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  • 1960  (1,507)
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  • Articles  (1,507)
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  • 1960-1964  (1,507)
  • 1935-1939
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  • 1
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 179-184 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand der GleichungfoE=K . cos n χ wird festgestellt, dass der Jahresgang der Mittagswerte in gemässigten Breiten durchn=1/4 beschrieben werden kann, der Tagesgang aber einen Exponenten 1/3 erfordert, und zwar für alle Breiten. Wir konnten frühere Feststellungen nicht bestätigen, wonach der Exponent systematische Veränderungen mit der Sonnenaktivität und der (geographischen) Breite erleiden soll. In gemässigten Breiten hatK einen Jahresgang, nicht jedoch am Äquator. Aufgrund dieser Resultate halten wir es für unmöglich, einen weltweiten «Ionisations-Index» aus den Beobachtungen von nur einem Ort zu bestimmen.
    Notes: Summary Applying the equationfoE=K. cos n χ it is found that whilst the seasonal variation of noon values at temperate latitudes can be described byn=1/4, the daily variation needs an exponent 1/3 and this for all latitudes. We have not been able to confirm former statements according to which the exponent should undergo systematic variations with solar activity and (geophysical) latitude. At temperate latitudesK has a seasonal variation but not at the equator. With respect to these results we feel that it is not possible to deduce a world-wide «ionization index» from the observations made at only one place.
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  • 2
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 199-214 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The linear scale is often used for frequency distributions of precipitation data. The statistical approach for these distributions is briefly discussed and compared with results obtained using a logarithmic scale. The latter permits a frequency analysis and resolution in partial collectives, which furnishes a more precise climatological description and understanding of precipitation frequency. Fifty years of Asheville, North Carolina, precipitation records (yearly, monthly, daily, six-hourly, hourly amount) serve as a sample.
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  • 3
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 11-22 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les valeurs moyennes (A) des aires diurnes des taches solaires à chaque année depuis 1878 augmentent plus rapidement du minimum vers le maximum de l'activité solaire que les nombres de Wolf correspondants (R). Elles diminuent aussi plus rapidement que les nombres de Wolf du maximum vers le minimum de l'activité solaire. La relation adoptée (A)=16.7 (R) ne s'applique pas avec une approximation satisfaisante que seulement pour les années voisines celle du maximum de l'activité solaire. L'auteur propose les relations: $$(A) = \left[ {a + b\cos ^2 k\frac{\pi }{{2{\rm T}_R }}} \right] \cdot (R)$$ pour les années qui précédent le maximum, $$(A) = \left[ {a + b\cos ^2 k\frac{\pi }{{2(11 - {\rm T}_R )}}} \right] \cdot (R)$$ pour les années qui suivent le maximum, oùa, b sont des constantes,T R le temps d'ascension du cycle correspondant exprimé en années et la parametrek prend la valeurk=0 à l'année du maximum de l'activité solaire etk=1, 2, 3 ... pour les années qui précédent et qui suivent celle du maximum. Les valeurs moyennes des aires diurnes des taches à chaque mois, suivent la même marche mais dans ce cas le rapportq=A∶R present des larges variations. Il oscille pourtant extre deux limites qui dependent du temps d'ascension.
    Notes: Summary Within each sunspot cycle the yearly means (A) of the daily sunspot areas increase faster than the corresponding sunspot numbers (R) from the minimum to the maximum of solar activity and then decrease also faster than these numbers till the next minimum. Relation (A)=16.7 (R), frequently used so far, is approximately valid only for the years in the vicinity of the sunspot maximum. Instead of that, author gives the relations: $$(A) = \left[ {a + b\cos ^2 k\frac{\pi }{{2{\rm T}_R }}} \right] \cdot (R)$$ for the years preceding the sunspot maximum, $$(A) = \left[ {a + b\cos ^2 k\frac{\pi }{{2(11 - {\rm T}_R )}}} \right] \cdot (R)$$ for the years following the sunspot maximum, wherea andb are constants,T R is the time of rise of the corresponding sunspot cycle expressed in years, andk takes the valuek=0 for the year of maximum solar activity andk=1, 2, 3, ... for the first, second, third ... year preceding or following that of maximum solar activity. The monthly means of the daily sunspot areas show a similar variation, but in this case the ratioq=A∶R varies with a greater amplitude both within each sunspot cycle and from cycle to cycle. The values ofq corresponding to all months of a given year in the sunspot cycle are contained between two limits depending on the time of rise.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The author describes a method of determining the size and shape of a gravitating disturbance, treated as a surface-reaching a) vertical cylinder, b) infinite parallelepipedon, when the local Bouguer anomaly field has a) radial symmetry, b) axial symmetry. He introduces the quantity which e. g. serves the purpose of distinguishing very easily between deepseated and shallow disturbances.
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  • 5
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 26-32 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A contribution to the theory of the galvanometric seismographs is given. Two new shaking tables are described and as an example aHiller-Askaniaseismograph is calibrated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Theorie der Pendel-Galvanometer-Seismographen (P. G.-Seismographen) ergänzt, eine neue Eicheinrichtung beschrieben und als Beispiel einHiller-Askania-Seismograph geeicht.
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  • 6
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 33-36 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The general two-dimensional interpretation-problem of the seismic sounding is exactly solved and a simple example is given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird das ebene Interpretationsproblem der seismischen Lotung in einem zweiachsig inhomogenen Körper exakt gelöst und ein einfaches Beispiel gegeben.
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  • 7
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 273-297 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Ohms Law is used, mostly implicite, in so many calculations and theories of atmospheric electricity that it seems advisable to investigate its validity; this is tried from a theoretical point of view in the present paper. This results in a number of modifications of conceptions which were taken for granted so far. A part of atmospheric electric processes considered as stationary one up to now should be treatened with the more complicated methods valid for instationary phenomena. Furthermore it is shown that the common method of indirect measurement of air-earth current often fails. In some ranges esp. of measuring techniques the possibility of half-saturated currents should be taken into account. Other consequences will be treatened in two future papers.
    Abstract: Résumé La Loi d'Ohm est appliquée — souvent implicitement — dans beaucoup des calculations et théories de l'électricité atmosphérique. C'est pourquoi une recherche sur la validité fut considerée désirable; elle est tentée ici, d'un point de vue théorétique. II résulte que nombreuses idées, qui allaient sans dire, doivent être modifiées. Une partie des procédés électriques atmosphériques considérés comme stationnaires doit être traitée avec les méthodes plus compliquées valables pour les phénomènes non stationnaires. Aussi la méthode indirecte pratiquée si souvent pour des mesures du courant vertical n'est plus justifiée dans certains cas. Dans certains domaines il est nécessaire de considérer la possibilité que les courants soient demi-saturés. Autres conséquences seront traitées en future dans deux autres communications.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Ohmsche Gesetz ist, meistens implizit, in so vielen luft-elektrischen Berechnungen und Theorien enthalten, daß eine Untersuchung über seine Gültigkeit berechtigt erscheint; sie wird hier auf theoretische Weise versucht. Es ergeben sich eine Anzahl von Modifikationen bisher für selbstverständlich gehaltener Vorstellungen. So ist danach ein teil des bisher als stationär betrachteten Gebiets luftelektrischer Prozesse exakt nur mit den komplizierteren Verfahren zu behandeln, die für instationäre Vorgänge gelten. Ferner kann die häufig angewandte Methode der indirekten Vertikalstrombestimmung in vielen Fällen nicht mehr als richtig angesehen werden. In gewissen Bereichen vor allem der Meßtechnik ist u.U. ein Übergang in das halbgesättigte Gebiet zu berücksichtigen. Weitere Folgerungen sollen in zwei späteren Aufsätzen behandelt werden.
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  • 8
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 66-76 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Theories of hydraulic fracturing of wells are usually based upon a model of a well in which the latter is assumed to be equivalent to an infinitely long cylinder. In this fashion, the stress state induced by the pressure in the well turns out to be two-dimensional. This is certainly an oversimplification, and therefore a different model is proposed in the present paper. In this, we assume that the pressure in the well is equivalent to a spherical pressure center. The fracture condition is formulated and the model is applied to the calculation of underground stresses from well data.
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  • 9
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 47-65 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary An experimental investigation was conducted over 6 widely different types of soil in order to gain some reliable information on the wave propagation properties relevant to seismic prospecting. The elastic constants of the surface layers were also found from the compressional and Rayleigh wave velocities. While the predominant frequencies of the compressional and Rayleigh waves both decrease with distance from the source, they are in most cases of the same order of magnitude. The amplitude of the particle velocity for the compressional wave was found to decrease inversely as the square of the distance, while that for the Rayleigh wave decreased more slowly; wide variations occur between different localities. The significance of these results to seismic prospecting instrumentation is discussed.
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  • 10
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In vorliegender Arbeit wird über ergänzende photomikrographische, thermomagnetische und röntgenanalytische Untersuchungen zu den Ergebnissen vonLauterbach, Jubelt & Mitarbeitern berichtet. Es handelt sich hierbei um antigoritisierten Serpentinit mit eisenoxydhaltigen Zerrklüften. Einige strukturphysikalische Betrachtungen gelten den Antigoritisierungsvorgängen.
    Notes: Summary In this paper the results ofLauterbach, Jubelt & Others are completed by photomicrographic, thermomagnetic and X-ray investigations. The rock samples consists of antigoritisated serpentinite containing veins. The material of the veins consists of magnetite and ψ-Fe2O3. Some crystal physical considerations concerning the process of antigoritisation are represented.
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  • 11
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 95-109 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new magnetic observatory, named the Magnetic Observatory of Pendeli, was established and put in operation in 1958 near Athens (Greece). This Observatory was organized by and belongs to the Greek «Institute for Geology and Subsurface Research». The geographical position of the Pendeli Observatory is given by φ=38° 02′.8, λ=23°51′.8 andh=495 m (above sea level). The gemagnetic coordinates of the same are Φ=36°.2, Λ=102°.0. The Observatory is situated near Pendeli Mt. (18 km NEE of Athens). The site of the Observatory consists of marmor underlain by mica schists, both magnetically inactive. The building of the Observatory is constructed of stone and its roof made of tiles. The magnetograph room is in the underground of the building. The magnetic and thermal conditions in the variometer room are satisfactory enough. The variometers of the Observatory forH andZ are of the magnetic balance type. ForD a fibre suspension declinometer is used. The scale values of the variometers are ε H =7.2 γ/mm, ε D =1′.0/mm (7.6 γ/mm), ε Z =11.5 γ/mm. The speed of recording amounts to 12 mm/h and the width of the record is 9 cm. The Pendeli Observatory has been operating since April 1958. The record is changed every day. The scale and base-line values are determined every 10 days. The room for the absolute measurements is found in the ground floor of the building. A field magnetic theodolite is being used in the absolute measurements.D is measured with two magnets in a fibre suspension declinometer.H is measured by means of the deflection oscillation method and with a QHM as well. For the measurement ofI an earthinductor is available. The values of the magnetic elements are properly corrected in order to represent the external normal field.
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 110-124 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Messungen des Gefrierkerngehalts der Luft in Weissenau in den Jahren 1953 bis 1957 werden auf kalendergebundene Maxima untersucht. Die vonBowen postulierten Januarmaxima können teilweise wiedergefunden werden; ihre jährliche Wiederkehr ist aber unbefriedigend und die Zuordnung der Gefrierkernmaxima zu den Meteorströmen während des ganzen Jahres nicht möglich. Dagegen ergibt sich eine gute Übereinstimmung der Gefrierkernmaxima im ganzen mittleren Jahresverlauf 1953/57 mit dem Jahresverlauf der Luftdruckdifferenz St. Mathieu-Lerwick während der Beobachtungsjahre und damit eine kollektive Bestätigung des erhöhten Gefrierkerngehalts der polaren Luftmassen, welche bei den durch diese Druckdifferenz beschriebenen Umstellungen der atmosphärischen Zirkulation nach Mitteleuropa geführt werden.
