ALBERT

Description: A compilation of chemical analyses of Pacific Ocean nodules using an x-ray fluorescence technique. The equipment used was a General Electric XRD-5 with a tungsten tube. Lithium fluoride was used as the diffraction element in assaying for all elements above calcium in the atomic table and EDDT was used in conjunction with a helium path for all elements with an atomic number less than calcium. Flow counters were used in conjunction with a pulse height analyzer to eliminate x-ray lines of different but integral orders in gathering count data. The stability of the equipment was found to be excellent by the author. The equipment was calibrated by the use of standard ores made from pure oxide forms of the elements in the nodules and carefully mixed in proportion to the amounts of these elements generally found in the manganese nodules. Chemically analyzed standards of the nodules themselves were also used. As a final check, a known amount of the element in question was added to selected samples of the nodules and careful counts were taken on these samples before and after the addition of the extra amount of the element. The method involved the determination and subsequent use of absorption and activation factors for the lines of the various elements. All the absorption and activation factors were carefully determined using the standard ores. The chemically analyzed samples of the nodules by these methods yielded an accuracy to at least three significant figures.

Description: The cores and dredges described in this report were taken on the TRIPOD Expedition from November until December 1966 by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography from the R/V Argo. A total of 38 cores and dredges were recovered and are available at Scripps for sampling and study.

Description: The Th230/Pa231 activity ratio in 7 of 11 manganese nodules is less than 10.8, the theoretical production ratio of activities in the ocean. This finding indicates difierential accumulation of these nuclides in authigenic deposits of manganese-iron oxide.

Description: Geological observations, using "free-diving" techniques (Figure I) were made in September, 1960 and March 1961 along two continuous profiles in the outer Kiel Harbor, Germany and at several other spot locations in the Western Baltic Sea. A distinct terrace, cut in Pleistocene glacial till, was found that was covered with varying amounts and types of recent deposits. Hand samples were taken of the sea-floor sediments and grainsize distribution determined for both the sediment as a whole and for its heavy mineral fraction. From the Laboratory and Field observations it was possible to recognize two distinct types of sand; Type I, Sand resulting from transportation over a long period of time and distance and Type 11, Sand resulting from little transportation and found today near to xvhere it was formed. Several criterea related to the agent of movement could be used to classify the nature of the sediment; (1) undisturbed (the sediment Cover of the Pleistocene Terrace is essentially undisturbed), (2) mixed by organisms, (3) transported by water movements (sediment found with ripple marks, etc., and (4) "Scoured" (the movement of individual particles of sediment from around larger boulders causes a slow downward movement or "Creeping" which is due to both the force of gravity and bottom currents. These observations and laboratory studies are discussed concerning their relationship to the formation of residual sediments, the direction of sand transportation, and the intensive erosion on the outer edge of the wave-cut platform found in this part of the Baltic Sea.

Description: Along with specimens of manganese oxides and basalt, rocks containing more than 30 percent iron by weight and consisting mainly of poorly crystallized goethite have been dredged from the flanks of a seamount located on the East Pacific Rise. The Fe-Mn ratio varies widely among the various oxide rocks deposited at this locality and at another seamount in the same area. The deposit was probably formed by fractional precipitation of iron and manganese which had been introduced locally into the bottom water by hydrothermal solutions of volcanic origin, and by leaching from deep-sea basaltic lavas.

Description: Aufbau und Ausdehnung der Schwermineral-Anreicherungen (Ilmenit, Granat, Amphibol) am Strand südlich Skagens wurden in langen Schürfgräben untersucht. Die Seifenlagen ziehen durchgehend vom Kliff-Fuß bis zur mittleren Meereshöhe hin und liegen meist diskordant auf der alten Strandschichtung. Ihre strandparallele Ausdehnung beträgt bis zu 100 m. Aufgebaut werden sie aus dünnen Schwermineral-Lamellen, die in kleinerem Umfang überall in den Strandablagerungen zu finden sind und hier das Gefüge nachzeichnen (Rippeln, Strandwallschichtung, Schichtstörungen). Die Seifenbildung geht in einem Gebiet mit verstärktem Küstenabtrag vor sich (Lee-Erosion südlich der Hafenmolen von Skagen). Dieses deutet darauf hin, daß die Schwerminerale bei Aufarbeitung bereits vorhandener Sedimente infolge ihres unterschiedlichen hydraulischen Verhaltens Zurückbleiben und schließlich angereichert werden. Die Korngrößenverteilung der Minerale in verschiedenen Sedimentproben zeigen, daß mit steigender Schwermineral-Anreicherung eine Kornverfeinerung und Zunahme der spezifisch schwersten Minerale (opake Erzminerale und Zirkon) auftritt. In ähnlicher Weise werden die Sortierungswerte besser. Die Aufbereitung des Sedimentes wird, in Anlehnung an v. ENGELHARDT (1939), mit einem doppelten Sortierungsvorgang durch die Wasserbewegung am Strand erklärt. Beim Absinken des Sandes nach dem Brecherschwall tritt eine Vorsortierung ein, die den Abtransport der leichteren und größeren Minerale im Sog begünstigt. Verbindungen zu Vorstellungen der Aufbereitungstechnik (Rundherdverfahren) und Hydrodynamik ('laminare Unterschicht') werden hergestellt. Die Dünensande Skagens sind infolge ihres hohen Schwermineralgehaltes und günstiger Äquivalentgrößen der einzelnen Minerale besonders bedeutsam für die Seifenbildung am Strand.

Description: The present volume gives the observed physical and chemical data obtained by R.V. "Meteor" in the Indian Ocean during cruise 1964/65. The tables are based on the computations made by the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) in Washington. In addition to the normally communicated data, the tables contain four chemical parameters: alkalinity, ammonia, fluoride, and calcium.

Description: The present paper gathers the results of a morphological study on 149 specimens of Rhinolophus hipposideros, and of ecological investigations on additional material, incl. some 5,000 banded individuals of the same species.\nBrief description of the reproductive organs of both sexes is given. The reproductive organs of the sexually mature (adult) and the sexually immature grown-up (subadult) individuals are illustrated and comments are made on their changes during the year.\nIn adult males, the spermatogenesis commences in spring, after the change from winter torpidity to active life, and culminates towards the end of July and in August. During the winter months (December to April), the seminiferous epithelium of the tubules of testes is resting. On the contrary, the interstitial cells of Leydig are conspicuously developed in the period from October to April (or May). The tubules of the epididymides of adult males are never entirely free of spermatozoa but they contain the lowest numbers of the latter at the period of intensive spermatogenesis. Towards the end of August and in September, the tubules of the cauda epididymidis begin to be filled with greater numbers of spermatozoa, being overcrowded with them in the period from October till April. Apart from the ampullar glands, the seminal vesicles, the prostate and the bulbourethral or Cowper\xe2\x80\x99s glands, the males of R.h. possess a conspicuously developed accessory sexual gland, discovered, in Rhinolophus, by ROBIN (1881b) and termed the glandula urethralis. This gland is the greatest element of the male genital tract, being at the peak of its secretory activity in October and November. The staining properties of the secretion of this gland indicate that the urethral gland takes an important part in the origin of the female vaginal plug.\nMost of the adult females were found to copulate already in autumn, from late September till November. Ovulation takes place in April, still before the dissipation of the vaginal plug. Pregnancy lasts for about 2\xc2\xbd months; lactation, for 4 to 5 weeks. The main information on the course of estrous cycle was obtained by histological examinations of vaginal epithelium. The following is the succession of the individual phases of the estrous cycle of reproducing female R.h. in Czechoslovakia: proestrus, late August and early September; estrus, late September till early April; pregnancy, late April till first days of July; lactation, July and early August.\nThe life of R.h. can be divided into three main periods, viz., the juvenile, subadult and adult period. The juvenile period lasts about two and a half months, from July till September. The pelage of individuals younger than some 14 months of age is grey, that of older ones being greyish brown to brown in colour. The male R.h. attain sexual maturity at an approximative age of one year and are first capable of fertilizing at the age of about 15 months, in the second autumn of their life. While the first signs of estrus appear in female R.h. already at the age of 4 months, most of them attain sexual maturity only towards the end of the second year of their life. A small percentage of females (15%, according to banding results) reproduce already at the end of the first year of their life.\nAlthough the uterus of one pregnant female R.h. was found to contain two embryos, our results indicate that the litter size equals one. The greatest longevity of R.h. in Czechoslovakia, determined by banding, is 10\xc2\xbd years for males and 9\xc2\xbd years for females. A certain percentage of adult females (6.7% of the material examined) do not reproduce. Sex ratio among the juveniles is 1 : 1 while males predominate among the subadults and, especially, adults; however, a question arises of the extent in which the sample obtained corresponds to the actual relations in the population.\nThe paper is concluded by a discussion. The main problems arising from the study are discussed, viz., the possible hormonal regulation of the male sexual activity, the estrous condition of females, especially during hibernation (the so-called \xe2\x80\x9csubestrus\xe2\x80\x9d), and the time of attaining sexual maturity.

Description: Beschreibung der Geburt von drei Frettchen mit drei Protokollen. In mancher Hinsicht etwa die gleichen Befunde wie MURR (1932). Hier werden nur die abweichenden und neuen Befunde mitgeteilt. 1. Keine Unterschiede zwischen primiparen und pluriparen Tieren. 2. Eine glasige Schleimschnur aus der Vulva ist 2 bis 4 Stunden vor der Austreibung wahrnehmbar. Kurz vor der Geburt steht das Muttertier nur mit gr\xc3\xb6sster Schwierigkeit und liegt oftmals auf dem R\xc3\xbccken. 3. Die Austreibung f\xc3\xa4ngt an mit Pressen. Das Tier nimmt dazu die charakteristische Kothaltung an und geht in die Kotecke. 4. Nachdem die Fruchtblase in der Vulva erschienen ist, wird sie vom Muttertier mit dem Gebiss zerrissen. Nur ausnahmsweise findet ein spontaner Blasensprung statt. 5. Das Junge wird im Liegen weiter ausgetrieben. Die Wehen werden von der Bauchpresse unterst\xc3\xbctzt, wobei die Mutter liegen bleibt. Nur einmal (auf 16 Junge) half die Mutter und zog mit dem Gebiss das Junge auf einmal aus der Vulva. 6. Die Nabelschnur wird von der Mutter mit den Backenz\xc3\xa4hnen durchbissen. Am Bauch des Jungen bleibt ein etwa 2 mm langer Rest \xc3\xbcbrig. Diese L\xc3\xa4nge entspricht genau der Lippendicke des Muttertieres, also der Entfernung ihrer Backenz\xc3\xa4hne vom Nabel des Neugeborenen. 7. Die Nachgeburt wird unmittelbar nach ihrem Erscheinen gefressen, meistens schon bevor man in der Lage ist, diese genau zu beobachten. 8. Auf 16 Junge wurden nur 4 Steisslagen gefunden, also 25%, Kopfendlagen und die Steissendlagen alternierten nicht. 9. In Kopfendlage wird das Junge in Beugehaltung geboren (Kopf liegt der Brust an), aber in Steissendlage ist das Junge gestreckt. 10. Der Mittelwert der Austreibezeit pro Frucht ist in Kopfendlage 3,5 Minuten, oder wenn man von dem erstgeborenen Jungen absieht, 2,6 Minuten, und in Steissendlage nur 43 Sekunden. 11. Zwischen den Geburten von 2 Jungen liegen Zeitabschnitte von 3 bis 74 Minuten. 12. Der Nabelschnurrest am Bauch des Jungen f\xc3\xa4llt ab nach 4 bis 5 Tagen.

Description: Entamoeba invadens RODHAIN is known as a dangerous parasite in reptiles, especially snakes and lizards. Up till now it has mostly been found in specimens which are kept in captivity. When these are carriers they show no signs of disease, but the faeces contain cysts and can infect healthy reptiles. If the reptiles are ill, the symptoms mostly are serious. They begin with a loss of appetite and an increasing need for drinking water. Within a few weeks the faeces merely consist of bloody mucus, containing a large number of hystolytic forms as well as a few cysts of Entamoeba invadens. In the case of Lacerta agilis (STAM, 1958), the animals died on an average within 25 days from inoculation (14 to 34 days). Different species of Natrix which had been infected died in 13 to 77 days from the onset of infection (RATCLIFFE and GEIMAN, 1938). BARROW and STOCKTON (1960) found that the temperature affected the symptoms in infected snakes. When the animals were kept at 13\xc2\xb0 C there were no internal pathological changes within two to six weeks but at 25\xc2\xb0 C these were very clear.\nThese changes, as described by different authors, are ulcers of the colon. In experiments nearly the entire colon is damaged to such an extent that no individual ulcers can be distinguished. Ulcers may also be found in the ilium. The liver may have one or several abscesses. Inflammation sometimes spreads from the gut to the kidneys.

