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  • Articles  (1,069)
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  • 1960-1964  (1,069)
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  • 1
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 305-318 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Freese’s Hypothesis states that a single specific alteration in the sequence of nucleotides of an information-bearing DNA molecule results in a specific mutational effect. Within the framework of the DNA-protein coding problem developed elsewhere, and assuming the quasi-ergodicity of the general coding process, it is shown that Freese’s Hypothesis allows us to derive expressions for the length of the smallest mutable DNA molecule and to obtain a bound for the maximal number of allelic molecules of fixed length. To illustrate these ideas, calculations are carried out on appropriate data from bacternophage and man, and the results are shown to differ by a factor of 10 (modulo the rather crude approximations used). It is further shown that, if ρ(N) and ϱ(N) are respectively the number of information-bearing words of lengthN in a given code and the number of words of lengthN, then the number lim ρ(N)/ϱ(N) depends sensitively on the parameter ∈ which specifiesN→∞ the given code. The implications of this result for the spontaneous aggregation of a sufficient number of information-bearing words to characterize an organism are discussed.
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  • 2
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 319-319 
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  • 3
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 321-335 
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    Notes: Abstract As a “base line” of memorization performance, the behavior of a “perfect learner” is considered. He is characterized by a perfect memory and by the ability to choose the best search procedure in problems where the correct response from a given repertoire is to be found to each of several stimuli under the condition of “right” and “wroing” promptings by the experimenter. Expected learning curves are derived for the case of disjoint response repertoires associated with the stimuli under cyclic and random presentation of the stimuli and for the case of a single response repertoire (a one-to-one matching problem) under cyclic presentation.
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  • 4
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    Notes: Abstract Detailed equations are given for the computation of aortic distensibility in the intact living human patient from measurements of systolic and diastolic arterial pressures, heart rate and cardiac output. From these equations, the aortic characteristics of a large series of normal men of different ages were computed. Comparing these results with measurements on excised aortas, a more pronounced trend toward increasing aortic stiffness with increasing age is evident in living than in dead aortas. Nor-epinephrine and exercise apparently cause the living aortas to constrict but to become more distensible. The same change occurs after 30 minutes of high spinal anesthesia. The ganglionic blocking agents hexamethonium, pentamethonium, and tetraethylammonium usually cause the living aorta to become stiffer, presumably due to dilatation. The aortas of patients with pulmonary disease usually react in different fashion to exercise or tetraethylammonium. The increased aortic distensibility that occurs with the hypertension induced by nor-epinephrine or exercise acts as a compensatory mechanism by decreasing systolic pressure.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 355-376 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Dimensional analysis is discussed from the viewpoint of its basic group properties and shown to be an algebraic Abelian group that is useful for analysis of physical measurements. The application of the method to various types of equations and the formulation of previously unclassified dimensions are discussed. Functional dimensional analysis is applied to the problems of cell size and biomass proliferation; future applications are also noted. A number of dimensionless terms have been formulated for cellular physiochemical phenomena. They apparently represent the first systematic study of biological dimensionless numbers recorded in the literature. A dimensionless proliferation law is suggested. A brief analysis of the physical dimensionality associated with information measures is carried out. Entropy and “information” are shown to be completely different in their dimensional meaning; other informational measures of possible interest in biology are proposed. The dimensional coding and computor analysis of biomathematical equations is suggested.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 377-391 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract Expenditure of energy under several simultaneous forms (mechanical, chemical, etc.) is associated with all muscular activity. The energy is directly related to what is commonly called exertion or effort. This paper defines “muscular effort” quantitatively in terms of some of the elements of the dynamics of the human (and animal) body. It postulates that in all likelihood the individual will, consciously or otherwise, determine his motion (or his posture, if at rest) in such a manner as to reduce his total muscular effort to a minimum consistent with imposed conditions, or “constraints”. The principle, formulated in mathematical terms, is sufficient to ascribe to the moments at all body joints—a matter generally of free choice on the part of the individual—their most likely magnitudes. It therefore renders the equations of human (and animal) motion determinate within this context. The paper also describes briefly an iteration method for the solution of these equations, once they have been made determinate. A simple illustrative application of the principle is included.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 393-403 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract It is pointed out that two fundamentally different views of primary genetic processes occur in the literature which are frequently confused. The first is a true communication-theoretic view, which regards the genetic apparatus as containing a real information-source and a transducer which converts that information to useful form. The second view is generally expressed as a template scheme based on the Watson-Crick model; it is shown that in this model there is actually no such thing as genetic information in a communication-theoretic sense. Both views are then discussed on the basis of microphysical principles developed in previous work of the author (Bull. Math. Biophysics,22, 227–255, 1960) in an attempt to find which approach is in closer accord with the biological facts. It is shown that, if the communication-theoretic view is correct, then the information-bearing object must act as a “catalyst,” but it is pointed out that the type of catalysis involved must be of a fundamentally different nature than that occurring in familiar enzyme-catalyzed reactions. On the basis of general considerations of irreversible changes in microphysical measuring systems, it is shown that any type of template must suffer a gradual and irreversible denaturation, which seems to make it unlikely that a template could play a primary role in fundamental genetic processes.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 405-411 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The theory developed in previous papers and based on distribution curves of definite form is generalized to any form of unimodel distributions. The time course of the change from one behavior to another is discussed and a general theorem about the time course is established.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 417-417 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 1-14 
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    Notes: Abstract Some progress has been made on the problem of the interaction of respiratory gases with whole blood. A working mathematical model for the O2−CO2 interaction phenomena has been developed from mathematical studies of the data. The Edsall-Wyman (1958) model for CO2 absorption is improved upon in this paper by consolidating it with the O2 absorption model developed in paper I of this set (Bernard, S. R.,Bull. Math. Biophysics,22, 391–415, 1960). This improved model assumed the effect of O2 on CO2 absorption is mediated through the electrical charge possessed by the hemoglobin molecule,i.e., O2 molecules bound to hemoglobin displace protons from the hemoglobin thereby increasing the negative charge on the hemoglobin and at the same time increasing the acidity of the solution. The model is tested against the data.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 15-18 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of previously proposed mathematical models of social behavior, the present note investigates the possibility of the control of behavior remaining permanently in the hands of one class, if this class possesses sufficient means for influencing mass behavior. The conclusion is reached that, with the assumptions made, if the behavior imposed by the controlling class leads to sufficiently strong dissatisfaction, the control will pass to another class, no matter how strong the controlling power of the first.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 19-29 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Traffic in one direction on a multilane highway is considered, and a general expression for the number of cars which pass a car travelling at a given velocity, as well as the number of cars which the given car passes, is derived for the case when the speeds of different cars are distributed in some arbitrary manner. Closed expressions are derived and discussed for a rectangular distribution. Each passing by another car or of another car is considered as a distracting stimulus which affects the reaction times of the driver. Using previously derived expressions for the safe speed as a function of reaction times, expressions for the safe average speed are derived, in terms of the volume of traffic and of the spread of the distribution of speeds.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 99-103 