    Notes: Summary The measurements of the concentration of freezing nuclei in the atmosphere made at Weissenau during the years 1953 to 1957 are analysed in order to see, if there are peaks tending to occur on the same dates of calendar. In January the peaks postulated byBowen's hypothesis could be found again in part. But this pattern does not repeat year after year in a satisfying manner and the association of freezing nucleus peaks with meteor showers does not hold for all months. On the other hand it can be shown that a very good coincidence in time exists between the yearly mean freezing nucleus concentration figure, calculated from our values observed in 1953 to 1957 and the yearly mean figure of the daily difference of barometric pressure at St. Mathieu and at Lerwick during the same years. As this barometric pressure difference describes the fluctuations of the atmospheric circulation over. Central Europe, there results a collective confirmation of the fact, already known from the single measurements: that polar air masses coming to Weissenau in the course of these fluctuations have an increased freezing nucleus content.
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 125-144 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary If simultaneous recordings of the three basic atmospheric electrical elements are comprehended according to Ohm's Law, seeming deviations of this law occur, to a degree no more negligible. Probable causes of these deviations are discussed and illustrated by a number of examples. Consequences for pratical atmospheric electric work are drawn.
    Abstract: Résumé Si l'on mesure les trois éléments basiques de l'électricité atmosphérique simultanément des deviations de la Loi d'Ohm arrivent, qui ne sont plus négligeable. Les causes probables de ces déviations sont discutées et illustrées par des examples. Les conséquences pour la techniques des mesures électriques atmosphériques sont données.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Versucht man aus gleichzeitigen Messungen der drei luftelektrischen Grundelemente das Ohmsche Gesetz abzuleiten, so ergeben sich in der Regel Abweichungen von einer nicht mehr zu vernachlässigenden Größe. Die möglichen Ursachen dieser Abweichungen werden diskutiert und an einer Anzahl von Beispielen erläutert. Die sich daraus für luftelektrische Messungen ergebeneden Folgerungen werden am Schluß der Arbeit zusammengestellt.
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  • 14
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 193-200 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein kurzer Überblick über die Ergebnisse einiger «Project-Jet-Stream»-Forschungsflüge gegeben. Einige Merkmale der atmosphärischen Struktur in der Umgebung des Strahlstromkernes scheinen für eine Vielzahl der Fälle charakteristisch zu sein und sollen im folgenden noch näher beschrieben werden. Am deutlichsten treten hervor: Die «Jet-Stream-Front»oberhalb und unterhalb des Strahlstromkernes; stabile und barokline Zonen auf der antizyklonalen Seite des Strahlstromes; eine Aufwölbung der Isentropenflächen südlich der Strahlstromachse, der sogenannte «Isentropenbuckel» («isentrope hump»). Einige dieser Merkmale scheinen weitreichende Einflüsse auf die Dynamik der Strahlströmung zu besitzen.
    Notes: Summary A short survey is given of results obtained from «Project Jet Stream» Research Flights. Several features of the atmospheric structure in the vicinity of the jet-stream core seem to be rather characteristic and shall be described in detail. The most prominent among these are: the «Jet-Stream Front»above and below the jet core, stable baroclinic zones on the anticyclonic side of the jet, and an upward bulge of the isentropic surfaces south of the jet stream, the so-called «isentrope hump». Some of theses features seem to have far-reaching implications upon the dynamics of the jet stream.
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 201-215 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'auteur, après quelques considérations sur la pollution de l'atmosphère par les aérosols solides, passe en revue les mécanismes susceptibles d'abaisser le temps de résidence des particules radioactives dans l'atmosphère. Il distingue le lessivage par diffusion de vapeur au sein de la masse nuageuse, et les captures par les précipitations au cours de leur chute vers le sol. La neige présente à ce point de vue des anomalies qu'il est intéressant de signaler. Enfin les problèmes de capture par le sol et la végétation sont également envisagés.
    Notes: Summary After making a few remarks on the atmospheric pollution by dust particles, the author reviews the mechanisms able to reduce the time of residence of the radioactive particles in the atmosphere. The washing by vapour diffusion (scavenging) in the midst of a cloud formation is distinguished from the capture by rain (rain out) or snow (snow out) during the fall of the precipitation. From this point of view, snow presents a few anomalies which are interesting to note. Finally the problems of capture by the ground and by vegetation are also discussed.
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 231-240 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Резюме Осуществлено сравнение различных радиационных номограмм, предназначенных для расчетов теплового излучения атмосферы. Сделана попытка выяснить, какие номограммы являются наиболее надежными. выполнены расчеты потоков теплового излучения атмосферы для различных условий.
    Notes: Summary The comparison of different radiation charts for computing of atmospheric thermal radiation has been realized. The attempt has been made to find out what charts are more reliable. Calculations of atmospheric thermal radiation fluxes has been fulfilled for different conditions.
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 216-230 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Резюме Получены новые, более надежные данные по функции процускания атмосферы в области полосы поглощения углекислого газа 12–18μ. На основе этих данных построена номограмма для расчета противоизлучения атмосферы. Путем расчетов по номочрамме изучена изменчивость противоизлучения в зависимости от содержания углекислого газа и водяного пара, а также вертикальното распределения температуры. Показано, что коелбания содержания углекислого газа в атмосфере лишь в огень слабой степени отражаются на величине противоизлучения атмосферы. Определен вклад противоизлучения атмосферы в области 12–18μ винтегральное противоизлучение.
    Notes: Summary The new, more reliable data on transmisson function of the atmosphere in the region of 12–18 μ carbon dioxide absorption band are obtained. The radiation chart for calculations of atmospheric heat radiation is built on the base of this data. The dependence of atmospheric heat radiation on CO2 and H2O contents and also on temperature vertical distribution is investigated with the help of the radiation chart. It is shown, that the heat radiation of the atmosphere almost doesn't depend on variations of carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere. The income of atmospheric heat radiation in the region of spectra from 12 to 18 μ in integrated atmospheric radiation is determined.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 352-359 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Notes: Summary A time cross-section was constructed for Cairo during the period 10–31 Dec. 57. The outstanding feature of this cross-section is the periodic existence of high wind maxima associated with high cloud formation. A method was suggested for the location of high wind centers from the thermal field only. Moreover, the climatological means of high clouds showed quick changes in the period of the Jet Stream migration. This has been taken as an evidence of the relation between the subtropical Jet Stream and high cloud formation in the region.
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  • 19
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 360-367 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 101-113 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Diagrams are presented for the distance determination of atmospherics from wave form records based on the assumption of fixed altitudes. The calculation was made according to the simple laws of reflection of geometric optics. An application of the diagrams to more extensive data materials shows that the graphic methods meet the requirements of practive to a high degree. The comparison of distance determination with two different methods showed that the ground wave velocity is somewhat lower than the velocity of light.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Diagramme zur Entfernungsbestimmung von Atmospherics aus Wellenformaufnahmen unter Annahme fester Höhen vorgelegt. Die Berechnung erfolgte nach den einfachen Reflexionsgesetzen der geometrischen Optik. Eine Anwendung der Diagramme auf ein größeres Wertematerial zeigt, daß die graphischen Methoden den Anforderungen der Praxis weitgehend genügen. Durch den Vergleich der Entfernungsbestimmung mit zwei verschiedenen Methoden ergab sich, daß die Bodenwellengeschwindigkeit etwas kleiner als die Lichtgeschwindigkeit ist.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 114-122 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Notes: Summary Using the divided electrode condenser it was possible to detect the large ion groups formed when small amounts of N2O gas were mixed with atmospheric air. Eight groups appeared with mobilities ranging from 12.50×10−4 to 0.60×10−4 cm/sec: volt/cm. When using the whole electrode condenser the results showed an increase in the total ion concentration of these large ions when small amounts of N2O gas were mixed with air. The results obtained in this work confirm that N2O gas acts as a nucleus for condensation which is changed into a large ion by appropriating an electrical charge.
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  • 22
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Measurements of the pH-value of precipitations were made at Mt. Hohenpeissenberg (977 m a.s.l.) from August 1956 and in Peissenberg (590 m a.s.l.) from September 1957. Measurements also were made of dew, hoar frost, rime deposits and snow covers. The pH-values are no function of meteorological factors. The pH-value of dew and hoar frost approach pH 5.5. The percentual distribution of pH-values of rime deposits however is identical with that of precipitations. The comparison of pH-values at Mt. Hohenpeissenberg and in Peissenberg shows in summer higher values and in winter lower values at Mt. Hohenpeissenberg.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Seit August 1956 werden auf dem Hohenpeissenberg (977 m NN) und seit September 1957 in Peissenberg (Talstation 590 m NN) laufend Messungen des pH-Wertes der Niederschläge durchgeführt. Ausserdem wurden Kondensate wie Tau und Reif auf ihren pH-Wert untersucht. pH-Messungen an Schneedecken liegen ebenfalls vor. Es konnte keine Beziehung der pH-Werte zu meteorologischen Gegebenheiten gefunden werden. Die Kondensate Tau und Reif weisen pH-Werte auf, die in der Nähe des pH-Wertes reinen Wassers im Gleichgewichtszustand mit dem CO2-Gehalt der Luft lagen (pH 5.5). Die prozentuale Verteilung der pH-Werte der Nebelfrostablagerungen dagegen war identisch mit der der Niederschläge. Der Vergleich einer Meßreihe von pH-Werten der Berg- und Talstation zeigt, dass der Berg im Sommer höhere pH-Werte, im Winter dagegen niedrigere pH-Werte aufweist als die Talstation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 172-182 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The origin of some anticyclones can be explained as a consequence of the concentration of the cold air on a smaler area. The concentration of the cold air is caused by a transformation of the kinetic energy of the cold air into the potential energy or by the heating of the cold air. Such anticyclones often appear in mountain regions where the transformation of the mentioned energy is more intense. The intensity of such anticyclogenetical effects is evaluated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Man beobachtet Antizyklonen, die als Folge einer Konzentration von Kaltluftmasssen auf ein kleineres Gebiet gedeutet werden können. Die Konzentration der Kaltluft ist durch die Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie der Kaltluft in potentielle Energie oder durch die Wärmezufuhr der kalten Luft bedingt. Solche Antizyklonen bilden sich oft in Berggebieten, da dort wegen der grossen äusseren Reibung die erwähnte Umwandlung der Energie beschleunigt wird. Wie gross solche antizyklogenetischen Effekte sein können, ist berechnet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 155-171 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a short introduction on the methods of chemical analysis of atmospheric trace substances and a survey on the natural sources of the different atmospheric trace gases, new results of measurements carried out at different continental locations are communicated. The results are compared with those gained byJunge at maritime stations. In particular the data gained on the summit of Zugspitze at 3000 m altitude, were evaluated with respect to the vertical temperature gradient of the atmosphere. In a second chapter the relation between atmospheric trace substances and the chemistry of precipitation is discussed. In this connection the importance of gas-traces for the concentration of chemical matter in rainwater is stressed. Finally the relationship between the concentration of trace-substances in rain and the amount of precipitation of individual rainfalls is presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach einer kurzen Einführung über die Methoden der chemischen Analyse atmosphärischer Spurenstoffe und einer Übersicht über die natürlichen Quellen der verschiedenen Spurengase wird über Meßergebnisse an verschiedenen kontinentalen Meßplätzen berichtet. Die Ergebnisse werden denjenigen vonJunge an maritimen Orten gegenübergestellt. Insbesondere wurden die in 3000 m Höhe auf der Zugspitze ermittelten Daten in Abhängigkeit von der vertikalen Temperaturschichtung ausgewertet. In einem zweiten Abschnitt wird die Beziehung zwischen atmosphärischen Spurenstoffen und der Chemie der Niederschläge behandelt. Dabei wird die Bedeutung der Spurengase für den Gehalt des Regenwassers an verschiedenen chemischen Komponenten herausgestellt. Abschliessend werden die Auswertungen über den Zusammenhang zwischen der Konzentration natürlicher Spurenstoffe im Regen und der Niederschlagshöhe besprochen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 195-198 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 191-194 