Description: La naissance de jeunes phoques a lieu dans nos r\xc3\xa9gions, en g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9ral au cours des mois de juin\xe2\x80\x94juillet. C\xe2\x80\x99est alors qu\xe2\x80\x99apr\xc3\xa8s une gestation d\xe2\x80\x99environ 11 mois, le jeune vient au jour, mesurant 80\xe2\x80\x9485 cm de longueur et pesant de 12 \xc3\xa0 20 kg; il est la plupart du temps d\xc3\xa9j\xc3\xa0 recouvert du deuxi\xc3\xa8me pelage brillant aux reflets argent\xc3\xa9s. Le pelage embryonal du d\xc3\xa9but (lanugo) est de fa\xc3\xa7on g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9rale rejet\xc3\xa9 avant la naissance, mais parfois aussi pendant le processus de la mise bas; on le trouve alors sur la c\xc3\xb4te avec l\xe2\x80\x99arri\xc3\xa8re-faix. La m\xc3\xa8re nourrit son rejeton (pup) \xc3\xa0 terre, jusqu\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa0 ce qu\xe2\x80\x99il soit devenu dodu (\xc2\xb1 4 semaines), apr\xc3\xa8s quoi il est abondonn\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa0 lui-m\xc3\xaame (1). Apr\xc3\xa8s quelques jours ou quelques semaines de difficult\xc3\xa9s, le jeune a finalement appris \xc3\xa0 s\xe2\x80\x99alimenter et se d\xc3\xa9veloppe en \xe2\x80\x9eyearling\xe2\x80\x9d. Jusqu\xe2\x80\x99ici tout est normal et naturel.\nMais il arrive de temps en temps que naissent des jumeaux. Comme chez les phoques c\xe2\x80\x99est la m\xc3\xa8re qui suit le jeune et non le jeune qui suit la m\xc3\xa8re, il en r\xc3\xa9sulte r\xc3\xa9guli\xc3\xa8rement qu\xe2\x80\x99un des jumeaux reste en arri\xc3\xa8re sans assistance maternelle. Vu que la m\xc3\xa8re suit le jeune qui peut-\xc3\xaatre criait le plus fort ou que pour telle ou telle raison elle pr\xc3\xa9f\xc3\xa9ra, il se fait que le deuxi\xc3\xa8me jeune reste sans aide et affam\xc3\xa9, appelant instinctivement l\xe2\x80\x99aide maternelle jusqu\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa0 ce qu\xe2\x80\x99il meure d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9puisement; le nom de \xe2\x80\x9eHeuler-huiler\xe2\x80\x9d (criard) utilis\xc3\xa9 internationalement pour d\xc3\xa9signer le jeune abandonn\xc3\xa9, est donc bien choisi.

Description: A new species of dwarf hippopotamus, Hippopotamus creutzburgi, is described from probably Middle Pleistocene lacustrine deposits of the Island of Crete. The main points of difference from the common hippo are its reduced size and the specialization of its legs, which are better adapted to walking.

Description: Frederik Johannes Appelman werd op 18 juli 1894 te \xe2\x80\x99s-Gravenhage geboren. Reeds als jongen had hij belangstelling voor alles wat dier was, doch speciaal voor vogels. Met jeugdig enthousiasme bracht hij o.a. een eiercollectie bij elkaar. Toen hij zich, ter verrijking van zijn verzameling, echter eens vergreep aan een legsel zwaneneieren in de Haagse hertenkamp, maakte een geduchte vaderlijke schrobbering aan deze activiteiten een hardhandig einde. Mogelijk heeft dit jeugdtrauma er toe bijgedragen dat hij op latere leeftijd voor de museale zo\xc3\xb6logie een ietwat platonische liefde heeft gekoesterd. Frits Appelman werd geen bioloog, omdat hij meende dan uitsluitend tot het onderwijs beperkt te zullen blijven en zijn hart trok naar buiten. Het studievak van zijn keuze werd Tropische Bosbouw. Als Bosbouwkundig ingenieur vertrok hij in 1919 naar het toenmalig Nederlands Indi\xc3\xab, waar hij als houtvester werd geplaatst bij de Dienst van het Boswezen. Die functie vervulde hij op verschillende standplaatsen. Door herhaalde overplaatsingen kwam hij met vrijwel geheel Insulinde in kennis en met zijn intense belangstelling voor tropische natuur werd ieder contact met een nieuw landschap tot een blijvende ervaring. Inmiddels doorliep hij vlot zijn rangen. Hij werd in 1928 bevorderd tot Opperhoutvester en in 1940 tot Inspecteur bij de Dienst van het Boswezen voor de Inspectie Grote Oost. Dat betekende een ressort van de afmetingen van West Europa en een gelegenheid om nader kennis te maken met de biologische aspecten van het merkwaardige Indo-Australische overgangsgebied. Na de Japanse inval in 1941 kwam Ir. Appelman als krijgsgevangen reserveofficier in een interneringskamp terecht. Bij de bevrijding aanvaardde hij zo spoedig mogelijk zijn oude functie. In 1947 werd hij gepensioneerd en repatrieerde. Daarmede was zijn Indische carri\xc3\xa8re op normale wijze be\xc3\xabindigd.\nReeds tijdens zijn langdurige diensttijd bij het Boswezen was Ir. Appelman zeer actief werkzaam op het gebied van Wildlife-management. Als beheerder van natuurreservaten en gouvernementsbossen ontwierp hij systemen voor wild-tellingen en paste die ook in de practijk toe. Hij publiceerde talrijke artikelen in \xe2\x80\x9eDe Tropische Natuur\xe2\x80\x9d, \xe2\x80\x9eTectona\xe2\x80\x9d (o.m. J. F. Kools en F. J. Appelman; Inventarisatie van den Wildstand. Tectona III, afl. 7/8, juli/aug. 1949) en vroegere Ned. Ind. couranten, meestal over de grote wilde diersoorten. Verder verscheidene bijdragen in Der Zoologischen Garten, Mededelingen der Ned. Commissie voor Internationale Natuurbescherming en het Avicultural Magazin. Het ontwerp van de Nieuwe Jachtwet voor Nederlands Indi\xc3\xab kwam van zijn hand. Zijn grote verdiensten op dit gebied vonden erkenning in zijn benoeming tot Officier in de Orde van Oranje Nassau.

Description: From its origin, the right aortic arch passes anteriorly, and obliquely to the right; in this part of its course it gives off the two carotid arteries, or as the case may be (e.g., in Uropeltis melanogaster (GRAY)) the common carotid trunk. It then curves dorsally, medially, and caudally. At the end of the dorsal curve, the right aortic arch gives off the vertebral artery, which runs cranially, close to the ventral surface of the vertebral column, to enter the parietes at a greater or smaller distance behind the head. In its further course, the right aortic arch fuses with the left aortic arch to form the dorsal aorta, which passes caudally close to the ventral surface of the vertebral column. The intercostal arteries arise from the vertebral artery, from the right aortic arch (between the origin of the vertebral artery and the fusion of the two aortic arches), and from the dorsal aorta. These intercostal arteries pass dorsally, and they enter the parietes in varying ways, as has been described by BEDDARD (1903; 1904a, b; 1906a, b; 1908; 1909) in a series of papers on the anatomy of snakes. This author has pointed to the possible taxonomic value of the differences shown by the various genera and species, which he examined. However, before definite conclusions can be drawn, it will be necessary to examine more genera and species. Studying the intercostal arteries of snakes is time-consuming; their number may be very high (e.g., 156 in a specimen of Xenopeltis unicolor Reinw.), and every artery has to be checked, because various types of intercostal arteries may occur in one individual.\nThe following types of intercostal arteries can be distinguished.

Description: Herbs or shrubs, often provided with hooked, viscid, or stinging hairs. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, lobed, or pinnatifid. Stipules wanting. Flowers hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, solitary or in cymes, yellow, rarely white or red; peduncles often opposite the leaves. Sepals 5 (or 4\xe2\x80\x947), persistent, imbricate. Petals as many as the sepals. Stamens numerous, in epipetalous clusters, or rarely 2\xe2\x80\x945. Staminodes alternating with the petals or wanting. Ovary inferior, 1- (or 2\xe2\x80\x943) celled; style entire or 2\xe2\x80\x943-cleft; stigma pointed or capitate. Ovules many, on 3\xe2\x80\x947 parietal placentas or only one ovule attached at the top of the ovary, anatropous. Fruit a capsule, 1\xe2\x80\x943-celled, opening by 3\xe2\x80\x947 valves at the apex or with longitudinal dehiscence. Seeds various in form and size. Endosperm present or wanting. Embryo straight or curved. About 250 species in 15 genera, mainly in tropical and subtropical America; only one genus in Africa.

Description: Trees or shrubs containing a reddish juice. Leaves alternate, simple, palmativeined. Stipules small, deciduous. Inflorescence consisting of terminal panicles. Flowers hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, large. Pedicels with 5 glands below the calyx. Sepals 5, free, imbricate, deciduous. Petals 5, free, imbricate. Stamens numerous, inserted on an annular, hypogynous disk; filaments free or slightly connate at the base; anthers 2-celled, horseshoe-shaped, passing over the top of the filaments, with the arms united at the back, opening at the apex by two short slits which at length become an apical pore. Ovary superior, 2-carpelled, 1-celled or falsely 2-celled by placental intrusion; style one, terminal; stigma shortly 2-lobed. Ovules numerous on two parietal placentas, anatropous. Fruit a capsule, one-celled, bi-valved and densely covered with spines; valves thick, with the placentas in the middle-line. Seeds numerous; testa fleshy. Endosperm copious. Embryo large, straight. Two species in one genus in tropical America.

Description: The presence of five specimens of Gough Island Gallinules, Porphyriornis nesiotis comeri ALLEN, in the Zoological Gardens of Amsterdam originating from the remote Gough Island situated within the subantarctic confines of the South Atlantic Ocean, offered a favourable occasion for a study of these peculiar and rare birds. The Gough Island Gallinule is presently the only surviving representative of its species; the Tristan da Cunha form, P. nesiotis nesiotis (P. L. SCLATER), having been exterminated by man probably nearly a century ago. It belongs to a group of rails of which also the Moorhen or Common Gallinule, Gallinula chloropus, is a representative. From the latter species it differs among others by having greatly reduced powers of flight. One can wonder, however, about the degree of relationship between members of the genus Gallinula on the one hand and the Gough Island Gallinule on the other hand. In fact, the general appearance of the Gough Island Gallinule is that of a very stout, strongly legged Common Gallinule with a more skulking, less graceful gait. The birds in captivity in the Amsterdam Zoo were very pugnacious, a habit which has also been recorded by previous authors. When in pursuit of each other the birds frequently uttered a sharp, rattling call, which was also described by HOLDGATE (1958) from birds observed in Gough Island and transliterated as a rapid \xe2\x80\x9cchack-chack\xe2\x80\x9d. It seems that this call has not been recorded from any member of Gallinula chloropus. In spite of these differences RIPLEY (1954), in reviewing the \xe2\x80\x9cgenera\xe2\x80\x9d Gallinula, Porphyriornis and Ionornis, has doubted the justification of the use of a separate genus name for the Flightless Gallinules from Tristan and Gough Island, which he would prefer to treat as members of the genus Gallinula. This question will again be considered here.

Description: Since the time of the great geographical discoveries, since Henry the Navigator of Portugal and Christopher Columbus started to open up the whole world to the curiosity of naturalists, the Dutch and the English have played an important role in the explorations of the riches of God\xe2\x80\x99s Nature.\nThe Monarchs were the first to set up collections of animals and other natural curiosities from foreign tropical (and also arctic) countries and from everywhere. We need only remember Albrecht D\xc3\xbcrer\xe2\x80\x99s diary from 1520\xe2\x80\x941521, when he visited the Low Countries.