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    Notes: Abstract Emphasis upon the importance of homeostatic feedback has drawn attention away from the complexity of biological processes. A study of glucose metabolism indicates the importance of open-cycle as well as closed-cycle mechanisms. Besides the glucose-dependent mechanism of insulin secretion, many open-cycle processes involving the liver, adrenal glands and kidneys, play important roles in the variation of blood glucose. In addition, glucose utilization by the tissues is essentially open-cycle in nature.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 105-106 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 413-416 
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    Notes: Abstract In certain situations like the aftermath of a revolution when discontent rises amongst certain groups of the population, it is frequently observed that the discontented groups are firmly convinced that their point of view is shared by the majority of the population. Yet future events prove that this is far from being the case. This effect is partly attributable to “wishful thinking,” partly to a purely social mechanism. The wishful-thinking effect may be considered as a case of psycho-physical discrimination in which a bias is introduced proportional to the degree of satisfaction anticipated from a given situation. H. D. Landahl's well-known equations can be applied to this case. The social factor is based on the circumstance that an individual associates by preference with such other individuals as have similar opinions. This results in an actual error of estimation of the relative minority or majority because of different frequencies of contact with individuals of the two opposing groups. Both factors may be combined into one equation.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 421-422 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 31-42 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract This report describes a method by which the concepts of the lead vector and the lead field may be extended to include equivalent cardiac singularities above the first order. The theoretical treatment results in generalization of the well-known lead vector principle into a lead tensor apparatus. The specific electrocardiographic contribution of annth order multipole is found to be the product of annth rank contravariant (“heart”) tensor by a covariant (“lead”) tensor of the same rank, and with identical indices. Methods are also described whereby lead tensor components may be cast into a form which relates them directly to the more usual, spherical harmonic notation of multipolar current generators. Some attention is devoted to the possibility of applying lead tensors to biomedical problems, particularly to the prospect of quantitatively evaluating the significant multipolar components of the human heart.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 43-53 
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    Notes: Abstract A simple model is presented for the formation of functional groups in a random neural net. They show the following characteristics: 1. They can maintain autonomous activity which might serve as temporary memory traces. 2. Early in the process of formation they become resistant to contraction. 3. Later they become resistant to expansion. 4. Nearby groups inhibit one another. 5. Two groups may contain some cells in common.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 55-68 
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    Notes: Abstract Quantum biology is the quantum mechanical study of electrons in molecules of biological interest. This requires the solution of problems involving many electrons. Approximation methods are therefore necessary and are discussed. The present study, concerned with the mobile electrons in riboflavin (FMN) and its radicals (FMN−, FMNH and FMNH2 +), is based on the approximation method, developed by B. Pullman and A. Pullman. The solution of the eigenvalue problems so obtained gives the energy levels of the mobile electron systems involved. The corresponding eigenvectors yield the mobile electronic charges of the atoms of riboflavin radicals which have contributed mobile electrons. Important differences of the net charge distributions of these radicals are emphasized. The longest wave length of light absorption is calculated from the obtained energy levels and agrees, within the accuracy of the method, with corresponding experimental results. From the appropriate calculated results, electronic assignments are obtained for the experimental transitions involved.
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    Notes: Abstract A postulated scheme for sequential enzyme synthesis coupled with linear chain reaction is proposed. Mathematical calculations are carried out for the transient-state formation of enzyme coupled with enzyme-substrate reactions. Examples are presented to demonstrate the relations between various operational parameters during enzyme synthesis as a function of time. Significance of the phenomenon of sequential synthesis is discussed in relation to abnormal growth and cellular injury.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 91-97 
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    Notes: Abstract By introducing a plausible model for the initiation of axonal impulses the output is obtained as a function of the input incoming impulses. If the temporal aspects of the excitatory process resulting from the afferent impulses are sufficiently rapid one obtains the discontinuous or microscopic model of McCulloch-Pitts. If these are sufficiently slow a continuous model, such as Rashevsky’s one or two factor theory, is a natural model. But the linear relation between the strength of excitation of one axon and excitatory factor of the next will not in general hold. However, under conditions which are not too restrictive the linear relation with threshold can be considered as satisfactory approximation over a fairly wide range of values.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 107-108 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 217-221 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 233-235 
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    Notes: Abstract With a view to future applications in relational biology, the notion of relations between sets is introduced and several theorems are demonstrated.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 223-232 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical theory is developed to explain the observed enhancement of O2 transport through solutions by hemoglobin. At high partial pressures of O2, ordinary diffusion through the solvent accounts for all transport of O2, but at low partial pressures the transport may be increased manyfold by the presence of hemoglobin. This phenomenon is explained and its possible role in living organisms is discussed. The theory also indicates a new method of determining dissociation curves from diffusion experiments.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 261-262 
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    Notes: Abstract A solution in quadratures is found for a special class of differential equations suggested by studies in the growth of competing populations.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 237-260 
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    Notes: Abstract The tremendous complexity of even the simplest living unit makes a correct theoretical guess as to its mechanism very difficult. It is therefore suggested that, following the example of the physical sciences, a number of purely abstract cases in molecular biology be studied mathematically at first. Subsequent comparison of the different conclusions of such an abstract theory with available data would enable us to decide which of the conceivable situations are likely to occur in reality. As a first step toward such a study the problem of the minimal size of a living unit is studied. Usually the minimal size is considered to be determined by information-theoretical requirements. It is shown that the minimal size may have a very different origin. It may be determined by the possibility that too small a system, even though performing all necessary biological functions, may not be viable unless it is a member of a large group of other similar systems. This approach is developed both from a metric and from a relational point of view. Some relational characteristics of systems of reactions which possess the elementary metabolic properties of organisms are studied.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 263-276 
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    Notes: Abstract In Yeh, Martinek and de Beaumont (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 203–16, 1958), a method is presented for determining successively better central multipole representations of the current generators in a homogeneous conducting sphere by measuring surface potentials at a successively increasing number of points. This paper generalizes the method such that the multipoles may be located at any chosen point in the conductor. The spherical harmonic expansion is advantageously used and the “interior sphere theorem” of Ludford, Martinek and Yeh (Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc.,51, 389–93, 1955) makes possible disturbance potential expressions in closed forms. A method for approximate determination of the eccentricity is also presented. In the theory of electrocardiography, the eccentric multipoles can more accurately represent the heart as a current generator with fewer surface potential measurements than the central multipoles.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 297-303 
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    Notes: Abstract Given three primary events, occurrences or nonoccurrences of two response classes and nonoccurrence of both response classes, with their respective probabilities to be known, and assuming the first two events are disjoint, this paper deduces the error equation of the incorrect response and the latency equation of the correct response under the condition of correlated reward situation.