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    Notes: Summary When votex flow is induced in a stream of gas, as in the Ranque-Hilsch tube, the temperature of the axial portion of the vortex is lowered while the temperature of the peripheral portion is raised. The principle of conservation of angular momentum appears to control the conversion of hat to mechanical energy. A similar mechanism may account for some characteristics of tornadoes.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 183-190 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a precedent paper (this Review, Vol 44, 257, 1959) was made a report about the three kinds of Null layers which, by means of empirical-statistical and theoretical investigations, have been found in the atmosphere. The Null layer of the first kind (N 1 ), connected with a wind maximum and the Null layer of the second kind (N 2 ), connected with a wind minimum, reverse the large scale vertical movement, but do not change the direction of the wind. In the improper Null layer (N 3 ) connected with a layer of calm, the vertical movement is also zero. There occurs however no reversal of vertical movement, rather a reversal of wind direction. When the positions of the three Null layers in the atmosphere have been determined, a scheme of the general circulation of the extra-tropical latitudes can be set up. The non-gradient movement of mass of the three Null layers as mentioned in the quoted paper is connected with thermally-indirect circulation. An extension of this scheme to include the tropics requires deeper investigation into the role of the extreme layers of wind with thermally-direct circulation. AN 1 lies in the upper troposphere, aN 2 in winter at about a height of 20 km, aN 3 in summer at about a height of 20 km, aN 1 (winter: west wind maximum, summer: east wind maximum) at about a height of 55 km. The results of the measurements of temperature from the Rocket Grenade Experiments (Fort Churchill, Canada), and especially the striking point of intersection of the winter and summer temperature curves at a height of 60 km, have been found to agrees with the derived results of the circulation scheme. Thus it also follows that the extra-tropical circulation in the stratosphere is thermally-indirect.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Auf der Basis der Nullschichtkonzeption wurde ein Schema der allgemeinen Zirkulation der außertropischen Breiten bis über 60 km Höhe aufgestellt. Die Temperaturmeßergebnisse, die beim Rocket-Grenade-Unternehmen in Fort Churchill, Canada, erzielt wurden, werden diskutiert im Hinblick auf dieses Zirkulationsschema. Sie stehen mit ihm in völliger Übereinstimmung; außerdem zeigen sie, daß die Zirkulation der außertropischen Breiten auch in der Stratosphäre eine thermischindirekte ist, wie das genannte Zirkulationsschema es angibt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 199-203 
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    Notes: Summary In this paper data are presented concerning the zonal transport of water vapor at several levels in the atmosphere for winter, for summer and for the calendar year of 1950, over the northern hemisphere. Vertical integrals and zonal averages are included in the discussion.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 123-141 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Untersuchung des Einflusses des Druckes auf die Zählung der Kondensations-Kerne haben wir zwei Fälle zu unterscheiden: den Einfluss des Expansionsverhältnisses im Kernzähler und ein Phänomen,Schlarb-Effekt, demzufolge die Zahl der Kerne, welche bei reduziertem Druck gefunden wird, beträchtlich kleiner ist, als man entsprechend dem Verhältnis der Drucke erwarten würde. Unsere Untersuchung des Einflusses des Überdruckes (der Übersättigung) auf die Zählung der Kerne mittels eines absoluten Kernzählers (vom Aitken Typus) mit mikrophotographischer Registrierung zeigte, dass die perzentuelle Zahl der Tröpfchen im ersten Schauer abnimmt und in den darauffolgenden Schauern zunimmt, wenn der Überdruck von 160 auf 80 mm Hg abnimmt. Eine Verminderung des Überdruckes von 160 auf 80 mm, welche einer Reduktion des Expansions-Druckverhältnisses von 1.21 auf 1.11 (oder der Übersättigung von 345 auf 195%) entspricht, setzt die Zahl der gemessenen Kerne im Mittel um 24% herab. Dies ist in guter Übereinstimmung mit den Befunden vonFoitzik im Jahre 1950, der für seine Experimente einen grossen Scholz Kernzähler verwendete. Bezüglich desSchlarb-Effekts fanden wir, dass die Abweichungen der gemessenen Konzentrationen von Kondensationskernen beträchtlich sind, wenn die Bedingungen, unter denen die Messungen angestellt werden, sehr verschieden sind von denen, unter welchen die Eichung des photo-elektrischen Kernzählers ausgeführt wurde. Die perzentuelle Herabsetzung der erwarteten Konzentration wächst mit abnehmendem Druck; sie wächst im Mittel aller Fälle von 30 auf 58%, wenn der Druck von 600 auf 200 mm Hg abnimmt. Bei allen Drucken ist die Verminderung etwas grösser bei kleinen Kernen als bei grossen, und mit abnehmendem Druck wächst die Differenz des Effekts für kleine und grosse Kerne. Wir haben ferner Experimente mit einem grossen Gefäss von 283 Litern Inhalt ausgeführt, in welchem die durch Diffusion und Sedimentation verursachten Gesamtverluste während unserer Experimente niemals 1% überstiegen haben und keine Verluste durch Nebelbildung während des Auspumpens vorgekommen sind. Die Resultate dieser Experimente zeigen, dass die durch denSchlarb-Effekt erzeugte Reduktion mit zunehmender Konzentration zunimmt, wenn der Druck auf die Hälfte gesenkt wird. Die mittlere perzentuelle Reduktion der erwarteten Konzentration betrug bei 380 mm Hg 20% für Konzentrationen zwischen 70 und 410 Kernen pro cm3, und 52% für solche von 18900 bis 44000 Kernen. Unsere Experimente haben bewiesen, dass bei niedrigerem Druck die nicht gezählten Kerne vorhanden sind, aber aus irgendwelchen Gründen nicht als Zentren der Kondensation wirken. Der gefundene Verlust von 7% kann wohl dem unvermeidlichen Schwund während der Auspumpens des grossen Gefässes und der nachträglichen Füllung mit filtrierter Luft zugeschrieben werden. Es gibt zwei Wege, den Druckeffekt nachSchlarb zu beseitigen: Der erste, der allein empfohlen werden kann, bringt den Druck einer grossen, rasch in ein Gefäss von beträchtlicher Grösse gesaugten Probe mittels filtrierter Luft auf Normaldruck. Der zweite, bei dem der Druck im Nebelrohr eines photo-elektrischen Kernzählers, welcher die bei niedrigerem Druck gesammelte Probe enthält, auf Normaldruck gebracht wird, muss abgelehnt werden, da die Zahl der Kerne, welche nach Wiederherstellung des Ausgangsdruckes gefunden werde, sehr von der Geschwindigkeit abhängt, mit der der niedrigere Druck auf den ursprünglichen gebracht wird. Die sehr verschiedenen Konzentrationen, welche erhalten werden, sind durch die verschiedene Verteilung der Kernkonzentration und daher der Nebeldichte entlang des Lichtstrahles nach der Expansion bedingt; diese komplizierte Verteilung der Nebeldichte ist durch die verschiedene Geschwindigkeit, mit der die filtrierte Luft ins Nebelrohr strömt, verursacht, welche sich schwer steuern oder standardisieren lässt.
    Notes: Summary When dealing with the influence of pressure on the counting of condensation nuclei we have to distinguish between the influence of expansion ratio applied in the counting instrument and a phenomenon calledSchlarb effect according to which the counts of nuclei made at a reduced pressure are considerably lower than the expected concentration computed from the pressure ratio. Our investigation of the influence of overpressure (super-saturation) on the counting of nuclei by means of an Aitken type absolute counter with stereo-photomicrographic recording showed that the percentage number of droplets in the first shower decreases and in the subsequent showers increases when the overpressure decreases from 160 to 80 mm Hg. Furthermore, a reduction of overpressure from 160 to 80 mm corresponding to a reduction of pressure expansion ratio from 1.21 to 1.11 (or super-saturation from 345 to 195%), reduces the total counts on the average by 24%, in good agreement with findings byFoitzik in 1950 who used a large Scholz counter for his experiments. Regarding theSchlarb effect we found that the anomalies in measuring concentrations of condensation nuclei are considerable when the conditions are very different from those under which the calibration of a photo-electric counter was established. The percentage reduction of the expected concentration increases with decreasing pressure; it increases, in the average of all cases, from 30 to 58% when the pressure decreases from 600 to 200 mm Hg. At all pressures the reduction with small nuclei is somewhat bigger than with large nuclei, and with decreasing pressure the difference of the effect for small and large nuclei increases. Experiments with a big container of 283 litres in which the total loss due to diffusion and sedimentation during the experiments never exceeded 1% and no losses by fog formation during evacuation can occur, showed that the reduction produced by theSchlarb effect increases with increasing concentration when the pressure is lowered to half. The average percentage reduction of the expected concentration at 380 mm Hg was for concentrations of 70 to 410 nuclei/cm3 20% and for concentrations of 18900 to 4400 nuclei/cm3 52%. Our experiments proved also that at the lower pressure the nuclei not counted are present, but for some reason do not act as nuclei for condensation. The loss of 7% found may be attributed to unavoidable waste during evacuating the big container and subsequent filling it with filtered air. Of the two possible ways of eliminating theSchlarb pressure effect, only the one increasing the pressure with filtered air to a standard pressure of a large sample, quickly drawn into a big container, can be recommended. The other method, increasing the pressure in the fog-tube of a photo-electric counter which contains the nuclei sampled at lower pressure, must be rejected because the number of nuclei recovered after restoration of the initial pressure depends very much on the speed with which the lower pressure is raised to the initial pressure. The very different concentrations obtained are due to a different distribution of nucleus concentration and fog-density along the lightpath after expansion, which is caused by the different speed of the filtered air rushing-in and is difficult to control or standardize.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 204-210 
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    Notes: Summary The trends appearing in the annual rainfall of the 14 selected coastal and island stations of the Mediterranean were invetigated by running 30-year averages. The periods used as well as the standard deviation, the average variability and the coefficient of variation of the annual rainfall are given for each of the 14 stations. It was found that in the majority of the stations upward and downward trends in the annual rainfall appeared but in a few only stations these trends coincide in the same intervals. A relative similarity appeared in the stations of Marseille-Trieste, Malta-Tunis, Gibraltar-Rome, Nicosia-Limassol and Beyrut-Alexandria. By examination of the three more important maxima and minima in the course of rainfall it was observed that many of them coincide simultaneously at about the same time in the different stations and also that these coincidences occurred near the maximum or minimum of sunspots.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 219-224 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 211-218 
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    Notes: Summary In this paper attempt is made to give some characteristics of the annual march of the air temperature at Athens, on the basis of 1901–1950 24-hrs daily means. A computation of dates at which the average temperature crosses certain thresholds is done through the Conrad's and Pollak's method, and the % frequency of days having certain mean daily temperatures is given. The graphical representation of the monthly relative temperatures is also given and the interannual variability of temperature is discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 167-174 
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    Notes: Summary Auroral spectra taken from within the auroral zone reveal H-emission as not limited to the magnetic zenith but as extending over the sky. The surface brightness forH α andH β may tentatively be estimated to a few airglows. The assumption is made that some of this emission may extend to the very low gm latitudes and be practically universal and the possible mode of excitation of neutral hydrogen in space is speculated upon. At the earth's orbit the density number of the cosmic, infalling, hydrogen accreted from beyond the solar system towards the sun is about 102 neutral atoms cm−3 and coronal plasma contributions cannot encrease this number by more than a factor of two. If an exceptionally violent solar disturbance ejects stream-electrons attaining velocities-of 2,200 km sec−1 corresponding to the threshold energy forH β excitation of 12.8 eV and if these electrons, at the earth's orbit, have a density number of 103 cm−3, then a shell about 100,000 km thick may contributeH β emission having a surface brightness of about 0.1 airglow this being the higher probable value. Such anH-emission could be detectable from all latitudes during, or, most probably, just before the occurence of an auroral storm.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 215-226 
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    Notes: Summary A design flood for a Venezuelan river is computed in the absence of rainfall and stream-flow data of more than a few years. From synoptic studies of an area embracing northern South America and the Caribbean, the type of disturbance producing the abundant rains of the area is determined. A disturbance of this type is maximized on the basis of the ratio of energy dissipated through friction to released latent energy represented by rainfall — in other words, theefficiency of the system is given its highest reasonable value. The synthetic disturbance is moved over the river basin in a manner most favorable for heavy rain. Certain data available from other rivers are used as a cross-check on the resultant flood values.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 53-61 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The travel-time function (reflection seismic) for a quasi uniaxial inhomogeneous medium is calculated and two simple examples are given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Laufzeitfunktion (Reflexionsseismik) für einen quasi einachsig inhomogenen Körper berechnet und zwei einfache Beispiele und ihre Anwendungen behandelt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 13-21 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resumo Ni modifiis la hipotezojn de antaùa noto por reprezenti eventualajan zonojn kun plasteca fluo en la Tero. La simpla modelo uzita por la antaùsisma deformigo permesas studi la liniojn kie elementaj sirplanoj estas paralelaj al fiksa plandirekto. Oni trovas por la responda sisma deformigo simplan proksimuman formulon. Aplikado al la fendego de San Francisco donas profundecon de nur 7 km.