Description: Herbs, shrubs or trees, sometimes completely scandent or only the branches so. Leaves alternate, variable in size and shape on adventitious growth, normal growth and short shoots; nodes swollen or not, with sheathing ocreae, these ciliate in some genera; petioles arising from base of the ocreae or well above the base. Inflorescence terminal or axillary (in Antigonon terminating in a branched tendril), spicate, racemose, or paniculate, flowers solitary or clustered, perfect, functionally or completely unisexual (if the latter, plant usually completely dioecious), bracteate, borne on short or long pedicels which may be articulated at the middle or below the flower, these with ocreolae. Perianth usually with a hypanthium, the perianth lobes 4\xe2\x80\x949, imbricate, in 1 or 2 series, equal or the inner or outer series strikingly unequal. Stamens 5\xe2\x80\x949, filaments free or variously united. Ovary superior, usually trigonous or compressed; styles 2 or 3; stigmas capitate or elongate; ovary 1-celled, ovule 1. Fruit an achene, trigonous or compressed, surrounded by the persistent perianth which may be fleshy or dry, enlarged or not, the perianth lobes in fruit coronate or imbricate, or elongated into wing-like structures, often brightly coloured. Seed 1, embryo with plane cotyledons, these often convolute in a farinous, ruminate or uniform endosperm. Over 800 species in about 32 genera; mostly of temperate distribution primarily in the northern hemisphere.

Description: Aquatic herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or verticellate, simple. Stipules present. Flowers axillary, solitary, glomerate or fascicled, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3\xe2\x80\x945, free or shortly connate, imbricate, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, free, imbricate, persistent. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals, persistent; the filaments often dilated; anthers dorsifixed, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 3\xe2\x80\x945- celled, 3\xe2\x80\x945-carpelled; styles 3\xe2\x80\x945, free, short, persistent; stigmas capitate. Ovules numerous in 2 or more rows on each of the axillary placentas. Fruit a small septicidal capsule. Seeds many, small. Endosperm scanty or wanting. Embryo straight or curved. About 40 species in 2 genera in temperate, tropical and subtropical regions.

Description: Trees, shrubs, or herbs with orange or reddish juice. Leaves alternate, palmatilobed to palmately compound. Stipules deciduous. Inflorescence consisting of racemes or panicles. Flowers large, actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4\xe2\x80\x945, free, imbricate, deciduous. Petals 4\xe2\x80\x945, free, imbricate, deciduous. Stamens numerous; filaments free or connate at the base, equal or unequal; anthers 2-celled, opening by apical pores or slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, 3\xe2\x80\x945-carpelled; style 1; stigma minute, 3\xe2\x80\x945-dentate. Ovules numerous on 3\xe2\x80\x945 parietal placentas; placentas often intruding and then the ovary falsely or basally 3\xe2\x80\x945-celled. Fruit a capsule, 3\xe2\x80\x945-valved. Seeds numerous, reniform or rarely globose, hairy or glabrous. Embryo curved. Endosperm copious, oily. About 25 species in 3 genera of tropical distribution, often in arid areas.

Description: Shrubs, trees or rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, sessile, simple, often scale-like or needle-shaped. Stipules wanting. Flowers solitary or in spikes or racemes, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4\xe2\x80\x945, free or united at base. Petals 4\xe2\x80\x945, free or nearly so, imbricate. Stamens 4 to many; filaments usually free, rarely somewhat united; anthers extrorse, versatile, with longitudinal dehiscence. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3\xe2\x80\x945 parietal placentas; styles 3\xe2\x80\x945, free or sometimes stigmas sessile. Ovules numerous. Disk usually present. Fruit a 1-celled or incompletely 3\xe2\x80\x944-celled capsule. Seeds bearded, rarely winged. Endosperm scanty or wanting. Embryo straight. About 100 species in 4 genera, in temperate and sub-tropical regions, often in saline habitats.

Description: Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, sometimes scandent; stems slightly to strongly nodose, the vascular bundles distinct and sometimes scattered. Leaves simple, entire, alternate or less frequently opposite or verticillate, mostly petiolate; stipules, when present, commonly adnate to the petiole. Flowers very small, bisexual in most American species, lacking a perianth, sessile in the axils of bracts of various forms, in more or less fleshy spikes, or, in the genus Ottonia (not present in our area) pedicellate in spike-like racemes; stamens commonly 2 to 5 (1\xe2\x80\x9410), the anthers longitudinally dehiscent; pistil 1, 1-celled, the ovule basal; stigmas 1\xe2\x80\x945, sessile or on a style. Fruit a drupe with thin pericarp and small seed, the embryo embedded in endosperm. A large family of wide distribution throughout the warm parts of both hemispheres.

Description: Glabrous trees or rarely shrubs, with aromatic bark. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, pinnately veined, with pellucid dots. Stipules wanting. Inflorescence consisting of axillary or terminal cymes or racemes. Flowers hermaphrodite, actinomorphic. Sepals 3\xe2\x80\x945, imbricate. Petals 4\xe2\x80\x9412, free or basically united, imbricate. Stamens 20 or less; filaments united into a tube; anthers 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence, extrorse. Ovary superior, 1-celled, 2\xe2\x80\x945 carpellate; style short and thick; stigma 2\xe2\x80\x946-lobed. Ovules horizontal or ascending, 2 to numerous on 2\xe2\x80\x945 parietal placentas. Fruit a berry. Seeds 2 to many, shining, hard and brittle. Embryo straight or slightly curved. Endosperm copious, oily and fleshy. Ten species in 5 genera in tropical and subtropical America, Madagascar and tropical Africa.

Description: Trees or shrubs. Leaves usually alternate, simple and coriaceous. Stipules wanting. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered clusters in the axils of the leaves, rarely in terminal or axillary racemes, regular, usually hermaphrodite. Bracteoles often 2 under the calyx and sepaloid. Sepals usually 5, free or slightly connate, imbricate. Petals 4-many, usually 5, free or connate into a ring or a short tube, imbricate. Stamens numerous, often united at the base and adhering to the corolla; anthers 2-celled with longitudinal dehiscence. Ovary superior or rarely semi-inferior, 2\xe2\x80\x9410-celled; styles as many as the cells, free with pointed stigmas or united with a 3\xe2\x80\x945-lobed stigma. Ovules 1-many in each cell, on axillary placentas, pendulous or erect. Fruit a berry or a loculicidal capsule. Seeds 1-many, globose or horseshoe-shaped. Embryo curved or rarely straight. Endosperm scanty or wanting. About 380 species in 30 genera in tropical and subtropical regions.

Description: Aquatic, annual or commonly perennial herbs, generally with submersed rhizomes. Leaves alternate, floating or emersed, long-petiolate; blade peltate or falsely peltate. Stipules present or wanting. Flowers solitary, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, often fragrant; peduncle long. Sepals 4\xe2\x80\x9415, free, usually green. Petals numerous, the innermost being petaloid staminodes. Stamens mostly numerous, acyclic; connective often produced beyond the anthers as a sterile appendage; anthers introrse, 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence. Ovary superior, semi-inferior or inferior, 5\xe2\x80\x9435-celled; styles wanting; stigmas united into a disk with radiating stigmatic lines. Ovules numerous in each cell, on parietal placentas or on the septae, anatropous. Fruit berry-like. Seeds often with an aril. Endosperm and perisperm present. Embryo straight; cotyledons thick. About 90 species in 5 genera in fresh water; cosmopolitan.

Description: Herbaceous or woody vines and then climbing by means of axillary tendrils, or subscandent shrubs; stems terete or 3\xe2\x80\x945-angled. Leaves alternate, simple or rarely compound, entire or lobed. Stipules present or wanting. Flowers axillary, solitary or usually in pairs, sometimes in racemes or panicles, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual. Receptacle flattish, saucer-like or bell-shaped. Sepals 5, free or basically connate, often provided with a small horn near the apex, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5 or rarely wanting, free or basically connate, imbricate. Corona of one or several series, rarely wanting. Stamens 5 (or 4\xe2\x80\x948 or numerous); filaments united in the lower part to form a tubular membrane closely adherent to the gynophore; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary superior, 1-celled, 3\xe2\x80\x945-carpelled; styles usually 3\xe2\x80\x945, free or united. Ovules numerous on 3\xe2\x80\x945 parietal placentas, anatropous. Fruit a berry or a capsule. Seeds numerous, usually compressed, covered with a fleshy aril or pulp. Embryo straight, large. Endosperm fleshy. About 600 species in 12 genera, predominantly in tropical America.

Description: Twining, woody vines, or climbing, rarely erect, shrubs, dioecious. Leaves alternate, entire; petiole swollen below the blade. Stipules wanting. Inflorescence consisting of axillary panicles or racemes. Flowers small, unisexual. Sepals 4\xe2\x80\x946 or more, free, imbricate in the bud. Petals 4\xe2\x80\x946 or reduced to 1, or wanting, free or connate. Sepals, petals and stamens usually each in 2 rows. Male flowers: stamens 6 and then epipetalous, or less; filaments free or united; anthers 4-celled or falsely so, longitudinally dehiscent. Female flowers: gynaecium of (1-)3\xe2\x80\x946 distinct, sessile or stipitate pistils, ovary superior, 1-celled, 1-carpelled; styles very short or wanting; stigma terminal, capitate or discoid, entire or lobed; staminodes 6 or wanting; ovules 2, one aborting, anatropous, on a parietal placenta; fruit a drupe; seed one, horseshoe-shaped; embryo long, curved; endosperm present or wanting. About 400 species in 63 genera, almost all tropical.

Description: Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, deciduous or persistent, simple, entire. Stipules wanting. Inflorescence terminal, axillary or opposite the leaves. Flowers hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual, actinomorphic, generally 3-merous. Sepals 3, free or united at the base, valvate or imbricate. Petals generally 6, in 2 series, valvate or imbricate, free or rarely united at the base, the inner ones often smaller, sometimes rudimentary or even wanting. Stamens usually numerous, spirally arranged, distinct but usually tightly packed; filaments short, thickened; anthers 4-celled, extrorse, sometimes locellate; connective broad and usually expanded in a more or less hoodlike disc above the anther. Gynoecium of few or numerous, separate or, in our species, cohering pistils; ovary superior, 1-celled, 1-carpelled; styles as many as the carpels and then short or stigmas sessile. Ovules 1-many, anatropous, parietal, sometimes seeming basal. Fruit a berry or follicle or, as in our genus, mature ovaries becoming connate and adnate to the floral axis, to form a single, fleshy, aggregate fruit. Seeds large, with or without an aril. Endosperm copious, wrinkled. Embryo minute. About 850 species in about 80 genera in the tropics.

Description: Mostly evergreen trees or shrubs, usually aromatic, or sometimes parasitic, twining herbs. Leaves alternate, simple, pinnately veined or subtriplinerved. Stipules wanting. Inflorescence usually consisting of axillary or subterminal panicles, spikes, racemes or umbels. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, actinomorphic, usually 3-merous. Perianth biseriate, sepaloid, the outer segments often smaller than the alternate inner ones, deciduous or persistent; tube usually persisting as a cupule at the base of the fruit. Stamens typically in 4 series of three stamens each, the inner series usually staminodial; filaments usually free, those of the third series with 2 glands at the base; anthers basifixed, 2- or 4-celled, cells in 2 vertical rows or in one arcuate row, opening by valves, those of the outer two series introrse, those of the third series extrorse. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style 1; stigma 1, sometimes 2- or 3-lobed. Ovule solitary, anatropous, pendulous from a parietal placenta. Fruit a drupe or berry, with an enlarged and persistent perianth-tube surrounding the base of the fruit. Seed one. Embryo straight. Endosperm wanting. About 1100 species in 45 genera, widely distributed in tropical regions and a few species in the temperate regions.