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    Notes: Abstract Schemes are presented for induced synthesis of the dissociable enzyme in which repeated use of the template is made. The role of the inducer is to release the repression. A mathematical analysis is carried out and expressions are obtained to describe the kinetics of enzyme formation. A practical case (penicillinase synthesis) is compared with theoretically derived equations by using an analogue computer to simulate an enzyme forming system. A good correlation between theoretical and experimental data is obtained.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 419-419 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 74-81 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 159-169 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 201-208 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 183-200 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 220-226 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 249-251 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 265-269 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 233-235 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 337-350 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 291-300 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 391-400 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 82-87 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 88-100 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 143-149 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 259-264 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 213-219 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 227-232 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 252-258 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 315-322 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 323-336 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 351-357 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 65 (1961), S. 358-365 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 12 (1961), S. 183-221 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From detailed analyses of “Project Jet Stream” Flights No. 9 (10 January 1957), No. 12 (18 January 1957) and No. 19 (16 February 1957) several interesting conclusions may be drawn as to the detailed structure of the atmosphere near jet streams. The “leaf-like” structure of the troposphere below and to the right of the jet-stream core can be seen from the analyses of potential temperature. Flight No. 9 shows the formation of standing lee-waves with maximum amplitudes within stable layers. Flight No. 12 gives an exceptionally good account of the long-lasting conservation of meso-scalar fluctuations in temperature and wind speed. Flight No. 19 reveals a mechanism of progression of the jet core, which enables the jet axis to proceed towards higher levels.
    Abstract: Résumé L'analyse détaillée de trois vols effectués dans le cadre du “Project Jet Stream” 1957 permet de tirer quelques conclusions intéressantes relatives à la structure fine de l'atmosphère dans le domaine du jet. la température potentielle fait apparaître une structure feuilletée de la troposphère sous le jet et à sa droite. Le vol No 9 montre la formation d'ondes stationnaires à amplitude maximum dans le domaine de zones stables. Le vol No 12 met en évidence la persistance de variations de température et de vitesse à l'échelle moyenne, tandis que le vol No 19 décèle un mécanisme tendant à déplacer l'axe du jet vers le haut.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus detaillierten Analysen der „Project Jet Stream”-Flüge Nr. 9 (10. Januar 1957), Nr. 12 (18. Januar 1957) und Nr. 19 (16. Februar 1957) können einige interessante Schlußfolgerungen auf die Feinstruktur der Atmosphäre im Bereich von Strahlströmen gezogen werden. Aus den Analysen der potentiellen Temperatur geht eine blättrige Struktur der Troposphäre unterhalb und rechts des Strahlstromkernes deutlich hervor. Flug Nr. 9 zeigt die Bildung stehender Leewellen mit maximalen Amplituden im Bereich stabiler Zonen. Flug Nr. 12 läßt besonders gut die lang anhaltende Erhaltungstendenz der mesostrukturellen Temperatur- und Geschwindigkeitsschwankungen erkennen, während bei der Analyse des Fluges Nr. 19 ein Verlagerungsmechanismus festzustellen war, der eine Verschiebung des Strahlstromkernes gegen höhere Niveaus hin zu bewirken scheint.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Measurements of artificial β and γ radioactivity in precipitation, on glacier surfaces, and in samples of grass and animal matter are described. The observations have been carried out regularly since 1957/58. Samples from different altitudes have been taken simultaneously at two alpine stations (altitude difference 1,1 km, horizontal distance 2,5 km). Glacier ice was sampled at an altitude of 2600 m. In addition to the determinations of radioactivity, analyses of radio-isotopes were carried out. Comparison of the results from different altitudes shows that the specific radioactivity of precipitation during the last kilometre of its fall increases by about 20%, while the mean addition of radioactive matter to the ground is about equal at the upper and lower station (due to the different amounts of precipitation). The specific radioactivity of grass ashes shows a marked increase with altitude which cannot be explained by a different supply of radioactive matter to the ground. The grass in different altitudes shows no differences in water and mineral content which might otherwise explain the dependence on altitude of radioactive contamination. The concentration of nuclear fission products found on glacier surfaces is very high (maximum several 1000·10−7 μC/cm3). The radioactivity of precipitation with respect to the general meteorological conditions (e. g. instability), the decrease with time (after date of nuclear explosion), and the relationship to radioactivity of the air (wash-out effect) are discussed in detail. Measurements of the radioactivity of precipitation are often biased by radioactive dust carried off the ground by turbulence. Therefore, the most reliable determinations of radioactive contamination from the cloud level are obtained by using the precipitation at high altitude stations.