    Notes: Summary The hypotheses of a previous note are modified to take into account eventual zones of plastic flow in the ground. A simple model of preseismical strain is used, which enables us to study the repartition of the elementary shear planes. It is possible to deduce the extent of faulting in depth from the combined preseismical and seismical strains. An application to the San Francisco earthquake gives a depth of 7 km only.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 238-248 
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    Notes: Summary A simple equation showing the influence of orography on the local change of vorticity is obtained on the basis of the complete vorticity equation. The real velocity is divided into two components: one produced by ascending over the mountain and the other independent of the orography. The component of the velocity induced by the obstacle is given by a model. This idea is applied to the south-western air-stream ascending over the Alps and positive local change of vorticity is obtaied over the Gulf of Genoa. In that way the decrease of pressure and the generation of cyclonic circulation in the Gulf of Genoa, which begins before the cold air comes over Mediterranean, can be explained.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 249-257 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein neues Instrument für die Bestimmung des virtuellen Diffusionskoeffizienten eines Aerosols mittels der dynamischen Methode beschrieben, bei welchem eine Diffusionsbatterie ohne Endstücke oder Verbindungsröhren direkt in das Nebelrohr eines photoelektrischen Kondensations-Kernzählers eingebaut ist. Die Beseitigung der Endstücke und Verbindungsröhren schliesst jeglichen «Endeffekt» und Diffusionsverluste in diesen Teilen der bisher benützten Diffusionsbatterien aus und reduziert das Volumen des Diffusionsapparates auf jenes seiner Kanäle, wodurch die zur Anwendung der dynamischen Methode erforderliche Zeit wesentlich verkürzt wird. Eine vorläufige Anwendung des Instrumentes in Laboratoriumluft bestätigt frühere Feststellungen, dass der virtuelle diffusionskoeffizient, wie er mittels der dynamischen Methode erhalten wird, von der benützten Luftstromgeschwindigkeit abhängt.
    Notes: Summary An account is given of a new instrument for determining the apparent diffusion coefficient of aerosols using the dynamic method in which a diffusion battery without end-pieces or connecting tubing is built into the fog-tube of a photo-electric condensation nucleus counter. The elimination of the end-pieces and connecting tubings removes any end-effect and diffusion losses in these parts of the diffusion batteries used hitherto and reduces the volume of the diffusion apparatus to that of its channels, thus minimising the lag in the response of the battery. A preliminary application of the instrument in room air confirmed previous findings that the apparent diffusion coefficient as determined by the dynamic method depends on the air-flow used.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 261-266 
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    Notes: Summary The radon and thoron content in atmospheric air at Giza was determined through the period from January (1958 to July 1959) by using the emanometrical technique. The concentration of radon and its decay products was equal to (88±4) 10−18 Curie/c.c. and that of thoron and its decay products was equal to (51±11) 10−18 Curie/c.c.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 267-272 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There can be found no conclusive argument to call the atmospheric electric fine-weather field positive (or negative). Thus opportunity should decide on the application of the sign. It is proposed to call the «normal» fine-weather field (orientated downwards) and the fine-weather air-earth current positive because only this will permit to maintain a continuity in the digital and tabular representation. As to the potential gradient it is suggested that in all cases only absolute values (i.e. without sign) should be indicated.
    Abstract: Résumé Il n'y a pas de raison conclusive d'appeler le champs électrique atmosphérique pendant beautemps positif (ou négatif). Ainsi l'attribution du signe doit être décidée par opportunité. Il est proposé d'appeler positif le champs normal pendant beautemps (direction vers la terre) et le courant vertical pendant beautemps, parce que seulement par cette raison la continuité de la représentation digitale et tabellaire puisse être garantie. Quant au gradient du potentiel it est proposé d'indiquer seulement des valeurs absolues (sans signe).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein zwingender Grund, das luftelektrische Schönwetterfeld positiv (oder negativ) zu nennen, kann nicht gefunden werden. Die Vorzeichenzuteilung ist also nach Zweckmäßigkeit vorzunehmen. Es wird vorgeschlagen, das normale (abwärts gerichtete) Schönwetterfeld und den Schönwetter-Vertikalstrom positiv zu nennen, weil nur so die Kontinuität in der ziffermäßigen und tabellarischen Darstellung gewahrt werden kann. Für den Potentialgradienten wird vorgeschlagen, stets nur Absolutwerte (d.h. ohne Vorzeichen) azugeben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 298-302 
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    Notes: Summary Records of total solar radiation on a horizontal surface has been obtained at the Agro-meteorological Station at Giza continuously since December 1, 1955 by means of a Robitzsch actinograph. The difficulties in obtaining precise measurements were described. The results of the first three years of record were discussed and summarized in tabular and graphical form. To such few years of observations, a 15 days moving average was applied. The new data were plotted so as to obtain the solar radiation pattern, which has been compared with the radiation received at the outer limits of the atmosphere and with the maximum probable radiation expected at the Station.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 311-320 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 303-310 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Messreihen der Zirkumglobalstrahlung an eng benachbarten Standorten miteinander verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass auch bei gleicher Sonnenscheindauer und ähnlichen Albedoverhältnissen des Untergrundes durch die verschiedene Grösse der diffusen Himmelsstrahlung bedeutende und vor allem variable Unterschiede in den Strahlungssummen auftreten können. Es scheint, dass diese Unterschiede durch die Abschirmung des Nordhimmels hervorgerufen werden.
    Abstract: Riassunto In questo lavoro vengono confrontate serie della radiazione circumglobale di posti molto vicini. Risulta che anche con uguale durata dell'insolazione e analoghe condizioni dell'albedo del suolo possono presentarsi differenze importanti e specialmente variabili delle somme della radiazione, causa i diversi valori della radiazione diffusa del cielo. Sembra che queste differenze siano provocate dalla schermatura della parte settentrionale del cielo.
    Notes: Summary In the present paper measurements of the circumglobal radiation in very close neighbouring locations are compared with one another. This comparison shows that there may be considerable and above all variable differences in the radiation sums, due to the different amount of the diffus sky radiation, even if the duration of sunshine and albedo conditions of the soil are more or less equal. It seems that these differences are caused by screening of the northern part of the sky.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 37-46 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Methode wird entwickelt, die eine schnelle und zuverlässige Bestimmung der Lage von nahegelegenen Epizentren (innerhalb rund 10o) mittels der Laufzeitdifferenzen einer gegebenen Welle (gewöhnlichSg) in einem Netz von drei Stationen ermöglicht. Die erhaltene Gleichung für die Berechnung der Herdentfernungen wird mittels einer elektronischen Rechenmaschine für jedes Stations-dreieck und für alle möglichen Zeitdifferenzen für jede verwendete Welle ein für allemal numerisch gelöst. Die berechneten Herdentfernungen und-Koordinaten werden in Tabellenform dargestellt mit den beiden Laufzeitdifferenzen für jedes Dreieck als Eingangswerte. Solche Tabellen ermöglichen eine unmittelbare Lösung des Problems in jedem einzelnen Fall. Die Genauigkeit der Methode wird untersucht, und die notwendigen Vorsichtsmassregeln bei ihrer Verwendung werden hervorgehoben. Die Methode wird auf einige Registrierungen vonSg an den schwedischen Stationen angewendet.
    Notes: Summary A method is developed, which permits a rapid and reliable determination of the location of near epicenters (within about 10o) using the differences of arrival times of a common phase (usually Sg) to a net of three stations. The resulting equation for computation of epicentral distances is solved numerically once for all by an electronic computer for every station triangle and for all possible time differences for every wave used. The calculated epicentral distances and coordinates are arranged in tables with the two travel-time differences for each triangle as entries. Such tables permit an immediate solution of the problem in every special case. The accuracy of the method is investigated, and necessary precautions in its use are emphasized. Application is made to a few cases of Sg recorded at the Swedish stations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 1-10 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a previous paper I have shown, that the law of density of the spheroidal figures of equilibrium is strictly individual. This makes it possible from a given figure of equilibrium by the so called method of «stripping of leaves» to gain an infinite series of new figures of equilibrium with permanently decreasing size and mass. In this manner any inner level surface of the given figure can be laid bare and its flattening can be calculated from the enclosed part of massE′, the rotation velocity ω, the equator axisa′ and from the equator axisa h′ of theMacLaurin ellipsoid in the beginning of the series (ω,C′) belonging to the seeked figure. So the function of flattening in the interior of any equilibrium figure is gained totally independant fromClairaut's differential equation. The method of «stripping of leaves» also can be used for figures of equilibrium with more than one form-parameter and with discontinual density distribution. It yields forWiechert's model the surface of the core in a depth of 3864.75 km and a discontinuity of 17.84 in density.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus der schon früher bewiesenen Eindeutigkeit des Dichtegesetzes der sphäroidischen Gleichgewichtsfiguren ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, aus einer gegebenen Gleichgewichtsfigur durch «Entblätterung» eine unendliche Reihe neuer Gleichgewichtsfiguren derselben Rotationsgeschwindigkeit mit ständig abnehmender Größe und Masse zu bilden. Auf diese Weise kann man jede beliebige innere Niveaufläche der ursprünglichen Figur bloßlegen und aus der von ihr umschlossenen TeilmasseE′, der Rotationsgeschwindigkeit ω, der Äquatorachsea′ und der Äquatorachsea h′ des homogenen Ausgangsellipsoides der zugehörigen Figurenreihe (ω,C′) die Abplattung berechnen und gewinnt so die Abplattungsfunktion im Innern einer Gleichgewichtsfigur gänzlich unabhängig von derClairautschen Differentialgleichung. Die Methode der Entblätterung ist auch auf höherparametrige Gleichgewichtsfiguren mit unstetigem Dichtegesetz anwendbar; sie liefert für dasWiechertsche Modell die Kernoberfläche in einer Tiefe von 3864.75 km und einen Dichtesprung von 17.84.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 55-68 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The electro-osmotic phenomenon (EGO) is studied with regard to an insulating layer which builds up at the anod (mobile-limit EGO). An efficient operative method may be to lower the input voltage by the same ratio as the ohmic resistance increases. Practically it may be sufficient to lower the input voltage by a fixed percentage now and then, i. e.; at the time the ohmic resistance increases, or some time before. The aim is to prevent the formation of «stopper resistances» in order bo get a suitable electric current flow i. e., keep low the ohmic resistance lowering continually the voltage.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene studiato l'andamento EGO quando all'anodo si crea uno strato isolante progrediente nel tempo:EGO a limite mobile. Dalla teoria discende una prassi operativa EGO atta a contenere lo strato tampone (elettricamente resistivo).