Description: A male skull of Tapirus terrestris (L.) originating from Dutch Guiana (Leiden Museum, reg. no. 11632), received from the Rotterdam Zoological Garden through the kind intermediary of Mr. F. J. APPELMAN on July 15, 1952, is remarkable for the abnormal development of its right P1. The full permanent dentition is in place except for the posterior premolars and last molars, which are in alveolo. The teeth are but little worn and, apart from the right P1, they do not show anv unusual characters.\nThe left P1 has the shape normally found in the Brazilian tapir; the crown is triangular with rounded angles, and bears a continuous outer crest (ectoloph) extending from the front angle (parastyle) to the posterior outer cusp (metacone). The position of the central outer cusp (paracone), merged in the crest, is indicated only by a weak vertical ridge on the labial face of the ectoloph, flattening toward the crown base, the paracone style. The posterior inner cusp (hypocone) is a low but distinct, anteroposteriorly elongated elevation of the cingulum. The protocone is just visible as a tiny cusp on the lingual cingulum, internal to the paracone. The labial cingulum is shown as a slight swelling all along the base of the ectoloph. There is a broad posterior root, imperfectly subdivided into a larger labial and a smaller lingual portion, and there is a single anterior root; the roots are but slightly divergent. The anteroposterior diameter of the crown is 17.1 mm, the posterior width, 13.2 mm.

Description: A list is given of identified parasites of zoo-animals and exotic animals, collected in the years 1959-1963.

Description: Wie fast jeder Zoologische Garten in Europa h\xc3\xa4lt auch der Basler Tiergarten eine Flamingo-Schar. Als erster bunter Gruss steht diese pr\xc3\xa4chtige Vogelgruppe gleich beim Eingang und jeder Besucher bleibt staunend vor diesen grotesken V\xc3\xb6geln stehen. Bis vor kurzem erfolgte aber, wie in allen andern G\xc3\xa4rten, niemals eine Brut. Und da der heutige Tierg\xc3\xa4rtner das Gef\xc3\xbchl hat, seine Tiere m\xc3\xbcssten sich fortpflanzen, wenn sie sich wirklich im Zoo wohlf\xc3\xbchlen, haben wir seit einigen Jahren unser besonderes Augenmerk auf unsere Flamingos geworfen. Diese V\xc3\xb6gel leben auf einer Wiese mit einem Weiher und einem Bambusgeh\xc3\xb6lz. Gegen das Publikum sind sie nur durch Steinreihen abgegrenzt und sobald die Besucher den Garten verlassen, betreten die Flamingos auch den vor ihrer Anlage liegenden Asphaltplatz. Besonders im Fr\xc3\xbchjahr und im Herbst, wenn vermutlich eine gewisse Zug-Unruhe eintritt, machen sie hier und da kleine Ausfl\xc3\xbcge auf den nahen Wegen.\nDie Gruppe besteht aus etwa 35 Rosenroten Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus), etwa 10 Chilenischen Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber chilensis) und 9 Kubanischen Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber). Seit dem Juli 1959 leben auch einige Zwergflamingos (Phoeniconaias minor) bei der Gruppe.

Description: 1. Bei der Geburt behalten die Weibchen von Myotis myotis und Eptesicus serotinus die typische H\xc3\xa4ngelage der Flederm\xc3\xa4use, den Kopf nach unten, bei. Sie heften sich jedoch auch mit den Krallen an der Unterlage fest, wodurch der K\xc3\xb6rper ggf. die Schr\xc3\xa4glage des Daches bekommt. Hierbei kr\xc3\xbcmmen sie den Schwanz bogenf\xc3\xb6rmig. 2. Das ausgesto\xc3\x9fene Junge klettert zwischen dem K\xc3\xb6rper der Mutter und der Unterlage am K\xc3\xb6rper derselben zur Brustzitze und saugt sich fest. 3. Es wird von der Mutter eifrig beleckt. Durch seitliches H\xc3\xa4ngen des Hinterteiles seines K\xc3\xb6rpers rei\xc3\x9ft das Junge die Nabelschnur ab, wozu oft l\xc3\xa4ngere Zeit und heftiges Zerren notwendig ist. 4. Die vertrocknete Nabelschnur rei\xc3\x9ft an der Placenta ab. Diese wird kurz darauf ausgesto\xc3\x9fen und von der Mutter aufgefressen. 5. Beim Belecken des Jungen bei\xc3\x9ft die Mutter die Nabelschnur an diesem ab. Sie f\xc3\xa4llt zu Boden und wird zwischen den Kotkr\xc3\xbcmchen gefunden. 6. Die L\xc3\xa4nge der Nabelschnur l\xc3\xa4\xc3\x9ft einen R\xc3\xbcckschlu\xc3\x9f auf die Dauer der Abrei\xc3\x9fbewegung und auf ein \xc3\xa4hnliches Verhalten anderer Arten bei der Geburt zu. 7. Bei einer Totgeburt sucht das Alttier sich dieser durch Umherklettern zu entbinden, gelingt dies nicht, so bei\xc3\x9ft sie die Nabelschnur bei sich ab.

Description: Herbs or undershrubs, somewhat succulent or woody near the base, often provided with tubers. Leaves alternate, usually unequal-sided, entire, lobed or digitately parted. Stipules caducous or deciduous. Inflorescence consisting of unisexual or bisexual, axillary cymes. Male flowers: sepals 2; petals 2\xe2\x80\x946 or wanting; stamens numerous to 4. Female flowers: tepals 5\xe2\x80\x942 or rarely 6\xe2\x80\x949; ovary inferior or nearly so, usually winged and 3-celled, sometimes incompletely 2\xe2\x80\x946-celled; styles as many as the cells, free or united at the base, generally 2-cleft; ovules anatropous, numerous, on axillary placentas; fruit a capsule or berry; seeds numerous, minute, straight; endosperm wanting. About 820 species in 5 genera, in tropical regions except Australia.

Description: Herbs, shrubs or rarely trees. Leaves alternate, simple, usually dentate or serrate and often provided with 1 or 2 pairs of discoid glands at the base of the blade or on the petiole. Stipules small or wanting. Flowers solitary or in small groups in the axils of the upper leaves, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite and often heterostylous; pedicels free or partly united with the petiole, often jointed and bi-bracteolate. Receptacle, tubular. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, thin, contorted, deciduous after anthesis. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals; filaments usually partly free, inserted near the base of the receptacle; anthers oblong, introrse, with longitudinal dehiscence. Ovary superior, 1-celled; styles 3, terminal, slender, simple or more or less deeply divided; stigmas usually divided into a large number of short, flabellately arranged branches. Ovules 3 to numerous on 3 parietal placentas, ascending, anatropous. Fruit a 1-celled, loculicidal capsule, opening with 3 valves at the apex or splitting to the base. Seeds few to many, oblong, cylindrical or obovoid, straight or curved, provided with a membranaceous aril. Embryo large, straight or curved. Endosperm fleshy. About 100 species in 7 genera in the tropics, mostly in America.

Description: Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, often distichous, coriaceous or chartaceous, simple. Stipules caducous, rarely foliaceous or persistent. Inflorescence consisting of axillary clusters or terminal or axillary cymes; pedicels usually articulate near the base. Bracts and bracteoles small, scale-like. Flowers generally hermaphrodite, actinomorphic. Sepals 2\xe2\x80\x9415, free, imbricate. Petals wanting or when present imbricate, usually equal in number to the sepals, with or without an opposite basal scale. Receptacle often with appendages (disc). Stamens generally numerous and often in bundles opposite the petals or equal in number to the sepals; filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, opening with longitudinal dehiscence, often attenuate or with glandular appendages. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style one or as many as the carpels (2\xe2\x80\x9410), free or united; stigma of various form. Ovules numerous on 2\xe2\x80\x9410 parietal, often much intruding placentas. Fruit a berry or a loculicidal (or rarely indehiscent) capsule. Seeds often with an aril. Embryo straight. Endosperm copious. About 850 species in 84 genera in the tropics and the subtropics.

Description: Trees or shrubs, containing a resinous sap, sometimes epiphytic. Leaves opposite, generally decussate, rarely alternate or whorled. Stipules wanting. Flowers dioecious, polygamous or hermaphrodite, actinomorphous or nearly so, terminal or axillary, sometimes solitary or clustered, sometimes in fewflowered cymes. Sepals 2\xe2\x80\x9410. Petals 2\xe2\x80\x946, rarely indefinite, contorted or overlapping. Male flowers: stamens numerous, rarely definite; filaments free or connate in various degree, sometimes united into a fleshy mass; anthers varying in form, number and dehiscence, the connective often produced beyond the anthers and sometimes glandular; ovary rudimentary or wanting. Female and hermaphrodite flowers: staminodes and stamens surrounding the ovary; number of stamens and staminodes smaller than in the corresponding male flower; ovary superior, one- to many-celled; ovules one to many in each cell on axile or rarely parietal placentas; styles usually connate or wanting; stigmas large, as many as the cells of the ovary; fruit usually fleshy-leathery, a capsule with septicidal or loculicidal dehiscence or a berry; seeds often with a fleshy aril or strophiole; endosperm wanting. About 400 species in 35 genera in the tropics.

Description: INTRODUCTION\nIn the early years of systematic entomology Johann Christian Fabricius (1745-1808) described an enormous number of insects, including several hundreds of Hymenoptera, from various parts of the world. His descriptions are generally short and incomplete, the classification of the species is often unsatisfactory, and the author himself frequently misidentified species which he had described in previous works.\nHis work has thus raised a considerable number of problems, which in most cases can be solved only by a study of the typical specimens. Workers in some insect groups have realised this at an early date, and by a detailed study of the Fabrician collections they have made important contributions to our knowledge of many doubtful species. A good example is C. St\xc3\xa5l\'s excellent work "Hemiptera Fabriciana", published in 1868 and 1869.\nThe Hymenoptera, however, have received only relatively little attention, and even European monographers have generally neglected to clarify the position of the Fabrician species by the study of authentic material. A notable exception is A. G. Dahlbom, who identified, aided by Prof. Behn in Kiel, the types of several Sphecoidea and Pompilidae on behalf of his "Hymenoptera Europaea" (1843-5). In 1912 W. A. Schulz examined a number of doubtful species, and in later years certain types have been studied in connection with investigations made by Turner, Betrem, Richards, de Beaumont, Lieftinck, and others. Yet a considerable number of species has never been identified by competent specialists, including some species which have been a real or potential source of confusion and misunderstandings for over 150 years.

Description: In a comparative morphological investigation of all groups of mites, a detailed study of the interesting Opilioacarida must be of primary importance. Regarded as partly primitive and isolated, they present on the one hand an important series of characters in common with Anactinotrichida, on the other a somewhat shorter list of characters found also in Actinotrichida. A revaluation of these relationships appeared at this moment highly desirable.\nAccording to our present knowledge, Opilioacarida are rare, and the area of distribution is discontinuous. Species are now known from such widely separated localities as Algeria, Sicily, Corfu, Aden, Asiatic Russia, Ivory Coast, Angola, Tanzania (new record), Madagascar (new record), Uruguay, The Argentine, Puerto Rico, Texas, and Arizona. The gaps can partly be attributed to the fact that, as a rule, Opilioacarids must be collected by hand, under stones, etc., a method generally not applied to mites.\nBesides, adult Opilioacarida are in the field probably often mistaken for immature Arthropods. Certain data (to be published in the following number of the present series) point, however, also to a very localized occurrence.\nRecently, various contributors have placed valuable material at my disposal, in that way enabling me to start the present series of investigations.\nBecause these materials consist of species that belong to two genera, the extent of the series is provisionally estimated at two papers.\nThe first part of my study on Opilioacarid morphology is connected with my very interesting travel to the United States of America in 1963. While visiting the Department of Entomology of the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Dr. J. H. Camin promised me some material of Neocarus texanus

Description: CONTENTS\nIntroduction................... 4\nSystematic part.................. 5\nPisces.................... 5\nAmphibia................... 6\nHyla arborea (L.) subsp............... 6\nReptilia................... 6\nTestudo spec.................. 6\nOphisaurus apodus (Pallas).............. 8\nChamaeleo chamaeleon (L.) subsp............. 8\nSerpentes.................. 9\nAves.................... 9\nGyps fulvus (Hablizl)............... 9\nMammalia................... 11\nInsectivora.................. 11\nCrocidura spec................. 11\nRodentia................... 11\nSciurus anomalus G\xc3\xbcldenst\xc3\xa4dt subsp............ 11\nMicrotus cf. machintoni Bate............. 12\nSpalax spec.................. *3 Apodemus cf. mystacinus (Danford et Alston)........ J4 Apodemus spec................. x5 Hystrix cf. indica Kerr............... I^ Carnivora.................. 17\nCanis lupus L. subsp................ J7

Description: Mr F. H. Hildebrand, who is going gradually through the tree species from New Guinea, pointed my attention to this species, the type of which is in the Rijksherbarium at Leyden (in fruiting state). It was collected by Zippelius who rightly recognized its alliance; he added a MS description and gave it the MS name Epicharis lasiocarpa. Miquel subsequently described it in the genus Dysoxylum, but the curved fern-like leaftip and other characters leave no doubt about its belonging to Chisocheton.\nThere are at Leyden two further collections of it from New Guinea, both made by Teysmann, HB 6058 and 6060.