    Abstract: Résumé Des mesures de la radioactivité β et γ artificielle (produits de fission) de la précipitation, de la surface d'un glacier, de l'herbe et d'organes animaux faites depuis 1957/58 de façon continue ont fourni des valeurs provenant simultanément d'altitudes différentes. Elles ont été faites à deux stations alpines distantes de 2,5 km et à 1,1 km l'une au-dessus de l'autre; la glace fut récoltée á 2600 m. L'analyse des échantillons porta sur la teneur radioactive et la présence d'isotopes. Alors que la radioactivité de la précipitaton augmente de 20% au cours du dernier kilomètre de chute, l'activité fourni au sol est la même aux deux stations d'en haut et d'en bas. La radioactivité spécifique des cendres d'herbe augmente avec l'altitude, mais cela ne peut tenir à des différences de l'apport d'activité au sol ni à la teneur en sels minéraux ou en eau. Sur le glacier la concentration en produits radioactifs est très élevée. Il arrive que la précipitation ramène au sol des produits de fission souleveés de terre avec de fines poussières ce qui fausse les mesures relatives aux précipitations. Celles-ci sont plus sûres lorsqu'on les effectue à la montagne puisque les enrichissements par les poussières soulevées sont limités aux premiers cent mètres de l'atmosphère.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über Messungen der künstlichen Beta- und Gamma-Radioaktivität (Spaltproduktaktivität) in Niederschlägen, auf einer Gletscherfläche und in Gras- und Tierorganproben. Das Wesentliche der Untersuchung liegt nicht allein in der lückenlosen zeitlichen Erfassung aller dieser Größen seit 1957/58, sondern vor allem in der synchronen Bestimmung der Aktivitätswerte in Proben, die gleichzeitig in verschiedenen Höhenlagen gewonnen worden sind (Niederschlag, Grasaschen). Diesem Zwecke dient ein alpines Stationspaar mit relativ großem Höhenunterschied (1,1 km) bei kleinem Basisabstand (2,5 km). Die Sammlung von Gletschereisproben erfolgte in Höhen von etwa 2600 m NN. Zusätzlich zu den Bestimmungen der Gesamt-, Beta- und Gamma-Radioaktivität der Proben wurden chemisch-radiologische Isotopenanalysen ausgeführt. Aus dem Vergleich der in verschiedenen Höhen gewonnenen Proben ergibt sich, daß, während die spezifische Niederschlags-Radioaktivität auf dem letzten Kilometer Fallweg noch um im Mittel 20% ansteigt, die mittlere Zufuhr von Aktivität zum Boden an der Bergstation etwa gleich der an der Talstation (wegen unterschiedlicher Niederschlagsmengen) ist. Die spezifische Radioaktivität in den Grasaschen nimmt mit steigender Höhenlage des Probenahmeortes stark zu; diese Höhenabhängigkeit der Kontamination kann nicht durch unterschiedliche Aktivitätszufuhr zum Boden in Abhängigkeit von der Höhe erklärt werden. Auch zeigen die Gräser aus verschiedenen Höhen keine Unterschiede bezüglich Wasser- und Mineraliengehalt, die den Höheneffekt der Kontamination erklären könnten. Die auf Gletscherflächen gefundene Konzentration an Kernspaltprodukten ist sehr hoch (maximal mehrere 1000·10−7 μC/cm3). Ihre zeitlichen und örtlichen Abhängigkeiten werden studiert. Eine besonders eingehende Auswertung erfahren die in Niederschlägen gefundenen Werte der Radioaktivität, vor allem auch in bezug auf meteorologische Bedingungen (z. B. Labilität), den zeitlichen Abfall der Aktivität (Bestimmung der Explosionszeitpunkte) und die Beziehung zur Luftradioaktivität (wash out-Effekt). Es zeigt sich, daß die Niederschläge sehr oft Aktivität zur Erdoberfläche zurückführen, die, an Feinstaub gebunden, durch Luftbewegung vom Boden aufgewirbelt worden war; dadurch entsteht eine Verfälschung der Aktivitätsmessung im Niederschlag. Niederschläge, die an Hochstationen aufgefangen werden, liefern verläßlichere Werte in bezug auf künstliche Radioaktivität aus dem Wolkenniveau, da sich die Aufwirbelungsvorgänge nur in den untersten 100 m der Atmosphäre abspielen.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 12 (1961), S. 262-270 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary First a discussion of the historical development of thunderstorm research and a survey of the existing thunderstorm theories with reference to the physical possibilities of generating electrical potentials is given. Electromagnetic induction has hitherto not been used to explain the electricity of thunderclouds. It is shown that a theory on this basis may render quantitatively satisfactory results. Various general features of thunderstorms which follow from this theory are in agreement with observations. The new thunderstorm theory is offered for discussion, and measurements are proposed which should decide on its validity.
    Abstract: Résumé L'auteur expose une classification des théories de l'orage d'après les procédés de production d'électricité connus en physique. Il constate qu'on n'a jamais fait appel à l'induction électromagnétique qui peut cependant servir de base à une théorie satisfaisante; les conséquences théoriques sont vérifiées par des observations. L'auteur propose une discussion de la nouvelle théorie et il suggère des mesures propres à la vérifier.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach einer Einführung in die geschichtliche Entwicklung der Gewitterforschung wird eine Einteilung der Gewittertheorien nach den in der Physik bekannten Arten der Elektrizitätserzeugung gegeben. Es wird dabei festgestellt, daß die elektromagnetische Induktion noch nie als Grundlage einer Gewittertheorie verwendet wurde. Anschließend wird gezeigt, daß eine Gewittertheorie auf dieser Grundlage quantitativ befriedigende Ergebnisse liefern kann. Auch aus der Theorie abgeleitete Eigenschaften von Gewittern werden durch Beobachtungen bestätigt. Die neue Gewittertheorie wird zur Diskussion gestellt und es werden Messungen vorgeschlagen, die eine Entscheidung für oder gegen diese Theorie herbeiführen können.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 12 (1961), S. 389-395 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Unter der Annahme, daß die Korrelationsfunktionen vonLagrange für isotrope und stationäre Turbulenz eine einfache exponentielle Form haben, wird bewiesen, daß, je größer das Integralmaß der Turbulenz ist, desto niedriger die eindimensionale Wellenzahl ist, bis zu der ein −5/3-Gesetz zu gelten scheint. Anschließend an eine Arbeit vonGifford wird betont, daß die scheinbare Erweiterung in Richtung auf niedrige eindimensionale Wellenzahlen nicht notwendigerweise bedeutet, daßKolmogoroffs Inertialteilbereich der dreidimensionalen Turbulenz sich bis zu niedrigen (dreidimensionalen) Wellenzahlen erstreckt.