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 329-351 
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    Notes: Summary The eight successive twelve-monthly airpressure values of Djakarta and Ponta Delgada from July 1949 up to July 1957 have been correlated with the simultaneous airpressure values at 292 meteorological stations and 256 grid points throughout the world. The 548 correlation coefficients have been plotted on world charts and isocorrelates for the values −0.9, −0.7, −0.4, 0.0, +0.4, +0.7 and +0.9 have been drawn (Figs. 1 and 2). The same has been done for the series of eight years January 1931 up to January 1939 with 351 meteorological stations and 259 grid points (Figs. 4 and 5). For both series of eight years the length of the period and the ratio noise-signal of the Southern Oscillation as well as the North Atlantic Oscillation have been determined. From these charts and these determinations the authors drew the following conclusions. 1) 1 July 1949–1 July 1957. The average length of the period of the S. O. amounts to 29.8 months, while the amplitude of the S.O. exceeds the noise amplitude by 33 per cent in its own region. The average length of the period of the N.A.O. amounts to 20.8 months, while its amplitude is only half the noise amplitude in its own region. The amplitude of the S.O. even exceeds the amplitude of the N.A.O. by 24 per cent in the North Atlantic Ocean. Hence the S.O. is well developed, whereas the N.A.O. is not. 2) 1 January 1931–1 January 1939. The average length of the period of the N.A.O. amounts to 20.8 months, while its amplitude exceeds the noise amplitude by more than 20 per cent. The average length of the period of the S.O. also amounts to 20.8 months, whereas the noise amplitude is 1.09 times the amplitude of the S.O. Hence the N.A.O. is well developed, whereas the S.O. is not. In this case the N.A.O. is generating a forced oscillation in the region of the S.O. The correlation patterns show prevalence of a summer-circulation type during 1931–1939 and of a winter-circulation type during 1949–1957 on both hemispheres. Arguments are gathered for the excitation and ruling of the S.O. by a relaxation oscillation (Fig. 8). The relaxation apparently occurs after long persistence of an excessive pressure difference between the Easter Island High and the Djakarta Low, and results in a sudden large increase of the amplitude and of the wave length of the S.O. Thereafter both amplitude and wave length of the S.O. gradually decrease. The general atmospheric and hydrospheric circulation in the South Pacific Ocean are accelerated until the next relaxation. The generation of regular S.O. wave trains as occurred in the last two decades of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century requires a special condition. Finally the relations between the fluctuations of solar activity and the S.O. and the relations between the S.O. and the weather even in moderate and high latitudes are discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 1-11 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is assumed that the subsoil is bounded by a plane surface and that plane interfaces of arbitrary position subdivide the subsoil into homogeneous isotropic solid layers. (Three dimensionaln-layer problem.) A method is presented to compute the front velocities and the positions of the interfaces in the subsoil on the basis of suitable seismic refraction measurements.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird vorausgesetzt, die Erdoberfläche sei eben und der Untergrund bestehe aus homogenen, isotropen Schichten, die durch Ebenen voneinander getrennt sind. Da diese Ebenen beliebige Lage haben, handelt es sich um ein räumlichesn-Schichten-Problem. Es wird gezeigt, wie die Frontgeschwindigkeiten und die Unstetigkeitsflächen mit Hilfe der seismischen Refraktionsmethode bestimmt werden können.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 12-16 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The method of continuous profiling in the refraction seismic is generally treated and some examples are given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Methode der fortgesetzten Auslage in der Refraktionsseismik allgemein behandelt, und dazu werden einige Beispiele gegeben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 17-29 
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    Notes: Summary A series of paired explosions in a salt mine near Winnfield, Louisiana, has been conducted to test a theory by Dr.A. L. Latter concerning seismic decoupling by underground cavities. The theory predicted a decoupling of about 100. Free-field and surface measurements from an explosion in either a 6-ft-or a 15-ft-radius spherical cavity were compared with similar measurements from a completely tamped explosion. Shot sizes were from 20 Ib up to a few tons. Surface measurements were made out to 100 km and covered the frequency range from 0.5 to 100 cps. The experiment confirmed that decoupling does occur. The actual decoupling factor as a function of frequency is presented and compared with theLatter theory.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 41-54 
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    Notes: Summary The problem of penetration of a fluid into a porous medium containing a more viscous liquid is investigated. It is known that the displacement front may become unstable in this case as it may break up into «fingers». The problem of inception of fingers has been treated previously in the literature by describing the displacement front in terms of its Fourier transform. In the present paper, we generalize earlier procedures by making allowance for an arbitrary elemental growth law. Furthermore, we assume that the phenomenon of fingering is not solely governed by the prevailing flow potentials, but also by the spectrum of heterogeneities in the porous medium. This is achieved by introducing a constant characteristic of the frequency of the heterogeneities in the porous medium. It then turns out that the maximum rate of growth as a function of wave length is considerably shifted from that predicted in the literature. At the same time it is also shown that the difficulty encountered by other workers which consists of small wave lengths growing at an infinitely high rate, is being avoided.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 69-78 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the first part the conditions are given under which the integral equation of the virtual height can be resolved in an unambiguous way. In the second part some conclusions of these conditions are discussed. Finally in the last part we discuss procedures which are actually used; some sources of possible errors are indicated and proposals to improve them are made.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im ersten Teil werden Bedingungen angegeben, unter denen eine eindeutige Lösung der Integralgleichung der scheinbaren Höhe erhalten werden kann. Der zweite Teil befasst sich mit den sich hieraus ergebenden Folgerungen. Im letzten Abschnitt werden eventuelle Fehlerquellen einiger Verfahren, die zur Zeit angewendet werden, untersucht und Verbesserungsvorschläge gemacht.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 30-40 
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    Notes: Summary The magnetic anisotropy of foliated rocks of several types has been measured by the torque-meter method, and shows that the alignment of long axes of magnetic grains in rocks normally follows the pattern of foliation evident in field observations. In a sharp fold in a lit-par-lit formation the magnetic anisotropy indicated an otherwise undetected lineation independent of the bedding and superimposed upon the foliation determined by the layering. In two adamellites, each with two alignment patterns separated by an angle of 30° the magnetic data are shown to be consistent with two foliations but not with one foliation plus a lineation. Magnetic anisotropy data can be ambiguous for rocks in which two or more grain alignment processes have operated, but combined with other observations magnetic measurements can provide a valuable new tool in the study of rock fabrics.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 1-12 
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    Notes: Summary Observations and reductions of the gravimeter survey on Volcano Huzi are fully described. The survey was accompanied by various inevitable difficulties but the accuracy of calculating the Bouguer anomalies is kept high enough to bear volcanological discussion. The results are rather suggestive to the theory of caldera-formation. Comparison with the gravity anomaly on the volcanic islands in the middle of the ocean is also made.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 40-52 
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    Notes: Summary The method of relaxation has been applied to the upward continuation of gravity and magnetic data. The method yields results that are more accurate than those given byPeters' scheme, and has certain added advantages. In an alternative approach, the finite Fourier sine transform has been used to reduce an area relaxation to a series of line relaxations. The results, again, are very satisfactory. Only the two-dimensional problem is considered, but, with the help of a digital computor, the method is directly extensible to three-dimensional problems.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 22-26 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La photo de l'arrière de la lune a révélé le fait surprenant, que seulement la partie nord du devant de la lune contient un large groupe de «mare», tandis que presque tout le reste de la surface semble être continent. Cette anisotropie, qui est assez conforme à celle de la distribution sialique sur la terre, contredit à ce que la lune soit née de la terre et met de nouveau en discussion le problème du Pacifique. Un tel parallélisme entre terre et lune aurait pu se concilier avec les théories connues d'une terre poire (G. Darwin, Pickering, Poincaré), dont la rupture aurait fait tous les deux corps fragmentaires retenir un seul grand trou dans leur couverture sialique. Malheureusement la balance d'énergie donnée parJeffreys a prouvé l'impossiblité absolue d'une telle disjonction. Il restait la théorie d'une éjection du matériel de la lune, causée par un grand météorite. Mais ce matériel, après s'être dispersé explosivement dans l'espace, ne se serait pas ramassé à un corps portant une couverture avec un tel grand trou. Il faut donc une théorie propre à expliquer en même temps le groupe lunaire de mare et le bassin pacifique. La théorie proposée parJeffreys etVening Meinesz, d'un courant primaire de convection, qui traversait le centre de la terre, produisant la distribution originaire du sial sur la terre, nous semble mériter dès maintenant une considération remarquable.
    Notes: Summary The backside picture of the Moon has revealed the surprising fact, that the northern part of the frontside only contains a large complex of «mare», while nearly the whole surface else seems to be «continent». This anisotropy which is widely conform with that of the earth's sialic cover, contradicts to a birth of the Moon from the earth and demands a new discussion about the origin of the Pacific basin. Such a parallelism of Earth and Moon might be compatible with the known theories of an Earth pear (G. Darwin, Pickering, Poincaré), the rupture of which would have made each of the two fragment-bodies retain a hole in its sialic cover. Unfortunately the energy balance given byJeffreys has completely refuted the possibility of such a disjunction. An ejection of the Moon's material, caused by a large meteorite, only remained discussable since. But the expulsed matter, after being disturbed into the room, would not have gathered to a body with a single large hole at its cover. A theory therefore is needed which explains the Moon's mare-complex as well as the Pacific basin. The theory, proposed byJeffreys andVening Meinesz, of a primary convection current which passed the centre of the Earth and in spreading around the globe produced the original distribution of the Earth's sialic cover, is worth increased attention.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 65-96 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper states an electro-plastic effect taking into account by means of examplification its qualitative and quantitative essential characteristics. Furthermore it is shown how this effect by means of adapt electrical devices and adequate manoeuvring of the geo-circuits may be increased or decreased. Therefore to the well known electro-dewatering praxis is added that of electro-distribution of permeating groundwater, with opposite ends in the two cases, i.e.: in order to consolidate or render plastic the soil.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene qui enunciato un effetto d'elettroplasticità nelle sue essenziali consistenze qualitativa e quantitativa, con esemplificazioni. L'A. mostra inoltre come quest'effetto possa essere rimosso o meno, introducendo idonei dispositivi elettrici e adeguate manovre geocircuitali. Alla nota prassi dell'elettrodrenaggio si viene con ciò ad aggiungere quella dell'elettroridistribuzione dell'acqua tellurica d'impregnazione, con finalità opposte nei due casi, di rassodamento e di plastizzazione.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 117-122 
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    Notes: Summary The correlation between monthly median critical frequencies and solar activity was determined for Washington, D.C. Results were compared with those from a similar study made for six Arctic stations. For noon data (E, F1 andF2 layers), a greater value off c (at zero sunspot number) and a slightly greater slope were obtained for Washington than for the Arctic locations. The influence of increased solar activity on the behavior of the midnight ionosphere is discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 123-152 
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    Notes: Summary The article first describes in chronological order the observations on the propagation of radio waves during the solar eclipses, and the development of the conflicting results on the similar transmissions of radio signals. The general theory of the absorption of radio waves in the ionosphere is briefly described and therefrom a method is derived to estimate the variation of the absorption of obliquely incident radio waves during a solar eclipse. The variation of field-strength can be studied in terms of the relationship between the vertical incident equivalent frequency of the signals and the critical frequencies of the ionospheric layers at the regions of reflection. The total absorption of radio waves consists of the non-deviative absorption in theD region and the deviative absorption in the higher layers of the ionosphere. During the eclipse, theD region absorption decreases in phase with the progress of the eclipse, but the variation of deviative absorption may differ in each observation. The deviative absorption is large when the equivalent frequency is close to the critical frequency of the layer reflecting the waves or of the layer just penetrated by the waves. The changes in the deviative absorption during an eclipse can be estimated on the basis of the variation of the critical frequencies of the ionospheric layers. The resultant changes in the total absorption during a solar eclipse may thus be estimated. The different types of field strength variation expected during an eclipse are given. The observations of the vertical incident absorption of radio waves and the field strength variations of obliquely incident continuous wave radio signals during the solar eclipse are described and the changes are explained on the basis of the above theory.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 62-64 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der Untergangs-Periode des Sputnik III zwischen dem 14. März und dem 6. April 1960 wurde durch Messungen seiner Umlaufzeit festgestellt, dass der Abbremsungsvorgang von Tag zu Tag beträchtlich variiert.
    Notes: Summary During the decay period of Sputnik III between March 14, and April 6, 1960 it was found by measurements of its revolution period that the braking varies considerably from one day to the next one.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 27-39 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Methoden der Berechnung der Schweredifferenzen zwischen zwei Stationen hängt von dem vorausgesetzten Verhalten der Nullpunkts-Änderung (Drift) ab. Wenn angenommen wird, dass diese Drift ein quadratisches Gesetz rücksichtlich der Zeit befolgt, dann geben die verschiedenen Methoden im wesentlichen den gleichen Wert der Schweredifferenz und ihres geschätzten Fehlers. Für die Ausgleichung eines Netzes von Schwereverbindungen wird, um ein System von Gewichten zu bilden, vorgeschlagen, dass die geschätzten Fehler in den Verbindungen anstatt der wahrscheinlichen Fehler verwendet werden, welche nicht abgeleitet werden können, da die Zahl der unabhängigen Beobachtungen zu klein ist. Die geschätzten Fehler wurden auf die mittlere Abweichung einer Beobachtung gegründet, welche wahrscheinlich eine charakteristische Eigenschaft eines Schweremessers und eines Beobachters ist. Als Resultat eines speziellen Satzes von Feldexperimenten wurde als mittlerer Fehler einer einzelnen Beobachtungen mit einemWorden-Schweremesser ±0.014 mgal gefunden.