Description: It is with deep regret that I have to announce here the passing away of the Chief of the Technical Staff of the Rijksherbarium, WABE WIERINGA, at the age of 60 years.\nBorn at Rauwerd, in the north of the Netherlands, in the province of Friesland, he was a genuine Frisian, of the Nordic race, possessing its good qualities, tall, strong, honest, devoted to work, and diligent in organizing. Always ready for a joke or a laugh he was a most pleasant man to meet and to have on the staff, praised by his directors and scientific staff members and respected and trusted by his own personnel whom he would always shield and whose interests he would always keep at heart. I am very certain that the many visiting scientists he met in his long term of service will have a similar memory of his personality in solliciting his help with their work in our collections.

Description: Coelodiscus endophytus (M\xc3\xb6bius) v. d. Hoek nov. comb. \xe2\x80\x94 Bulbocoleon endophytum M\xc3\xb6bius, 1891, p. 1292\xe2\x80\x941293. \xe2\x80\x94 Endoderma endophytum (M\xc3\xb6bius) Huber, 1892, p. 325\xe2\x80\x94 326. \xe2\x80\x94 Ectochaete endophytum (M\xc3\xb6bius) Wille, 1909, p. 79; Heering, 1914, p. 98; Printz, 1964, p. 204. \xe2\x80\x94 Endoderma jadinianum Huber, 1892, p. 322\xe2\x80\x94326.\nThallus tubular or saccate, irregularly lobed or plicate, eventually opening and splitting, growing attached to Cladophora glomerata by coalescent endophytic branched filaments, up to 1 cm long and 0.5 cm broad. On cross-section, the wall of the hollow thallus consists of two to three layers; one or two innermost layers of large, rounded or slightly elongate, mostly colourless cells, 30\xe2\x80\x9460 \xc2\xb5 in diam., and one, sometimes two, outer layers of smaller, chloroplast-bearing cells, 13\xe2\x80\x9430 \xc2\xb5 in diam., which very rarely are provided on their outer face with a colourless hair, 1.5\xe2\x80\x942.5 \xc2\xb5 in diam. The outermost cells can be transformed into flask-shaped zooidangia which produce zooids ca 10\xe2\x80\x9415 \xc2\xb5 in diam. and which release these zooids through apical pores. The chloroplasts are parietal and are provided with 2\xe2\x80\x947 bilenticular pyrenoids 2.5\xe2\x80\x945 \xc2\xb5 in diam. and bearing mostly 2 bowl-shaped starch-bodies. The chloroplasts of the endophytic filaments generally contain 1\xe2\x80\x942 larger pyrenoids 3.5\xe2\x80\x946.5 \xc2\xb5 in diam.

Description: This is a difficult book on account of the very wide range and complexity of its subject-matter, made more difficult by the fact that the author has not taken the trouble to arrange his writing so as to present a clear sequence of ideas; also he often uses needlessly complex sentences, some made more difficult to understand by careless proof-reading. After a first attempt to read the book through, my mind was quite confused; it was only on a second reading, by referring backwards and forwards to different chapters, that I began to have some understanding of its basic ideas. So if in this review I do not do it justice, I feel that the author will be at least in part to blame.\nProf. Meeuse has made an attempt to interpret the floral morphology of flowering plants in terms of a new typology. Fie objects to the old typology of carpels and the way in which a great range of different floral structures were interpreted in terms of that typology; but he proceeds to provide a new strait-jacket of his own into which all the same structures must be fitted. He condemns the old morphology as \xe2\x80\x98preconceived\xe2\x80\x99, and frequently uses this adjective to discredit the ideas of others. But all his own theoretical ideas must have been conceived in his own mind before he could apply them in detail and give expression to them in the present book; they are therefore also pre-conceived. He should think again what he means by this word.

Description: The Malvaceae have always enjoyed a vivid interest from botanists, in particular on account of the fact that many species have showy flowers and are appreciated as ornamentals throughout the world. In addition many species are of outstanding economical value, e.g. in the genera Gossypium and Hibiscus. Finally several species are weeds which have been dispersed by human agency far beyond their original areas of distribution and thus have had more chance to attract the attention of collectors.\nThe wide variability of most species has offered annoying difficulties to botanists when trying to delimitate these species or their infraspecific taxa, resulting into an alarming accumulation of names. Despite the often painstaking studies by many botanists, either on the whole family in a restricted area, or of certain genera throughout the world, there is still a great deal of work to be done and no revision of the family has ever been made for the Malesian area.

Description: In the Flora Malesiana Backer and van Steenis (1951) recorded five species of the genus Sonneratia, three of which occur in Malesia, viz. S. caseolaris (L.) Engler, S. alba J. E. Smith, and S. ovata Backer. In the course of a palynological study of recent and fossil Sonneratia pollen (Muller, 1964), it was discovered that in Brunei, NW. Borneo, hybridization occurs between these species.\nIt is the purpose of this note A. to describe the morphology of the hybrids, and B. to report on a preliminary cytological examination of the species and the hybrids for determining the chromosome numbers and for detecting irregularities in chromosome behaviour at meiosis in the hybrids.

Description: O. Schwarz (in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regn. Veg. 47: 288. 1939) was the first in recent years to draw attention to the Genera Plantarum Vocabulis Characteristicis Definita of N. M. von Wolf and to the fact that certain generic names were validly published in it for the first time. Mansfeld (in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regn. Veg. 48: 267. 1940; op. cit. 49: 42. 1940) and H. P. Fuchs (in Verh. Naturf. Ges. Basel 72: 344-345. 1961), however, argue that none of the names in Wolf\xe2\x80\x99s work can be regarded as validly published. A study of the work and the others associated with it (Wolf, Concordantia Botanica, 1780; Genera et Species Plantarum Vocabulis Characteristicis Definita, 1781) has led me to the opposite conclusion, and in my view some twenty generic names are in fact validly published in Wolf\xe2\x80\x99s Genera.\nBibliographic details of the works in question are: Genera Plantarum / Vocabulis Characteristicis / Definita / 1776. [1]\xe2\x80\x948, table (bound in), [1]-[178]. 8\xc2\xb0. There is no indication of author. Pp. 3-177 of the main text are numbered, and on the un-numbered verso of p. 177 there is a list of \xe2\x80\x9cErrata\xe2\x80\x9d. Concordantia / Botanica. \xe2\x80\x9cNota\xe2\x80\x9d on verso of title. 147 pp. innum., sign. A-S 4\xc2\xb0, sign. T folio with blank verso to second leaf. Footnote at end of text ([T2] recto) \xe2\x80\x9cDantisci. Typo M\xc3\xbclleri & cura N. M. de Wolf. 1780.\xe2\x80\x9d Genera et Species / Plantarum / Vocabulis Characteristicis / Definita. / In Marienwerder, / Typis Joan. Jac. Kanteri Typogr. Aulici / 1781. [1]-454 (table pasted in after p. 10) [this is the same table as is bound in after page 8 in the Genera], 8 pp. innum. (sign.* \xe2\x80\x9cAdditamentum Alterum / Sibiricae Cel. Dni. Pallas. / et Aliae Quaedam.\xe2\x80\x9d), table.

Description: This study deals with the vegetation of about 125 former beds of the larger rivers in the Netherlands. It includes all communities of higher plants except the carrs, which are dealt with in a separate paper by Kop (1961). The investigation of the communities aimed at a knowledge of their floristic composition as well as at a definition of their habitat. The description and the classification of the units was carried out according to the concepts and methods of the Braun-Blanquet school (Braun-Blanquet, 1932, 1951; Becking, 1957). Moreover, among the former river beds types were recognized, characterized by a special set of communities and by correlated abiotical properties. A number of vegetation-units are described here for the first time, viz. The Polygoneto-Nymphoidetum (alliance Potamion) with the subass. typicum and the subass. potametosum pectinati. According to descriptions of vegetations found in the literature the subass. typicum is also present in former river beds of the Rhine in Germany about up to Bingen (LAUTERBRON, 1917); more to the south it is replaced by the Trapo-Nymphoidetum (OBERDORFER, 1957). The Sparganieto-Glycerietum fluitantis polygonetosum (alliance Glycerieto-Sparganion). The main difference with the habitat of the other subassociations (see MAAS, 1959), where the water is moving either permanently (brooks) or at least now and then (ditches), is that the vegetation is influenced by the current only during the shortlasting annual floods. The Cicuteto-Caricetum pseudocyperus (alliance Phragmition) is to be divided into two subassociations, viz. the subass. typicum and the subass. comaretosum. The main difference between the habitats of the two subassociations appears to be that the first is eutrophic and the second more mesotrophic. The Scirpetum triquetri et maritimi typhetosum (alliance Phragmition). In contrast with the other subassociations (see ZONNEVELD, 1960), this one occurs only in oligoto mesohalinic, stagnant water. The Caricetum elatae (alliance Magnocaricion) is revised. Carex hudsonii is the only characteristic species found throughout the area in which the association occurs. The community everywhere participates in the hydrosere on sand or peat. The following subdivision was made: Subass. typicum; the community is eutraphentous; according to the literature it is found in Switzerland (KOCH, 1926), S. Germany (OBERDORFER, 1957) and Belgium (LEBRUN c.s., 1949; VANDEN BERGHEN, 1952 a). Subass. comaretosum: more mesotraphentous than the subass. typicum; found in N. Germany (T\xc3\x9cXEN, 1937; PASSARGE, 1955 b) and the Netherlands. Of the Valerianeto-Filipenduletum (alliance Filipendulo-Petasition) two new subassocaitions are established, viz.: Subass. juncetosum; it is the replacing-community of a mesotraphentous variant of the Alnetum glutinosae. Subass. senecietosum; represented in the river forelands outside the tidal area; it replaces there an eutraphentous Salicion-community, and may be natural if the development of trees is prevented by ice-drift. Eight types of former river beds were distinguished. Two of these could be subdivided into some subtypes. Their classification according to their communities and their abiotical properties is summarized in table 26. Descriptions of habitats which more or less resemble one of these types of former river beds, are known from other parts of the Netherlands and from the adjoining parts of Germany and Belgium. However, as far as we know, of the types described by us, viz. those represented in the river forelands along the upper courses of the rivers, seem to differ from all habitats that have been described so far.

Description: This essay is mainly a restatement of the biohistorical ideology such as we developed it during recent years. At a recent international congress, I tried to present this in a detached, logical way (1965). At other times, I endeavoured to clarify it by using a case history (1964). In both cases, certain things remained unexplained and I will now try to elucidate the development of our biohistorical ideology along somewhat different lines. In doing so I shall avoid unnecessary personal reminiscences, but some facts of a personal nature or relating to the development of our Institute necessarily will have to be recapitulated in this connection. Many factors are involved, ranging from the increase in our staff, to the augmenting interests of our students (which forces us to pay some special attention to their education and, just as any editor will learn much through his editorial activities, one learns so much more by teaching than I formerly understood or expected). Other factors again are the increase of our library holdings and documentation programme, talks with colleagues (particularly in the literary faculty) and those visitors from abroad who do not come only \xe2\x80\x94 welcome as they are \xe2\x80\x94 to copy certain data from various sections of our Index Ultrajectinus (a world index of the literature of biohistory, entirely separate from our Library Catalogue).\nThen, one makes schemes which frequently do not materialize rightaway, but which nevertheless are most helpful in planning for the future. As to our ideology, there is very little new in it, if considered from the point of view of the great medical humanists of the past. The materia medica, however, is only partially identical with the materia biologica and it took me many years to apply the ideology of the medical humanists to our own subject matter. Most medical historians always considered it a very natural thing to enter a variety of humanistic pastures and, whenever their rambles went beyond the traditional fields of history s.s., they never felt an urge to employ another term for whatever they were doing than \xe2\x80\x9chistory of medicine\xe2\x80\x9d.