    Abstract: Résumé En supposant que les fonctions de corrélation lagrangiennes des composantes de vitesse de la turbulence isotropique et stationnaire sont d'une forme exponentielle simple, il est demontré que l'échelle intégrale de turbulence est d'autant plus grande que le nombre de l'onde unidimensionelle est petit, nombre, auquel une loi de −5/3 apparaît convenir. On pourra remarquer que, suivant un ouvrage deGifford, l'étendue apparente des petits nombres de l'onde unidimensionelle, ne signifie pas nécessairement que le rang d'inertie deKolmogoroff à propos de la turbulence en trois dimensions s'étend aux petits nombres de l'onde.
    Notes: Summary Assuming that in isotropic and stationary turbulence the Lagrangian correlation functions of the velocity components are of a simple exponential form, it is shown that the greater the integral scale of turbulence, the lower is the one-dimensional wave number to which a minus five-thirds law will appear to hold. It is pointed out, following a paper byGifford, that the apparent extension to low one-dimensional wave numbers of a minus-fivethirds law, does not necessarily mean thatKolmogoroff's inertial subrange of the three-dimensional turbulence extends to low (three-dimensional) wave numbers.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 12 (1961), S. 302-338 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An investigation of the correlation between time means and space means of an arbitrary field function renders the following relationship: If the time and space means of a field function follow a principle of equivalence, this field function satisfies a homogeneous wave equation, with a wave velocity $$c = \frac{{\Delta s}}{{\Delta t}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}$$ (in the two-dimensional case). Δs and Δt are the grid distance and time interval used in calculating the space and time averages of the field. The above statement may also be reversed: if a function of space and time satisfies a wave equation with $$c = \frac{{\Delta s}}{{\Delta t}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}$$ , the space and time means (increments Δs and Δt) follow a principle of equivalence. If the wave velocity $$c \ne \frac{{\Delta s}}{{\Delta t}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}$$ , the space and time means of the field function can be represented accurately by a linear general equation. The existence of a principle of equivalence between space and time means of the geopotential field of a constant pressure level has been proved statistically byH. Reuter. In view of the present results, this equivalence suggests that wave processes must be rather common in the atmosphere. It can be shown that certain particular integrals of the non-divergence vorticity equation (e. g. theRossby-solution) are also solutions of the homogeneous wave equation. For these solutions, the conditions of a principle of equivalence of space and time means are discussed in detail. Further, it can be shown that, by means of the principle of equivalence, the homogeneous wave equation may easily be integrated, either numerically or graphically. These findings were utilized in constructing prognostic charts of the 500 mb level. Integration of the wave equation is only possible if the velocity of the field is known. It can be found either by extrapolation in time, or by means of theRossby formula and the zonal wind component. Of course, the prognostic method described here does not cover baroclinic developments. Finally, several suggestions are made to improveH. Reuter's method of extended forecasting.
    Abstract: Résumé En recherchant la connexion entre les champs des moyennes temporelles et spatiales d'une fonction de champ quelconque on atrouvé le rapport suivant: Si la moyenne temporelle et la moyenne spatiale d'une fonction de champ obéissent à un principe d'équivalence, cette fonction satisfait une équation des ondes, la vitesse de l'onde (dans le cas à deux dimensions) étant $$c = \frac{{\Delta s}}{{\Delta t}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}$$ . Ici, Δs indique la dimension du carrelage et Δt la différence du temps au calcul des moyennes spatiales et temporelles dans le champ. Cette règle est aussi reversible: si une fonction spatiale et temporelle satisfait une équation des ondes avec $$c = \frac{{\Delta s}}{{\Delta t}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}$$ . un principe d'équivalence est applicable pour les moyennes spatiales et temporelles en employant les différences Δs et Δt. Si la vitesse de l'onde $$c \ne \frac{{\Delta s}}{{\Delta t}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}$$ , une relation linéaire et plus générale existe entre la moyenne spatiale et temporelle, laquelle peut être déterminée précisément. CommeH. Reuter pouvait prouver par la statistique un principe d'équivalence entre des moyennes spatiales et temporelles dans un champ du géopotentiel d'un niveau isobarique, il faut conclure en raison des résultats mentionnés ci-dessus que dans l'atmosph⪻re les événements ondulatoires ou de l'oscillation (évéments linéaires) sont très fréquents. On peut prouver que certaines intégrales particulières de l'équation de vorticity sans divergence (par exemple: solution deRossby) sont simultanément aussi des solutions de l'équation homogéne des ondes. Pour ces solutions-là les conditions pour un principe de l'équivalence entre les moyennes spatiales et temporelles sont discutées en détail. En outre on peut montrer qu'on peut intégrer l'équation homogène des ondes bien facilement numériquement ou d'une manière graphique au moyen du principe de l'équivalence. Ce fait est appliqué pour la construction des cartes de prévision au niveau de 500 mb. Cependant il faut connaître la vitesse du champ pour une telle intégration. On trouve cette vitesse par extrapolation ou au moyen de la formule deRossby en s'appuyant sur les composantes zonales du vent. Mais il faut dire que les évolutions baroclines ne peuvent pas être saisies par une telle méthode de prévision. De plus l'auteur propose des amendements de la méthode de prévision des cartes moyennes selonReuter.