    Notes: Summary The methods of computation of the gravity difference between two stations depend on the assumed behaviour of the zero drift. When this drift is taken as following a quadratic law with respect to time, then the various methods give virtually the same value for the gravity difference and the estimated errors in it are also the same. In adjusting a network of gravity connections it is proposed that, to form a system of weighting, the estimated errors in the connections should be used in the place of the probable errors, which are unobtainable as the number of independent observations is too small. The estimated errors have been based on the standard deviation of an observation which is probably a characteristic of one gravimeter and one observer. The standard deviation of a single observation with a Worden gravimeter was found to be ±0.014 mgal as a result of a special set of experiments under field conditions. Large random errors have been observed in a Worden gravimeter and the cause is attributed to changes in the filament of the bulb which produces the reading index line.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 115-116 
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    Notes: Summary The continental drift may be explained by an expanding Earth only. In fact, there is a differences in the rate of heat flow between continents and oceans. Principially, there is a possibility of deriving the value of ancient radii by palaeomagnetic and age measurements.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 97-114 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An alpinen Gletschern kann die Jahresablation in einzelnen Punkten bis über 15 m erreichen. Um die Ablation eines ganzen Gletschers durch direkte Messung zu erfassen, sind zahlreiche in Bohrlöcher eingesetzte Mess-Stangen notwendig, deren Ausaperung wir verfolgen können. — Für die Installation der Messtellen wurde ein leichtes und leistungsfähiges thermisches Bohrgerät entwickelt, dessen Heizspitze sich in den Gletscher einschmilzt. Die Wärme wird durch einen Ofen geliefert, in welchem Wasser erhitzt wird. Eine Pumpe treibt das Wasser in geschlossenem Kreislauf durch einen isolierten Bohrschlauch zur Heizspitze und zurück zum Ofen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sind Prinzip, Konstruktion, Wirkungsweise und Handhabung des Bohrers beschrieben, der seit dem Jahre 1950 an zahlreichen Gletschern der Alpen und in den letzten 2 Jahren im Rahmen der internationalen Groenlandexpedition (EGIG) in Westgroenland erprobt wurde. Anschliessend wird auf die Grenzen der Anwendungsmöglichkeit hingewiesen.
    Abstract: Riassunto Nei ghiacciai alpini l'ablazione annuale può raggiungere in alcuni punti valori dell'ordine di 15 m. Per determinare l'ablazione di un intero ghiacciaio mediante misure dirette, sono necessarie numerose stanghe introdotte in fori di trivellazione e con le quali si determina lo spessore del ghiaccio scomparso. Per l'installazione di posti di misura fu sviluppato un trapano leggero ed efficiente, la cui punta riscaldata penetra nel ghiaccio. Il calore viene fornito da una stufa, nella quale viene riscaldata acqua. Una pompa porta l'acqua con circuito chiuso, attraverso un tubo di gomma isolato, alla punta riscaldata e da qui di nuovo alla stufa. Nel presente lavoro sono descritti il principio, la costruzione, il funzionamento, il modo di impiego del trapano, che è stato sperimentato dal 1950 in numerosi ghiacciai delle Alpi e nei due ultimi anni nella Groenlandia occidentale, nel quadro della Spedizione internazionale (EGIG). In seguito si accenna ai limiti di impiego dello strumento.
    Notes: Summary On Alpine glaciers the annual ablation may exceed 15 meters in some points. In order to determine the ablation of one whole glacier by direct measuring numerous measuring poles are required to be inserted into drill hole so that the amount of the melted ice may be deserved. — A light and efficient thermic drill instrument has been devised for the installation of the measuring spots. Its hot point penetrates into the ice by the melting process. Heat is supplied from a stove which heats the water. A pump drives the water in a closed circuit through an insulated drilling tube down to the hot point and back to the stove. In the present paper there is a description of construction, mode of operation and manipulation of the drill which has been tested out since 1950 on numerous glaciers of the Alps and during the last two years in connection with the International Greenland Expedition (EGIG) in Western Greenland. The article then points out the limits of the application possibilities.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 153-166 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Data relative to theE layer over Leopoldville are analysed for the period between the end of the last solar cycle and the maximum of the present one (February 1952 to December 1958). It is shown that the diurnal variation of the maximum electronic density follows the Chapman law very well; in logarithmic coordinates the regressions are linear. The two parameters of this regression, the ordinate at the origin (logarithm of the maximum density for a zero Sun-height) and the slope, are expressed in function of the Wolf numberR. Their seasonal variations are studied theoretically and from the actual data: it is shown that the seasonal variation of the electronic density is essentially due to the geometry of the Earth-Sun system.
    Notes: Résumé Les données relatives à la councheE au-dessus de Léopoldville sont analysées pour la période allant de la fin du dernier cycle solaire (Février 1952) au delà du maximum du présent cycle (Décembre 1958). L'examen de la variation diurne de la densité électronique maximum montre que la loi de Chapman est très bien vérifiée à un facteur près; en coordonnées logarithmiques les régressions sont linéaires. Les deux paramètres de cette regression, l'ordonnée à l'origine (logarithme de la densité maximum pour un angle de hauteur du soleil nul) et la pente, sont exprimées en fonction du nombreR de Wolf. Leur variation saisonnière est alors étudiée théoriquement et selon les données mesurées: il est ainsi prouvé que la densité électronique a une variation saisonnière due essentiellement à la géométrie du système Terre-Soleil.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 175-178 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der grossen Sonnen-Eruption vom 29.3.60 wurde bei Registrierungen der kosmischen Radio-Strahlung zuerst eine Abnahme beobachtet, der hohe Intensität nachfolgte, die mehrere Stunden anhielt. Die Abnahme entspricht der Mögel-Dellinger-Absorption; es ergibt sich, dass der Radio-Strahlungs-Ausbruch viel länger dauerte als der UV- oder Röntgen-Strahlungs-Ausbruch, der den Mögel Dellinger-Effekt verursachte.
    Notes: Summary Recording cosmic radio noise during the large solar eruption of march 29, 1960 a decrease of intensity has been observed at first which was followed by high intensity lasting several hours. The decrease being due to SID absorption it appears that the noise-burst lasted much longer than the uv- or x-ray eruption causing the SID.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 194-198 
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    Notes: Summary An instrument is described, theoretically, for the direct measuring of the rapid fluctuations of the atmospheric refractive index, using very fine thermocouples. It is based on an electric analogue of a linear equation giving these fluctuations in terms of the dry- and wet-temperatures. It is similar to another instrument developed and tested by the author for the recording of the humidity fluctuations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 185-193 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Description of a photometer for measuring the luminance of night sky light. This instrument offers numerous improvements compared to the first designed in 1941: the light receiver is an electron multiplier of the electrostatic type, which allows a high tension supply from batteries, that is a greater steadiness. The spectral lines are separated with the help of a Blamont-Kastler filter, which nearly completely eliminates the influence of the continuous background surrounding the bright lines. The width of a single band is 20 Å. The instrument is placed in the proper position out of the shelter by means of a very simple device which is described. The measurements are recorded automatically; the instrument is operated manually. The results are compared with those obtained with the former apparatus.
    Notes: Résumé Description d'un photomètre pour la mesure de la luminance du ciel nocturne. Cet appareil présente sur celui construit en 1941 les perfectionnements suivants: le récepteur de lumière est une cellule à multiplicateur d'électrons, du type électrostatique, ce qui permet une alimentation haute tension par piles, extrêmement stable. L'isolement des raies spectrales est obtenu au moyen d'un filtre Blamont-Kastler supprimant à peu près totalement l'influence du fond continu voisin des raies brillantes. La largeur d'une cannelure est de 20 Å. Un dispositif simple permet la mise en station de l'appareil à l'extérieur de l'abri. Les mesures sont enregistrées sur un suiveur de spot. L'instrument est manoeuvré manuellement. Les courbes obtenues avec cet instrument sont comparées avec celles obtenues antérieurement.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 227-237 
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    Notes: Summary One can find that over the continent the cold fronts becomes stationary after the sunrise. In the present paper this phenomen is explaned by heating of cold air what causes the increase of the slope of the boundary surface. Because of surface heating of the cold air the horizontal pressure gradient in direction toward the front increases with time, and so increases the transport of the cold air in this direction too. The increasing of the slope of boundary surface that is in connection with the mentioned increased trasport of cold air, causes the convergence of air mass and the ascent of it at the same front (Fig. 2). As the consequence of the heating from the surface and the liberation of latent heat of vaporisation, the volume of cold air increases. In connection with this the divergence of mass occures in the high levels and later one can find at the surface the corresponding fall of pressure. This effects can cause in suitable cases the development of cyclon, similarily as shown on Fig. 4. When the cold air comes from the cold continent over a relatively warm sea surface, the strong heating of cold air occurs and as consequence of this, the cyclogenesis.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 258-260 
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    Notes: Summary The sign of difference between ordinates of climatological graphs is considered. From comparison of date obtained for: temperature and precipitation in Paris, hydrometrical series of Seine and Dniepr, and Wolfers numbers appears the similar repartition in time of these signs with considerable phase difference.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 79-83 
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    Notes: Summary An airborne conductivity meter is described. Detail description of a new Gerdien Chamber is presented, emphasizing some of its critical design features.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 89-100 
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    Notes: Summary Some results on ionospheric absorption measurements made at Genova-Monte Capellino in the years 1959 and 1960 are presented, deducing the behaviour of the mean diurnal variation. The abnormally high absorption during some days of January and February 1959 is then discussed, together with the treatment of data collected in various European and Asiatic stations; the geographical distribution of the phenomenon is studied, and the influence of meteors is also briefly considered.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 84-88 