Description: A study was made of the structure of 32 fossil palmlike wood samples, found in diluvial sands in the East of the Netherlands. 27 of them proved to belong to four species of Palmoxylon; two of them are described as new. Five samples belong to a palmroot structure newly described here.

Description: The University herbarium of Utrecht dates traditionally from the year 1816 when a collection of about 3000 plants was bought from the professor of botany M. van Geuns (1735-1817). It is possible that other collections of dried plants were already owned by the University or at any rate by the botanic garden, before that time, but nothing is known about this. The small van Geuns herbarium, which contained collections made by J. D. Hahn, M. W. Schwencke and S. J. van Geuns, among others, may therefore be taken as the starting-point of the herbarium of the later Botanical Museum.1)*) The period, however, was not one of great botanical activity at Utrecht and the botanist who succeeded van Geuns as professor of natural history and rural economy, Jan Kops, did little to increase the size of the collections. When C. A. Bergsma was appointed professor of botany in the faculty of natural sciences in 1835 nothing changed. Only when Miquel came to Utrecht, bringing his considerable personal herbarium, did scientific plant taxonomy get a chance. After his appointment as director of the Rijksherbarium in Leiden in 1862, Miquel was no longer allowed to have a private herbarium. His collections were taken over by the University of Utrecht and thus became the real foundation of the collection of the present institute. Miquel was succeeded by Rauwenhoff who was again scarcely interested in taxonomy, and it was not until Went and, somewhat later, Pulle, came on the scene that further development became possible.\nWent and Pulle are still too close for a biographical assessment; Miquel, however, is sufficiently far away. In him we find a man not only of great local fame, but also of international standing as a plant taxonomist. In the year, therefore, in which the Utrecht Botanical Museum commemorates the 150th anniversary of the acquisition of its first herbarium together with the 40th anniversary of its association with J. Lanjouw, it seems appropriate to give a sketch of the life and works of the man who can be considered to be the founder of the Utrecht school of plant taxonomy. By the nature of his work, by building up the collections, and through his international relations Miquel started taxonomy at Utrecht.

Description: A suitable subtitle for this paper would have been \xe2\x80\x9cThe rise and fall of a family\xe2\x80\x9d. What is usually called the Cyphellaceae is an instructive example of a situation not uncommonly encountered in the current systematics of mycology: a family retained in a traditional sense by some mycologists and considered by them as good a family as any, while others are convinced that it is nothing but a handy bin from which part of the contents has already been taken out and disposed of by scattering it over various groups, but which is still needed for keeping what remains. We do not yet know what to do with this considerable remainder, mainly because the published accounts are inadequate and the species have not yet been scrutinized anew in the light of present-day taxonomic requirements.\nIn order to understand the basic idea of the Cyphellaceae the type species may be briefly introduced. The fact that Cyphella digitalis was originally described as Peziza digitalis is telling, and one could not do better than characterize it as a \xe2\x80\x98discomycete\xe2\x80\x99 with basidia, viz. a cup-shaped fruit-body with the hymenium lining the smooth inside or \xe2\x80\x98disk\xe2\x80\x99. If one were pressed to form an opinion about its taxonomic position from a dried, not annotated collection and without the aid of the microscope, one would even now, very likely, dispose of it as a discomycete. However, there is little doubt that in nature the cup is directed downward at least when mature, in contradistinction to the average discomycete in which the hymenium containing the asci is directed upward. This difference is a reflection of the two modes of violent spore discharge inherent in the hymenomycetous basidium and ascus; it has been explained through Buller\xe2\x80\x99s well-known researches. The cups in the various species are not always typically cup-shaped; in a number they are more or less tubular or else more flattened and even disk-like.

Description: A number of modern developments in palynology are reviewed, with emphasis on those subjects which may be of interest and, possibly, also of practical value to geologists of various specializations. These include pollen preservation, the use of accumulation-rate diagrams as opposed to the classical pollen-percentage diagrams and the application of fluorescence microscopy. Marine palynology is discussed in a rather detailed fashion and its various prospects for stratigraphy, sedimentology and environmental geology are outlined. Some trends in pre-Quaternary palynology include new attempts at a palyno-stratigraphy of the Neogene, the many applications of palynological studies of salt deposits, the growing importance of palynology to palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology and palaeoecology, and the use of a decimal code system for microfossils. Palynological data about the origin of the gymnosperms, chlamydosperms and angiosperms are briefly summarized. General information is presented about microphytoplankton evolution in the course of geological time.

Description: Op de 28ste september van het jaar 1859 sprak de toen juist aan deze Universiteit benoemde hoogleraar Miquel zijn \xe2\x80\x98inwijdingsrede\xe2\x80\x99 uit \xe2\x80\x9eover het tegenwoordig standpunt der plantenkunde en haar verband met andere wetenschappen\xe2\x80\x9d. Miquel was op het moment van het uitspreken van zijn rede een algemeen bekend botanicus, maar toch wel in de eerste plaats een plantensystematicus, en zijn rede was daarom in hoofdzaak een bespiegeling over de positie van de plantensystematiek te midden van verwante disciplines. Zij bevatte bovendien een aantal min of meer theoretische beschouwingen over de grondslagen van de plantensystematiek. Nu is het jaar 1859 niet de geschiedenis van de biologie ingegaan als het jaar van Miquel, maar zoals u allen uiteraard bekend is, als dat van de publicatie van Darwin\xe2\x80\x99s On the origin of species op de 24ste november, nauwelijks twee maanden dus na Miquel\xe2\x80\x99s rede. Door Darwin\xe2\x80\x99s eerdere geschriften, alsmede ook door voorzichtig tastende maar soms ook wel wild fantaserende eerdere theorie\xc3\xabn, was het terrein als het ware rijp voor de grote revolutie in het biologische denken, voor de Umwertung aller Werte ook in de plantensystematiek. Het algemene biologische denkpatroon van Miquel en van de meeste van zijn collega\xe2\x80\x99s echter was nog overwegend dat van de oude orde. De samenvatting die Miquel op 28 september uitsprak kan gezien worden als de afronding van een tijdvak. Het is verleidelijk op dit moment een, uiteraard zeer summier, overzicht over de staat van theorie en praktijk van de plantensystematiek in het jaar 1966 te plaatsen tegen de achtergrond van Miquel\xe2\x80\x99s samenvatting op deze zelfde plaats gegeven in dat voor de biologie zo belangrijke jaar 1859.\nIn dat jaar was het al evenmin als nu meer vanzelfsprekend dat iedere beoefenaar van de natuurwetenschap bij zijn vroege opleiding een goede training ontvangen had in de beginselen van logica en filosofie. Deze goede gewoonte behoefde echt niet de ontwikkeling van het voor de natuuronderzoeker zo essenti\xc3\xable empirisme in de weg te staan \xe2\x80\x93 integendeel! Op het vasteland van West-Europa echter, was ze al tijdens de Franse revolutie verdwenen. Toch was, vooral in de plantensystematiek, enig begrip op deze gebieden niet geheel overbodig als men zich ten minste rekenschap wilde geven van de theorie van zijn eigen vak. Vooral de Aristotelische logica beheerste de systematiek van de levende wezens tot diep in de negentiende eeuw. Dit wil niet zeggen dat de systematiek, of deze nu door zo\xc3\xb6logen of botanici beoefend werd, slaafs een a-prioristisch systeem volgde en blind was voor de door directe waarneming verkregen feiten. De ordening van begrippen, theorie\xc3\xabn en axiomata, die het systematische gedeelte van elke wetenschap kenmerkt, was echter veelal nog beheerst door de grondbeginselen van de Aristotelische logica (vgl. bijv. Cain 1958, 1959). De biologische systematiek omvat de ordening van op grond van de studie van organismen gevormde groepsbegrippen; taxa zouden we nu zeggen. De systematiek van v\xc3\xb3\xc3\xb3r 1859 was in hoofdzaak gebaseerd op vormovereenkomsten en ging uit van de constantie van de te ordenen veelvuldigheid. De Aristotelische logica kende geen tijdsbegrip. Basaal was de constatering dat er in de menigvuldigheid leemten optraden die meer of minder groot waren en die daardoor het opstellen van hi\xc3\xabrarchisch gerangschikte groepen mogelijk maakten. In de logica had men als ordeningsbegrippen genera en species. Hierbij waren genera synthetische en species analytische eenheden. Deze termen waren oorspronkelijk relatief: een genus kon steeds weer zelf als species deel uitmaken van een hogere categorie die dan weer genus genoemd werd. Sinds Ray en Tournefort echter gebruikte men in de biologie de begrippen genus en species ter aanduiding van categorie\xc3\xabn in een zeer bepaalde rang. Bij dit systematisch onderzoek was er kennelijk geen behoefte rekening te houden met de specifieke eigenaardigheden van levende wezens. Als men wilde defini\xc3\xabren wat men onder een soort verstond dan ging men wel zover te zeggen dat soorten groepen individuen waren die gelijke nakomelingen kregen. In de praktijk van de soortsomgrenzingen was er echter vrijwel nooit sprake van het experimenteel nagaan of de tot een soort gerekende exemplaren nu ook inderdaad zulk een voortplantingsgroep vormden. De systematiek was geheel gebaseerd op vormverwantschap. Wel ziet men door de gehele biologie een streven de soorten zo goed mogelijk te defini\xc3\xabren; tot een algemeen geldige definitie kwam men echter niet en is men ook niet gekomen. Dit vraagstuk van een algemeen te aanvaarden soortsbegrip is in feite een schijnprobleem. Het soortsbegrip dat men toepast wordt bepaald door de methode die men volgt, bijvoorbeeld formeel, experimenteel of historisch. In de praktijk van de systematiek doen zich vele combinaties van methodieken voor die dikwijls weer eigen soortsbegrippen met zich mee brengen.

Description: The chromosome numbers of 32 plant species from Spain and S. France, all collected in natural habitats, were determined. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the Utrecht Herbarium.

Description: The affinity of the Malesian genus Lophopyxis has a checkered history, a survey of which was given by L.B. Holthuis & H.J. Lam, in Blumea 5 (1942) 205-208, fig. 7. It has been referred to Flacourtiaceae, Icacinaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Olacaceae, and Saxifragaceae.\nHitherto no attention was paid to the similarity with Gouania in the Rhamnaceae, which it resembles in toothed leaves, presence of stipules, panicled spike-like inflorescences, and the occurrence of tendrils in these.

Description: Dr. R. Grolle, Jena, started a revision of the hitherto published records and determination of unstudied collections of Hepaticae from New Guinea (and neighbouring regions). The results will be successively published in the Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory under the title \xe2\x80\x9dLebermoose aus Neuguinea\xe2\x80\x9d. Nos 1-5 are concluded and in print. Next subjects will be Zoopsis, Acromastigum and Lophocoleaceae.\nAt the Rijksherbarium, Mr. A. Touw has finished the primary generic identification of Malesian mosses so that these materials, of which he is in charge, are now available to workers.

Description: Since the last Bulletin was published we have to regret the loss of four persons who were supporters of Flora Malesiana or collaborated with it in some way or other.\nMr. P. Groenhart started his career in Java as a botany teacher in the Agriculture School at Malang. He was keenly interested in plants and became gradually specialized in lichens which are, particularly in the tropics, a fascinating group, under-collected and inadequately known. Though an amateur, he gradually elevated his work to a true scientific level and was granted extended leave for this work in the early thirties which he spent at Utrecht University, Holland. From this emanated an enumeration of Javanese lichens and several other papers. Since then he gradually accumulated a large herbarium and a specialized library, devoting all his spare time to the study of Malesian lichens. He was not easily satisfied and the peculiar tropical groups led him to contemplate systematic questions on the division of lichens. The time-consuming work involved with the microscopical structure of these organisms caused much delay and in addition he had to classify a very large collection. It should be added that he was not very ambitious to publish. The main gain to science is a well-ordered large and annotated collection bestowed to the Rijksherbarium, Leyden. A few but important papers will be edited posthumously in Persoonia. A most pleasant, cooperative man.