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Untersuchung des Zusammenhanges zwischen dem Zeit- und dem Raummittelfeld einer beliebigen Feldfunktion wurde folgende Beziehung gefunden: Existiert zwischen dem Zeit- und Raummittel einer Feldfunktion ein Äquivalenzprinzip, so genügt diese Funktion einer homogenen Wellengleichung mit der Geschwindigkeit $$c = \frac{{\Delta s}}{{\Delta t}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}$$ der Welle (im zweidimensionalen Fall). Δs und Δt sind hiebei die Raumbzw. Zeitinkremente der räumlichen bzw. zeitlichen Mittelung der Feldfunktion. Diese Feststellung gilt auch umgekehrt: falls eine Raum-Zeitfunktion einer Wellengleichung mit $$c = \frac{{\Delta s}}{{\Delta t}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}$$ genügt, so gilt für das Raum- und Zeitmittel der Funktion mit Δs und Δt als die dazugehörigen Inkremente ein Äquivalenzprinzip. Ist die Geschwindigkeit der Welle $$c \ne \ne \frac{{\Delta s}}{{\Delta t}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}$$ , so besteht zwischen dem Raum- und Zeitmittel einer Feldfunktion eine allgemeinere lineare Beziehung, die genau bestimmbar ist. DaH. Reuter für das Geopotential einer Druckfläche ein Äquivalenzprinzip von Raum- und Zeitmittel statistisch nachweisen konnte, muß auf Grund der oben erwähnten Ergebnisse geschlossen werden, daß in der Atmosphäre Wellen- bzw. Schwingungsvorgänge (lineare Vorgänge) sehr häufig vorkommen. Es kann nachgewiesen werden, daß gewisse partikuläre Integrale der divergenzfreien Vorticitygleichung (z. B. Rossby-Lösung) gleichzeitig auch Lösungen der homogenen Wellengleichung sind. Für diese Lösungen werden die Bedingungen für ein Äquivalenzprinzip von Raum- und Zeitmittel ausführlich diskutiert. Weiters kann gezeigt werden, daß man mittels des Äquivalenzprinzipes die homogene Wellengleichung sehr einfach numerisch oder graphisch integrieren kann. Diese Tatsache wird zur Konstruktion von Vorhersagekarten im 500 mb-Niveau verwendet. Allerdings muß bei einer solchen Integration die Geschwindigkeit des Feldes bekannt sein. Diese Geschwindigkeit wird daher entweder durch Extrapolation oder mittels derRossby-Formel unter Zuhilfenahme der zonalen Windkomponenten ermittelt. Naturgemaß können aber durch eine solche Methode der Vorhersage barokline Entwicklungen nicht erfaßt werden. Ferner werden noch Vorschläge zur Verbesserung der Methode zur Vorhersage von Mittelkarten nachH. Reuter ausgearbeitet.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 12 (1961), S. 271-286 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 12 (1961), S. 366-375 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The authors report on the results of records of atmospheric electricity in the levels of 1840, 2050, 2650 m above sea level during the years 1957 to 1959 at Arosa and nearby (Switzerland). The diurnal and annual variation of potential gradient, polar conductivity and air-earth-current density are discussed. It is demonstrated that there is a clear relation between the annual variation of the potential gradient and ozone content measured by a Dobson spectrometer; a plausible explanation is discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé On discute des enregistrements de l'électricité atmosphérique pour les années 1957, 1958, 1959 éffectuées aux altitudes de 1840 m, 2050 m et 2650 m à et au-dessus d'Arosa. Les variations diurnes et annuelles du gradient du potentiel, de la conductibilité polaire et de la densité du courant électrique vertical sont analysées. Les auteurs mettent en évidence une relation entre les variations annuelles du gradient du potentiel et de la concentration en ozone mesurée avec un spectromètre Dobson; une interprétation possible de cette constatation est envisagée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Verfasser berichten über die Ergebnisse luftelektrischer Registrierungen in drei Höhenlagen von 1840, 2050 und 2650 m ü. M. während der Jahre 1957 bis 1959 in und bei Arosa. Die Tages- und Jahresgänge von Potentialgradienten, polarer Leitfähigkeit und Vertikalstromdichte werden diskutiert. Es zeigt sich ein deutlicher Zusammenhang zwischen dem Jahresgang des Potentialgradienten und dem mit dem Dobson-Spektrometer gemessenen Ozongehalt; auf eine mögliche Erklärung wird hingewiesen.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 12 (1961), S. 350-365 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Grundlagen der kurz- und der mittelfristigen Luftdruckprognosen untersucht, die auf Autokorrelationen (Vialar) und lokalen Korrelationen des Druckes, sowie auf der Verwendung gleitender Mittel des Luftdruckes (Grappe) beruhen. Zur Abschätzung der Qualität einer Luftdruckprognose wird der Begriff der “Treffsicherheit” (efficacité) verwendet. Dieser Begriff beruht auf der Vorhersage des Zeichens der Druckänderung. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Methode der Autoregressionsgleichungen nicht zu einer treffsicheren Vorhersage des mittleren Druckes führt, während die der Gleichungen der lokalen Regression, wenn sie auf gleitende Mittel des täglichen Druckes angewandt wird, eine zuverlässige Vorhersage des Druckes im Mittel über mehrere Tage (zwei bis fünf Tage) gestattet. Indessen ist die Wirksamkeit dieser letzteren Prognose nur scheinbar, da sie nur auf den algebraischen Eigenschaften der gleitenden Mittel beruht. Das Versagen dieser Vorhersagemethoden fällt zusammen mit dem Fehlen einer Autoregression der Zeitreihen der täglichen Druckänderungen. Es ist daher wenig wahrscheinlich, daß irgendeine Vorhersagemethode des Luftdruckes für kurze oder mittlere Zeiträume, welche auf lokalen Beobachtungen des Druckes beruht, zu tatsächlich zuverlässigen Vorhersagen führen kann, wenn die Zeitreihe der ersten Differenzen des Luftdruckes nicht autoregressiv ist.
    Abstract: Summary The author investigates the bases of a short or medium range pressure forecast, based on autocorrelations (Vialar) and local correlations of pressure as well as on the use of running time means of atmospheric pressure (Grappe). In order to appreciate the degree of quality of a forecast, he introduces the concept of efficiency. This concept is based on the forecast of the sign of the pressure variation. The author points out that the method of autoregressive equations does not lead to an efficient forecast of pressure averages, whilst that of local regression equations, applied to the running means of daily pressure, gives an efficient forecast of pressure averages over a time interval of several days (2 to 5 days). The efficiency of this latter forecast, however, is illusive, this efficiency being a result of the algebraic properties of the running means only. The author notices that the failure of the forecast methods coincides with the lack of autoregressivity of time-series of daily pressure variation. Therefore, it is very unlikely that any method of short or medium range pressure forecast, based on local pressure data, can produce really efficient forecasts if the time series of the first variation of pressure is not autoregressive.