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    Notes: Summary Attention is paid to the effect of light pressure, completely ignored in the present explanations on the energetics of dynamical processes in atmosphere. It seems even to be of great importance and play a great role, especially in the upper atmosphere. It seems there are three phenomena produced probably by this process: 1) Appearing of the earth atmosphere tide on the night side. 2) Presence of strong west winds on the great altitude. 3) Vertical oscillations of the upper atmosphere density.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 241-328 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the first Chapter, the author determines experimentally the altitude at which occurs the early morning fading of the propagation of the long waves (27 kc/sec) originating in the tropospheric thunderstorms, on the basis of the records of the narrow sector radiogoniograph of the Swiss Meteorological Office. The time differences between the interruptions of the recordings of the thunderstorm sources and the astronomical sunrise at Zurich — adopted as reference time — are grouped according to the azimut between 160° and 300° and represented as function of the azimut of the rising sun at Zurich. By means ofLugeon's «Tables Crépusculaires», the author searches in space for pointsM being such that the respective time differences between the astronomical sunrise at each of them and at Zurich give curves which are comparable to the empirical functions defined above. It follows that the interruption of the propagation coincides sensibly with the time of sunrise at the altitude of 75 km on the wave trajectory, bearing in mind the delay of about 10 minutes due to the active part of the ozone layer; the height of this active part has been found at about 28 km. The average positions of the thunderstorm sources have been deduced from the distribution of the numbers of thunderstorm days all over the world. Finally, the author verifies that this model corresponds to the reality, taking account of the angular distances of the sources. The second Chapter deals with the sun-rise-effect — particularly the «nose» —often to be seen on the records of the impulse counter (atmoradiograph). The theory exposed is based upon a simple geometrical model of the propagation and on the results of First Chapter. This theory is then applied to 10 special cases, the recordings of which have been obtained as follows: Some hours before sunrise, the reception frames of the narrow sector radiogoniograph are stopped in a «privileged» direction and the received impulses are fed into the atmoradiograph. The obtained recordings are in satisfactory accord with the process of the «transitory» propagation, provided that the sources are known. Sometimes, two or three «satellites» or «noses» are to be seen; they have all been explaned. The author is lead to the conclusion that the «nose» is beginning in the very moment, when the last reflection occurs on theD-layer, all the others taking place on the lower part of theE-region in the dark zone. The «nose» ends when the first ionising sunrays intersect the wave trajectory at about 75 km in the neighbourhood of the last but one reflection point. In the third Chapter, the author improves the first model developped in the Chapters I and II, adapting it to the present knowledge of the ionosphere. The electronic density having to be considered as a continuous function of the height, the author shows that there must be a phenomenon of refraction on the surface formed by the first ionising rays of the rising sun in the region between theD- andE-layers, if the reflections obey to the law of metallic reflection. The first model keeps its whole value in spite of the new conception.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Im ersten Kapitel bestimmt der Autor die Höhe, in welcher der Unterbruch in der Ausbreitung langer Wellen (27 kHz) beim Sonnenaufgang stattfindet. Dabei handelt es sich um Wellen, die von troposphärischen Gewitterherden ausgehen; die Untersuchung stützt sich auf die Registrierungen des Radiogoniographen mit schmalem Sektor der Schweizerischen Meteorologischen Zentralanstalt. Die Zeitdifferenz zwischen den Unterbrüchen der Herdregistrierungen und dem astronomischen Sonnenaufgang in Zürich, letzterer als Ausgangspunkt der Zeitmessung genommen, werden nach Azimuth-Werten zwischen 160 und 300 Grad gruppiert und als Funktion des Azimuths der Sonne beim Sonnenaufgang in Zürich, aufgetragen. Mit Hilfe derLugeon'schen Dämmerungstafeln sucht der Autor PunkteM im Raum auf, derart, dass die Zeitdifferenz der Sonnenaufgänge in jedem von ihnen und in Zürich Kurven ergeben, die mit den Messwerten vergleichbar sind (Zeitdifferenz als Funktion des Sonnenazimuths bei Sonnenaufgang in Zürich, gruppiert nach der Empfangsrichtung). Es ergibt sich daraus, dass der Ausbreitungsunterbruch fühlbar mit dem Moment des Sonnenaufgangs in 75 km Höhe auf dem Wellenstrahl zusammenfällt. Hierbei ist die Verzögerung in der Grössenordnung von 10 Minuten berücksichtigt, die durch die Einflusszone der Ozonschicht (deren Höhe zu 28 km ermittelt wurde) bedingt ist. Die mittleren Gewitterherdlagen wurden aus der Verteilung der Anzahl Gewittertage auf beiden Hemisphären ermittelt. Zum Schluss prüft der Autor nach, ob dieses Modell der Wirklichkeit entspricht, indem er die Winkeldistanzen der Herde einführt. Das zweite Kapitel befasst sich mit dem Problem der in den Registrierungen des Impulszählers (Atmoradiograph) häufig nach Sonnenaufgang auftretenden als «Satellit» bezeichneten kleinen Nase. Die vorgeschlagene Theorie gründet sich auf eine einfache geometrische Auffassung der Ausbreitung und stützt sich auf die Ergebnisse des ersten Kapitels. Sie wird sodann auf 10 besondere Fälle angewendet, deren Registrierungen folgendermassen erhalten wurden: Einige Stunden nach Sonnenaufgang werden die Rahmenempfangsantennen des Radiogoniographen in einer «bevorzugten» Richtung festgelegt und die eingehenden Impulse werden auf den Atmoradiographen geleitet. Die erhaltenen Registrierungen bestätigen in befriedigender Weise, den Ausbreitungsvorgang voraussgesetzt, dass die Lage der Herde bekannt ist. Sehr oft sind zwei oder drei kleine «Satelliten» oder «Nasen» zu unterscheiden, alle konnten als zutreffend nachgewiesen werden. Der Autor schliesst daraus, dass der Satellit sich in dem Augenblick bildet, indem die letzte Reflexion an derD-Schicht auftritt, während alle andern noch im beschatteten Teil der Basis derE-Schicht liegen. Der «Satellit» hört auf, wenn die ionisierenden Sonnenstrahlen in der Umgebung des vorletzten Reflexionspunktes den Wellenstrahl (bei ungefähr 75 km Höhe) schneiden. Im dritten Kapitel wird das bisher entwickelte Modell mit Rücksicht auf die Struktur der Ionosphäre, soweit sie bis heute bekannt ist, verfeinert. Da sich die Elektronendichte in Funktion der Höhe stetig ändert, folgert der Autor, dass eine Brechung zwischen derD- undE-Schicht an der Schattengrenze der ionisierenden Sonnenstrahlen auftritt, vorausgesetzt, dass sowohl nachts wie tagesüber die Gesetze der metallischen Reflexion anwendbar sind. Dabei behält das ursprüngliche Modell trotz dieser neuen Interpretation seine Gültigkeit im wesentlichen bei.
    Notes: Résumé Dans le premier Chapitre, l'auteur détermine expérimentalement l'altitude à laquelle se manifeste l'interruption aubale de la propagation des ondes longues (27 kc/sec) émanant des sources orageuses troposphériques, en analysant les enregistrements du radiogoniographe à secteur étroit de l'Institut Suisse de Météorologie. Les différences de temps entre les interruptions des enregistrements des foyers et le lever astronomique du soleil à Zurich, pris comme temps de référence, sont groupées par direction azimutale entre 160° et 300° et portées en fonction de l'azimut du soleil à son lever à Zurich. A l'aide des Tables Crépusculaires deLugeon, l'auteur localise dans l'espace des pointsM tels que les différences respectives des temps entre les levers astronomiques du soleil à chacun des dits points et à Zurich donnent des courbes (par direction azimutale et en fonction de l'azimut du soleil à son lever à Zurich) semblables aux fonctions empiriques (mesures). Il en résulte que l'interruption de la propagation coïncide sensiblement avec le moment du lever du soleil à l'altitude de 75 km sur la trajectoire de l'onde, compte tenu du retard de l'ordre de 10 min dû à la zone d'influence de la couche d'ozone. L'altitude de cette zone d'influence est évaluée à 28 km. Les positions moyennes des foyers orageux ont été déduites de la distribution des nombres de jours d'orages dans les deux hémisphères. Pour terminer, l'auteur vérifie si ce modèle est conforme à la réalité, en faisant intervenir les distances angulaires des foyers. Le deuxième Chapitre traite du problème du «satellite» ou du «petit nez» qui apparaît souvent sur les enregistrements des compteurs d'impulsions (atmoradiographe) après le lever du soleil. La théorie proposée est fondée sur une conception géométrique simple de la propagation, compte tenu des résultats du premier Chapitre. Elle est ensuite appliquée à dix cas particuliers, dont les enregistrements ont été obtenus comme suit: Quelques heures avant le lever du soleil, les cadres récepteurs du radiogoniographe à secteur étroit sont bloqués dans une direction «privilégiée» et les impulsions reçues sont commutées sur l'atmoradiographe. Les enregistrements obtenus permettent d'illustrer de façon satisfaisante le processus de la propagation transitoire, les positions des foyers étant connues d'autre part. Parfois, deux ou trois «satellites» ou «nez» sont discernables; tous ont pu être justifiés. L auteur conclut que le «satellite» se forme au moment où la dernière réflexion se produit sur la coucheD, toutes les autres ayant encore lieu sur la base de la régionE dans la partie obscure. Le satellite se termine quand les rayons ionisants du soleil coupent la trajectoire de l'onde aux environs de 75 km, dans le voisinage de l'avant-dernier point de réflexion. Dans le troisième Chapitre, l'auteur améliore le modèle initial développé dans les deux premiers, en l'adaptant aux connaissances actuelles de l'ionosphère. La densité électronique devant être envisagée comme une fonction continue de l'altitude, l'auteur montre que si les réflexions diurne et nocturne obéissent aux lois de la réflexion métallique, on doit assister à un phénomène de réfraction sur la surface du lieu des levers des rayons ionisants du soleil dans la région séparant les couchesD etE, le modèle initial conservant malgré cette nouvelle conception toute sa raison d'être.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 7 (1960), S. 200-203 
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    Notes: Inhalt Optische und röntgenographische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die Quarzstengel im Schriftgranit von Zwiesel über mehrere Zentimeter in ihrem optischen Drehvermögen und in der Orientierung konstant bleiben.
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    Notes: Inhalt Die untersuchte Substanz ist triklin. Zur kristallographischen Beschreibung werden die reduzierten Zellen nachDelaunay bzw.Dirichlet sowie eine morphologische Aufstellung benützt.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 7 (1960), S. 246-259 
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    Mineralogy and petrology 7 (1960), S. 286-289 
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    Mineralogy and petrology 7 (1960), S. 149-185 
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    Mineralogy and petrology 7 (1960), S. 186-199 
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    Mineralogy and petrology 7 (1960), S. 210-217 
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    Notes: Inhalt Auf Grund einer chemischen Analyse und einer Strukturuntersuchung mit Hilfe einer Fourieranalyse kann die spezielle kristallchemische Formel der basaltischen Hornblende vom Kuruzzenkogel geschrieben werden:
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    Mineralogy and petrology 7 (1960), S. 235-245 
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    Notes: Inhalt Die basaltische Hornblende von Černošin, ČSR, wird optisch, chemisch und röntgenographisch untersucht. Die Besetzung einzelner Positionen mehrerer Hornblenden wird durch Auszählen der Elektronen aus den Fourierprojektionen kontrolliert.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 7 (1960), S. 218-234 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Literatur unterscheidet man zwischen Gesteinskarinthin und Kluftkarinthin. Während der Gesteinskarinthin schon eingehend untersucht worden ist (S. Koritnig, 1940,H. Heritsch, P. Paulitsch, undE.-M. Walitzi, 1957), war es das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, dasselbe am Kluftkarinthin durchzuführen. Nach den jetzt vorliegenden Daten liegt der Gesteinskarintin innerhalb des Bereiches der Hornblende sowohl optisch wie auch chemisch (durch Eisenarmut und Magnesiumreichtum) am weitesten von der gemeinen grünen Hornblende ab. Die beiden untersuchten Kluftkarinthine bilden in denselben Eigenschaften Übergänge zur gemeinen grünen Hornblende. Unter Berücksichtigung der röntgenographischen Untersuchung lauten die speziellen kristallchemischen Formeln für Kluftkarinthin Saualpe Kluftkarinthin Kupplerbrunn
    Notes: Inhalt Es werden Kluftkarinthine von der Saualpe in Kärnten kristallo-graphisch, optisch, chemisch und röntgenographisch untersucht.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 7 (1960), S. 317-327 
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    Mineralogy and petrology 7 (1960), S. 327-328 
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    International journal of earth sciences 49 (1960), S. 132-148 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Zechstein-Anhydriten wurden Warven-Korrelationen vorgenommen. Für den als Liniengestein entwickelten Basal-Anhydrit des Zechstein 2 z. B. ist die exakte und lückenlose Parallelisierung von fast 1000 Straten quer durch das deutsche Zechsteinbecken durchzuführen, nämlich von der Weser bei Hameln über den Solling, das nördliche Harzvorland und das Allergebiet bis zur Ostsee nördlich Lübeck. Daraus ergeben sich Rückschlüsse über die Sedimentationsgeschwindigkeit, deren regionale und temporäre Unterschiede, über die Geschwindigkeit von Faziesgrenzen-Verlagerungen, über die Menge des ozeanischen — Zustroms usw., wobei als Zeitmaßstab stets das Jahr dient. Periodizitäten sind in manchen Schichtgruppen der salinaren Warvite deutlicher, in anderen weniger klar ausgeprägt. Häufig ist die Solarperiode von etwas mehr als 11 Einheiten. Auch Wellenlängen von n · 11 sind statistisch nachzuweisen. An längeren Perioden kommen 90–100 sowie das Mehrfache dieser Zahl (n · 95) vor. Die Schlußfolgerung „Warvenzahl = Sedimentationszeit in Jahren“ ist nur dann berechtigt, wenn Hiaten nachweislich fehlen, also nur in sehr seltenen Fällen. Ein solcher ist der Zechstein 2 mit progressiver chemischer Abscheidungsfolge Carbonat — Sulfat — Chlorid (Stinkschiefer — Basalanhydrit - Staßfurt-Steinsalz). Sedimentationszeit von Schichtfolgen und Entstehungszeit einer ganzen Formation sind zwei grundsätzlich verschiedene Zeitgrößen. Denn Wegnahme und Umwälzung des Sedimentes erforderten vermutlich mehr Zeit als seine definitive Deponierung. Der Hauptanteil der geologischen Zeit steckt also in den Schichtfugen. Schließlich wird davor gewarnt, in allen feingeschichteten Gesteinen Jahresschichten zu sehen und Material auszuwerten, das nicht genügend eindeutig und umfangreich ist.
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    International journal of earth sciences 49 (1960), S. 244-253 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Umlauf des Wassers im Boden läßt sich mittels der C-Isotopen genauer verfolgen. Vor allem C14 ermöglicht es, die Bildung der Karbonathärte besser zu verstehen und das absolute Alter von Krustenkalken und von Grundwasser zu bestimmen. Krustenkalke bildeten sich im Mediterrangebiet während des Quartärs offenbar mehrfach. Grundwässer ergaben je nach Stockwerkstiefe Altersziffern bis zu 10 000 Jahren. Auf die Bedeutung des Verfahrens für die Problemkreise juvenil-vados, Tiefengrundwasser, fossiles Grundwasser, wird hingewiesen.