Description: H.H. Allan, Flora of New Zealand. Vol. 1, 1961, liv + 1085 pp., 40 text figs., 4 end paper maps. Owen, Wellington.\nThe author died in 1957; this volume, which contains the pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and dicots, was seen through the press by Lucy B. Moore. The book weighs no more than 560 grams, so thin the paper is. This will require very careful handling from the reader, but few books are worth it as much as this one. The improvement compared with Cheeseman\xe2\x80\x99s Manual of the New Zealand Flora (1906) is enormous, and shows that the matter has been worked over completely. The introductory matter contains a record of literature on New Zealand Tracheophyta from year to year from 1769 onwards; an explanation of the New Zealand botanical region; a list of plant name authors with brief annotations; a synopsis of orders. Attached at the end are Latin diagnoses of new taxa, a glossary, a list of Maori plant names, and addenda.

Description: Earliest collections, made in southeastern parts of Queensland, were not numbered in sequence, and probably no duplicates were kept. Serious collecting began in 1919, when a start was made in sending specimens to C.T. White at the Queensland Herbarium.

Description: Mr J.A.R. Anderson of Kuching, Sarawak, has been awarded the degree of Ph.D. by the University of Edinburgh, in absentia, on July 6, 1961. The title of his thesis is: The ecology and forest types of the peat swamp forests of Sarawak and Brunei in relation to their silviculture. It is a privilege to insert a summary of it in this Bulletin under VII. For a reference to a preliminary paper, see Bibliography.\nMr I.H. Burkill was congratulated on attaining his 90th birthday, May 18, 1960, and, as we learnt from Dr. Holtturn, he in the meantime celebrated his 91th in excellent health. In honour of his birthday the Gardens\xe2\x80\x99 Bulletin, Singapore, vol. 17, part 3, was dedicated to him and filled with some special articles by Dr. H. Santapau, Mr C.X. Furtado, and Prof. Dr. R.E. Holttum dealt with his activities in India and Malaysia.

Description: Allan, H. H. B. (1882-1957) Largely self-educated as a botanist, he eventually designed a new Flora of New Zealand which stands out as a model of its kind (see p. 830).

Description: Pieter Groenhart died on November 3, 1965 at Leiden at the age of seventy-one. With him our country lost the one cryptogamist who clung steadfastly to lichenology.\nGroenhart was born on February 21, 1894 at Ilpendam, a small village just north of Amsterdam. In 1916 he became a teacher and was attached to several elementary schools in this country. In August 1926 he went to Java.

Description: With this check list an attempt is made to account for the recorded European species of those Basidiomycetes that Patouillard called the \xe2\x80\x9cH\xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9robasidies\xe2\x80\x9d, excluding, however, the Uredinales and Ustilaginales. Therefore, it covers the Septobasidiales, Tremellales (comprising the Auriculariineae and Tremellineae), Tulasnellaceae (Corticiaceae with repetitive basidiospores), Dacrymycetales, and Exobasidiales. Of each species admitted the synonyms at the specific level are listed as are also references to selected descriptions and illustrations. Notes on taxonomy, synonymy, and nomenclature are appended to a considerable number of entries. A final chapter not only recapitulates alphabetically the names appearing in the check list proper: it also deals briefly with such generic and specific names as are considered to be either not validly published or nomina dubia, or else have been given to taxa that must be excluded as foreign elements. New species are Glomopsis lonicerae and Tulasnella curvispora Donk. New combinations with the following generic names are proposed: Exidia (1), Exobasidiellum (1), Helicogloea (1), Myxarium (1). Saccoblastia (1), Septobasidium (1), and Tulasnella (1).

Description: Enumeratio Usnearum in Africa orientali et australi collectarum datur. Tres species novae, Usnea aristata, U. asteriza, U. coniungens describentur, et tres varietates novae, Usnea asteriza var. incolorata, var. trachyna, U. vesiculata var. venulosa. Usnea pulvinata var. transvaalensis combinatio nova proponitur.

Description: A brief review of the Meliolales is given, mainly based on Indonesian material. It is concluded that the order should be retained in the Loculoascomycetes, where it is closely related to the Microthyriales. The genus Neoballadyna (Englerulaceae) and the species Balladyna pavettae are described as new, Neoballadyna butleri is proposed as a new combination.

Description: Cardamine pratensis L. in the Netherlands 242 specimens of the Cardamine pratensis aggregate from 58 Dutch localities were morphologically and cytologically studied. Two forms could be distinguished, viz. a form with usually lower chromosome numbers (2n = 28\xe2\x80\x9432, rarely up to 52), and another with higher chromosome numbers (2n = 56\xe2\x80\x9484), which, judging by the criteria applied by L\xc3\x96VKVIST (12), correspond with C. pratensis sensu stricto and C. palustris (Wimm. & Grab.) Peterm. respectively. The frequent occurrence of \xe2\x80\x98transitional\xe2\x80\x99 forms and of specimens which are difficult to place, in conjunction with a number of cytological, genetical, and geographical arguments, make the present authors feel that, chiefly for practical reasons, it is preferable to treat the two forms as subspecies. The two taxa can be clearly distinguished in many, though not in all, instances. The following differential characters are considered to be of diagnostic value: C. pratensis L. subsp. pratensis (fig. 1, a and 2, a\xe2\x80\x94e): rosette leaves smaller with a mean number of pinnae of 4.1; segments of cauline leaves in most cases sessile and smaller; stem usually straight and erect, but rarely over 30 cm tall; mean number of flowering lateral shoots 3; mean value of length of sepals 3.6 mm, of width 2.0 mm; mean length of petals 10.3 mm and mean width 5.5 mm; mean length of filaments 3.4 and 5.2 mm and of anthers 1.7; mean length of siliqua 27 mm; chromosome number usually varying between 28 and 32; flowering season starting relatively early; a nocturnal nastic change of position (\xe2\x80\x98sleeping\xe2\x80\x99) of the flower; vegetative propagation organs rarely developed; prefers a relatively drier habitat, mainly in grasslands and in forests on basic soils. C. pratensis L. subsp. palustris (Wimm. & Grab.) Janchen (fig. 1, b\xe2\x80\x94d and 2, f\xe2\x80\x94j): rosette leaves larger with a mean number of pinnae of 5.5, segments of cauline leaves usually petiolulate and broader, to broadly elliptic in outline; stem thicker, stouter and more fleshy and frequently showing a torsion about the longitudinal axis; number of flowering lateral shoots upon the average 1, in addition vegetative side shoots often present; mean length of sepals 4.7 mm, mean width 2.5 mm; mean length of petals 12.7 mm, their mean width 7.6 mm; colour of corolla often lighter (to almost completely white); mean length of filaments 4.5 and 6.6 mm and of anthers 2.3 mm; mean length of siliqua 38 mm; chromosome number 56\xe2\x80\x9484; flowering season starting one to two weeks later; no nastic changes in position (\xe2\x80\x98sleeping\xe2\x80\x99) of flower; adventitious shoots common on rosette leaves, sometimes (also) on stem leaves; prefers wetter habitats, especially in riparian and \xe2\x80\x98floating island\xe2\x80\x99 vegetation and in elder carr. The nature of these differences is characteristic of many similar cases of polyploidy (disploidy) and has no specific qualitative indication value. It is feasible that after a more detailed analysis \xe2\x80\x98cytoclines\xe2\x80\x99 can be recognized. There is some evidence for the view that the cytological and morphological range in variation is relatively large in habitats which are instable in an ecological sense and relatively small in stable habitats.

Description: INTRODUCTION\nIn this, the second part of my revision of the Zosteropidae, 26 species are dealt with, all belonging to the genus Zosterops. The remaining 12 species of the genus and all the other genera, will be treated in the third part, the preparation of which is in progress.\nUnfortunately, it becomes more and more clear that no revision of the Pacific forms of the Zosteropidae can be really satisfactory without a visit to the American Museum of Natural History, where all the material of the Tring Museum and of the Whitney South Sea Expedition is assembled. Even though the co-operation of the authorities of that museum is above praise, I have usually been able to examine part of their series only, and no type specimens at all. More important is that the American Museum has the field-notes of the various collectors of the Whitney South Sea Expedition, probably the only extant notes on many species. These notes have not been accessible to me, so that I am not able to present anything new concerning habitat, abundance, nidification, etc. of the species concerned.\nCircumstances in Perth, without a basic reference collection and with insufficient literature, are difficult, and were it not for the fact that nearly all the comparative work, and also the survey of literature, had been done before I left Europe, it would have been impossible to complete this part.\nAs it is, however, I feel satisfied that it is not far below the standard of the first part.\nInevitably, partly as a result of recently published work, additions and corections to part one of this review have become necessary. Rather than include them here, I intend to publish them at the end of the third part.

Description: I.\nINTRODUCTION\nUp to the moment more than one hundred species and subspecies of Neniinae are known from Central and South America. They are incorporated into 22 genera and subgenera, almost exclusively based on characters of the shells. Only little is known of the anatomy of the animals (Binney, 1871; Binney & Bland, 1871; Baker, 1961; Hesse, 1925; Scott, 1954; Loosjes, 1957; Pilsbry, 1926; Polinski, 1922; Zilch, 1953, 1959). These authors described the radula and/or the genital organs of one or several species. Thus from eleven species the radula has been described and from five the genital apparatus.\nBy the courtesy of Prof. Dr. W. Weyrauch we were able to study the anatomical features of a relatively large number (38) of Peruvian and Argentine Neniinae. We wish to express our most cordial thanks to him for his generosity and also to Dr. B. Hubendick, who provided us with a sample of Nenia tridens (Chemnitz) from Puerto Rico.\nIn Thiele\'s (1929/31) classification the American Neniinae are grouped into three genera, Nenia, Peruinia and Temesa, based on characters of the shells and of the radula. It turned out impossible to fit the information we found, into this system as it indicates the presence of many more units. In this survey we will follow Zilch\'s (1960) classification, which enumerates a number of genera and subgenera, based on conchological characters, although the order will be altered according to the results obtained (conf. chapter IV).\nThus conchological data of the genera or subgenera involved have to be studied in Zilch (1960), or eventually in Thiele (1929/31).

Description: The present paper describing a new species of Mycetia Reinw. ( Rubiaceae) is based on a collection by J. L. Lister in 1874\xe2\x80\x9475 and subsequently by G. King\xe2\x80\x99s Collector Badul Khan in January, 1890 from Dafla Hills, NEFA. The late Dr. G. King named the taxon Adenosacme listeri King MSS which was not published. Later on I. H. Burkill in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 10 (1925) 298 named his specimens ( Burkill 36423 & 37321) from the Abor Hills Adenosacme listeri King without description. An examination of Burkill\xe2\x80\x99s specimens in the herbarium (CAL) reveals that his collection is not conspecific with Lister\xe2\x80\x99s, named by King. Very recently G. Panigrahi & S. K. Kar in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5 (1963) 27 named a collection ( Panigrahi 19395) A. listeri King ex Burkill, probably without knowing that it was not a validly published name and that the specimen is not conspecific with Burkill\xe2\x80\x99s collection, where as it is identical with Lister\xe2\x80\x99s.\nThe generic name Mycetia Reinw. has been established as the valid name for Adenosacme Wall. Studies on the genus Mycetia Reinw. suggest that Lister\xe2\x80\x99s collection deserves specific status as suggested by King. Recent collection of the material indicates that the plant exists over a larger area. Hence it is considered desirable to name and describe the species. Specific name suggested by King after the first collector Lister is retained here.

Description: In our revision of Caprifoliaceae in Fl. Mal. I, 4 (1951) 175 seq. we omitted to mention Weigelia fallax described by Miquel from Lembang, West Java, collected by Korthals. The specimen was concealed among cultivated specimens and turned up recently. There is no doubt that this specimen is derived from an ornamental in the Javanese hills.\nWe have sent this material to Prof. Hara who found it conspecific with Weigela coraeensis Thunb. It is often cultivated in Japan, especially as a hedge plant.

Description: An exhaustive Flora of Delhi, compiled by J. K. Maheshwari, was published by C.S.I.R. in 1963 (for a review see Blumea 13, 1965, p. 174). During the compilation of that flora, 278 line-drawings, illustrating the habits and chief features of the plants found in Delhi, were prepared; they form a welcome addition. In general, the drawings are of a good quality and will be a help to all interested in the determination of Delhi plants.