    Notes: Résumé L'auteur examine les fondements de la prévision de la pression à courte et moyenne échéances, basée sur des autocorrélations (Vialar) et des corrélations locales de la pression ainsi que sur l'utilisation de moyennes glissantes de la pression atmosphérique (Grappe). Pour apprécier la qualité d'une prévision de la pression, il introduit la notion d'efficacité. Cette notion est liée à la prévision du signe de la variation de la pression. L'auteur montre que la méthode des équations autorégressives ne conduit pas à une prévision efficace de pressions moyennes, tandis que celle des équations de régression locale, appliquée aux moyennes glissantes de la pression journalière, fournit une prévision efficace de la pression moyenne de plusieurs jours (2 à 5 jours). Cependant, l'efficacité de cette dernière prévision est illusoire, car elle ne résulte que des propriétés algébriques des moyennes glissantes. L'auteur remarque que l'échec de ces méthodes de prévision coïncide avec le manque d'autorégressivité de la série chronologique de la variation de la pression journalière. De ce fait, il est peu vraisemblable qu'une quelconque méthode de prévision de la pression atmosphérique, à courte ou moyenne échéance, basée sur des informations locales de la pression, puisse conduire à des prévisions efficaces non illusoires lorsque la série chronologique de la variation première de la pression n'est pas autorégressive.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 12 (1961), S. 396-406 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 12 (1961), S. 151-182 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Beobachtungen während der Drift von “US Drifting Station A” zeigen an altem Eis einen jährlichen Massenzuwachs von 12,5 g/cm2 Schnee und 52 g/cm2 Eis an der Unterseite. Während der Schmelzperioden 1957 und 1958 betrug der Massenverlust an der Oberseite 19,2 bzw. 41,4 g/cm2. Das Verhältnis der Ablation auf „trockenen” Eisflächen zu der in Wassertümpeln beträgt etwa 1:2,5. Etwa 30% der Gesamtfläche werden im Sommer von den Wassertümpeln eingenommen. Die Ablation an der Unterseite durch Wärmezufuhr vom Meer betrug etwa 22 cm (Juli bis August/September). Die Methoden der Messung des Massenhaushalts werden beschrieben. In Anbetracht ihrer Bedeutung als Kontrolle des berechneten Wärmehaushalts wird ihre Genauigkeit näher untersucht. Die Wärmebilanz der Eisoberfläche wird für einen ausgewählten Zeitraum während des Maximums der Ablationsperiode berechnet. Es ergeben sich folgende mittlere Tagessummen in cal/cm2: +142 kurzwellige Strahlungsbilanz, −8 langwellige Strahlungsbilanz, +9 Konvektionswärmestrom. −11 Verdunstung. Die mittlere tägliche Oberflächen-Ablation betrug in dieser Zeit 0,8 cm. Etwa 90% davon werden durch Absorption kurzwelliger Strahlung verursacht. Nur 62% des gesamten Wärmeangebotes werden an der Oberfläche umgesetzt. 38% gelangen in tiefere Schichten und werden dort hauptsächlich zur Vergrößerung des Volumens der Salzlösung verwendet. Die vertikale Verteilung dieser Energie wird zur Berechnung des Extinktionskoeffizienten für kurzwellige Strahlung herangezogen. In einer Tiefe von 40 bis 150 cm ergibt sich ein Wert von 0,015 cm−1, etwas weniger als in Gletschereis. Die Wärmemenge, welche im Sommer zur Erhöhung der Eistemperatur und der damit verbundenen Vergrößerung des Volumens der Salzlösung aufgewendet wurde, dient während der Abkühlungsperiode als Wärmereserve. Von ihrem Beginn bis zur Erreichung minimaler Eistemperaturen in März werden einer 3 m dicken Eisdecke 3000 cal/cm2 an latenter Wärme (Verkleinerung des Volumens der Salzlösung und Gefrieren der Schmelzwassertümpel) und 1700 cal/cm2 mit der reinen Temperaturerniedrigung entzogen. Auf Grund der beobachteten Massen- und Temperaturänderungen der Eisdecke wird der gesamte Wärmeumsatz an ihren Grenzflächen abgeschätzt. Während der Periode Mai bis August erhält die Oberfläche des Eises 8,3 kcal/cm2 während in der Periode September bis April 12,8 kcal/cm2 an die Atmosphäre abgegeben werden. Die Resultate werden mit denen vonYakovlev verglichen, wobei sich beträchtliche Unterschiede in den Beträgen der Verdunstung und der Wärmereserve der Eisdecke ergeben. Im Zusammenhang mit den unterschiedlichen Beträgen der Wärmereserve wird die spezifische Wärme des Meereises näher diskutiert.
    Abstract: Résumé Les observations faites lors de la dérive du “US drifting station A” font apparaître un accroissement annuel de masse de la banquise de 12,5 g/cm2 sous forme de niege et de 52 g/cm2 par congélation à la base. Pendant les périodes de fonte de 1957 et de 1958, la perte de masse à la surface fut de 19,2 et 41,4 g/cm2 respectivement. Le rapport de l'ablation sur la glace “sèche” à celle des flaques est de 1:2,5. Les flaques occupent en été env. 30% de la surface totale. L'ablation à la face inférieure de la banquise par la chaleur de l'eau fut d'environ 22 cm (Juillet à août/septembre). On décrit les méthodes de mesure du bilan de masse et leur précision. On calcule ce bilan de chaleur à la surface au moment du maximum d'ablation et on en donne les composantes suivantes pour les sommes journalières moyennes en cal/cm2: bilan radiatif de courte longueur d'onde +142, bilan radiatif de grande longueur d'onde −8, flux de convection +9, évaporation −11. L'ablation superficielle moyenne est de 0,8 cm par jour dont 90% résulte de l'absorption du rayonnement à courte longueur d'onde. Le 62% seulement de l'apport de chaleur est transformé à la surface de la glace; le 38% pénètre en profondeur et sert surtout à accroître le volume du mélange salin. A une profondeur de 40 à 150 cm le coefficient d'exctinction pour le rayonnement court est de 0,015 cm−1, plus faible que dans le glacier terrestre. La quantité de chaleur accumulée en été sert de réserve pendant la période froide pour élever la température de la glace et pour augmenter le volume de la solution saline. Du début de celle-ci jusqu'au minimum des températures en mars, une couche de 3 m d'épaisseur perd 3000 cal/cm2 en chaleur latente et 1700 cal/cm2 par chute de température. Il est possible d'estimer le bilan total de chaleur des surfaces de la glace à l'aide des variations observées de masse et de température. Pedant la période de mai à août, la surface de la glace reçoit 8,3 kcal/cm2, tandis qu'elle cède à l'air 12,8 kcal/cm2 de septembre à avril. Les résultats obtenus diffèrent de ceux deYakovlev dans les quantités de l'évaporation et de la réserve calorifique de la glace. Discussion au sujet de la chaleur spécifique de la glace de banquise.