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    International journal of earth sciences 49 (1960), S. 277-278 
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    International journal of earth sciences 49 (1960), S. 320-323 
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    International journal of earth sciences 49 (1960), S. 339-340 
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    International journal of earth sciences 49 (1960), S. 389-412 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der bayerischen Entwicklung des Frankenwaldes ist die Grenze Gotlandium/Devon nur bei Elbersreuth und Triebenreuth in Kalkfazies ausgebildet (Elbersreuther Orthoceratenkalk/Tentaculitenkalk). In den übrigen Bereichen der bayerischen Entwicklung fehlt der Elbersreuther Kalk. An seiner Stelle findet man gleichalte Lydit-reiche Schiefer, die von einer devonischen Lyditfolge (KieselschieferserieWurms) konkordant überlagert werden. Das Gotlandium wurde an der Wende Gotlandium/Devon z. T. bis auf das obere Wenlock abgetragen, z. T. ist aber noch das jüngste, bisher nur in Böhmen und Thüringen belegte Gotlandium erhalten, und so besteht auch ein kontinuierlicher, mariner Übergang in das Devon, das nach Conodonten wahrscheinlich in das Unterdevon zu stellen ist. Die Schwellen- und Beckengebiete des ältesten Devons der bayerischen Entwicklung entsprachen noch weitgehend denen des Gotlandiums. Schon in den ältesten devonischen Schichten der bayerischen Entwicklung liegen effusive Vulkanite.
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    International journal of earth sciences 50 (1960), S. 499-505 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den Hohen Tauern (Ostalpen) wurde der sogenannte Zentralgranitgneis gegliedert in wahrscheinlich voralpidische Augen- und Flasergranitgneise, in noch ältere Tonalitische Gneise und in alpidische Tonalitgranite. Das alpidische Alter (Wende Kreide/Tertiär) der Tonalitgranite wird erhärtet durch Beziehungen zwischen magmatischer Platznahme und Tektonik, Beziehungen zur Sedimentpetrographie der bayrischen Vorlandmolasse und durch eingehende petrographische und petrochemische Vergleiche mit den periadriatischen Tonaliten und Graniten. Das Alter der alpidischen Metamorphose (Tauernkristallisation) konnte zwischen Alttertiär und unterem Oligozän eingeengt werden. Abschließend werden die Konsequenzen dieser Ergebnisse zur ostalpinen Tektonik und Metallogenese kurz diskutiert.
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    International journal of earth sciences 50 (1960), S. 517-524 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach gekürzter Wiedergabe eines Teiles der von A.Tollmann gestellten Problematik werden Einzelheiten kritisch besprochen (Überschiebung der Gurktaler „Decke“ und „Fenster“, Rannachserie, Alter der Metamorphose, des Mesozoikums? und des Hochkristallins, Gumpeneckmarmor, „aufgeschlossene Überschiebungsweiten“). In der anschließenden Darstellung wird auf die Bedeutung des Lavanttaler Störungssystems hingewiesen. Die Vielphasigkeit der Bewegungen und der Wechsel der Richtungen zur Zeit der alpinen Baupläne lassen die Lavanttaler Störung als eine alpin umgestaltete Geofraktur (von Gaertner) erscheinen. An ihr wurde der alpine Bauplan zerschnitten, und die ostalpinen Deckenelemente wurden vor allem im Raume der Niederen Tauern — Grauwackenzone in eine sich gegen Westen und Osten steigernde Einwalzung der Schuppen einbezogen, denen die kristalline Basis gemeinsam ist.
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    International journal of earth sciences 50 (1960), S. 619-630 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die den südamerikanischen Kontinent im NW, W und SW umsäumende Gebirgskette ist nicht aus einem einheitlichen Orogen entstanden. In der eigentlichen „Cordillera de los Andes“, entlang der Westküste des Kontinentes, wurden die mesozoischen Sedimente durch Transgressionen des Pazifischen Ozean über den alten Gebirgsrumpf der paläozoischen Kordillere in einer besonders labilen Zone am Westrand des Kontinentes abgelagert, sie sind meist nur schwach gefaltet. Die Orogene der im N und S nach E umbiegenden Gebirgsteile sind dagegen durch ihre geologische Entwicklung und den Zeitpunkt ihrer Entstehung von der Kordillere im W wesentlich verschieden. Nur bei ihnen handelt es sich um Orthogeosynklinalen mit den für diese typischen Merkmalen.
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    International journal of earth sciences 50 (1960), S. 595-605 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wenn man die geologischen Verhältnisse Mexikos zugrunde legt, läßt sich die Entwicklung eines ganzen Kratons oder seiner Randgebiete am besten mit dem Begriffe des geotektonischen Zyklus beschreiben. Seine Teile sind in zeitlicher Reihenfolge: (1) eine orthogeosynklinale Phase (mit Eu- und Mio-Geosynklinen) mit oder ohne initialen Magmatismus, (2) eine Anatexis-Phase mit Batholithenbildung begleitet von Regionalmetamorphose in der Eu-Geosynkline und mit Bildung einer keilförmigen klastischen oder Flysch-Ablagerung auf der Mio-Geosynkline, (3) eine orogene Phase hauptsächlich der Faltung und Überschiebung der Sedimente der Mio-Geosynkline zusammen mit dem klastischen oder Flysch-Keil gegen das Vorland und (4) eine taphrogene Phase, begleitet von folgenden Erscheinungen: a) Anhäufung von postorogenem Schutt oder Molasse; b) subsequenter Magmatismus von mehr extrusiver als intrusiver Art; c) finaler Magmatismus in Form von Extrusionen. Ein Gebiet, das die genannten Phasen eines geotektonischen Zyklus durchgemacht hat, kann man tektonischen Gürtel („structural belt“) nennen. In der nachpräkambrischen Erdgeschichte Mexikos lassen sich drei geotektonische Zyklen erkennen: der jaliscoanische geotektonische Zyklus, der zwischen Kambrium und (?) Mitteljura das pazifische Grenzgebiet Mexikos erfaßte; der huastecanische, der innerhalb des gleichen Zeitraumes den gegenwärtigen Rand des Landes am Golf von Mexiko betraf; und der mexikanische geotektonische Zyklus, der zwischen Oberjura und Pliozän im ganzen Lande, von der Nordgrenze bis zur guatemaltekischen Grenze hin, wirksam war. Die frühmesozoischen klastischen Ablagerungen in Nordwestmexiko deuten vielleicht einen vierten Zyklus dort an. Die geologische Überlieferung läßt aber von den drei genannten Zyklen nur zwei orogene Phasen erkennen. Die eine spielte sich in einem bogenförmigen Gürtel an der Ostseite Mexikos im Spätpaläozoikum ab („Coahuilan orogeny “), die andere im frühen Tertiär, und zwar in einem Mittelmexiko von der Nord bis zur Südgrenze durchziehenden Gürtel („Hidalgoan orogeny “).
    Notes: Abstract The evolution of the border region of part or all of a craton, on the basis of geological data gathered from Mexico, may best be described in terms of geotectonic cycles. These consist, in chronological order, of (1) an orthogeosynclinal phase (eu- and miogeosynclines) with or without initial magmatic activity, (2) an anatexitic phase consisting of batholith emplacement with attendant regional metamorphism in the eugeosyncline and deposition of a clastic or flysch wedge over the miogeosyncline, (3) an orogenic phase consisting principally of the folding and thrusting of the sediments of the miogeosyncline together with the clastic or flysch wedge against the foreland, and (4) a taphrogenic or block-faulting phase accompanied by (a) accumulation of post-orogenic debris or molasse, (b) subsequent magmatic activity consisting largely of igneous extrusions with fewer intrusions, and (c) final magmatic activity consisting of igneous extrusions. A region that has gone through the above phases of a geotectonic cycle may be termed a structural belt. In the post-Precambrian geologic history of Mexico, three geotectonic cycles are recognized: one occurred along the Pacific border of Mexico between Cambrian and middle Jurassic (?) time (Jaliscoan geotectonic cycle), the second occurred along the present Gulf of Mexico border of the country at the same time (Huastecan geotectonic cycle), and the third occurred over the entire country from the United States border to the Guatemalan border between Late Jurassic and Pliocene time (Mexican geotectonic cycle). The early Mesozoic clastic rocks in northwestern Mexico may signify a fourth geotectonic cycle in that region. In the three recognized geotectonic cycles, however, the geologic record shows only two orogenic phases, one of which occurred in late Paleozoic time in an arcuate belt along the eastern side of Mexico (Coahuilan orogeny), and the other in early Tertiary time in a belt traversing central Mexico from the United States border to the Guatemalan border (Hidalgoan orogeny).
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    International journal of earth sciences 50 (1960), S. 702-715 
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    International journal of earth sciences 50 (1960), S. 1-3 
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    International journal of earth sciences 50 (1960), S. 8-31 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus der Analyse von Faziesanordnung, Mächtigkeitsverteilung und Strömungsrichtungen im Flysch der polnischen Karpaten kann man folgende Schlüsse ziehen. Die Herkunftsgebiete der klastischen Sedimente lagen zunächst nahe den Rändern der Geosynkline. Später aber spielten intrageosynklinale Liefergebiete eine bedeutendere Rolle. Die Lage der randlichen und der intrageosynklinalen Liefergebiete verschob sich während der Ablagerungsgeschichte des Beckens von Westen nach Osten. Gleichlaufend wanderten die Gebiete größter Sedimentmächtigkeit. Das Abtragungsmaterial wurde in mehreren Sedimentations-Megarhythmen angeliefert, wovon jeder mit grobkörnigen Sedimenten beginnt und mit feinkörnigen endet. Das deutet intermittierende rasche Hebungen der Liefergebiete an. Es wird versucht, das Hervortreten und die Wanderung der Liefergebiete nicht durch Einengungstektonik zu erklären, sondern durch subkrustale Massenbewegungen, die durch Trogsenkung und isostatischen Ausgleich hervorgerufen wurden.
    Notes: Abstract From the analysis of facies- and thickness distribution, and from the mapping of current directions in the flysch of the Polish Carpathian Mountains the following conclusions can be made. Source areas of detrital deposits were situated at first near the borders of the geosyncline, but at later stages a more important role was played by intrageosynclinal sources. The position of the marginal and intrageosynclinal sources was shifted during the sedimentary history of the basin from the west toward the east. Concurrently with the shift of the source areas also zones of maximal thickness were shifted. The detrital material was supplied in several sedimentary megarhythms, each beginning with coarse deposits and terminating with fine-grained sediments. This suggests intermittent sudden uplifts of source areas. The appearance and migration of the source areas is tentatively explained as not due to compressional stress but to the movements of the subcrustal material provoked by subsidence and isostatic readjustment.
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    International journal of earth sciences 50 (1960), S. 577-594 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die „Canadian Rockies“ bestehen aus westfallenden, relativ über das Prärie-Becken nach E transportierten Abscher-Decken, deren Gefüge an 3 Beispielen aus Süd-Alberta beschrieben wird. In der Tiefe herrscht Transport, Plättung und a-Längung, nahe der ursprünglichen Oberfläche Einengung und b-Längung. Da das transportierte Material die Grenze zwischen beiden Gefüge-Typen überschreitet, entsteht in der oberen Zone ein Überlagerungs-Gefüge, dessen Erklärung als zweiphasige Verformung bestritten und das als „ortskonstanter stoffvariabler Formungsraum“ (Sander) bezeichnet wird.
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    International journal of earth sciences 50 (1960), S. 674-687 
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    International journal of earth sciences 50 (1960), S. 449-457 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden die für die Deutung der Entstehung der verschiedenen Gebirgsformen wichtigen Gefügetypen herausgestellt und ihre Altersfolge diskutiert. Aus den Bedingungen, unter denen die in den drei Gebieten auftretenden Gefügetypen entstehen können, werden Rückschlüsse auf die Ursachen der unterschiedlichen Prägung gezogen. Das weitgehend monokline Gefüge des Rheinischen Schiefergebirges deutet auf eine enge Verknüpfung des Deckgebirges mit dem Untergrunde hin, während die mehr rhombischen Gefüge des Schweizer Juras und des Ruhrkarbons das Vorhandensein von Abscherungsflächen wahrscheinlich machen.
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