Description: When revising the acrostichoid genera Bolbitis and Egenolfia from the Old World for my thesis, I came across Acrostichum neglectum F. M. Bail. This species, which was successively transferred to the genera Leptochilus and Campium, has the essential characters of a blechnoid fern. On account of the differences found between A. neglectum and the other blechnoid ferns, it seems necessary to create a new genus to accommodate it, a point of view shared by Prof. Holttum, who gave me valuable advice for this study.\nI am indebted to Mr L. S. Smith of the Botanic Museum and Herbarium, Brisbane, for the loan of the collections of this species, to Mr J. H. Kern, who kindly helped me with the preparation of the English text, and to Prof. van Steenis for supervising the MS.

Description: In NW. Borneo thick series of Tertiary sediments occur which are rich in fossil pollen and spores. The majority of these plant microfossils were derived from the various types of tropical lowland vegetation such as mangrove (Muller, 1964), mixed peat swamp forest and mixed Dipterocarp forest. Some pollen types, however, can be traced to microtherm elements in the montane vegetation. As these cannot have migrated through tropical lowlands, their past distribution is of special interest. It is the purpose of this note to review the stratigraphic occurrence of these montane pollen types and discuss briefly the phyto-geographical significance of the data. The sediments which contain the microfossils can be roughly divided in a near coastal and deltaic facies, characterized by alternating shale and sandstone with subordinate coal beds and a marine facies, consisting mainly of shale with subordinate sandstone and limestone beds.\nThe Tertiary sedimentation in the NW. Borneo Basin is characterized by the alternation of these two main facies, but was locally interrupted during periods of mountain building movements, particularly in late Eocene and late Miocene time. These movements shifted the axis of the depositional basin gradually northwards. The formations of interest are the Oligocene-Miocene Nyalau formation, the Miocene Setap shale, Meligan and Lambir formations, the Miocene-Pliocene Belait formation and a group of younger formations of late Miocene-Pliocene age.

Description: Hitherto only one species of Myriophyllum has been recorded from New Guinea, viz. M. pygmaeum Mattf. (Bot. Jahrb. 69, 1938, 275\xe2\x80\x94277), belonging to the austral sect. Pentapteris \xc2\xa7 Pelonastes. Recently a second species of the same section was collected in the Papuan highlands.\nMyriophyllum pedunculatum Hook. f. in Lond. J. Bot. 6 (1847) 474; Schindler, Pfl. Reich Heft 23 (1905) 85; Cheeseman, Man. Fl. New Zeal. ed. 2 (1925) 625; Ewart, Fl. Vict. (1930) 885; Curtis, Stud. Fl. Tasm. 1 (1956) 190; Allan, Fl. New Zeal. 1 (1961) 252.

Description: Dicranopteris linearis var. montana Holtt. abnormal Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) Presl Pseudophegopteris aurita (Hk.) Ching cyclocarpa Holttum Pseudocyclosorus caudatus Holttum petrophila (Copel.) Holttum Mesoneuron wantotensis (Copel.) Holttum Cyclosorus dentatus (Forsk.) Ching confertus (Brause) Copel. heterocarpus (Bl.) Copel. beccarianus (Cesati) Copel. deminuens Holttum Arachniodes aristata (Forst.) Tindale Tectaria devexa (Kze) Copel. Diplazium armatum (Copel.) Holttum stellatopilosum (Brause) Holttum proliferum (Lam.) Kaulf.\nLunathyrium japonicum (Thunb.) Kurata Naphrolepis lauterbachii Christ saligna Carr.\nPteris orientalis v.A.v.R. cretica L. tripartita Sw. warburgii Christ Adiantum aneitense Carr. diaphanum Bl.\nConiogramme intermedia Hieron. Goniophlebium subauriculatum Bl. Microsorium commutatum (Bl.) Copel. n 2n 68 78 156 84 62 124 124 72 36 36 72 72 72 72 72 72 82 164 80 l60 82 41 82 82 120 24O 160 c. 40 82 87 87 29 58 Il6 114 120 37 72 diploid diploid tetraploid diploid tetraploid tetraploid diploid diploid diploid tetraploid diploid diploid tetraploid diploid tetraploid tetraploid diploid diploid diploid hexaploid tetraploid diploid diploid triploid triploid diploid diploid tetraploid ? tetraploid diploid diploid

Description: Among the unnamed material of Celastraceae received from the Paris Herbarium for determination, there was one flowering specimen of Microtropis, collected by M. Schmid from South Vietnam in 1953. It was difficult to name it to species with certainty. In order to clarify its identity, I received kind help from the Herbaria of Kew and Paris by sending me specimens on loan for comparison. After studying the specimens concerned, I have concluded that the collection of Schmid represents an undescribed species.\nIn the course of studying the new species and annotating the material of Celastraceae received recently by the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, I examined also other specimens of extra-Malesian Microtropis. Together with the description of the new species, the results of the observation on those Microtropis species may follow here.

Description: After Boeckeler\'s treatise on the species of Scleria known in his day (5), no comprehensive study on the genus has ever been published. The preparation of an up-to-date monograph would be an arduous task, not only owing to the large size of the genus, but also to the numerous problems encountered in its delimitation and its subdivision. Fortunately several very valuable studies on the Scleriae of America and Africa have been published lately, which are important precursors to a future monographic treatment. Core (14) revised the American species, Chermezon (8, 9) those of Madagascar, Pi\xc3\xa9rart (24) published a study on the species of Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi, and Nelmes (22, 23) gave an account of the genus for the whole of Africa.\nThe history of Scleria has been given by Core and need therefore not be repeated here. I may, however, venture some general remarks on the morphology of the inflorescence, as my views differ in several respects from the current ones. In this connection also the circumscription and subdivision of the genus will be discussed.

Description: Herbarium specimens of 13 species of the Simaroubaceae were investigated on phenolic compounds present in their hydrolised leaf extracts and on the presence of alkaloids (table 2). Leucoanthocyanins, myricetin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, as well as alkaloids were demonstrated to occur rather frequently in this family.\nThe relationships between the Simaroubaceae and Rutaceae and the position of the genera Irvingia and Suriana are briefly discussed: the Simaroubaceae and Rutaceae seem to be closely related not only morphologically but also biochemically.\nIrvingia seems to fit rather well in the Simaroubaceae (except for the assumed lack of bitter principles).\nSuriana deviates much more from all other species investigated. This stimulates further research to check the recent proposal of Gutzwiller concerning the classification of this genus.

Description: Some ecological data concerning Trifolium micranthum Viv. from a new locality in the isle of Walcheren.

Description: Leucojum aestivum L. In het verspreidingskaartje van het genus Leucojum (Gorteria 2, no. 12, p. 152) is het areaal van L. aestivum gearceerd aangegeven. Niet gearceerd zijn de Balearen en Sardini\xc3\xab, waar L. aestivum L. var. pulchellum (Salisb.) Fiori voorkomt. Deze gebieden zijn binnen het areaal van het genus Leucojum wit gelaten, omdat niet met zekerheid kon worden vastgesteld, dat L. pulchellum Salisb. inderdaad moet worden beschouwd als een vari\xc3\xabteit van L. aestivum. Mocht dit zo zijn, dan heeft het gearceerde deel van het verspreidingskaartje betrekking op L. aestivum L. var. aestivum.

Description: Name: Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) DC. Monogr. Camp. (1830) 143.\nFamily: Campanulaceae.

Description: Alangium LAMK.\xe2\x80\x94M. M. J. van Balgooy, Pac. Plant Areas 2: map 72.\nComplete; Old World, also incl. Indo-Malesia, E. Australia, Pacific (Solomons, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Fiji); delineated except in Africa and Madagascar, localities indicated only in the Pacific, species density; monograph.

Description: \xe2\x80\x9eGorteria\xe2\x80\x9d, waarvan het eerste nummer thans voor U ligt, moet beschouwd worden als de directe voortzetting van het Correspondentieblad, dat sinds een aantal jaren door het Rijksherbarium werd toegezonden aan hen, die zich interesseren voor de floristiek en het vegetatie-onderzoek van Nederland.\nDit Correspondentieblad, dat in gestencilde vorm werd uitgegeven, bevatte vaak artikelen van zodanige waarde, dat zij beter tot hun recht gekomen zouden zijn, als zij in gedrukte vorm waren verschenen. Een gestencild blad heeft immers altijd een min of meer ephemeer karakter.

Description: Two records of Geranium phaeum L., one near Eelde (prov. Drente), the other near Wedde (prov. Groningen), both as a relic of former cultivation.

Description: Potamogeton nodosus Poir. was found by the author for the first time in the province of Friesland, in the river Tjonger.

Description: This is the second book by professor Meeuse on the phylogenetic morphology of the reproductive organs of the Higher Cormophytes. It is superior to the first *, not only in the get-up, but also in providing some more information on the principles of the author. The core is disclosed in: \xe2\x80\x98all we can do is to postulate a phylogenetic genealogy, using all available (palaeobotanical) evidence, and build up the evolutionary sequences in the phylogeny of the organs, the semophyleses, along our framework\xe2\x80\x99. And: \xe2\x80\x98Typology is to be checked by fossil data\xe2\x80\x99. We meet the method of the New Morphology, as it was started by H. Hamshaw Thomas.\nThe phylogenetic line depicted leads from the Progymnospermopsida Beck through Cycadopsid Gymnosperms towards Angiosperms. It is impossible to distinguish Angiosperms from Gymnosperms. They are specialised Cycadopsid Gymnosperms, exhibiting polyrheitric angiospermic trends, such as angi-ovuly, double fertilisation, dormant embryo phase, flower types, wood vessels, and aperturate pollen. Some groups have not reached the ultimate level in part of these characters.

Description: The subdivision of the genus as proposed by Chodat in his Monograph of the family, seventy five years ago, needs emendation. First, one of his sections, Semeiocardium (Zoll.) Hassk. must be completely reconstructed. It is typified by a singular genus Semeiocardium occurring in Madura and Kangean Is. (off NE. Java) which was described by Zollinger as a Balsaminacea, but included by Hasskarl in the Polygalaceae, in which he was followed by Chodat. Backer has indubitably shown that Zollinger\xe2\x80\x99s opinion was correct and that it represents a remarkable, endemic genus of the Balsaminaceae (Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. 9, 1935, 70). For the other species included in this section a new section must be accepted which I have named Pseudosemeiocardium. Furthermore, through the type method, the sectional name Orthopolygala Chodat must be substituted by Polygala to which belongs the lectotype species of the genus, P. vulgaris L. (cf. Linn\xc3\xa9, Sp. Pl. repr. 1959, vol. 2, Steam\xe2\x80\x99s index notes, p. [137]).\nFinally, Chodat\xe2\x80\x99s first key character to the sectional subdivision, namely whether the keel is cristate or not, does not hold, because the species of sect. Pseudosemeiocardium defined as ecristate in that key, and which certainly represent a natural taxon, almost all possess a cristate keel, viz. P. malesiana, P. cardiocarpa, P. furcata; only one has an ecristate keel viz. P. tatarinowii. Provisionally, it seems to me more practical to use as first key character whether the two paired (inner) sepals are caducous or persistent. This can always be observed as in the herbarium in almost all specimens the lower flowers of at least some racemes are beyond anthesis.

Description: A list of species found near Hellevoetsluis, prov. S. Holland, on heaps of stones used for the Delta-works. The stones have been imported from the Westerwald and the Eifel in Germany (basalt), the Ardennes in Belgium (limestone), the valleys of Main and Meuse (gravel), and the southern part of the Netherlands province of Limburg (slacks from the mines).

Description: In connection with the finding of Crepis sancta (L.) Babc. in two localities in the southern part of the Netherlands province of Limburg, a survey is given of the extension of the area of this species through France and Belgium since 1763, when it was found for the first time in France near N\xc3\xaemes, probably as an introduction from the eastern Mediterranean region.

Description: Sterfte van de duindoorn op Voorne. Nadat er eerst insectenschade was geweest, waarvan een deel der struiken zich herstelde, bleken vele exemplaren aangetast door Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berth. (brief Planteziektenkundige Dienst, Boskoop, d.d. 9 juli 1965). Deze ziekte heerste ook reeds in een kwekerij waar zaailingen van Hippophae rhamnoides stonden, die echter niet tot de inlandse subsp. maritima behoren. De verwante Elaeagnus is ook vatbaar voor Verticillium.