    Notes: Summary Measurements during the drift of “US Drifting Station A” show an annual mass increase of old ice consisting of 12.5 g/cm2 snow and 52 g/cm2 bottom accretion. During the summer seasons 1957 and 1958 an amount of 19.2 and 41.4 g/cm2 respectively, was lost by surface ablation. The ratio of ablation on elevated “dry” surface and in meltwater ponds is 1:2.5. The average pond area was about 30%. Bottom ablation by heat transfer from the ocean was found to be 22 cm (July to Aug./Sept.). Methods of measuring mass changes are described. In view of their importance as a means of checking the computed heat budget their accuracy is discussed in detail. The heat budget is computed for a selected period during the height of the melt season. The average daily totals are, in cal/cm2: +142 from net short wave radiation −8 from net long wave radiation, +9 from turbulent heat transfer, and −11 from evaporation. The mean daily surface ablation is 0.8 cm. About 90% of it is due to the absorption of short wave radiation Only 62% of the total heat supply are transformed at the surface. 38% are transmitted into the ice and mainly used to increase the brine volume. The vertical distribution of this energy was used to compute the extinction coefficient for short wave radiation. From 40 to 150 cm depth it is 0.015 cm−1, somewhat smaller than that of glacier ice. The heat used during the summer to increase the brine volume in the ice acts as a reserve of latent heat during the cooling season. By the time an ice sheet of 300 cm thickness reaches its minimum temperature in March, 3000 cal/cm2 have been removed to freeze the brine in the interior of the ice and the meltwater ponds, and 1700 cal/cm2 to lower the ice temperature. Based upon the observed mass and temperature changes the total heat exchange at the upper and lower boundary is estimated. During the period May–August the upper boundary received 8.3 kcal/cm2, while during the period September–April 12.8 kcal/cm2 were given off to the atmosphere. The results are compared with those ofYakovlev, and considerable disagreement is found with respect to the amounts of heat involved in evaporation and in changes of ice temperature (“heat reserve”).
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 12 (1961), S. 287-301 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, wie sich Näherungsformeln der Energiebilanzen der atmosphärischen Bewegungsvorgänge durch die unabhängigen Variablen λ, ϕ,p undt von ihrer exakten Formulierung ableiten lassen; dabei wird der Veränderlichkeit des Luftdrucks an der Erdoberfläche Rechnung getragen.
    Abstract: Summary It is shown how the approximate energy equations of atmospheric motions expressed with the independent variables λ, ϕ,p andt must bederived from their exact general form. The variability of surface pressure has been taken into account.
    Notes: Résumé L'auteur montre comment il faut déduire les formes approchées des bilans énergétiques des mouvements atmosphériques en variables λ, ϕ,p ett de leurs formes générales exactes. Il a tenu compte de la variabilité de la pression à la surface du globe.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 12 (1961), S. 339-349 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author discusses the probability of the various theories which have been developed for the explanation of tornadoes and waterspouts; they are based on the assumption partly of thermodynamical, partly of mechanical processes.
    Abstract: Résumé Discussion de la probabilité des diverses théories développées pour l'explication des trombes; elles sont basées sur la supposition de phénomènes soit thermodynamiques soit mécaniques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Verfasser diskutiert die Wahrscheinlichkeit der verschiedenen, für die Erklärung der Entstehung von Tromben aufgestellten Theorien, die sich teils auf die Annahme thermodynamischer, teils auf die mechanischer Vorgänge stützen.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 12 (1961), S. 376-381 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By means of weather radar observations it is shown that the duration of heavy convective rainfall appears to be short only in a locally fixed coordinate system. If the coordinate system is moved along with the convective cell the duration of rainfall may reach several hours.
    Abstract: Résumé Les observations par radar montrent que la durée des fortes averses de nature convective, si elle semble souvent courte en un point fixe, peut par contre s'étendre sur maintes heures lorsqu'on la repère dans un système de référence entrîné avec la cellule nuageuse productrice.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Hand von Radarbeobachtungen wird gezeigt, daß die Dauer von konvektiven Starkregenfällen nur im ortsfesten Koordinatensystem häufig als gering erscheint; in einem mit der Niederschlagszelle mitbewegten Koordinatensystem kann sie nach den Wetterradarbeobachtungen viele Stunden betragen.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 12 (1961), S. 382-388 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The daily radar observations published in the 1200 GMT surface weather map of the Berlin Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics since June, 1958, are used to investigate the relationship between radar echoes and the curvature of isobars. The corresponding 500 mb charts are used as supplementary information.
    Abstract: Résumé Utilisant les observations de radar publiées quotidiennement sur la carte du temps de 12 h. T. U. depuis le mois de mai 1958 par l'Institut de Météorologie et de Géophysique de Berlin, l'auteur étudie la relation entre l'apparition d'échos de radar et la courbure des isobares. La carte du niveau de 500 mb de la même heure est aussi mise à contribution.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Hand der seit Juni 1958 vom Berliner Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik täglich veröffentlichten Radarbeobachtungen in der 12 Uhr GMT-Bodenwetterkarte wird der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Auftreten von Radarechos und der Isobarenkrümmung untersucht. Als Ergänzung wird noch die 500 mb-Karte vom gleichen Termin in Betracht gezogen.
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    Studia logica 11 (1961), S. 7-18 
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    Studia logica 11 (1961), S. 23-30 
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    Studia logica 11 (1961), S. 21-21 
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    Studia logica 11 (1961), S. 31-34 
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    Studia logica 11 (1961), S. 37-45 
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    Studia logica 11 (1961), S. 46-47 
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    Studia logica 11 (1961), S. 48-48 
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    Studia logica 11 (1961), S. 49-53 
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    Studia logica 11 (1961), S. 57-74 
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    Studia logica 11 (1961), S. 77-87 
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    Studia logica 11 (1961), S. 130-134 
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    Studia logica 11 (1961), S. 91-129 
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    Studia logica 11 (1961), S. 139-181 
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    Studia logica 11 (1961), S. 182-182 
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    Studia logica 11 (1961), S. 185-214 
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    Studia logica 11 (1961), S. 215-215 
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