, whose host government had been striving to transform those energies yielding Congolese friction into efforts to satisfy the basic needs of human existence, so appallingly evident on every hand to guests in Leopoldville. The conference agenda prepared through the initiative of E.C.A.'s secretariat was laden with economic questions of both short-and long-term significance.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 392-393 
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    Notes: A panel of international economists recently assembled at the University of Ghana in response to a unique invitation to discuss the draft of Ghana's latest Development Plan. The distinguished guests included Professor C. Z. Bobrowski (Poland), Professor J. Bognar (Hungary), Professor H. C. Bos (Netherlands), Professor A. O. Hirshman (United States), Mr N. Kaldor (England), Professor W. A. Lewis (West Indies), Dr Abdel Rahman (Egypt), Professor K. N. Raj (India), Mr Dudley Seers (E.C.A.), Mr J. Weeks (Liberia), and Dr Abdullah Sikta (Libya). Their informed criticism and advice, based on wide experience of developing economies, will go a long way to ensure that the optimum use is made of Ghana's extensive economic resources to achieve rapid growth.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 393-395 
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    Notes: Without political freedom there can be no cultural freedom; a programme of cultural emancipation is dependent, therefore, on national liberation, and one would like to believe that this ‘therefore’ influenced the determination by the American Society of African Culture to focus more sharply not only on cultural exchanges but on the political battle for the mind of southern Africa. This fourth international conference, held at Howard University under the title ‘Southern Africa in Transition’, was ‘aimed at focusing widespread attention on the complex and difficult problems being faced by those struggling for freedom in this troubled area’. It was attended by an impressive group of Afro-American, white American, and European Africanists, together with African leaders of countries from the Congo to the Cape.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 405-406 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 403-405 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 406-408 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 395-402 
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    Notes: The African countries, most of them having only recently acceded to independence, are now confronted with the task of achieving economic development in the face of immense problems arising from an acute shortage of trained and skilled personnel, lack of managerial skills and entrepreneurship, scarce capital resources, and grossly inadequate infrastructure. The old highroad to economic development through exports of primary products can no longer serve in the contemporary world as it now confronts the African countries. In the face of the new circumstances, planned development and industrialisation are imperative. But national boundaries are unsuitable to provide balanced markets and supplies to permit of planning on purely national scale for industrialisation and the necessary increase in the efficiency of primary production, beside the building up of an economic infrastructure. Import substitution on a purely national scale would often lead to uneconomically small or under-utilised industries—in either case a drain on scarce resources rather than a basis for further progress. African markets for some time to come. Though given countries may succeed without joint efforts and regional co-operation, most African countries would find it impossible to industrialise and secure the necessary markets, acting individually. The present cash market of most African countries is not larger than that of a moderately-sized European town.1 In other words, in addition to the maximum utilisation of outside markets for traditional and new products, larger markets must be developed within Africa.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 411-413 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 413-415 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 410-411 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 415-416 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 416-417 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 417-418 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 419-420 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 418-419 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 421-423 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 420-421 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 1-1 
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 147-161 
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    Notes: Somali attitudes towards Pan-Africanism, and more particularly towards the federation of African states, have to be understood in relation to the very special conditions of the Horn of Africa. It will be necessary therefore to begin this survey with a few general remarks about the Somali Peninsula and the special characteristics of Somali nationalism.
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    The @journal of modern African studies 1 (1963), S. 139-145 
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    Notes: The unsatisfactory nature of the frontiers between the independent African states is widely stressed, and provides an additional argument for those who would like to see a regrouping of the African scene in terms of larger political units. This short article discusses the boundary between Ghana and Togo—a classic example (it might be thought) of colonial division calling for early revision along rational lines. It was demarcated between Britain and France some 40 years ago: now African governments have come into existence on both sides under leaders who have given their support at one time or another to Pan-African movements for closer union. The alternative is likely to be constant friction, the interruption of trade, the harbouring of refugees seeking a base from which to continue a struggle already lost in their own country, and accusations by the party leaders in Ghana and Togo that these refugee organisations are actively sponsored by the Lomé or Accra governments. These unhappy consequences are indeed present today following the independence of Ghana in 1957 and Togo in 1960; and it is worth enquiring why they should have come about, in view of the great advantages which it is generally assumed would flow from a more cordial, open association between the two republics. In January 1963, the assassination of Sylvanus Olympio added a further, tragic element to the problem, although whether the coup d'état which installed a new, quasi-military government in Lome will materially alter the relationship between Ghana and Togo remains to be seen.
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